Izinhlanzi ze-Carp-toothed ku-aquariums ikakhulukazi zimelelwa izinhlobo ze-viviparous. Kunoma ikuphi, ama-guppies, ama-mollies, ama-pecilia nama-swordsmen ayaziwa ngisho nakubaqalayo - ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yobulula bokugcina nokuzalanisa.

Kepha ama-cyprinid aqabulayo ayivamile kakhulu. Lokhu kuchazwa iqiniso lokuthi ukuligcina futhi lizalanise kunzima kakhulu kune-viviparous. Kodwa uma uqonda i-biology yezinhlanzi ezinjalo, khona-ke ubunzima buzovela ngezigaba zokuqala. Futhi indlela elula yokuqala ukutadisha ama-cyprinid aqabulayo yilesi sihloko esinemininingwane kakhulu.

Habitat

Izwe lalezi zinhlobo zingamaxhaphozi, amachibi nezinye izidumbu zamanzi asezindaweni eziwugwadule ze "Wild West" yase-USA ezindaweni eziphansi zoMfula iColorado esifundeni sezifundazwe zesimanje zeCalifornia, Arizona, Nevada, kanye nenyakatho neMexico. Noma kunjalo? eminyakeni yamuva nje sekuyindawo yonke indawo eMelika- esetshenziswa ukulwa nomiyane.
Le yinhlobo yakudala kakhulu yemvelo, kunobufakazi bemivubukulo bokuthi uKarpozubiki wayehlala ochungechungeni lwamachibi ogwadule axhumene ngaphambili. Cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi eyedlule, ngesikhathi sePleistocene, ekugcineni kwenkathi yokugcina yeqhwa, amachibi aqala ukoma, aphenduka amadamu amancane ahlukaniswe komunye nomunye. Okwamanje kunezinhlobo eziyi-13 ezaziwayo, nezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezingaphansi. Iningi lazo zitholakala endaweni eyodwa yokugcina, okubenza bangene kuleyo ndawo.
Emvelweni, bangaphila ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ezingamukeleki kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi. Zidla umiyane nezinye izibungu zezinambuzane, izimila, neminenke.

Incazelo

Umzimba umfushane, kunalokho ukhukhumala, ikhanda likhulu. Ukwakheka komlomo kwenza kube lula ukubamba inyamazane kusuka ngaphandle. Amaphiko makhulu, ayindilinga, i-dorsal fin isondele emuva emuva komzimba. Umbala awuphawuleki - ungumnqumo ngombala ngemicu eminingana emile, kodwa ngesikhathi sokuvela kwesidoda siyashintsha ngokusobala, sibe yimvula eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Umsoco

Zingezinhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo, zizokwamukela ngentokozo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezomile (amafulethi, amakamela), iqhwa nokudla okubukhoma (izingquza zegazi, izibungu zomiyane, ishubhu, i-brine shrimp kubantu abasha).

Bavela emanzini, izimo zabo ezihlala zishintsha, ngakho-ke, akunzima ukugcina iDesert Carpines e-aquarium yasekhaya. I-heater eyodwa inganikeza izinga lokushisa eliphakeme elingaphezulu kuka-25 ° C, kepha uma kwenzeka kuqhekeka kunconywa ukufaka i-heater eyisipele, ngaphandle kwalokho inhlanzi ingangena ekubandakanyeni lapho izinga lokushisa lehla. Amanzi asezingeni eliphakeme azonikeza isihlungi esisebenza kakhulu nokuvuselelwa kwaso masonto onke ngesithathu. I-aquarium kufanele isetshenziswe ngesivimbo ukuvimbela ukuphuma ngephutha. Kudingeka amanzi ayisiyingi, usawoti wasolwandle amathisipuni amathathu (ngaphandle kwesilayidi) ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi.
Ukusondela ngangokunokwenzeka ezimweni zemvelo. Izinhlanzi zizokwazisa isaladi ethambile yama-coarse sand ongambela kuwo. Njengomhlobiso, amatshe nezitshalo eziningana ezimpande futhi ezintantayo), ezivumelaniswa nosawoti, kufanelekile Isibani sibuthakathaka noma silinganisele.

