• I-Viper (Viperinae)
• Umgodi (Crotalinae)
• Azemiopinae

Vipers, noma inyoka (lat. Viperidae), - Umndeni wezinyoka ezinobuthi, waziwa kangcono ngokuthi izinyoka.

Zonke izinyoka zinama-fangs amade, angasho lutho ngaphakathi, asetshenziselwa ukwahlukanisa ubuthi kwizindlala ezinobuthi ezisemuva komhlathi ongenhla. Ngayinye yalezi zingilazi ezimbili zitholakala ngaphambili komlomo kwithambo lokuqina elijikeleza emuva naphambili. Lapho kungasebenzi, amafangqa ayagoqwa futhi embozwe ngefilimu yefilimu. Ama-fangs angakwesokunxele nakwesokudla ajikeleza ngokuzimela komunye nomunye. Ngesikhathi sokulwa, umlomo uvuleka nge-engeli efinyelela kuma-degree angama-180 bese ithambo lijikeleza phambili, likhipha amafangqa. Umhlathi uvala ukuthintana, nemisipha eqinile ezungeze inkontileka yezinhlungu ezinobuthi, inciphise ubuthi emzimbeni wayo. Lesi senzo masisha futhi sinokushaywa ngaphezu kokulunywa. Izinyoka zisebenzisa le ndlela zombili ukwenza amandla ohlukunyeziwe nokuzivikela.

Ikhanda lezinyoka lilinxantathu kanxantathu lisesimweni, enomphetho omfushane wamakhala nasemahlombe esikhashana abonakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Engxenyeni engenhla yempumulo, phakathi kwamakhala, ezinye izinhlobo zinokuphuma okukodwa noma okubhangqa okwenziwe isikali. Kwezinye izinhlobo, ukuphuma okufananayo kunamathela ngaphezu kwamehlo, kwakheka into efana nezimpondo. Amehlo mancane, ngombala omile. Abafundi bangakwazi ukuvula bobubanzi beso, futhi bavale cishe ngokuphelele, okuvumela izinyoka ukuthi zikubone kunoma yikuphi ukukhanya. Umshini omncane owakhiwa yizikali uvame ukwengeza ngaphezulu kwamehlo. I-roller ekhule kahle inika inyoka ukubukeka okungathi sína noma okubi. Umzimba ufushane, uqweqwe - ikakhulukazi engxenyeni ephakathi. Umsila mfushane. Umbala wehluka kakhulu kuye ngezinhlobo nendawo ezihlala kuyo, kepha uhlala uhambisana nokufihla inyoka ngemuva kwendawo.

Ama-Vipers azivumelanisa nanoma ikuphi ukubukeka komhlaba kufika kumamitha ayi-3,000 ngaphezu kolwandle futhi kuvame ukuhola indlela yokuphila esekwe emhlabeni. Imvamisa izinyoka zingabadli abathanda indlela yobusuku obusebusuku. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinyoka, zibhekwa njengezihamba kancane, zizingela ikakhulukazi ebusuku, zihlasela inyamazane kusuka lapho zigasele. Zidla ngamagundane amancane, ama-amphibians, izinyoni nezinambuzane ezithile, ngokuya ngendawo yazo yokuhlala. Umuntu olunywe yisilonda, njengomthetho, uyafa kungakapheli nemizuzu embalwa ukusuka emphumeleni we-hemolytic. Ngemuva kwalokho inyoka imgwinya umuntu ohlukumezekile.

Abamele lo mndeni bavamile e-Eurasia, e-Afrika, eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, abekho e-Australia, eziqhingini zase-Oceania, New Guinea naseMadagascar.

Izinhlobo ezingapheli zazingezanyoka. Laophis crotaloides, ifinyelela kubude obuyi-3-4 m kanye nenyoka yangaphambili enkulu kunazo zonke ezinobuthi.

Okuyingozi kakhulu yilezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zezinyoka.

I-viper ejwayelekile (i-Vipera berus) isatshalaliswa kuyo yonke indawo yehlathi lase-Europe nase-Asia isuka eBritish Isles iya eSakhalin naseziQhingini zaseShantar, ezibandakanya. Ubude bawo abudluli ku-75 cm. Umbala waphezulu womzimba usuka kwesibhakabhaka-ngwempunga ucishe ube mnyama. Ngasohlangothini lwe-dorsal kukhona umucu we-zigzag omnyama, ongabonakali ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Ngaseningizimu, esifundeni se-steppe ne-steppe, kufaka ugu lolwandle olumnyama kanye nolweCaspian, kutholakala inyoka encane nenombala okhanyayo (V. ursini). Amaqabunga e-aspis (V. aspis) nesihlabathi (V. atmodytes) ahlala ogwini olusenyakatho loLwandle iMedithera.

Ukulunywa kwazo zonke lezi zinyoka akunangozi kubantu. Imiphumela ye-Lethal yakha ngaphezu kwe-0.5%, futhi ngosizo lokuqala nangesikhathi esifanele, abekho ngokuphelele.

Inyoka yase-Armenia (Vipera xantina), etholakala emazweni aseMpumalanga yeMedithera, iyingozi ngokwengeziwe. Isici saso esihlukile yiphathini ecacile yezindawo eziyindilinga eziwolintshi noma ezinsundu ezinomphetho omnyama, ovame ukuhlangana zibe umugqa obanzi ovunguza eceleni kwegquma.

IGyurza (Vipera lebetina) inyoka enkulu, ezinye zezinhlobo zayo ifinyelela kubude obuyi-1,6 m. Umbala we-gyurza ungahluka. Isizinda esinsundu ngokujwayelekile kwengxenye ephezulu yomzimba enamabala amnyama avela kuso. Ngaphansi kunompunga okhanyayo onamabala amancane amnyama.

Indawo yokusatshalaliswa ye-gyurza ibanzi kakhulu. Itholakala ezingxenyeni eziningi zogu lweMedithera lwase-Afrika naseziqhingini eziningana zoLwandle iMedithera, emazweni aseMpumalanga iMedithera, e-Iraq, e-Iran, e-Afghanistan, ePakistan naseNyakatho Ntshonalanga neNdiya. Ensimini ye-USSR isatshalaliswa eCaucasus nasezifundeni eziseningizimu yeCentral Asia. Yena,) uvame ukuhlala ezintabeni ezomile, phakathi komhlanga nezihlahla eziqhekekile, emadwaleni nasezigodini zemifula. Uhlala ngokuzithandela eduze nemisele yokunisela, emazweni atshaliwe, uvame ukungena emaphethelweni amadolobhana. Ehlobo, kuholela indlela yokuphila yobusuku, entwasahlobo nasekwindla kuyasebenza phakathi nosuku. Imvamisa igibela izihlahla, ilinde izinyoni. Lapho ekhuluma nomuntu uvame ukucasha, okuandisa ingozi yokushayisana naye.

Ukulunywa yi-Gyurza kudala ubuthi obunamandla. Ngaphandle kokuthola ukwelashwa okufanele, ama-10% alabo abathintekayo ayafa.

ISand desert epha (i-Echis carinatus, i-Fig. 85) iyindawo ebhebhetheke kakhulu phakathi kwezinyoka zasogwadule, ihlala esifundeni esikhulu samahlane kanye nogwadule lwaseNyakatho Afrika naseNingizimu Asia, kusukela eTunisia kuya eNdiya naseSri Lanka kufaka phakathi. Ezweni lakithi, kutholakala ezindaweni eziseningizimu yeCentral Asia, kubandakanya ugu oluseningizimu yoLwandle i-Aral kanye nogu olusempumalanga yoLwandle lweCaspian ukuya eKara-Bogaz-Gol Bay. Le nyoka encane, ngokwesilinganiso esingu-50-60 cm ubude, ihlukahluka kakhulu kwizinyoka eziningi ngejubane layo elikhethekile nokushukumiseka. Ezimweni ezivame kakhulu, ingxenye engenhla yomzimba wakhe ipendiwe ngombala we-grey-sand, emngceleni wangemuva nasemaceleni kukhona imivimbo emibili ekhanyayo ye-zigzag ekhishwe ngezansi ngentambo emnyama engashisi. Ngasemuva uchungechunge lwamabala akhanyayo agqamile. Ekhanda kunephethini elikhanyayo lokukhanya.

