AmaChimpanzee aqonda ngokugcwele ubuhle bokupheka - akagcini nje ngokuthanda ukudla okuphekwe kokuluhlaza, kodwa futhi ayazi ngenqubo yokupheka futhi akulungele ukusebenzisa isikhathi kukho.

Iz chimpanzee ezinejubane elithile elingavamile ziba njengabantu. Kudala kwaziwa ukuthi bayazi ukusebenzisa amathuluzi, kepha ngubani ongalindela, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi amashimpanzi azosebenzisa amagatsha ezihlahla njengemikhonto, afuye izinkawu ezincane ze-galago? Mayelana nalokhu hhayi esikhathini esedlule embhalweni wakhe ku Umphakathi waseRoyal uvule isayensi kusho abeprimatologists base-Iowa State University. Futhi akukapheli ngisho izinyanga ezimbili kudlule ukushicilelwa, njengakulo Ukuqhubeka kweRoyal Society B Abaphenyi beHarvard bakhuluma ngelinye ikhono elimangalisayo lama-chimpanzee - kuvela ukuthi bakukwazi kalula ukupheka.

Uma sikhuluma ngokupheka, imvamisa sibona umlilo. Kodwa-ke, ukuze uyisebenzisele izinhloso zobunyoninco, udinga ukuqonda izinto ezimbalwa ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, udinga ukuthanda ukudla okuphekwe kakhulu kunokwenziwe okuluhlaza, kanti okwesibili, kudingeka uqonde ukuthi kukhona izifundazwe ezimbili zokudla - okuluhlaza futhi okuphekwe, nokuthi ukupheka kuguqula okwokuqala kube kwesesibili, okwesithathu, kufanele uqonde ukuthi umkhiqizo ongavuthiwe kufanele ugcinwe futhi ulethe endaweni lapho ingalungiswa khona.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi chimpanzee nezinye izilwane empeleni zikhetha ukudla okwenziwe ngomumo ngaphezulu kokuluhlaza, nokuhlolwa okusha kuka-Alexandra Rosati (U-Alexandra Rosati) noFeliksi Farneken (Felixxwayeken) Lokhu kuphinde kwaqinisekiswa. Izinkawu ezizelwe mahhala (izazi zezilwane ezisebenza endaweni egcinwe eChimpunga eRiphabhulikhi yaseCongo) zazikulungele ukulinda umzuzwana kuze kuphekwe amazambane amnandi (ayephekwe, empeleni, ngaphandle kwebhotela nezinye izinongo).

Ngemuva kwalokho kwaboniswa “imishini” emibili kuma chimpanzee, kwelinye lawo ucezu lwamazambane noma isanqante “lwalungiswa”, kwelinye, imifino yahlala ingashintshiwe. “Amadivayisi” lawo abukeka njengeziqukathi zekhishini zepulasitiki lapho kubekwa khona izingcezu zemifino, abese enyakazisa phambi kwempumulo yesiphamanzi, ekhombisa ukupheka, abese ebuyisela impepho. Iqhinga ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi, kwaqedwa leyo nto eluhlaza okotshani, kwathi kwesesibili, izitsha zavela zaba yimfihlo, futhi kusukela kuzo, ngokubhekisisa okulula, ucezu olulungiselelwe lwafihlwa kulo esikhundleni solo eluhlaza lwalukhishwe kulo. Ngemuva kokuthi izinkawu zikubuke konke lokhu, bekufanele zibeke ucezu lwazo lwamazambane kwesinye “isixhobo” esisodwa. Kwavela ukuthi chimpanzee akhetha izitsha lapho ukudla bekuphekwe, ngathi, futhi lokhu kukhethwa kwaqiniswa nakho. (Ungabuka ividiyo ngokuzilinga lapha.) Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-chimpanzee aqonda ukuthi akuyona yonke into efanelekile ukupheka - ngokwesibonelo, lapho enikezwa izingcezu zokhuni esikhundleni samazambane aluhlaza, akazange azame “ukuwapheka”. Ukusuka kulokhu, ababhali balo msebenzi baphetha ngokuthi izilwane bezazi ngomqondo wenqubo ebonakalayo futhi babona ukupheka njengendlela yokuguqula inqubo.