Ukuziphatha komphakathi

Ngenxa yemvelo yokwakheka kwamanzi, abamele kuphela bohlobo lwezinhlobo ezifanayo abathathwa njengomakhelwane e-aquarium. Ukulungiswa okuphumelelayo kungenzeka namanye amaCarpines. Abesifazane banokuthula, bangahlala emphakathini wabantu abaningana, abesilisa, okuphambene nalokho, bakhetha okuqukethwe bebodwa, noma ngabesilisa nabesifazane, bakhombisa indawo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzalela.

Ukuzalela / Ukuzalela

Isikhathi sokuzala siqala ngoFebhuwari kuya ku-Okthoba. Ukulungela ukunwebeka kunganqunywa ngokushintsha umbala wesilisa. Ngalesi sikhathi, uqala ukuvikela indawo yakhe ngenkani kubo bonke ngaphandle kwabesifazane. Ngemuva kwesiko elifushane lokuqomisana, insikazi ibeka iqanda elilodwa ngasikhathi. Amaqanda amaningana azobekwa emahoreni ambalwa, kuyo yonke leyo nkathi isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu.
Ukunwebeka kunconyelwa ethangini elihlukile elinesimo samanzi esifanayo, njengase-aquarium ejwayelekile. Ukuvikela amaqanda, hlinzeka ngezitshalo ezincane zezimpande ezakha ikhava eminyene futhi ezikwazi ukuthwala amanzi angakashisi. Kukuyo lapho amaqanda ayobekwa khona, lapho ukuqomisana sekuphelile kanti owesifazane eyeka ukubeka amaqanda, abazali kufanele basuswe ngokushesha e-aquarium evuthayo. Izinhlanzi zivame ukudla inzalo yazo.
Fry ivela ezinsukwini eziyi-6 ukuya kwezi-10, ngosuku olulandelayo zingondliwa nge-ciliates, futhi njengoba ikhula ingashintsha ku-artemia. Zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu, zifinyelela ekuvuthweni okugcwele ngezinyanga ezingama-2-3.

Ezinye izinhlobo zamagama

I-carpfish ye-diabolical inegama lesayensi - uCyprinodon diabolis. Abathandi bemvelo babiza inhlanzi eyivelakancane - hole kaDeveli i-carp-izinyo (elivela ku-English Devil-s Hole pupfish).

Umbazi kaDeveli (uCyprinodon diabolis).

Umlando wokutholwa kwezinhlobo

I-diabolical carp-izinyo yatholakala okokuqala ngonyaka we-1890, igama lomphulayo alaziwa. Ukuchazwa kwesayensi kwezinhlobo ezihlukile kwangeniswa isazi sezinto eziphilayo uJoseph Wales ngo-1930. Umbazi kaDeveli inhlanzi eyimbumbulu evela ePliocene ehlala yedwa emhlabeni wonke. Lolu hlobo lukhona emhlabeni wethu iminyaka engama-30,000 kuya kwengama-50 000.

Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nezinhlanzi ze-Killi

I-Killy iyiqembu elikhulu kakhulu lezinhlanzi, kubandakanya nezinhlobo zaseMelika nezase-Afrika. Iningi lazo zinhlanzi ezincane (6 - 12 cm) ezinephrofayili ebonakalayo. Ngenxa yokubukeka kwabo, bathola igama lesibili - "i-pike." Noma, ngokwemvelo, ama-killy awanobuhlobo bezinceku zangempela.

Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwekhulu zama-cyprinid aqabulayo. Kodwa ubunzima ngokuzalanisa baba yisizathu sokuthi ku-aquariums ungathola izinhlobo ezimbalwa ezimbalwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi ezinjalo zanele ukuthola uhlobo lwezinhlanzi ezilungele i-aquarium yakho.

