I-asp evamile - I-Aspius aspius (uLinnaeus, 1758). Izimpawu zamagama, amagama aphelelwe yisikhathi, okubhalwe phansi, amafomu: i-sheresper, i-shilishper - uCyprinus Aspius, uCyprinus rapax, uCyprinus taeniatus, u-Aspius rapax, u-Aspius erytrostomus, u-Aspius transcaucasicus, u-Aspius aspius taeniatus. Unomzimba omude nomlomo omkhulu. Emhlathini ongezansi kune-tubercle, futhi emhlathini ongenhla kukhona indawo yokuphumula lapho kungena ishubhu. Imihlathi engenhla ifinyelela mpo phambi kwamehlo. Umhlathi ophansi ubhekisa amabombo phambili, unikezwa ekugcineni ngeshubhu elingena ku-notch ebonakalayo yomhlathi ongaphezulu. Isisu ngemuva kwamaphiko we-ventral nge-keel embozwe esikalini. Gill slits kakhulu. Umbala uyisiliva, ungumbala wesiliva omnyama, ongaphezulu nangamaphini we-caudal grey, onomngcele omnyama, amaphiko aphansi nangaseceleni abomvu. I-iris iphuzi enendawo eluhlaza phezulu.
Ukusatshalaliswa nezindawo zokuhlala
Asp (Aspius aspius) noma uSharesper. Ihlala eCentral Europe (isisekelo seNyakatho neBaltic Seas), emigodini yeBlack, Caspian ne-Aral Seas. E-South Caspian Sea kanye nolwandle i-Aral Sea, kumelelwa yizindawo ezikhethekile. Uhlobo lwesibili lwalesi genus (Aspius vorax) luyatholakala emfuleni. Tiger.
I-asp ejwayelekile ihlala ikakhulu emifuleni eyisicaba, incane kaningi emachibini, ngenkathi ilawula imifula ihlala kuma-ichthyofauna amadamu amakhulu. Ezilwandle zaseningizimu, i-asp ihola indlela yokuphila eyisisekelo. Emifuleni, i-asp ibiliswa izinhlanzi ezahlukahlukene, kepha ngaphezu kwakho konke ngesibindi.
Ubudala nosayizi
Izindawo zokuhlala abantu abahlala emfuleni azinkulu. Ifomu lokudlula likhulu, lifinyelela kubude obuyi-80 cm nesisindo sama-4-5 kg. Kodwa-ke, abantu ngamunye ubude be-60 cm futhi anesisindo esingu-2,5 kg ekubambeni. Umkhawulo weminyaka yiminyaka engu-9 kuya kwezingu-10 wabantu abahlala enyakatho kanye neminyaka engama-5-6 kubantu abaseningizimu. I-Asp ikhula ngokushesha ezindaweni zokugcina eziseningizimu. Ngakho-ke, e-Upper and Middle Volga, underyearlings bare away a 5-6 cm by ekwindla, 8-10 cm in the Volga delta, and 9-15 cm in the low ukufikelela Urals, Kuban and Don .Ezintabeni ezisenyakatho, i-asp ifinyelela ku-40-50 ubude bona kuphela eneminyaka eyi-10, naseningizimu - eneminyaka eyi-6.
Kunezinhlobo ezingama-3 ezingaphansi kwezentela. EYurophu nasesifundeni saseRussia, okuyi-Aspius aspius aspius (uLinnaeus, 1758) ye-asppi ejwayelekile futhi i-Aspius aspius taeniatus (Eichwald, 1831) yi-asp-red lipped emifuleni ye-Middle and Southern Caspian. Muva nje, i-Aral asp Aspius aspius iblioides (Kessler, 1872) ivelele njenge-subspecies ezimele.
Indlela yokuphila
Asp unamathela ezingxenyeni zemifula nokufinyeleleka kwendawo yokugcina amanzi ephakeme naphakathi nendawo lwamanzi. Kuholela kwendlela yokuphila eyedwa futhi kwakha imihlambi emincane kuphela ngenkathi kuqhuma entwasahlobo kanye nesikhathi lapho kwenzeka khona emigodini ebusika ekwindla.
