Onamaphiko | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kalong ( I-Pteropus vampyrus ) | |||||||
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi | |||||||
Umbuso: | Eumetazoi |
I-infraclass: | I-Placental |
Isizinda: | Onamaphiko (I-Megachiroptera Dobson, 1875) |
Umndeni: | Onamaphiko |
- I-Pteropidae
- Macroglossinae Grey, 1866
- I-Pteropodinae Grey, 1821
Onamaphiko (lat. Pteropodidae) ngumndeni wezilwane ezincelisayo ezivela eqenjini lamalulwane (iChiroptera) yesizinda esingaphansi kweYinpterochiroptera (ngaphambili, ngenxa yokuhlangana okungafani nalutho, lo mndeni ubehlukaniswe yindawo ehlukile yeMegachiroptera, engasekelwa idatha yesimanje yamamolekyuli ne-karyological). Abamele uhlobo I-Pteropus kanye nokuzalwa okuhlobene ezincwadini kuvame ukubizwa izimpungushe ezindizayo, kanye nabamele uhlobo I-Roousettus (futhi ngezinye izikhathi konke ukubulala) - izinja ezindizayo. Ngokwezimpawu eziningi zesakhiwo samathambo (izimbambo zamaselula, i-vertebrae yesibeletho eguqulwe kancane, ubukhona be-claw phalax emnwebeni wesibili wamaphiko) nokungabikho (okuvame kakhulu) kwe-ecolocation ethuthukisiwe, ama-chiropterologists amaningi abheka izinyoni ezinamaphiko njengezici zamalulwane anamuhla.
Isakhiwo
Ngokungafani namalulwane, izinyoni eziningi ezinamaphiko zifinyelela osayizi abakhulu: ubude bomzimba bufika ku-42 cm namapiko kuze kufinyelele kumamitha ayi-1,7 (izimpungushe ezindizayo). Kodwa-ke, kunezindlela ezincane zokudla nempova ezincane ezinobukhulu obungu-5-6 cm kuphela, ezinamaphiko angama-24 cm.Isixuku siyahlukahluka sukela ku-15 kuye ku-900 g. Umsila umfishane, ungakhuli kahle noma ungatholakali, kuphela ezinyinyini ezinde ezinamaphikoNotopteris) yinde. Ulwelwesi lwesifazane lwakhiwe ngaphansi ezinhlotsheni eziningi. Umunwe wesibili wephiko une-phalanx yokugcina futhi uvame ukufakwa ngohlaka.
Futha ngesigaba sobuso esiphakeme. Amehlo makhulu. Amakati ikakhulukazi athembela ekubukeni nasekuphoyeni, amandla e-ecolocation (okubizwa nge- “snap”, inqubo yawo ehlukile kunamanye amalulwane) etholakala kuphela ezinjeni ezindizayo zohlobo I-Rousettus egyptiacus (yize kungenzeka ikhona kwezinye izinhlobo ezihlobene kakhulu). I-auricle ilula, ngaphandle kwamafolda kanye ne-tragus ebizwayo, kwesinye isikhathi nge-anti-tragus engakhekile kahle, umphetho wayo wangaphandle nangaphakathi ungaphansi kokuvuleka komsele wendlebe. Ama-nymph ashubekile futhi amancanyana anezimpawu zamaphaphu zeshubhu ezivuleka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ulimi lumbozwe nge-papillae ethuthukisiwe; ezinhlotsheni ezincane ezidla impova zinde kakhulu. Amazinyo ahlanzekile ayingozi, aphulukana ngokuphelele nokuhlafunwa kwamanye amalungu amalulwane, avumelaniswe nokudla ukudla okuthambile kwesitshalo, kusuka kuma-22 kuye kwangama-38 isiyonke. Amathumbu aphindwe kane ngomzimba.
Umbala wezinhlobo eziningi umdaka omnyama, kepha ungaba ophuzi, uluhlaza okotshani, onamabala amhlophe emaphikweni. Isimilo sobuntu Izibonakalisa emadodeni ngemfashini eyandisiwe nombala ogqamile, ngamasayizi amakhulu (amalulwane emihumeni, ama-bindem, amalulwane esando, ezinye izinhlobo zamalulwane epaulette), phambi kwezikhwama zesikhumba semahlombe asezingeni eliphakeme nezinqwaba zezinwele ezikhula kubo (izinja ezindizayo, amalulwane epaulette, ama-bindems nama-epauleette amancanyana, i-bovine muzzle, i-Ankhieta), lapho kunama-sacs amakhulu we-pharyngeal (ama-epauleta, izinyoni ezinamaphiko we-hammerhead, ama-bindems).
Ukusatshalaliswa kanye nendlela yokuphila
Abamele lo mndeni bahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishubile ze-Eastern Hemisphere. Kusatshalaliswa kusuka eNtshonalanga Afrika kuya ePhilippines, eSamoa naseCaroline Islands, enyakatho uhla lomndeni lufinyelela ezindaweni eziphansi zeNayile (i-Egypt), iCyprus, iSyria, iSouthern Iran neSouthern Japan, eningizimu - eningizimu nentshonalanga ye-Australia. Ezintweni zaseRussia azikho. Kwezinye iziqhingi zase-Oceania, izilwane ezincelisayo ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseYurophu zazimelelwa kuphela yizinyoni ezinamaphiko.