I-Efa ivumelaniswa ngokuphelele nokuphila ogwadule. Ihamba ngokushesha esihlabathini ngendlela ekhethekile, “yamuva” futhi ikwazi ukumba kuyo, isabalalisa izinhlabathi zesihlabathi ngokunyakaza okucashile komzimba. Ngasikhathi sinye, kubonakala sengathi "uminza" ngokoqobo esihlabathini phambi kwamehlo ethu. Njengezinyoka eziningi zasogwadule, ngesikhathi esishisayo, ama-efile ayasebenza ebusuku. Ngokuqala kokuphola, baphendukela kwindlela yokuphila yansuku zonke. Ubuthi be-Efa bunobuthi obukhulu kubantu. Uma kungekho ukunakekelwa kwezokwelashwa, cishe i-6% yalabo abalulwayo iyafa.

Okuyingozi kakhulu kubantu i-chain viper, noma i-daboya (Vipera russeli, Fig. 86), esatshalaliswa kulo lonke elaseNingizimu kanye naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kusuka e-India kuya eningizimu yeChina, kanye naseTaiwan, Ceylon, East Java kanye nezinye iziqhingi. Le inyoka enkulu enkulu engafika ku-1.5 m ubude inombala omuhle kakhulu. Ngasemuva, ngemuva kwesisekelo esinombala onsundu noma ompunga, kukhona imigqa emithathu yezindawo ezichazwe kahle ezibomvana ezibomvana ezizungezwe amasongo amnyama anezindonga zangaphandle ezimhlophe. Izindawo ezingomakhelwane zingahlangana ndawonye, ​​zenze iketanga. Kunephethini elakhiwe ngomcibisholo ekhanda. Imivimbo emhlophe igeleza isuka emehlweni uye emakhoneni omlomo.

Izinyoka zohlobo lwama-Chain zihlala ogwini nasezintabeni, zihlale ezindaweni ezitshaliwe. Baqala indlela yokuphila yesikhathi sokuhlwa, kuthi phakathi nosuku bacashe emiseleni yamagundane nakwezinye izindawo zokukhosela noma kubhasikidi elangeni. Baziphumela emigwaqweni nasezindleleni, bangene ezindlini.

Lapho uhlangana nomuntu, awanalo ulaka, kepha ngesikhathi sokucasulwa angaphonsa cishe lonke ubude bomzimba, aqhekeke phansi.

Ingozi yokushayisana noDaboya incishisiwe ngenxa yokuthi umsindo omkhulu wenyoka uzwakala kude ngamamitha ambalwa. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, isengezo sekhetheni ngokusobala silo elisebenzisa iningi labo abalunywe izinyoka eNdiya nase-Indochina.

Ubuthi be-Daboya bunobuthi kubantu, futhi umthamo olawulwa ukulunywa uphezulu, ngakho-ke ubuthi bunzima. Ngaphandle kokwelashwa, bangaphezu kwe-15% abantu abathintekayo abafayo.

Ezwenikazi lase-Afrika, ngaphezu kogu olusenyakatho, izinyoka zase-Afrika (uhlobo lwe-Bitis) zivamile. Kwezinhlobo eziyishumi, eziyingozi kunazo zonke yinyoka enomsindo (i-Bitis arietans), amasampula amakhulu afinyelela ku-1.5 m ubude. Umbala wayo onsundu noma onsundu. Ngasemuva kukhona uchungechunge lwemichilo ekhanyayo yesikela eqondiswe emaphethelweni abukhali ngaphambili futhi inemingcele ngaphambili ngemivimbo emnyama ebanzi. Ukusuka ngamehlo ukuya emathempelini kukhona imivimbo emibili ebanzi ekhanyayo exhunywe ngumugqa we-light transverse.

Kukhona inyoka enomsindo kuyo yonke imihlaba, ngaphandle kwamahlathi ashisayo nezingwadule, itholakala emazweni ezolimo, ingena ezakhiweni. Ngenxa yombala wayo oxubile, kunzima kakhulu ukuqaphela ngokumelene nesizinda esiseduze, okuandisa ingozi yokuxhumana naso. Iphila indlela yobusuku. Ukuvilapha kosuku kanye ne-phlegmatic. Uma kwenzeka kuphela ukucasuka okukhulu kuqale kukhale kakhulu, kukhuphuka ngamandla? i-torso, eyayiyisizathu segama "ngomsindo."

Ubuhlungu benyoka enomsindo bunobuthi kubantu.

Izinyoka ezinkulu kunazo zonke e-Afrika inyoka yeGabon, efinyelela kubude bamamitha ayi-2 Ngokufaka imibala, ingelinye lenyoka enhle kakhulu. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba lumbozwe iphethini lejamo lejometri ejwayelekile yesimo esingunxantathu, edwetshwe ngopende okhanyayo onsomi, onsomi, omnyama nomhlophe. Ngaphesheya kwegquma kukhona umugqa wezindawo ezimhlophe noma ezikhanyayo ophuzi, ikhanda linompunga olukhanyayo ngomucu omnyama ocwathile kanye namabala amabili oxantathu ezinhlangothini. Emaphethelweni angaphambili esiqalo kukhona izikali ezimbili ezinkulu ezicijile ezibunjiwe emuva. Umbala ohlukanisayo wenza inyoka ingabonakali ngokuphelele ngokumelene nesizinda se-motley sezitshalo ezishisayo. Inyoka yaseGabon itholakala ogwini olusentshonalanga nasempumalanga ye-Afrika.

Izindawo zokuqala zinezindawo ezinamahlathi nezinomswakama. Inyoka yaseGabon inesimo sokuthula kakhulu futhi ayiqabile ukuluma. Kodwa-ke, ubuthi obubangelwa ukukuluma kwakhe bunzima kakhulu futhi kuvame ukuholela ekufeni kwezisulu. Izinyoka ezinokhuni zivamile emahlathini ashisayo aseCentral Africa. Lezi yizinyoka ezincane, ezigugile, ezihambahambayo ezingamasentimitha angama-50-60 ubude, ezivumelaniswe nokuphila ezihlahleni. Zipendwe ngemibala ehlukahlukene eluhlaza enamabala aphuzi, ngenxa yokuthi afihlwe kahle phakathi kwamahlamvu. Ukulunywa kwabo kufakwa emzimbeni ongaphezulu kungadala ubuthi obukhulu kwizisulu.

Vipers (Viperidae)

Ama-Vipers, noma i-Viperidae (Viperidae) - umndeni omkhulu kakhulu wezinyoka ezinobuthi, ezaziwa kangcono ngokuthi izinyoka. Yinyoka leyo okuyinyoka eyingozi kunazo zonke eziphethweni zethu, ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukukwazi ukwahlukanisa lezi zilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo ezinyoka ezinobungane.

Incazelo ye-Viper

Zonke izinyoka zibonakaliswa ubukhona bezimbotshana ngaphakathi nangamaphayi amade asetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa ubuthi obukhiqizwa yizindlala ezikhethekile ezinobuthi ezitholakala ngqo ngemuva komhlathi ongenhla. Unembe ngamunye walezi zinto ubekwe phambi komlomo wenyoka, futhi utholakala ethanjeni elijikelezayo lethambo.