Ngohlobo lokudla, i-asp ingumhlaseli we-pelagic. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlanzi ezidla izinyamazane ezilindele inyamazane yazo, izinhlwayi zifuna imihlambi kaFry, ibahlasele ngokuyisongela ngomsila noma ngomzimba wonke ebusweni bamanzi ngokugxuma, bese ibamba ngokushesha inyamazane. Ngomlomo omkhulu, izisulu zibamba izisulu emhlanjini wonke. Esikhathini sokuqala, izinsizwa zidla ama-crustaceans amancane (iCopepoda neCladocera) nezibungu ze-pop-up ne-pupae of chironomids nezinye izinambuzane. Ngobude obungu-5-9 cm, ngo-Agasti - Septhemba, ama-asp azoqala ukudla i-roach esemncane, isalamu yesiliva, isidleke, i-sabrefish, i-carp ejwayelekile - e-Volga delta, smelts young, roach and stickleback - in the Neman and Kaunas reservoir. Ukushintshela ekudleni kokudla okulimazayo kuya ngezimo zokuphila nezinga lokukhula.
Enyakatho, isivuno sivuthwa sineminyaka engama-4-5 ubudala ubude obungamasentimitha angama-40-50, eningizimu - eneminyaka engama-3-4 yobudala nobude obungamasentimitha angama-32- 40. Ukuzala kuKuban kunezinkulungwane ezingama-73- 346, kuVolga - 62-500 000 ., esitsheni se-Azov-Black Sea - amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-40-200. I-asp iqala phansi emfuleni ezindaweni ezinamadwala futhi ezingathinteki, ezindaweni ezigcwele amanzi - ezindaweni ezigelezayo, ezindaweni zokugcina - eziteshini nasezigodini ezisogwini. I-Caviar inamathele, ikhukhulwe kuma-rhizomes nakumahlaza afile. I-caviar iphuzi, inegobolondo enamafu, ububanzi bayo buyi-1.9-2.1 mm. Ukusakazeka okunobungane, okungafika emavikini amabili, kwenzeka ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo (Ephreli-Meyi) lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi ligcina ku-4-5 kuya ku-11-12 ° C. Ukufakwa kwamaqanda kumazinga okushisa wamanzi we-15- 22 ° C kuthatha izinsuku ezi-5, ku-14-15 ° C - Izinsuku eziyi-8, ku-12-16 ° C - izinsuku eziyi-12-16. Ngemuva kokuqunjelwa, izibungu ezinobude obungu-7 mm zithwalwa yilezi ezifika ngaphakathi eziseleni zohlelo lokungena, lapho zidliwa khona. Ngemuva kokutholwa kabusha kwe-yolk sac ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-7-8, izingane zishintshana ngokuphelele nokudla kwangaphandle.
I-Asp - inhlanzi ehleliwe, empeleni ayikwenzi ukufuduka. Kodwa-ke, phakathi nonyaka izindawo zayo ziyaguquka. Isilonda sidla ubusika emigodini ejulile, futhi ngalesi sikhathi asisebenzi. Entwasahlobo, ngaphambi kokuhluma, idla amasonto angama-2-3 ngenkuthalo, ngemuva kokuhluma amasonto ama-3-4 iyagula futhi ayondli. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaJuni, i-asp iqala i-zhor, ihlala amasonto angama-2-3. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngokufudumala kwamanzi, umsebenzi wawo uyancipha, futhi kungenzeka ukubamba i-asp kuphela ekuseni kokusa. Kusukela ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba, ngamanzi apholile, umsebenzi we-asp uyaqhubeka, futhi uyaqhubeka kuze kube sekupheleni kukaNovemba. Ebusika, i-asp ayibanjwa.
Asp
I-asp iyisidlakudla sasemini kuphela, ngaphezu kwalokho, iyondla kaningana ngosuku. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-asp yizinhlanzi ezincane, izinambuzane ezinkulu eziwela emanzini. Ngakho-ke, bambamba ngenduku yokuqhuma, ukudoba okundiza, isikebhe, i-wiring on isheyini bukhoma ngeholide elide lebhethi.