Emvelweni yemvelo, ama-killy ahlala emanzini avulekile, futhi ezimweni ezahlukahlukene: ezinye izinhlobo zingakubekezelela kalula ukwanda kwe-acidity yamanzi, ezinye zibekezelela amazinga okushisa kuze kube ngama-50 degrees, njll. Kukhona futhi nezinhlanzi ezikhetha ukuhlala ezihlanjeni ezihamba olwandle - zibhukuda ngaphandle kwemiphumela emanzini kasawoti.

Kodwa noma kunjalo, uhla oluphambili lwe-killy lichibi lamachibi amancane, imisele, noma izimbotshana. Ukusuka lapha, ngendlela, igama labo liza futhi ("bulala" elihunyushwe lisuselwa kuDashi - "umsele" noma "ichibi elincane"). Lokhu kuchaza ikhono elivelele lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezimbi kakhulu zokuba khona, kanye nezici zemijikelezo yokuzalanisa yama-kili amaningi.

Izinhlobo ezithandwa kakhulu zekhilogremu

Kunoma yisiphi isitolo sezilwane zasekhaya noma emakethe yezinyoni, uhla lwama-cyprinid aluhlaza lubanzi kakhulu. Kepha uma ungathathi i-iris ne-atherin, futhi ugxile kuphela ku-classic killy, kuzofanele ukhethe, kakhulu, kusuka ezinhlotsheni eziningana.

Izinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu zekholomu engizibiza ngokuthi:

• I-Afiosemion Gardner yinhlanzi encane edabuka e-Afrika. Umzimba wefomu le-classical labamele lo mndeni udlulisiwe, ngokuvezwa kwesimo senhloko. I-Caudal fin ngama-outrowths amabili ayinikeza ukwakheka okumise okwenziwe ngo-lyre. Ubukhulu obukhulu bomuntu omdala buyi-6.5 cm.Izinsikazi ziimpunga futhi azilingani, kepha izinsikazi zivame ukuba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, zibe namabala abomvu nokufafazwa ophuzi kwamaphayi. Akunzima ukuqukethe ama-amphiosemions; into esemqoka ukungashisi amanzi ngokweqile (ama-degree angama-25). Kuyalulekwa futhi ukwengeza usawoti, yize kunjalo ngamanani amancane.
• UNotobranchius Rakhova ungolunye uhlobo lwase-Afrika olutholakala emvelweni e-savannah yase-East Africa. Ukomiswa ngezikhathi ezithile kwalawa machibi amancane nemisele kushiye uphawu lwaso kumjikelezo we-notobranchius (kubeka amaqanda emhlabathini, kanti amaqanda wona uqobo angamelana nesomiso isikhathi eside). Ubukhulu bezinhlanzi buqabukela budlula i-6 cm, ukwakheka komzimba kuyaphakanyiswa, ngomlomo ongenhla. Izinsikazi azisebenzi, kepha abesilisa bangaqhosha ngombala okhanyayo ngama-rainbow fins.

Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili ezichazwe ngenhla zilungele ukwazi kahle amasu okugcina nokuzalanisa ama-cyprinid e-aquariums.

Killy ku-aquarium

Izinhlobo ezilula zingagcinwa cishe kunoma iyiphi i-aquarium - "umaki wokuphepha" we-killy unele. Kepha uma ufuna ukuhlinzeka inhlanzi induduzo ephezulu, futhi nangaphezulu uma uhlela ukuthola inzalo, khona-ke kufanele unamathele kulezi zincomo:

• Umthamo ofanele we-aquarium usukela kumalitha angama-20 noma ngaphezulu. Izithako zeVolumetric (kusuka ku-100 l) zokugcina izinhlanzi zalo mndeni azifanelekanga kakhulu: ku-killy, ulaka lwe-intraspecific luyashiwo impela, ukuze kuthi ngokuqongelela okukhulu kwazo, izingxabano zingagwenywa.
• Kungcono ukwenza inhlabathi nodonga lwangemuva lwe-aquarium kube mnyama ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngakho-ke sithola isizinda esihlukile sokuhlukanisa lapho abesilisa bazobukeka bekhanga ngangokunokwenzeka. Kuthangi elinomhlabathi okhanyayo, kungenzeka futhi ukuthi kuqukethe i-killy, kepha kulezi zimo 'ziyafa'.
• Ukuze unciphise izingxabano futhi unciphise ukucindezelwa, qiniseka ukwengeza indawo yokukhosela e-aquarium. Izitshalo zifanelwe kangcono - kungaba yi-bushy noma enamaqabunga amakhulu.
• Amanzi awathathi hlangothi noma acijile kancane, axazululwa ngempela, ngokushisa kwama-degree angama-20 kuye kwangama-24. Ukuze kulondolozwe intofontofo yezinhlobo ezithile, kuyinto efiselekayo ukwengeza usawoti emanzini.
• Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlela ukondla ngendlela efanele. Ama-Killi acishe angakunaki ukudla okwomile, ngakho-ke kuyodingeka uthenge noma yikuphi ukudla okukhona (ukudla okunegazi, ishubhu elincane, i-daphnia, i-coretra) noma iqhwa. Lapho usuthisa ngokuthi “yiqhwa”, kuyadingeka ukuvula i-compressor ukuze ukudla kugcinwe isikhathi eside kwikholamu yamanzi - bayenqena ukudla i-kili kusuka phansi.
• Uhlobo lokudla olufanele izikhathi ezimbili ngosuku, ezingxenyeni ezincane (konke kufanele kudliwe ngemizuzu eyi-10). Ukulungiselela ukuqhekeka, insikazi idliswa izikhathi ezingama-3-4 ngosuku, kanti nezinhlanzi ezindala ezingakahlelelwa ukuba zidliwe zingadluliselwa ezidlweni zesikhathi esisodwa.

Ngokwemvelo, ama-killies awaphili iminyaka engaphezu kwengxenye nengxenye. Kepha uma ubanikeza izimo ezihamba kahle kakhulu, khona-ke isikhathi sempilo yezinhlanzi sizonyuka siye eminyakeni engama-2-3.

Ukubulala inhlanzi

Chaza kafushane inhlangano yokuhlephula amaqembu womabili:

• Esimweni sokuqala, umhlabathi omncane wokuqhuma (kuze kufike kumalitha ayi-10) ugcwele nge-riccia noma ezinye izitshalo ezincane ezinamaqabunga. Ungqimba lwe-peat crumb, ebilongwe ngaphambili kwesigamu sehora, ibekwa phansi. Iziduna zivutha izinsikazi ezimbili, emva kwalokho amaqanda afukelwe amasonto ama-2 ekushiseni okungama-degree angama-26. Uma i-caviar ifakwa ungqimba lwe-peat, khona-ke kungakuhle ukukhipha amanzi, ishiye cishe amasentimitha angama-2-3. Ukuvuselela ukubambeka, ungomisa i-peat, bese uyigcwalisa ngamanzi amasha ngobulukhuni obuphansi.
• Esimweni sesibili, ukunwebeka kubuye kugcwaliswe nokuqunjelwa kwe-peat. Thela umthamo ngamanzi athambile kancane ane-acidic okungenani ngamasentimitha ayi-15. Kumaviki amathathu kuya amane, insikazi eyodwa kanye nezinsikazi ezi-2-3 kufanele zibe semhlabathini ovulekile. Ngemuva kwalokhu, i-peat nge-caviar iyahlungwa, yomiswe futhi igcinwe okungenani inyanga nesigamu. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, amaqanda afakwa ngokuthulula i-peat emanzini apholile (cishe ama-degree angu-17) amanzi athambile kakhulu. Amafry aqandwe kusuka emaqanda akhula ngokushesha okukhulu, kuthi emva kwenyanga aqale ukupheka ukuchitheka.