Siphelelwe isikhathi sokuwusebenzisa, ama-fangs avela emuva futhi avale ngesitho esikhethekile sefilimu. Ama-fangs angakwesokunxele nakwesobunxele azungeza ngokuzimela komunye nomunye. Ngesikhathi sokulwa, umlomo wenyoka uyakwazi ukuvuleka nge-engeli efinyelela kuma-degree angama-180, futhi ithambo elijikelezayo lidonsa izingcingo phambili. Ukuvalwa kwemihlathi kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuthintana, kuyilapho izicubu zomzimba eziqinile nezikhuliswe kahle zitholakala ezungeze izimbotshana ezinobuthi ngokusobala, okubangela ukuphuma kwetyhefu. Lesi senzo esisheshayo saziwa ngokuthi ukuluma, futhi sisetshenziswa izinyoka ukufumbathisa isisulu saso noma ukuzivikela.

Ikhanda lenyoka linesimo esiyindilinga esingunxantathu nesiphetho esimfushane samakhaleni futhi siphawuleka ngokubonakala kwamagagasi angokwesikhashana. Ngasemaphethelweni aphezulu ekhaleni, ngqo phakathi kwamakhala, kwezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukuba khona kokuphuma okukodwa noma okubhangqa okwenziwe izikali kuyinto ebonakalisayo. Ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoka zihlukaniswa indawo yokuphuma okungaphezulu kwamehlo ngaphezu kwamehlo. Kulokhu, bakha into efana nezimpondo ezejwayelekile.

Amehlo ezihuquzelayo mancane ngosayizi, onomfundi omiswe nkqo ongavuleka hhayi kuphela ebubanzini bawo obugcwele, kepha futhi osondele ngokuphelele, sibonga izinyoka zibonakala ngokuphelele kunoma yikuphi ukukhanya. Njengomthetho, kune-roller encane ngaphezu kwamehlo eyakha esikalini.

I-roller ekhule kahle inika inyoka ukubukeka okubi noma okubi. Umzimba we-reptile umfushane impela ngosayizi futhi uqweqwe ikakhulukazi engxenyeni ephakathi. Umbala uyahlukahluka ngokuya ngesimo sendawo nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kepha uhlala uhamba nokufihla inyoka ngemuva kwendawo yemvelo.

I-Viper Family - i-Viperidae

Ikhanda lingunxantathu oluyindilinga, lunqunywe ngokusobala kusukela entanyeni, futhi ingaphezulu limbozwe noma ngezikali eziningi ezincane noma izihlangu ezincane ezibunjiwe ngokungenasici. Umzimba mkhulu, umsila umfushane. Amehlo anophaphu omile. Emhlathini ongenhla hlala ngamazinyo amakhulu ezinsimbi ezinobuthi. Ezintanjeni ze-USSR kunezinhlobo ezingama-7 ezingezakhi zofuzo ezi-2. Kungenzeka ukuthola enye inhlobo, inyoka yasePheresiya (Ithebula 31), ebhebhetheka ezindaweni ezisenyakatho-nasempumalanga ye-Iran ehlangane ne-USSR.

Ithebula 31: 1 - gyurza (279), 2 - Asia Minor viper (278), 3 - viper Persian (270), 4 - efa sandy (281)

Viper Rod - Vipera

ISteppe viper - Vipera ursini I-Vonap.

Ithebula 30: 1 - izinyoka ezijwayelekile (274), 1a - ifomu elimnyama, 2 - i-steppe viper (271), 3 - i-Caucasian viper (274), i-4 - nosed viper (277), 5 - muzzle ezivamile (283), 6 - i-muzzle yasempumalanga (285)

Imephu 113. Steppe Viper

Ukubukeka. Osayizi mncane noma maphakathi: imvamisa ubude bomzimba buyi-35-45 cm (kufika ku-57 cm). Ikhanda lihlukaniswe ngokucacile emzimbeni, futhi isihlokwana ngaphezulu, ngaphambili komugqa oxhumanisa imiphetho yamehlo, kumbozwe ngezihlangu ezincane ezibunjiwe ngendlela engakhethi. Ukuvulwa kwamakhala kusikwa ngaphansi kwesihlangu samakhala. Imiphetho yesizalo ikhombe futhi iphakanyiswe kancane ngaphezu kwendawo yayo ephezulu. Ngaphezulu kombala onsundu onsundu onomugqa we-zigzag omnyama eceleni kwegede, kwesinye isikhathi kuphuke kube izingxenye ezihlukile noma amabala. Izinhlangothi zomzimba ezindaweni ezimnyama, ezingashisi. Izinyoka ezimnyama zokusoka zivame kakhulu.

U-fig. 55. Inhloko ye-steppe viper kusuka phezulu

U-fig. 56. Amakhala omquba: ngaphezulu - okujwayelekile, ngezansi - esitebhisini

Ukubhebhetheka. ISteppe nezindawo eziseningizimu zohlobo lwe-European stepprogs lwengxenye yaseYurophu, eCrimea, izifunda ezinqamula eCaucasus, Kazakhstan naseCentral Asia.

Indlela yokuphila. Kuhlala izitebhisi ezahlukahlukene, umgwaqo osolwandle, izihlahlana zamawa, izintaba ezinamatshe, izihlambi ezikhukhula iziqhingi, izihosha, iziqhingi zama-solyanky kanye nesihlabathi esimisiwe. Igwema umhlaba wokulima futhi osele lapho ulima ezihlahleni, emishinini, eceleni komgwaqo. Kulokhu, cishe kwanyamalala ngokuphelele iningi leMoldova naseningizimu ye-Ukraine. Ngemuva kobusika, zivame ukuvela ngoMashi - Ephreli. Njengoba ishiye imisele yokubamba, imfucumfucu yenhlabathi, izikhala phakathi kwamatshe nezinye izindawo zokukhosela lapho zazicashe khona ngawodwana noma ngamaqembu amancane, ngokushesha amaqhubu aqala ukuhlangana. Abesilisa bafuna ngentshiseko abesifazane, futhi cishe ngowesifazane oyedwa bavame ukuba "imidlalo yokuphelisa". Ngemuva kwenkathi yokuzalela, entwasahlobo, izinyoka zidla izikhala, kwezinye izimo zibamba ama-voles, ama-voles, ama-hamsters kanye namagundane. Amagundane nesikhonyane baba inyamazane enkulu yezinyoka ezingena ezinyangeni ehlobo. Ziphinde zibambe amachaphaza amawu, okokushisa izimbotshana, ama-buntings nezinye izinyoni ezincane; kwesinye isikhathi, amasele nama-garlic ladies aba inyamazane. Izinyoka ezincane zidla izinambuzane nama-arachnids, izibankwa ezincane kakhulu. Ukukhulelwa kuyizinsuku ezingama-90-130 (imvamisa yi-105-110). Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti kuya maphakathi no-Septhemba, izinsikazi zivame ukuletha ama-60- (3 kuya ku-16) ama-cubic ubude obu-12-18 cm. Kungekudala ngemuva kokuzalwa, i-molt encane.Izikhathi zabantu abadala molt izikhathi ezintathu ngonyaka (Ephreli - Meyi, Julayi - Agasti, ukuphela kuka-Agasti - ukuqala kukaSepthemba). Bavuthwa ngocansi beneminyaka emithathu nobude bomzimba obungu-31-35 cm.Ithemba lesikhathi sokuphila ngokwemvelo yiminyaka engama-7-8.

Kunobuthi, kepha kuyingozi encane kumuntu, amacala anemiphumela ebulalayo ayaziwa. Ubuthi busetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwemithi. Iqukethe ama-nurseries.

Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ihluke ku-viper ejwayelekile ngosayizi omncane, amaphoyinti akhonjisiwe futhi aphakanyisiwe emsipheni kanye nasendaweni yamakhaleni engxenyeni engezansi yemikhono yamakhala, kusukela kwenyoka yeCaucasian esithambile, umbala obuthuntu, ovela ku-Asia Minder viper phambi kwezikalo, hhayi izikali ezincane ebusweni bangaphezulu be-muzzle.