Isikhathi esihle kakhulu sokudoba kwe-asp kungemuva kokuklabha (ngezindawo zokugcina amadolobha enkabeni yeRussia, imvamisa ngoMeyi, kugeleza ngamazinga okushisa amanzi angama-10-12 degrees), kusukela ngoJuni kuya ku-Agasti, emini, ikakhulukazi ekuseni, nasentwasahlobo phakathi nosuku. Ngenkathi ukhula, i-asp ayondli, futhi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuhluma, i-asp iqala ukondla kakhulu futhi ibanjwa ngempumelelo ngokuswayipha kuma-baubles kanye nezinhlanzi zenyathi. Ngemuva kokuhlakazeka, isitshulu sidla izibungu namagobolondo. Ngakho-ke, ukudla okuhamba phambili kuye yilokhu: izinhlanzi ezincane, ikakhulukazi i-blak, i-chafer, intethe, izimpukane zokufakelwa. Ngeshwa, ngalesi sikhathi ukudoba kwezinye izindawo zokugcina zaseRussia ngezinduku zokugqobhoza ngezethi zokufakelwa nethiyithi ebukhoma akuvunyelwe, futhi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokubamba i-ass izinambuzane zokudoba izinhlanzi ngokudoba izimpukane noma ukukhipha ibanga elide ukuze isiqubulo sihlale ebusweni bamanzi (lokhu, 1-1, 5 m ovela ku-nozzle unamathisela i-fleat). Kuhle uma kukhona i-ripple encane emanzini - kuvimbela i-asp ukuthi ingaboni. Ukuthola i-asp akunzima ngenxa yendlela yayo yokuqala yokuphaka: igqekeza ngokushesha ibe ngumhlambi wezinhlanzi ezincane futhi, ichaza umbuthano ongaphelele, ishaya amanzi ngomsila wayo, bese ibamba izinhlanzi ezishayekile eduze kwamanzi.
Nganoma yiziphi izindlela zokudoba ehlobo, isheyiti senziwa ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zamanzi, ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto efiselekayo ukuthi ngesinye isikhathi iphume iphumele emanzini, noma ibambe ukudoba kwe-fly (ngokubukeka kwezinambuzane). Lapho udoba ngama-spinning, kusetshenziswa ama-spinner asayizi aphakathi nendawo (kufaka phakathi ama-Devons), ama-spinner oscillating, amaqhude asentantayo. ekwindla, isiheho sigcinwa sisondele ezansi.
Ukudoba okuphumelelayo kwe-asp ngokugoqeka, kodwa ngezikhathi ezithile kubanjwa ukudoba kwezimpukane bese kuya phezulu kwinduku yokudoba enentambo. Lokhu okokuqala, isikhathi sokudoba i-bug kaMay. Ukusetshenziswa kwekhoyili yangaphakathi kubangela impumelelo. Yakhelwa kudrako ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwayo. Ukusesha amasayithi we-asp akunzima. Ukuqhuma kwakhe nempi yakhe kubonakala kahle futhi kuyabonakala. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuyinhlanzi eqaphe kakhulu, ekude kakhulu ibona i-angler. Ukudoba kudinga ukuzifihla okuphezulu. Induku yokudoba ngaphandle kwekhoyili, ukubanjwa kungenzeka kuphela esibondeni noma ngenxa yezindawo zokukhosela ezinhle. Izimbambo zamanzi ezikhanyayo, ezifihla ukunyakaza komdobi, nokungabikho kwelanga kusiza kahle. Ezingxenyeni zokugudla umfula ngobunono ngamathe kanye nesiqhingi esinesihlabathi, isitshudeni siphuma emajetini asuka ogwini, azingela lapha ngemisundu nezihlahla zemisipres. Ngalesi sikhathi, kungenzeka ukuthi uyibambe ongezansi ngokukhipha okukude (30- 40 m). Ukujula kokudoba akukho ngaphezu kwemitha. I-Bait - gudgeon, isihlahla, spindle.