Njengomthetho, izinyoni ezinamaphiko ziyasebenza ebusuku nase kusihlwa, yize kunabantu abaningi besiqhingi abakhuthele ngesikhathi sasemini. Usuku lusetshenziswa emiqheleni yezihlahla, ngaphansi kwezigxobo zophahla, emihumeni, okuvame kakhulu ezimbozweni ezinkulu. Kungenzeka kungabikho ndawo yokukhosela ehlala njalo, njengoba izinyoni ezinamaphiko zizulazula zifuna ukudla. Ukusuka ezindaweni ze-dnevka kuya ezindaweni okondliwa kuzo kungenza izindiza ezifika ku-30 km ubude, futhi zizonke zindiza ziye kufinyelela kuma-90-100 km ubusuku ngabunye. Izinhlobo ezincane zivame ukuhlala zodwa noma zihlala ngamaqembu amancane, amakhulu angakha amaqembu amakhulu ezansi. Ngakho-ke, izinyoni ezinamaphiko zesundu (I-Eidolon) ngezinye izikhathi akha izindawo ezinomsindo zabantu abangafika kwabangu-10,000, ngisho nasemadolobheni amakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokuphumula, iphiko elinamaphiko livame ukulengiswa libheke phezulu, linamathele ngentambo ebukhali egatsheni noma ngokungalingani ophahleni lomhume, ngezinye izikhathi lilenga emlenzeni owodwa. Umzimba usongwe ngamaphiko ansundu, sengathi ngengubo, esimweni sezulu esishisayo, ubathanda njengomuntu fan. Izimpiko aziweli ekuweni hibernation.
Ukulengela phansi kuvikela ikoloni elala phakathi kwezidalwa ezihlaselayo emhlabeni, futhi abalindi abaphaphayo bavusa i-alamu lapho kuvela izinyoni ezidla inyoka noma izihlahla.
Izinyoni zasePhilippine Islands zisaba abantu futhi zishiya amagatsha osuku lwazo, kodwa abantu bendawo bayayazi indlela yokubathobisa. Ngemuva kokuthi abantu bembozwe ngamaqabunga obhanana, umhlambi wezinyoni ezinamaphiko wehla futhi ubuyela endaweni yosuku.
Umsoco
Izinyoni zokudla zifunwa ngokubona nangomqondo okhulayo wephunga. Ngokungafani namalulwane, azinakho ukuvela komqondo, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezithile eziye zavela ngendlela ehlukile, ezinye ngendlela yamanye amalulwane.
Bondla ikakhulu izithelo: izithelo zemango, ipapaya, ukwatapheya, i-guava, i-terminalia, i-sapotilla, ubhanana, izintende zezandla kakhukhunathi nezinye izitshalo ezishisayo. Bangathela izithelo ngqo impukane, noma zilenga eceleni komlenze owodwa. Yidla uginindela wezithelo, ubambe isithelo leso endaweni eyodwa bese uluma izingcezu ezincane, usiphuze uphuze ujusi. Izilwane eziningi ezinamaphiko empeleni azigwinyi izingcezwana zomphako, zihlafuna izingcezu zezithelo isikhathi eside futhi zikhiphe aminyene, zicishe zome. Izinyoni ezincane, ezinamaphiko amade, zithanda ukudla umpe kanye ne-pollen yezimbali. Izinyoni ezinamaphiko ezinama-Tube, ngaphandle kokutshala ukudla, zidla izinambuzane. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyafuduka ngemuva kokuvuthwa kwezithelo ezahlukahlukene. Amabhawoti aphuza amanzi ngokuzithandela, amgwinya empukeni, kwesinye isikhathi nawo aphuza amanzi olwandle, okusobala ukuthi aphindisela ukungabikho kosawoti ekudleni.
Ukuzala
Ukuzala kabusha ezinhlotsheni eziningi, ngokusobala, kungonyaka. Owesifazane uletha amawundlu ama-1 (ngaphansi kwama-2) kanye ngonyaka. Ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu, ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyisithupha. Izinsana ezibunjiwe zimbozwe ngoboya, kuze kufike lapho ingane ifunda ukundiza, insikazi iyithwale. Lapho sezinezinyanga ezintathu ubudala, izinyoni ezincane ezinamaphiko zamaphiko sezivele ziguqukela ekudleni izithelo. Ekuthunjweni, ezinye izinyoni ezinamaphiko zasinda zafika eminyakeni eyi-17 kuya kwengama-20.
Inani lomuntu
Izinyoni zingadala umonakalo omkhulu kuma-horticulture, emasimini esihlahla sezithelo. Ezinye izizwe zidla inyama yezilwane ezinamaphiko. Zonke izinyoni ezinamaphiko zisiza ukusabalalisa imbewu; izinhlobo ezidla umpe ziyapholisha izitshalo (okubizwa kanjalo chiropterophilia) Izibonelo zezitshalo ezivinjelwe ngamaphiko yisithelo, isigaxa, isosoIsi-Kigelia).
Abamele abavundile bomndeni wakwaPteropodidae bangabathwali bemvelo begciwane leHendra (Igciwane le-Hendra) negciwane leNipach (Igciwane leNipah) .
Ukuhlukaniswa
Umndeni kaPteropodidae ufaka izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-170, ezihlangene kuhlobo olungama-40. Inani lemindeni engezansi yokuhlukaniswa ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene iyahlukahluka ukusuka ku-2-3 kuye ku-6. Ikakhulu, kuye kwaboniswa isikhathi eside ukuthi ukondliwa kwempova ezinyoni ezinamaphiko kuthuthukise kaningana okuguqukayo.
I-Subfamily Rousettinae (kufaka phakathi i-Epomophorinae)
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980s - ekuqaleni kwawo-1990s. kuye kwahlongozwa ukuthi abamele izimpiko ne-Microchiroptera bathuthukise ikhono lokuphapha izindiza ngenxa yokuvela kokuguquguquka. Leli phuzu, noma kunjalo, alizange lisabalele; izifundo zamuva ze-karyological kanye nama-molecule nazo azikuqinisekisi nganoma iyiphi indlela.