Inyoka yaseCaucasian - Vipera kaznakowi Nik.

Imephu 114. I-vipucasian viper (1), i-viped viper (2), i-Asia Minor viper (3)

Ukubukeka. Isayizi iyisilinganiso: ubude bomzimba buvame kuba ngu-40-45 cm (kuze kufike ku-59 cm). Ikhanda libanzi kakhulu ngokushukunyiswa okuqinile kwesikhashana kwesikhashana. Ukutholwa komzimba okubukhali kuhlukanisa ikhanda nomzimba obukhulu. Ukuvuleka kwamakhala kuvame ukusikwa engxenyeni engezansi yesihlangu samakhala. Indawo nenombolo yezihlangu ekhanda, njengenyoka enyathela. Umbala uyakhanya. Umzimba uphuzi-owolintshi noma obomvu wezitini, eceleni kwegedlule kudlula umgqa we-zigzag omnyama noma omnyama, ovame ukudwengulwa ube amabala amancanyana anombala. Ikhanda phezulu elimnyama, imvamisa elinamabala akhanyayo. Izinyoka ezimnyama ngokuphelele zijwayelekile.

Ukubhebhetheka. I-Western Caucasus ne-Western Transcaucasia.

Indlela yokuphila. Ihlala amahlathi asezintabeni, ama-subalpine kanye nama-alpine meadows, ahlala ogwini loLwandle Olumnyama afinyelela kumamitha angama-2500 ngaphezu kolwandle. Idla izinduku ezifana negundane. Oviparous. I-Biology ayifundelwa kancane.

Ngobuthi, izilwane ezifuywayo futhi kuyaqabukela abantu bahlushwa ukuluma kwakhe. Ubuthi bungasetshenziselwa ukwenza umuthi.

Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ihluke ku-steppe viper ngemibala egqamile, kusukela e-Asia Minor lapho kukhona isikali, hhayi izikali ezincane endaweni engenhla ye-muzzle, futhi ihlukaniswe ngokwendawo neqhude elijwayelekile.

Izinyoka ezivamile - I-Vipera berus (L.)

Imephu 115. Viper ezejwayelekile

Ukubukeka. Osayizi abaPhakathi: imvamisa ubude bomzimba buyi-50-60 cm (ukuya kuma-80 cm). Ikhanda lihlukaniswe ngokusobala nomzimba, i-muzzle ingaphezulu, ngaphambili komugqa oxhumanisa imiphetho yangaphandle yamehlo; ngaphezu kwesikalo esincane, kukhona ezinkulu ezi-3 (ngaphambili ne-2 parietal). Ithiphu ye-muzzle iyindilinga. Ukuvulwa kwamakhala kusikwa phakathi kwesihlangu samakhala. Ngaphezulu kombala onsomi, onsundu noma obomvana ngokubomvu, onomucu omnyama we-zigzag ohlangothini. Ekhanda kukhona iphethini eyenziwe ngo-X. Ulayini omnyama usuka esweni uye ekhoneni lomlomo. Imvamisa kuba nezinyoka ezimnyama.

Ukubhebhetheka. Izifunda eziphakathi nezisenyakatho yengxenye yaseYurophu, eningizimu kuya cishe ku-40 ° C. N, iSiberia, iMpumalanga Ekude ukuya eSakhalin ngokubandakanyeka enyakatho kuya ku-61-63 ° C. w.

Indlela yokuphila. Kuhlala izindawo ezisehlathini nehlathi lama-steppe, kukhethwa amahlathi ahlanganisiwe nama-glade, amachibi, ukushiswa ngokweqile, amabhange emifula, amachibi nemifudlana. Izintaba zikhuphuka ziye kuma-3000 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Njengezinyoka eziningi zezindawo ezisenyakatho nezishisayo, isatshalaliswa ngendlela engalingani kuyo yonke insimu, yakha “i-bird foci” ezindaweni ezifanele, kepha ayikho ngokuphelele ezindaweni ezinkulu. Indawo okugxilwa kuyo izinyoka kuvame ukunqunywa yizimo ezifanele ebusika. Njengomthetho, izinyoka zihlala phansi, azihambi ngaphezulu kwe-60-100 m, futhi indawo yezinyoka ingu-1.5-4.0 ha. Kuphela ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwentwasahlobo nasekwindla kuya ezintabeni zobusika nasemuva izinyoka zingahamba ibanga elingama-2-5 km, kwesinye isikhathi zinqamule amachibi nemifula ebanzi. Zifaka umhlabathi phansi, ngaphansi kwengqimba yengqimba, ekujuleni okungama-40 cm kuya ku-2 m, kaningi emiseleni yamagundane, ezindundwini, ezimpondweni zezimpande zezihlahla ezibolile, emigodini yamapulangwe, ngaphansi kwezindawo zokulala, emifantuni yamatshe, njll. Ukushisa ezindaweni zobusika ayiwele ngaphansi kuka-2-4 °. Imvamisa, izinyoka zithanda ukucwilisa noma ngamaqembu amancane, kodwa, amaqhubu ebusika wezinyoka afinyelela ku-200 ukuya kwangama-200 ayaziwa ezindaweni ezifanele. Ngemuva kokuqala ubusika, avela ngoMashi - Ephreli, kwesinye isikhathi ngoMeyi. Abesilisa baba ngabokuqala ukushiya ubusika ngezinsuku ezifudumele zelanga, lapho kusele iqhwa eliningi ezindaweni ezisehlathini. Bahamba baye ebusika engxenyeni yesibili kaSepthemba - ngo-Okthoba. Entwasahlobo, izinyoka zigcinwa ezindaweni ezifudumele kahle, zisebenzisa imisebe yelanga nokuxhumana nomhlabathi ofudumele, amatshe afudumele, izihlahla eziwile, iziqu, njll. Ukushisa okuphezulu kwabesilisa kungama-25 °, izintokazi ezingama-28 °. Ngaphezulu kuka-37 ° ku-vipers ophethe i-rigor mortis nokufa. Ehlobo, izindawo zokukhosela ziyimibhobho, imvuthuluka ebolile, izihlahla, imifantu enhlabathini, izikhala phakathi kwamatshe. Ukugoqa elangeni kuqubuka kaninginingi usuku lonke, kepha hamba uyozingela kusihlwa futhi usebenza kakhulu engxenyeni yokuqala yobusuku. Izinyoka ezondliwe kahle zingaze ziphume endaweni yokukhosela izinsuku ezingama-2-3. Amagundane anjengemouse namaxoxo asisiseko sokondleka kuyo yonke inkathi esebenzayo, ngaphandle kokuthi kuqale ihlobo - isikhathi sokuhlaselwa kanzima kwezinyoni ezincane. Ngalesi sikhathi, kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi kuya ekuqaleni kukaJulayi, amachwane amachwane, izikebhe, amabhomu, izindishi, njll., Kuvame kakhulu ukuba inyamazane yinyoka. Ngesinye isikhathi ubamba izengezo zesengezo. Izinsana zivame ukuzondla ezinambuzaneni, okungajwayelekile ukuthi kube nama-mollusks kanye nezibungu. Ukuhlangana kwenzeka emavikini angama-2-2 ngemuva kokushiya ubusika, imvama maphakathi noMeyi. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa cishe izinyanga ezintathu. Engxenyeni esenyakatho yebanga, izala minyaka yonke. Owesifazane uletha kakhulu amawundlu angama-8-12 ukusuka engxenyeni yesibini kaJulayi kuze kube sekupheleni kukaSepthemba. Abancane ngesikhathi sokuzalwa banobude obucishe bube ngu-16 cm. Ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa noma izinsuku ezingama-2-3, bayancibilika, emva kwalokho basakaze bese baqala ukuzondla. Ngokuzayo, ukuncibilika kwabasha nabadala kwenzeka izikhathi ezi-1-2 ngenyanga. Ngesikhathi sokuncibilikisa, izinyoka zifihla emashalofini futhi zingondli. Izinyoka zesifazane zivuthwa ngokocansi lapho zineminyaka emihlanu ubude bazo bube ngama-54-55 cm, abesilisa abaneminyaka emine, babe nobude obungaba ngu-45 cm. Isikhathi sokuphila siyiminyaka eyi-11-12 (kuze kube ngu-14-15).