Ezikhiyeni nasemkhondweni, ezindaweni lapho kuqoqwa khona amagwababa, kuvame ukuba khona ukuzingela umhlambi kwezinyosi. Amabhasari nomsindo wempi ayabonakala kuyo yonke indawo. Lapha ukudoba ngebait ebukhoma kungenzeka ukuthumela ngeholide ende futhi kuphela nenkungu yasekuseni. Njengoba usuqedile ukusebenzisa izintambo, awudingi ukukhipha lokho okujwayelekile, njengenjwayelo, kodwa ukuhlehlisa kancane. Ngesikhathi sokujika okuphambene nethithi yesikhithi, isifiso siyayibamba. Ukudla okufuywayo kufanele kuhambisane namanzi angaphezulu. Ukuntanta kwegwebu elimhlophe kufakwe kabili, kaningi kuba nokushaywa kukho. Kodwa-ke, uvame ukwehla ku-float. Ngokudoba ngokudoba impukane futhi ukuntanta ngaphezulu kwebhungane nodrako, kanye nokudla okubandayo okuphilayo, kufanele ukhethe izindawo ezinqenqekile zemifula lapho kukhona abadlwenguli, abephula amatshe asezindongeni, abadlwenguli. Lapha ungalindela i-asp ukuthi isondele ogwini. Kungenzeka ukubamba inyama yezikhweyidi ne-crayfish inyama kusukela phansi ekuseni, kanye nesele phezulu. Kusihlwa, ukudoba ngaphezulu kuphumelela kakhudlwana.
Ekwindla, izinambuzane ziyanyamalala, i-goblet nezinye izinhlanzi zishiya izingqimba zamanzi ezingenhla. I-asp ibuye iqonde ekujuleni kwendawo yayo, kepha ihlala ezingxenyeni ezikude kakhulu ezisuka ogwini - ngemuva kwezakhiwo ezinkulu, eduze kwama-tolyaks namatshe amakhulu. Igcinwa ezansi nasekwindini yamanzi. Akunakwenzeka ukubona ukupaka, futhi ukudoba okungahleliwe kuzoba okungahleliwe. Ngeqhwa neqhwa lokugcina, kwesinye isikhathi kuyenzeka uthole umhlambi wezinyosi ezinkulu kakhulu. Imvamisa lokhu kwenzeka ekugcineni komgodi ezindaweni ezivaliwe nangaphandle kwama-rapid, ngaphambi kokuqala komjelo omusha wejet. Ngalesi sikhathi, babanjwa ngamabheji ebusika lapho bebamba i-perch, i-pike perch kanye ne-pike. Ithambo, uma liba mncane kuno-0,4 mm, imvamisa alilivimbi ihlombe le-asp lapho ukungezwani kuyisithulu.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Asp - izinhlanzi oda Carp-emise, umndeni cyprinids. Kuhlukaniswa ubukhona bamathambo amaningi. I-asp inomzimba omkhulu, ngasikhathi sinye obukhulu, bancishisiwe, inesimo se-fusiform. Umhlane ubanzi.
I-asp inombala ophuzi, ongalingani, oguqukayo ubuyela esiswini: ingemuva limnyama, linephunga eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izinhlangothi ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanti nesisu simhlophe. Emzimbeni kukhona izikali zesiliva ezinkulu. Amaphinifa angaphambili nangaphansi ahlukile emthunzini ompunga, omnyama kumathiphu. I-dorsal fin mncane, yinde, ibukhali.
Inhlanzi inomsila onamandla, lapho ingxenye engezansi yinde khona ngaphezu kwenhla. Isici esihlukile yikhanda elide, umlomo omkhulu, umhlathi omkhulu ophansi.
Lezi zici zangaphandle nendlela yokuphila yaze yabangela hhayi kuphela igama elisemthethweni lezinhlanzi, kodwa futhi nokuvela kwamanye amagama ajwayelekile:
- Ihhashi (mare). Izinhlanzi zingagxuma phezulu.
- I-Schersper. Kusuka esenzweni esidala "ukusukela phezulu", elihumusha ngokuzikhukhumeza, ngokuba ngumdlandla.
- Kwanele. Ngokuqina, isivinini sokuphendula.
- Ubumsulwa (ubumsulwa). Ngezici zombala: izinhlangothi zesiliva-grey kanye nesisu esimhlophe.
- USherikh, isheriferi, isherikh, isheresher, i-zherich. Izinhlobo zesifunda, ezisontekile zegama langempela.
Emhlabeni wanamuhla, i-asp ibizwa nge- "corsair yomfula", ngoba izinhlanzi zithanda inkambo. Izinhlanzi zitholakala kuphela emifuleni ehlanzekile enokuqukethwe komoya ophelele.