Ekugcineni, iphuzu lesithathu ukulethwa kokudla endaweni yokulungiselela. Lapho abaphenyi behlela ukuhlola okulandelayo, abakwazanga ukubheka kokuningi: kuyaziwa ukuthi ngokuzibamba ngokuqondene nokudla, izilwane azizinhle kakhulu, futhi ngisho nezinkawu ze-anthropoid ezithuthukisiwe zinomfutho wokuqala wento edliwayo - ukuyifaka ngokushesha emilonyeni yazo. Okokuqala, i-chimpanzee yayidingeka ukuthi ithwale ucezwana lokudla okungavuthiwe ngamamitha amane lapho ingaphekelwa khona. Yize kwenzeka kaningi ukuthi izinkawu zingakuphathi ukudla noma kuphi, futhi zidle khona lapho, noma kunjalo, engxenyeni yamacala zisazohamba loluhambo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amashimpanzi aze alinda imizuzu embalwa kuze kube yilapho kuqhamuka owesilisa ephethe “ithuluzi lokupheka”. Okusho ukuthi, izinkawu, njengoba kwenzeka, ngokomqondo ziyakwazi ukuhlelela izinqubo zokubusa, okungukuthi, ukudlulisa ukudla kusuka endaweni kuya kwenye bese zilinda kuze kuphekwe. Phakathi kwezimpimpi kwakukhona ngisho nababili kulabo abavame ukulondolozela isikhathi eside impela konke ukulunywa abathola ukuze babapheke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Kunombono othandwayo wokuthi amandla okuphekela ukudla afune kakhulu ukuvela komuntu: izakhamzimba kokudla okusetshenzisiwe zenziwa zitholakala kalula, okusho ukuthi amandla amaningi angasebenza, kufaka phakathi ukuthuthukiswa kobuchopho nezinqubo zomsebenzi wezinzwa eziphakeme. Imvamisa, njengoba sishilo ngenhla, ukuqala kwenkathi yobunyoninco kuhlotshaniswa nokudalwa komlilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvame ukuthiwa umlilo wawungaba khona isikhashana phakathi kokhokho bethu basendulo ngenxa nje yokufudumeza amakhaya nokuvikelwa kwizidlakudla eziyingozi, futhi abantu babecabanga ngakho ngaphambi kokupheka kamuva. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kukaRosati noWarneken, bangaqala ngokushesha ukusebenzisa umlilo ngezinhloso zokupheka, ngoba, njengoba sesibonile nje, ngisho nezinkawu zinokwazi ukuqonda okubavumela ukuba bahlele ukudla kwabo.

Kukhona ezinye izinto ezimbili ngaphandle kokuthi ukuguqulwa kokupheka okuluhlaza okungeke kwenzeke. Okokuqala, okhokho bethu basendulo kwakudingeka bashintshe kusuka ezithelo bangene ezilinganiselweni kanye nama-rhizomes ezitshalo ezihlomula nakanjani ekuphekeni. Okwesibili, ukuzivocavoca okulondekile kungenzeka kuphela emiphakathini ehlanganayo engaphezulu noma engaphansi, ongeke wesabe ukuthi umngane wakho uzokuthatha ukudla kwakho. Iz chimpanzee, ngaphandle kwakho konke ukuphakama kobuntu, ungaphuthelwa ithuba lokuntshontsha okuthile komunye nomunye, futhi kulokhu, okutholile kufanele kudliwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukupheka ezikhathini ezikude kakhulu kwakugcwele ngengozi enkulu - umuntu angabeka kalula konke angakupheka ngokunganaki, futhi lapha kwakubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uma kwenzeka wehluleka umuntu angabelana ngokudla okungenampilo.

Yabelana ngalokhu:

U-Boris Akimov: Okokuqala, umbuzo owodwa oyisiphukuphuku. Encwadini yakhoUkubambaUmlilouphikisana nokuthi ubunzima bezinqubo zokupheka buvuse inqubekela phambili yabantu. Ngabe okuphambene nalokho kuyiqiniso: ukuthi ukubonakala kokudla okusheshayo kusho ukwehla kwesintu? Ingabe lokhu kungukuqala kokuqothulwa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo?

URichard Wangham: Angicabangi kanjalo. Ngicabanga ukuthi isiko lokupheka ngomlilo noma ukupheka emndenini libe nomthelela kakhulu emvelweni yomndeni. Ngokubona kwami, lapho sithatha ukudla okulungiselelwe okwenziwe ekudleni okusheshayo noma ezindaweni zokudlela noma lapho sithenga ukudla okwenziwe ngomumo futhi sikufudumele, kunciphisa ubuhlobo bomnotho emndenini.

Akubukeki kimi ukuthi impucuko isiya ekushoneni kwelanga - sekuyisikhathi esisha nje esisaqala, ngesimo esehlukile sokudla. Lokho wukuthi, lokhu kusithinta ngqo isikhungo somndeni, hhayi impucuko iyonke.

B. A:Umbhali AI-Lexander Genis yake yadonsela ukufana phakathi kokudla okusheshayo nokudla kwengane: ukupakisha okunemibala, udla ukudla ngezandla, njll. Ukupheka ukudla ngomlilo obhala ngakho kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuvuthwa ngokungafani nobuntwana bokudla okusheshayo. Kungani ubuntu buqala kabusha ubuntwana futhi babuye badinge ukudla kwengane?