Unobuthi, kepha kunokuthula futhi kuyaqabukela kulume umuntu. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, amacala angawodwa ayaziwa lapho ukulunywa yinyoka kubulala, kepha akucaci ukuthi ubuthi noma ukulimaza, “ukwelashwa” okungalungile bekuyimbangela yokufa. Ubuthi busetshenziselwa ukwenza umuthi. Iqukethe ama-nurseries.

Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ihluka nge-steppe viper ngosayizi omkhulu, isikhundla samakhala phakathi nendawo yemikhono yensimbi, nesigaxa esiqondile, esiyindilinga se-muzzle. Sihlukaniswe ngokwendawo kwezinye izinyoka.

Izinyoka ezinamaphimbo * - Ama-Vipera ammodytes (L.)

* (Le nyoka ibizwa nge-sandy noma enophondo. Womabili la magama awaphumeleli, ngoba le nyoka ayitholakali esihlabathini, nezinye izinyoka ezihlala eSahara nasePhalamende lase-Arabian (Cerastes), ezibizwa ziphume ngempela ngenhla kwamehlo abo, zibizwa zinezimpondo. impumulo inqubo ekhombe engakhokhelwa "ekhaleni".)

Ukubukeka. Osayizi baphakathi, imvamisa ubude bomzimba bungama-60-70 cm (kufika ku-90 cm). Ingaphezulu lekhanda limbozwe amancane, amade alenziwe, izikali, kepha izikali ze-muzzle zivame ukubushelelezi. Esephepheni sesifumbu, ingaphezulu eliphakeme futhi eliqonde kancane eliqonde phambili eli-3-5 mm ubude, elimbozwe isikali. Impunga ephezulu, e-brownish noma ebomvu ngombala obomvu, enemucu we-zigzag emnyama noma imivimbo emikhulu noma eyinqolobane ngemuva. Isisu siphuzi-grey, kumachashazi aminyene amachashaza namabala. Ithiphu yomsila ngezansi ibomvu, iphuzi, noma iluhlaza.

U-fig. 57. Ikhanda lenyoka ebunjiwe

Ukubhebhetheka. Kuhlangatshezwe kusigaba seTraletiti neMeskheti eGeorgia.

Indlela yokuphila. Ihlala emithambekeni yezintaba enamatshe ambozwe izihlahlana, emigwaqweni nasemifantwini ezigodini zemifula, ezigcawini ezindala, ezigcawini zamatshe, ezakhiweni ezonakalisiwe, ngezinqwaba zamatshe. Izingela kusihlwa nengxenye yokuqala yobusuku. Idla izinduku, izinyoni, izibankwa ezingaphansi kakhulu. Ukumatanisa ngoMashi - Ephreli. Ngo-Agasti - Septhemba, insikazi iletha ama-cubic angama-20 cm angama-20 ubude.

Unobuthi, kepha ukufa kungaziwa ngabantu. Ubuthi bungasetshenziselwa ukwenza umuthi. Ukuqothula okuwusizo kwamagundane.

Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ihlukahluka kuzo zonke izinyoka ngokuphuma kwesiqongo sesiphunga.

I-Asia Minor Viper * - Vipera xanthina (Mpunga) (= V. raddei)

* (Lolu hlobo lubizwa nangokuthi i-viper Radde, noma inyoka yase-Armenia.)

Ukubukeka. Ubukhulu buphakathi noma bukhulu: ubude bomzimba buvame ukuba ngama-60-75 cm (kufika ku-110 cm). Ingaphezulu lengaphezulu lekhanda limbozwe izikali ezibunjiwe, ngaphandle kwezimbambo kuphela izikali zophawu lwesiqalo. Ngaphezulu kwamehlo ngakunye, kunesilinganiso esisodwa esikhulu kakhulu esiveza ngaphezu kwamehlo (ichopho le-infraorbital), elihlukaniswe inani elikhulu lesikali esivela emaphethelweni weso elingenhla. Kunezimbotshana ezingaphansi kwama-38 zezihlangu zomsila. Ngaphezulu kombala ompunga omnyama nge-tint brownish. Eduzane negquma, kunomugqa owodwa wezindawo eziphuzi-orenji noma onsundu onomphetho omnyama, kwesinye isikhathi ohlangana ube yinqaba ebanzi ye-zigzag eceleni komugqa. Imivimbo emibili emnyama egqamile ngemuva kwekhanda. Isisu sakhiwe ngezindawo ezinamabala amancane amnyama, isicoco somsila singphuzi osawolintshi ngaphansi.

U-fig. 58. Inhloko yenyoka encane yase-Eshiya

Ukubhebhetheka. I-Armenia neNakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

Indlela yokuphila. Ihlala ezintabeni endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1000 kuye kwangama-3000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, emithambekeni enamadwala enezihlahla ezinesihlahla noma izitshalo ezisezintabeni. Idla izinduku, izinyoni, izibungu nezinambuzane. Izinyoka ezincane zidla kakhulu isikhonyane. Bahlala emifantwini yamadwala ahamba ngo-Ephreli - Meyi. Mating ngoMeyi, ukuzalwa kwezingane ngo-Agasti. Owesifazane uletha ama-5-10 ama-cubic angu-16-16 cm ubude.

Unobuthi, mhlawumbe ubulale abantu. Ubuthi bungasetshenziselwa ukwenza umuthi.

Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ihluka nge-viper ebunjiwe ngokungabi bikho kokuphuma esiqeshini sesifumbu, kusuka kuCaucasian ngesikali esigoqiwe esimboza isisulu kusuka phezulu, kusukela gyurza ngokubakhona kwe-infraorbital scutellum kanye nenani elincane (kuze kube ngama-38 ngazimbili) zezihlangu ezingaphansi kwekholaji.

IGyurza - Vipera lebetina (L.)

Imephu 116. Gyurza

Ukubukeka. Ubukhulu bukhulu: ubude bomzimba buvame cishe kube yi-100 cm (kufika ku-160 cm). Ingaphezulu lengaphezulu lekhanda limbozwe izikali ezibunjiwe, ngaphandle kwezimbambo kuphela izikali zophawu lwesiqalo. Azikho izikena ze-infraorbital, kanti izikali zesifunda se-infraorbital ziqonde ngqo umngcele iso. Ngaphezulu ipendiwe ngombala onsomi noma wesihlabathi obomvana noma obomvana ngokubomvu, ngasemuva kunezindawo ezinendawo emnyama edonswe ngotshani. Izindawo ezimnyama ezincane emaceleni. Ikhanda licacile, ngaphandle kwephethini. Isisu sikhanya, sinamabala amancane amnyama. Ithoni yombala iyashiyana kakhulu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izinyoka ezinombala owodwa zitholakala.

U-fig. 59. Ikhanda le-gyurza

Ukubhebhetheka. IDagestan, iTranscaucasia, iningizimu eshubile yeKazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Western Tajikistan.