I-Habitat nokusatshalaliswa
I-Asp itholakala ezindaweni zokugcina zemvelo, ezinqunyelwe kakhulu emifuleni emincane nasemachibini amancane. Impilo ephelele, inhlanzi idinga izindawo ezibanzi nezinamanzi ajulile, lapho kunamanzi ahlanzekile futhi agijimayo, anamanzi amaningi anomoya-mpilo, kanye nokudla okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu.
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, izinhlanzi ezinjalo zihlala ezinhlelweni ezimelelwa imifula emikhulu, amachibi amakhulu, iziqiwu zaseningizimu, eBaltic naseNyakatho ZaseRussia.
Indawo yokuhlala ye-asp yincane, okubandakanya ezinye izindawo ezihlanganisa iMpumalanga Yurophu kanye nengxenye ebalulekile yeNtshonalanga Yurophu. Inhlanzi itholakala ezingxenyeni zezwekazi lase-Europe - phakathi kwemifula ye-Ural neRhine, eCentral Asia: izingxenye zeKazakhstan noma izisekelo zeCaspian ne-Aral Seas. Isifiso esiningi kuVolga.
Inani elincane labantu ababizwa ngokuthi ama-asp libonakala emanzini eLake Balkhash, lapho izinhlanzi zentengiso zivele khona ngokudalwa.
Izinhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo zama-asp nezimpawu zawo
Izinhlanzi zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu, zithola usayizi omuhle. Lapho kudotshwa, abadobi bangaziqhayisa ngokuhlwitha okunesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-2-2,5 ngobude bomzimba ngamasentimitha angama-60. Imvamisa kunezinhlanzi ezinesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-4,5 ubude ngamasentimitha angama-75-80. Kepha lezi zinkomba zisekude kakhulu ekugcineni. Abadobi bakwazile ukubamba nezinhlanzi ezinkulu ngamasentimitha angama-120 ubude nesisindo samakhilogremu ayi-12. Umndeni we-carp, inhlanzi enkulu nenolaka.
Isilinganiso sokushisa samanzi sanyanga zonke asithinti kuphela isikhathi sokuphila, kodwa futhi nosayizi wezinhlanzi. Inhlanzi yisibindi eside, ngoba ibingakenzeki ukusungula iminyaka eqondile, kepha kukholelwa ukuthi abanye abantu bayakwazi ukuphila iminyaka eyi-15. Inhlanzi inamandla ayo wobugwala bemvelo nokushesha kokuphendula. Uma umuntu ebona ithunzi elisondela ngasogwini, ngokushesha lizofihla ngokujula.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-asp ezichazwe ngezansi.
Izinhlanzi ze-Asp: indawo yokuhlala, incazelo, ukukhiqizwa kabusha, izici zokudoba nokukhethwa kwamagiya (izithombe eziyi-105)
I-Asp yinhlanzi enkulu ngokufanele yomndeni wama-cyprinid. I-asp iyinhlanzi enhle kakhulu, eqinile futhi eqaphelayo - umhlaseli, ngakho-ke, abantu abahlaselayo abazama ukuyibamba benzela lokhu hhayi ukubamba, kodwa ngenjongo yemidlalo. Ungahlola ukuphelela kwamafomu womhlaseli wangempela esithombeni senhlanzi ye-asp.
Ukuchaza izinhlanzi ze-asp, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi le yinhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke yezinhlobo zayo zama-cyprinid, abanye abantu bangafinyelela ku-100-120 cm ubude enesisindo esifinyelela ku-10-12 kg., Kepha ngokuyisisekelo ubukhulu bawo bungama-70-80 cm, anesisindo 4-5 kg.
Umzimba we-asp udlulisiwe futhi ucindezelwe usuka ezinhlangothini, unama-fins anamandla, ikakhulukazi i-caudal, i-fin ephezulu itholakala maphakathi emuva okunamandla kancane eduze nomsila. Amaphiko abanzi ngaphansi kwekhanda, kanye nama-pair of fins esiswini kanti elinye ngaphansi komsila.
Onke amaphini makhulu, lokhu kungenxa yendlela yokuzingela i-asp - gxuma liphume emanzini lisakaza ngempumelelo iminjunju.
Umbala wamawele ubomvu obomvu ezansi, uphenduka amathoni grey ngasekupheleni. Izikali zesiliva ezincane ezine-tint grey emuva, yingakho ibizwa nangokuthi "mhlophe" noma "isiliva torpedo".