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, ngokungafani nokuqukethwe kwe-killy, akulula ukuzalanisa. Kepha le nqubo ijabulisa kakhulu, futhi uma usuthole inzalo kanye, uyowuthanda unomphela lo mndeni wezinhlanzi ezincane nezinhle kakhulu.

Ukusakazeka KukaDeveli

Amanothi ezinceku ezingamademoni ahlala endaweni eyodwa emhlabeni, esiFeni Sase-USA e-USA. IChibi elincane le-Devils Hole Cave lingamamitha ayi-15.

Izinhlanzi ezihlukile zihlala phakathi kwe "waterline" - uphawu lwamamitha angama-20 nobuso bamanzi.

Ubungako bechibi lincane futhi bungamamitha ayi-5,5,5,5 kuya ku-3, izinga lokushisa lamanzi ligcinwa ngaphakathi kwama-32-38 ° C.

UDeveli's Hole utholakala e-Death Valley National Park. Isigodi sathola igama elibi kangako hhayi nje ngengozi, ngoba le ndawo iyindawo eshisa futhi yomile emhlabeni, izinga lokushisa ehlobo lifinyelela ku-50 degrees Celsius.

I-carbonfish yedemonical ihlala kuphela echibini elincane lomhume i-Devils Hole, etholakala eSigodini Sokufa.

Esikhundleni salokho, i-devil's Hole uhlelo oluncane lomhume olwenziwe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-500 eyedlule, lugcwele amanzi emithonjeni enamandla. Ukujula okukhulu komhume kungamamitha ayi-91.4. Ungangena kwi-Hole yeDeveli kusuka ebusweni bomhlaba, le ndawo ingu-2 x 5 metres ibiyelwe ngocingo olungamamitha ayi-2 ngocingo oluvinjelwe futhi ifakwe ngenzwa yokunyakaza. Ngakho-ke ososayensi bavikela uhlobo olusengozini yokuphela - i-karpozubik kaDeveli.

Ukuxebuka kombazi

I-diabolical carpfish iqhuma unyaka wonke, kepha imvamisa ivumelanisa ukuqhuma, njengenhlanzi engazaleli amaqanda ngokuzithandela iyidla izihlobo zayo.

UDeveli Carpenties uyizinhlobo ezisengozini yokubulawa kwezinhlanzi ezi-ray.

Izizathu zokwehla kwenani le-carpfish yedeveli

Izizathu zokuncipha kwenani le-diabolical karpozubik ngokuphelele zincike emnothweni wezomnotho: abahlali bendawo basebenzisa amanzi echibi, ngakho-ke izinga lamanzi lihlala lehla.

Kukhona futhi ukucatshangelwa kwe- “bhodlela lomzimba ku-genetics,” okuthinta kabi ukwenziwa kwezinhlanzi. Ngemuva kokumukelwa kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. Ngokulondolozwa kwendawo yokuhlala kwe-carabolism, isimo semvelo sathuthuka kancane.

Ukuvikelwa kwezinhlobo

Ochwepheshe babheka izinyo le-Carp leDeveli's Hole njengezinhlanzi ezingavamile kakhulu emhlabeni. Lokhu kuqashelwa kuba sobala uma sibheka iqiniso lokuthi bangu-38 kuphela abantu abahlala echibini. Lokhu “ukuqothuka” ngokweqile, uma kungenjalo kubi.

Izinyathelo zokuqala ezisemthethweni zokuvikela i-carpfish eyingqayizivele zaqala ngo-1952, lapho uDeveli Hole eba yingxenye yeSigodi Sokufa futhi waba ipaki yemvelo. Ngo-1967, izinhlanzi zafakwa ohlwini lwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezingapheli. Futhi ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2, uMkhandlu Wokulondolozwa Kwezindawo Ezihlanzayo wavikela enkantolo ilungelo lokuthola i-carpfish, ucabanga ukuthi akukho emthethweni ukuthi abalimi basebenzise amanzi asemhlabathini ukunisela, okucekela phansi indawo yezinhlanzi.