Indlela yokuphila. Bahlala ezigodini ezomile, emithambekeni yezintaba ezembozwe izihlahlana, emigodini, nasemifantwini ezigodini zemifula. Izintaba zikhuphuka zifinyelela ku-1,500 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Izimpi ezingadini yezithelo, izivini, emanxiweni ezakhiwo. Benza ukunyakaza, kukhasa ngemuva kobusika emifantwini yamatshe, lapho bevame ukuhlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu. Ehlobo, zivame ukubuthana ezindaweni ezinamanzi, zigeze ngokuzithandela futhi zibambe izinyoni zifika endaweni yokunisela. Entwasahlobo avela ngoMashi - Ephreli, lapho ehola indlela yokuphila yosuku. Kamuva, baphendukela ekusebenzeni kusihlwa kanye nobusuku. Izinyoka ezincane zidla izinyosi, sezikhulile - amagundane amancane. Abantu abadala badla kakhulu ngamagundane, kepha entwasahlobo nasekwindla, ngesikhathi sokudlula kwezinyoni, bagibela emahlathini, balinda izinyoni, phakathi kwazo okuyi-oatmeal kanye nenqola ezixhaphake kakhulu inyamazane. Izinyoka ezihlala ezivinini zidla inqwaba yondlunkulu, zifika kuma-peck amajikijolo. Ukumatanisa ngo-Ephreli - Meyi. Ekupheleni kwehlobo, i-gyurza ibeka amaqanda ayi-15 ukuya ku-20 egobolondweni elincanyana elinomdlandla eliqukethe imibungu esevele ikhule kahle. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-35-45 abasebasha abade abangama-23-25 ​​cm ukusuka emaqanda.

Unobuthi kakhulu. Ubuthi busetshenziswa kabanzi ekwenzeni imikhiqizo yokwelapha. Iqukethe ama-nurseries.

Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ihluke ku-viper yase-Asia lapho kungekho scutellum ye-infraorbital, ngenani elikhulu (ngamabhuzu angaphezu kwama-40) ezicijithi ze-caudal, ngosayizi omkhulu nombala, nangokuvela kwezinye izigaqana ezikalini eziqoshwe embobeni ekhanda kusuka phezulu.

Induku ka-Efa - Echis

Sand efa - I-Echis carinatus (Schneid.)

Imephu 117. Sandy Efa

Ukubukeka. Isayizi iyisilinganiso: ubude bomzimba buvame ukuba yi-50-60 cm (kuze kufike ku-75 cm). Ikhanda limbozwe izikali ezincane ribed. Izikali ze-Dorsal ezinezimbambo ezibukhali ezivuthayo. Ezinhlangothini zomzimba kudlula imigqa engu-4-5 yezikali ezincane nezincanyana, iqondiswe ngokuqonde phansi futhi ifakwe izimbambo ze-serated. Izihlakala ze-caudal zitholakala emgqeni owodwa we-longitudinal. Isikali esisebusweni esimpunga, esinezici ezihlukaniswe ngokusobala sivame ukubamnyama ukwedlula esokugqekeza. Phakathi kwesikali sangaphansi nesaseceleni, ngasohlangothini ngalunye lomzimba eceleni komucu owodwa omhlophe we-zigzag. Ngaphezulu ngaphesheya kunemibala emhlophe, ebanzi ngaphesheya kwebala, ebekwe phakathi kwesiqongqo semivimbo ye-zigzag. Ekhanda kunephethini elikhanyayo, elinesibhakabhaka elifana ne-silhouette yenyoni endizayo.

U-fig. 60. Izikali zesisekelo ze-efa yesihlabathi

Ukubhebhetheka. ITurkmenistan, iSouth Uzbekistan, iThajikistan eseNingizimu.

Indlela yokuphila. Ukuphila kwesihlabathi esinezintaba kugcwele i-saxaul, ogwadule nasezintabeni zobumba, emabhasini, emifuleni nasemifantwini yezakhiwo. Entwasahlobo avela ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari - Mashi futhi kuze kube nguJuni besebenza phakathi nosuku, ehlobo bashintshela emisebenzini yasebusuku, kuthi ekwindla bavame ukuvela ebusweni bosuku. Bahamba baye ebusika ngo-Okthoba, bathola isiphephelo emiseleni yamagundane, imifantu nemigodi emaweni. Ngezinsuku ezifudumele, kwesinye isikhathi kuphuma kubhashi elangeni. Idla izinduku ezincane, izimbila ezingaphansi, izinyoni, amasele echibi, ubuhlalu obuluhlaza, kwesinye isikhathi izinyoka ezincane. Ama-young young adla izinkumbi, amabhungane amnyama, ama-scolopendras, umhlonyane nezikhonkwane ezincane. Mating ngoMashi - Ephreli, ngoJulayi - Agasti, insikazi iletha isuka ku-3 iye ku-16 young cm 10-16 cm. I-efa iqhubekela "enkambweni ye-lateral", njengoba iphonsa ikhanda layo ohlangothini, bese ithatha umhlane womgwaqo eceleni nangaphambili, bese idonsa ingxenye engaphambili torso. Kubukeka sengathi inyoka ayishisi phambili, kodwa eceleni. Le ndlela yokuhamba idala ukwesekwa okungcono kakhulu komzimba endaweni engasasebenziyo. Umugqa obonakalayo we "stroke yamuva" uqukethe imichilo yomuntu ngamunye enamaphethelo ayibunjiweyo. I-efa ephazamisekile futhi iba nesimo sokuzivikela esibonakalayo. Njengoba esegobele izindandatho ezimbili ezingxenyeni futhi ebambe ikhanda lakhe phakathi, uphonsa enye ingxenye kwelinye, kanti izikali eziseceleni ezinezimbambo ezi-serared zenza umsindo omkhulu wokukhumbula, ukhumbuza ama-ors kawoyela epanini lokuthosa elishisayo.

Unobuthi kakhulu. Ubuthi busetshenziselwa ukwenza amalungiselelo ezokwelashwa. Iqukethe ama-nurseries.

Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ihluka kahle kwezinye izinyoka ngombala nakwezikali ezilinganayo, ezinezimbambo ezi-serated.

Ukubukeka

I-subfamily Burmese Fairy viper, noma i-Chinese viper (i-Azemiops feae) ingeyezinhlobo zezinyoka ezinobuthi. Ubude bomzimba wabantu abadala bufika ku-76-78 cm, kuthi izihlangu ezinkulu zitholakala ekhanda. Umbala womzimba ongenhla onsundu onsundu. Ingxenye engezansi yomzimba inokhilimu, futhi ezinhlangothini kukhona imivimbo ephuzi ephuzi. Ikhanda liphuzi noma limnyama ngombala. Bonke abameleli balesi sigaba esingaphansi kwesigaba basesigaba sezinyoka ezibeka amaqanda.

I-Toad viper (Causus) iyi-subotamily yama-monotypic kubandakanya i-genus Sausus kuphela. Izinyoka ezinjalo zingezesigaba sabamele abomndeni bakudala kakhulu nabakudala bomndeni ngenxa yokuba khona kwalezi zinto ezilandelayo:

• oviparous
• Izici zokuhleleka kwezinto ezinobuthi,
• ingxoxo ekhanda engajwayelekile
• abafundi.

Izinhlwayi ezincane zenyoka, ubude bayo abudluli imitha, zinobukhulu obukhulu, bokubumbeka njengamaphayiphu noma abuthule kancane, hhayi umzimba obukhulu kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubulukhuni bokucabanga kwesibeletho abukho. Umsila mfushane. Ikhanda limbozwe izikali ezinkulu zefomu elilungile, elihlelwe zenziwe ngendlela efanele, ngenxa yokuthi ubuhlalu benyoka bufana nezinye izinyoka esezivele zahlukile futhi ezifiselekayo. Isikhu se-maxillary sibanzi futhi sikhulu, kwesinye isikhathi siyaphendulwa. Izikali emzimbeni zibushelelezi noma zinezimbambo ezikhulunywe kancanyana (imigqa ye-dorsal). Imidlwane yamehlo iyindilinga.