R. R: Lo ngumbuzo ojulile. Ezinganeni, ukondliwa kufanele kube lula ngangokunokwenzeka. Sinikeza izingane ukudla eziklanyelwe zona, ngoba kulula ukuhlafuna nokugaya. Ebudaleni, sithanda ukudla okufanayo, sihlelelwe imvelo. Yikho nje ukuthi kutholakala kancane: ukwenza ukudla kwengane, udinga ukusebenza kanzima. Kepha namuhla, amakhono obuchwepheshe akuvumela ukuba ugaye ukudla ngendlela ebingenakwenzeka emakhulwini eminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka edlule. Manje-ke manje sesibona umkhuba omusha wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, abantu bakhetha ukudla okukhethwe kakhulu. Kepha iqiniso lokuthi sithanda ukudla okulungele izingane akusho ukuthi sesiguqukela ekubeni yizingane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, amazinyo esintu asencane - futhi izingane zinamazinyo amancane nje - nemilomo yethu nayo incipha, ngakho-ke kuvela ukuthi sesiya ngokuya sifana nezingane.

B. A:Mhlawumbe lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele, kodwa ngiyawuthanda umbono. Kungenzeka yini ngalomqondo ukuhumusha ukubukeka komsuka we "scammers"?

R. R: Angiqiniseki. Kodwa-ke, ake sithi i-chimpanzee kufanele ichithe cishe usuku lonke ithola ukudla futhi ikudla. Ngempela, kuthatha cishe amahora ayisithupha ngosuku ukuhlafuna ukudla, futhi futhi kuthatha isikhathi ukufika ekudleni futhi uphumule ngemuva kokudla, lapho ukudla kugaywe. Futhi labo abadlala imidlalo yama-computer abakwenzi lokhu. Ngakho-ke yilabo kuphela abathola ukudla okwenziwe ngomumo abangakwazi ukunethezeka kokuba ingane - futhi lokhu kuyinto entsha ngokuphelele evela endaweni yokubuka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

B. A:Ngakho-ke konke mayelana nendlela opheka ngayo, hhayi ukuthi udlani?

R. R: Kulungile. Kuya ngesindlela sokupheka ukuthi ngabe uthola amandla adingekayo. Ezifundweni ezahlukahlukene kuyaziwa ukuthi abapheki bezokudla abaphethe bahlushwa ngokungaphezi ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamandla. Vele, kunabantu abangakudla ukudla okuluhlaza futhi bahlale bephilile kakhulu, kepha kulokhu udinga ukubeka umzamo omkhulu.

B. A:Njengoba ngikuqonda kahle, lapho abantu beqala ukupheka ngomlilo, baba yingxenye yomphakathi omusha, ngoba babehleli bezungeza umlilo futhi kufanele bahlakulele izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana - futhi ngaleso sikhathi lapho kuzalwa khona lo mphakathi. Yiqiniso lokhu?

R. R: Yebo, ngicabanga kanjalo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, uma upheka, lapho-ke udinga ukuvikela inkululeko yakho. Impela, uma, ngokwesibonelo, uhlanza futhi udla ngokushesha izithelo zomuthi, akekho umuntu ozokuthatha ukudla kuwe - ngeke nje ube nesikhathi. Kepha uma uqala ukupheka futhi uqoqa ukudla endaweni eyodwa, eduze nomlilo, futhi udinga isikhathi sokupheka nokudla konke, uba sengozini - abanye bangakuphuca ukudla kwakho. Yilapho ukuqonda komuntu kuqala ukuguquka, sekuvele kwehlukile ekuqaphelekeni kwe-chimpanzee, ngoba awugcini nje ukudla ngokushesha, kepha qala ukuzibamba futhi ungalinda kuze kube yilapho ukudla sekuba ngcono ngenxa yokupheka.

Kepha le nqubo ngokwayo inezinkinga eziningi kuwe: othile angalamba - ngalolo suku akakutholanga ukudla - futhi athathe ukudla kuwe. Isibonelo, abesifazane banakekela izingane futhi bazilungisele ukudla, owesilisa angakuthatha lokhu kudla athi: “Anginendaba ukuthi wena nezingane zakho niyohlala nilamba.” Ngicabanga ukuthi kulokhu kuxabana kwagcina kudala ukuxhumana phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane. Iqiniso ukuthi owesilisa uyazi: owesifazane uzomondla, futhi owesifazane amnikeze ukudla, ngoba uyamvikela kulabo abangakuthatha lokhu kudla.