IKarpozubiki, engazaleli amaqanda, iyidla ngokuzithandela nezihlobo zayo.

Kusukela ngeminyaka yo-1970 yekhulu leminyaka eledlule, umsebenzi ubusenziwa kaninginingi ukudala izifanekiselo zeHardi zikaDeveli zokwenziwa kabusha kwamazinyo we-carp kuzo. Kepha ukuqothulwa kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo kuyaqabukela kwaqhubeka.

Futhi ehlobo lika-2004, inhlanzi kwadingeka ukuba zisinde kwenye inhlekelele yemvelo: ngesikhathi sezikhukhula, imishini yesayensi yawela echibini, futhi ingxenye yabantu yafa.

NgoNovemba 2005, bangu-84 kuphela abantu abatholakala, ababesevele bande kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, kepha ochwepheshe abalahli ithemba lokubuyiselwa kwezinombolo.

I-carbonfish ye-diabolical ifakwe kuhlu lweGuinness Book of Record njengezinhlobo zezinhlanzi eziyingozi kakhulu.

Abakwa-USFWS e-United States babeka ama- $ 4 500,000 wokwakha isikhungo sokuvikela izinhlanzi e-Ash Meadows eNevada ngo-2013 ukubuyisa i-carpfish. Ngaphakathi komhume obiyelwe, kwakhiwa izimo zemvelo lapho kuhlala khona ikarpozubik, okushisa okushisa okushisa okungama-34 degrees Celsius, okugcwele komoya-mpilo kanye nobuningi bamaminerali emanzini.

Ukubona izazi zezinto eziphilayo kubike ukuthi inhlanzi e-Ash Meadows yaqala yabeka amaqanda ekudingisweni. Yonke imizamo yangaphambilini yokuthola inzalo kaDeveli Hole pupfish ngaphandle kweCave Hole kaDeveli ayiphumelelanga. Ukwandisa inani lezinhlanzi eziyingqayizivele, izazi zebhayoloji ezivela e-Ash Meadows Center ziqoqa amaqanda ekwindla, lapho inani labantu likhulu. Izidumbu zezidumbu zikaDeveli ziyavela unyaka wonke.Kepha isikhathi esivumayo sokubukeka kwama-fry singamaviki ayi-10 kuphela, ngakho-ke i-caviar iqoqwa ezindaweni zokufakelwa okwenziwe ngesikhathi futhi lapho isilinganiso sokusinda sentsha siphansi kakhulu.

Ama-Scuba divers izikhathi ezi-2 ngonyaka eza e-Hole kaDeveli ukubala izinhlanzi eziyingqayizivele.

UStephen Basinger, uprofesa e-University of California, University of California, ongomunye wababambe iqhaza kulomsebenzi wokubuyisa inani le-carpfish enqabile, uthi "isidingo sokuvikela nokugcina lezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezingandile emhumeni weDevils Hole nangale kwalokho sikhulu kunangaphambili.

Le ndlela, le nhlanzi encane enhle yakwazi ukusinda ngokulambisa ngenkathi yeqhwa, nasezimweni ezinzima zasehlane, nangokushisa komhlaba, ngemuva kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisithupha. ”

UTerry Boldino, omele ipaki ye-Death Valley, uveze umbono wakhe ngalolu daba, ukuvikelwa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezingajwayelekile kwaba usizo olukhulu uma izinhlanzi ezingandile zithandwa kakhulu ngabantu: "kodwa lapho kufika abantu abafanayo lapha, bheka ehlane bese uqala ukubona i-carp, bathi: "Hhayi, akukholeki, kukhona izinhlanzi lapha!".

Ngakho-ke umsebenzi wethu ukuchaza ukuthi lezi zinhlanzi zibaluleke futhi zibaluleke njengamabhere amnandi nasolwandle amahle. ”

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