I-Pit pit, noma ama-rattlesnakes (Crotalinae) angaphansi kwezinyoka ezinobuthi ezihlukaniswa ubukhona bezimbobo ezibucayi bokushisa ezithobile ezikhona phakathi kwegebe phakathi kwamehlo namathe. Kuze kube manje, zingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili izinhlobo zalesi subfamily ezichazwe.. Kanye namanye amalungu omndeni, wonke ama-pitheads anezimbotshana ezinamazinyo angenalutho anobuthi obude. Ikhanda, ngokomthetho, ukwakheka okungunxantathu, abafundi bamehlo bangohlobo oluqondile. Imibhangqwana ye-thermoreceptor esifundeni sekhanda iyazwela emisebeni ye-infrared, evumela izinyoka zalo mndeni ukuthi zikwazi ukubona izinyamazane zazo ngokuya ngokwahlukana kwezinga lokushisa elisondele kanye nezinyamazane. Izinhlobo zesisindo se-pitheads zisukela ku-50 cm ziye ku-350 cm.

I-Viper subfamily njengamanje ifaka i-genera eyishumi nambili kanye nezinhlobo ezingaphezulu kwesithupha:

• I-Wood Vipers (Atheris),
• I-Mountain Vipers (i-Adenorhinos),
• I-African Vipers (Vitis),
• I-Chain Viper (Daboa),
• Izimpondo Ezinezimpondo (Izinhlobo),
• I-Ephis (Eschis),
• Giant Vipers (Masrovipera),
• Izinyoka eziphikisanayo (i-ericophophis),
• I-Mountain Kenyan Vipers (Montatheris),
• Izinyoka ezinophondo lwamanga (i-Pseudocerastes),
• Izidleke zezinyoka (i-roatheris),
• Izinyoka zangempela (i-Virera).

Abamele i-subfamily ayinazo imigodi ebhekisisa ukushisa (i-infrared), futhi ubude babantu abadala bungahluka phakathi kwama-28-200 cm ngisho nangaphezulu. Izinhlobo eziningi zinesikhwama esisebenza ngemizwa, etholakala ekhaleni lenyoka. Isikhwama esinjalo siyisibaya sesikhumba phakathi kwemikhaza yensimbi neyamakhala, exhunywe kwi-cranial nerve ekuhambeni.

Igama elijwayelekile laseRussia elithi "rattlesnake" lalingenxa yokubakhona kwethontambo elikhethekile, elisekupheleni komsila, kubhangqwana be North American genera Pit-head (Crotalus and Sistrurus). I-rattle enjalo i-flake eshintshiwe, yakha izingxenye ezihambayo. Umsindo “oduma” oyingqayizivele owenzeka ngenxa yokushayisana kwezigaba ngesikhathi sokudlidliza kwendalo kwesihloko somsila.

Indlela yokuphila, isimilo

Ama-Vipers ngokwezigaba awanakubalwa ngerekhodi lokusebenzisa. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinjalo zivame ukuhamba kancane, futhi zikwazi ukuchitha cishe usuku lonke endaweni elele ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kokunyakaza okungadingekile. Lapho kuqala ukuhlwa, izinyoka ziyaqala ukusebenza futhi kungalesi sikhathi lapho ziqala khona umsebenzi wazo owuthandayo, okuwukuzingela. Abantu abakhulu kakhulu bathanda ukuqamba amanga isikhathi eside, belinde noma isiphi isisulu ukuba singene endaweni ethintekile. Okwamanje, inyoka ayiphuthelwa ithuba lokudla, ngakho-ke ihlasela ngentshiseko izisulu zayo.

Kuyathakazelisa! Imvamisa esetshenziswa kumabinzana athi "ixhaphozi ligcwele izinyoka," ezimeni eziningi iyiqiniso futhi hhayi ngaphandle komqondo ojwayelekile.

Isici esiyingqayizivele sezinyoka amandla okubhukuda kahle, ngakho-ke lezi zilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo zinqamula kalula ngisho nomfula obanzi noma omunye umhlambi omkhulu wamanzi. Kaningi, izinyoka zitholakala ogwini lolwandle olunezindawo eziningi ezahlukahlukene zemvelo, futhi futhi azizigwemi izindawo ezisheshayo.

I-dimorphism yezocansi

Ezimweni eziningi, i-dimorphism yezocansi ayiyona eyenzeka ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinyoka, ngaphandle kokuthi abesilisa bavame ukuba nomsila omdaka - uhlobo "lokugcina" lwe-hemipenis yabo. Okwamanje, izinyoka zinobuhle bezocansi. Abantu abavuthiwe ngokobulili obuhlukile ngokobulili obuhlukile banezici ezimbalwa, phakathi kwazo kukhona umehluko ngokuqhathanisa nokuqina kombala. Izinyoka ezindala zabesilisa ezimweni eziningi zivezwa ngokuhluka okungafaniyo, futhi izinsikazi zivame ukuba nemibala engakhanyi futhi egcwele umbala. Ngombala we-melanistic, i-dimorphism yezocansi ayikho.

Phakathi kokunye, cishe i-10% yabantu abangashisi, ngokungakhathalekile ubulili, banesimo sombala samalungu wobulili obuhlukile. Izinsikazi zezinhlobo eziningi zivame ukufika ngosayizi omkhulu futhi zibe nomsila omncane futhi omfishane, ikhanda elifushane nelibanzi. Indawo yekhanda yabesifazane ihlala ikhudlwana, futhi ukwakheka kwayo kusondele ekubonakaleni konxantathu wokulingana. Abesilisa bahluka ngekhanda elincane nelincane, izinhlaka ezijwayelekile ezihambelana nokwakheka kukanoxantathu we-isosceles.

Izinhlobo zama-Vipers

Esigabeni seReptile, i-oda le-Scaly, kanye nomndeni wakwa-Viper, kunemindeni emine esezansi:

• I-Burmese Vipers (Azemiopinae),
• I-Viper Toad (Causinae),
• Umgodi (Crotalinae),
• Viper (Viperinae).

Ama-Pitheads ngaphambili abhekwa njengamalungu omndeni, futhi ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka bekukhona izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwamakhulu amathathu.

I-Viper Venom

Ngenxa yobungako bokubunjwa kwayo, ubuthi be-viper busetshenziswa kakhulu futhi buyindwangu ebalulekile eluhlaza esetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwezidakamizwa eziningi zezokwelapha kanye nasezimonyo ezivamile. Ubuthi be-Snake yi-cocktail eyingqayizivele kakhulu, efaka amaprotheni, ama-lipids, ama-peptides, ama-amino acid, ushukela kanye nosawoti othile wesimo esingokwemvelo.

Ukulungiselela okususelwa ebuchosheni be-viper kusetshenziswa njenge-painkiller ephumelela kakhulu ye-rheumatism ne neuralgia, ekwelapheni izifo ezithile zesikhumba kanye nomfutho wegazi ophakeme. Ama-ejenti wokupholisa anjalo akhonjiswe ukuthi aphumelela kakhulu ekwehliseni ukuhlaselwa i-asthma ye-bronchial, ukopha kanye nezinqubo ezithile zokuvuvukala.

Ubuhlungu benyoka bungena emzimbeni wabantu noma wezilwane ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-lymphatic, emva kwalokho lungene ekujuleni kwegazi cishe khona manjalo.. Imiphumela emibi kakhulu yokulunywa yinyoka ifaka izinhlungu ezivuthayo, ubomvu nokuvuvukala kwesilonda. Njengomthetho, konke ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle kokudakwa okuthambile kudlula ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi kakhulu noma esongela impilo.

Kuyathakazelisa! Ubuthi banoma yiliphi inyoka lithathwa njengengaba yingozi kubantu, futhi umphumela wokulunywa abanye abamele abomndeni wakwaVaper ungabulala.

Ngezindlela ezinamandla zobuthi, izimpawu zivezwa nangokwengeziwe. Cishe ingxenye yesine yehora ngemuva kokuba inyoka inyakaze, kubonakale izimpawu ezicacile, ezimelelwa isiyezi, isicanucanu nomlomo, umuzwa wokubanda kanye nokushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo. Umphumela wokugxila okuningana kwezinto ezinobuthi ukufeyila, ukuquleka, kanye nehlaya. Ama-Vipers anolaka kakhulu esikhathini sokuzalela, kusukela cishe ngoMashi kuya kuMeyi.