Esezenzakalweni, emiphakathini emincane, lokhu kuholela ekutheni umuntu wesifazane angavunyelwe ukondla omunye umuntu ngaphandle komyeni wakhe. Futhi uma enye indoda izama ukumtholela ukudla, ikhononda kumyeni wayo, khona-ke iyakwazi ukukhononda kubangani, bese inquma ukuthi enye, enye idinga ukushaywa, ukugconwa noma ukuxoshwa. Ngakho-ke, kubonakala kimi ukuthi ukupheka kuyisisekelo sobudlelwano bethu.

B. A:Kuliqiniso yini ukuthi umndeni wavela ngezizathu ezifanayo nomphakathi?

R. R: Yebo Umndeni uvele eduzane nokulalelwa kwawo. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lo mndeni wavela ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwabasebenzi ngokobulili. Njengokuthi, owesimame wemba izimpande weza nazo ekhaya, kwathi owesilisa wazingela izilwane weza nazo ekhaya, washintsha inyama yezithelo - futhi kulokhu kwaqhamuka nomkhakha wabasebenzi. Kepha kubonakala kimi ukuthi lokhu akunjalo. Uma ubheka izizwe zabazingeli nabahlanganisi emhlabeni wonke, uzobona ukuthi lokhu akukho ndawo. Kwezinye izindawo, owesilisa uthola konke ukudla - isibonelo, ama-Eskim e-Arctic, futhi abesifazane abakhiqizi lutho. Kwezinye izindawo, cishe konke ukudla kutholakala ngabesifazane, futhi amadoda aletha cishe lutho - ngokwesibonelo, eNyakatho Australia. Kodwa into eyodwa iyafana: abesifazane baphekela amadoda.

Ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu ukuqaphela okubaluleke kakhulu. Kubukeka kimi ukuthi kusho ukuthi ikakhulukazi ubudlelwano emndenini bususelwa kulokho owesifazane akulungiselela owesilisa. Futhi owesifazane udinga owesilisa ukuze, njengoba ngishilo, owesilisa angavikela owesifazane nokudla ngenkathi epheka.

B. A:Kuhle. Uma indima yokupheka inkulu kakhulu, singasho ukuthi ezinye izinguquko ezimpucukweni zethu zazihlobene nezinguquko enqubweni yokupheka noma indlela abantu abadle ngayo?

R. R: Kubukeka kimi ukuthi ukupheka kuse enhliziyweni yenhliziyo yomuntu yokwakha umphakathi ophucukile, ngoba ngaphandle kokupheka ubuchopho bethu bebungeke bufinyelele usayizi omkhulu kangako. Kuwo wonke ama-primates, ubuchopho obukhulu kakhulu kubantu bungenxa yokuthi abantu banehlelo lokugaya oluncane kakhulu. Ezindunjeni, okuncane uhlelo lokugaya ukudla, kukhulisa ubuchopho. Futhi uhlelo lwethu lokugaya luncane kakhulu ngoba siyapheka. Ikhono lokucubungula ukudla okwenziwe ngobunono lazwakala kubantu kudala. Ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili ezedlule, futhi ukubonakala kwaleli khono kuholele ekutheni kuqhamuke amanye amakhono abantu.

Futhi kula makhono zonke izici zethu ezihlukile sezithuthukisiwe - ukwazi, ulimi, kuzo - futhi, ekugcineni, impucuko.

B. A:Ngabe ucabanga ukuthi ezinye izinguquko ezenzekile eminyakeni eyi-100 edlule ngendlela abantu abadla ngayo noma abapheka nayo ingaholela ushintsho ezimpilweni zabantu nasemphakathini?

R. R: Yebo kunjalo. Sesikhulumile ngalokhu: manje sekukhiqizwa ukudla okuningi, futhi kutholakala kalula, ngakho-ke indoda akusadingeki ukuthi ize ekhaya nsuku zonke futhi idle isidlo sakusihlwa nomkayo nezingane - ingangena ekudleni okusheshayo futhi idle khona lapho. Manje maningi amathuba okuthola ukudla okuphekiwe kusihlwa - futhi isidlo sakusihlwa sibukeka kimi njengokudla okubaluleke kakhulu - ngakho-ke wonke umuntu akasadingi ukuhlangana ngesikhathi esithile. Ngakho-ke siphila emphakathini lapho ubudlelwane phakathi komndeni buthakathaka kakhulu: izingane zidla phambi kwe-TV, unkosikazi udla yedwa, bese indoda idla edolobheni - noma okuphambene nalokho, usebenza futhi adle emva komsebenzi. Kepha konke lokhu kuholela ekuweni komndeni wendabuko. Akunandaba ukuthi siyawuthanda umndeni onjalo noma cha. Le yinkinga ehluke ngokuphelele. Mhlawumbe ikhona enye indlela engcono yokukhulisa izingane ukwedlula eyomndeni wendabuko wezomhlaba, njengoba kwenzeka eminyakeni eyikhulu eyedlule.