Habitat, indawo yokuhlala

Izindawo zokuhlala zabamele umndeni omkhulu impela wezinyoka ezinobuthi, ezaziwa kangcono ngokuthi izinyoka, njengamanje zihlukahlukene kakhulu. Ama-Vipers angatholakala engxenyeni enkulu yezindawo zezwekazi lase-Afrika, kanye nase-Asia kanye nasemazweni amaningi ase-Europe. Ama-Vipers azizwa emuhle hhayi nje kuphela ezintabeni ezomile, kodwa futhi nasezimweni ezomile ezinemozulu yehlathi lekhwetha.

Abamele lo mndeni bangahlala emithambekeni yezintaba, futhi futhi bahlala kakhulu emahlathini asenyakatho. Njengomthetho, izinyoka zithanda ukuhola indlela yokuphila esekwe emhlabeni. Noma kunjalo, phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukile, abantu abahola indlela ecashile yokuphila ngaphansi komhlaba bavame ukutholakala. Ummeleli osabekayo walezi zinhlobo inyoka yodaka, engeyohlobo olukhulu lweShpilkovye (Atractaspis).

Kuyathakazelisa! Isikhathi sobusika benyoka ngokuqondile sincike ebangeni laso, ngakho-ke, izinhlobo zasenyoka ebusika izinyanga ezingaba yisishiyagalolunye ngonyaka, futhi izakhamizi zezindawo ezifudumele eziphakeme zivezwa ngokuvela kokuphindaphindeka okunjalo kobuso ebusweni bukaMashi-Ephreli, lapho ziqala ukuzala kabusha.

Ama-Vipers overwinter, imvamisa aqala ngo-Okthoba-Novemba. 'Njengefulethi' elihle kakhulu lasebusika elinezirhubuluzi ezikhubazayo, kukhethwa imisele ehlukahlukene engena emhlabathini. Imvamisa, ubuningi bokubanda ubusika bezinyoka abudluli amamitha ambalwa, okuvumela abamele umndeni wakwa-Viper ukuba basebenzise ubusika emazingeni okushisa omoya. Ezimweni zamanani aphezulu wabantu obukhulu, ngaphakathi komqhumo ofanayo kuvame kakhulu ukuqokelelwa amakhulukhulu abantu abadala ngasikhathi sinye.

Ukudla kwe-Viper

Ama-Vipers angabanikazi bezilwane abadume kabi, okuholela empilweni yangobusuku, kanti inyamazane ihlaselwa izinyoka ezinjalo kaningi zisuka kulowo oqamekele. Isisulu sihlaselwa ukuphonswa okushesha kakhulu, ngemuva kwalokho kulume ubuthi bobuthi. Ngaphansi kwethonya lobuthi, isisulu senyoka enjalo sifa phakathi nemizuzu eminingana, emva kwalokho inyoka iqale ukudla.

Lapho usondla, inyamazane ivame ukugwinywa iphelele. Imenyu enkulu yenyoka ifaka izinhlobo ezahlukene zamagundane hhayi amakhulu kakhulu, kanye nezibungu kanye namakheshi, amasele amadada ngisho nezinhlobo zezinyoni. Izinyoka ezincane zivame ukudla amabhungane amakhulu, zidla izinkumbi, futhi ziyakwazi ukubamba izimvemvane kanye namacimbi.

Kuyathakazelisa! Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi inyoka yaseSchlegel izingela inyamazane yayo endaweni yokulengiswa, ihleli esihlahleni, futhi ichopho elikhanyayo lomsila wayo liyisiyambo.

Ukuzalela inzalo

Isikhathi sokukhishwa kwezinyoka ezinobuthi senzeka entwasahlobo, ikakhulukazi ngoMeyi, futhi nesikhathi sokukhulelwa kwezinyoka, kanye nezinye izilo eziningi ezivela esigabeni sezilwane ezihuquzelayo, kuya ngesimo sezulu futhi kungaba esukela ezinyangeni ezintathu kuya kweziyisithupha. Kwesinye isikhathi izinyoka ezikhulelwe zingabanda ngisho nobusika.

Njengomthetho, kuzalwa amawundlu ayishumi kuya kwamashumi amabili azuza ngokushesha ubuthi kubazali bawo. Ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa kuzalwe izinyoka ezincane. Amakhulu ahlala ikakhulu ehlathini elisheshayo noma emiseleni enkulu, kanti izinambuzane zisetshenziselwa ukondliwa. Izinyoka ezingamaduna zivuthwa ngokuphelele lapho zineminyaka emine ubudala.

Izitha zemvelo

Emvelweni wemvelo, izinyoka zinenqwaba yezitha. Abaningi babo abesabi nakancane ubuthi bobuthi babameleli bomndeni omkhulu ohlanganisa izinyoka ezinobuthi. Izimpungushe namabhulukwe, izingulube zasendle kanye namahabhu, anamandla okuzivikela emiphumeleni yobuthi obuqukethwe ubuthi benyoka, ajabule ngokujabulela inyama yenyoka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinjengalezi zivama ukuba izinyoni eziningi zezinyamazane, ezifanekiselwa izikhova, imichwane, izingwamza nezinyoka zezinyoka.

Kuyathakazelisa! Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ze-Scaly ziyabanjwa ukuze kutholakale kubiza kakhulu futhi kuwusizo umuthi wobuthi. Futhi, ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoka zizingelwa ngenkuthalo ngemizimba yeentaba ezingafanele.

Ama-hedgehogs amahlathi, okungezona izilwane ezidla izinyoka, avame ukungena empini nezinyoka. Esikhathini esiningi, kungama-hedgehogs aphuma ezilwa ezinjengabaphumelele. Isitha esikhulu sezinhlobo eziningi zenyoka njengamanje ngabantu. Abantu abavame ukuqothula izinyoka abahlangabezana nazo njalo futhi ngenhloso. Ama-Vipers nawo abahlupheka njalo ngezindlela eziyindida, ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezimeni zokuzingela ezingalawulwa.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Inani lezinhlobo ezithile zezinyoka lehla ngokuqinile. Isibonelo, inani eliphelele leenyoka elijwayelekile livame ukuncipha kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu. Ukuthuthuka okusebenzayo kwezigaba zezinyoka ezihlala kujwayelekile, ukugcwala kwezindawo ezinamashashaza nokugcwala kwezikhukhula zemifula, ukubekwa kwemigwaqo eminingi ebanzi kanye nezinguquko ezihlukahlukeneko zomhlaba kuyilimaza kabi inani labantu.

Okubaluleke ngokulinganayo ukuwohloka kokuhlinzekwa kokudla kwezilwane ezihuqayo.. Izimo ezinjalo ziba imbangela eyinhloko yokuqhekeka, kanye nokunyamalala okubukhali kwabantu abathile ezindaweni ezifundwa ngabantu kakhulu. Noma ngabe kwenzeka ukuthi kwezinye izifunda amahlathi agcinwe ngokuphelele futhi isimo sezilwane ezinjengaleso siyachuma impela, izinyoka ezijwayelekile zibhalwe kwiRed Book yezindawo eziningana ngasikhathi sinye, kubandakanya iMoscow, Saratov, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod ne-Orenburg.

Emazweni aseYurophu anezimboni, isibalo sezinyoka okwamanje sincipha ngokushesha. Okwamanje, izici ezizuzisayo zobukhona bemvelo bezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinje ziyabonakala. Izinyoka ezinjalo zibandakanyeka emthethweni wemvelo wenani labaphethe izifo eziyingozi zezifo, ukhiqize izinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile zokwenziwa kwamalungiselelo ekhemisi kanye ne-serum ekhethekile ye-anti-viper.