I-Amur iyisicaba
Izinhlanzi zithanda ukuhlala ngaphansi komfula. I-asp inomzimba ophakeme, ikhanda liphansi futhi ngasikhathi sinye sibunjiwe, ibunzi laphambile. Isici esingahlukile ngamaphiko abomvu, ngenxa yawo i-Amur asp ibizwa nangokuthi i-rudd. Ihlala esisekelweni soMfula i-Amur: I-Onon, Ussuri, Shilka, Buir-Nur, Khanka, Sungari. Inhlanzi ihlala iminyaka engama-20, ikhula ibe ngamasentimitha angama-80 ubude, ithola isisindo ngamakhilogremu angama-2,5.
Qaphela!
Ukubukeka okujwayelekile kwe-asp konakaliswe kancane ngumhlathi wayo omkhulu ophansi we-bony. Umlomo awufakwanga ngamazinyo abonisa isilo esidla ezinye.
Izinhlobo ze-Asp
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziphambili ze-asp - ezejwayelekile / zaseYurophu, ezibomvu-uphawu, isimilo semifula yaseChina nase-Aral, etholakala ezindaweni ezigcina amanzi zaseCentral Asia naseMfuleni enkulu yeSyr Darya ne-Amu Darya.
Ngoba izinhlanzi zomndeni we-cyprinid ziyizilwane ezivame kahle, ngakho-ke, ukungazi ukuthi yini izinhlanzi ezibonakala zibukeka njalo kuholela encazelweni yazo eyiphutha, kudida nezinye izinhlanzi zomndeni ofanayo.
I-Aral
I-Aral asp ihlala emizimbeni yamanzi anosawoti neyamnandi yaseCentral Asia. Ihlala kuze kube iminyaka eyi-9. Liyahlukahluka kumaphisi amomotheka akhanyayo kanye nomzimba we-squat xaxa uma uqhathanisa ne-asp ejwayelekile. Ifinyelela isisindo samakhilogremu angama-5.5-6 ngokukhuphuka kwamasentimitha angama-65-70. Isici esiyinhloko se-Aral Sheresper umbala onsomi yomlomo nawo wonke amaphiko.
Inhlanzi yendawo yokuhlala yezinhlanzi
Izindawo ezijwayelekile lapho kutholakala khona izinhlanzi ezingamachibi amachibi amakhulu, amachibi nemifula emikhulu, izindawo zokugcina, lapho kunokomoya omningi khona kanye nokudla okuningi, okuqeda ngokuphelele amachibi amancane angcolile.
Inani elikhulu lemifula, amachibi, amadamu ahambelana nalezi zinkomba endaweni yaseYurophu nengxenye ye-Yurobhu yezwekazi. Indawo yasenyakatho isuka eLake Onega iye eLadoga, bese kuthi iNeva iye emlonyeni.
Imingcele eseningizimu yebanga iyizidalwa zamanzi zaseChina naseKazakhstan, imifula nezindikimba zamanzi zaseCentral Asia, olwandle lwase-Aral nolaseCaspian.
Ngabe kudlani i-asp?
Ngokuya ngohlobo lokudla okunempilo, ama-asps angokwesigaba se-pelagic ichthyophages, anamathela ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu noma eziphakathi endaweni yokugcina amanzi, njengoba kufakazelwa ukwakheka komlomo nokubukeka komzimba wezinhlanzi. Ama-asps asemancane adla kuphela izikelemu, izinambuzane, ama-crustaceans amancane, namanye ama-invertebrates amancane.
Ngemuva kokuba inhlanzi ifinyelele amasentimitha angama-30 kuya kwengama-40 ubude, iphenduka inyamazane futhi iqale ukudla ngenkuthalo noma yiziphi ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, ikhethe amabhulashi amancane ne-roach. Kepha noma kunjalo, okunye kokudla kwe-asp ekhulayo kusahlanganiswa yizikelemu nezinambuzane.
Ngenxa yokuthi le nhlanzi ayikho emthethweni, idla noma yibaphi abantu abafanayo, kubandakanya nezinhlobo zokhula: i-blak, ide, gudgeon, kanye ne-pike perch. Bajwayele ukuphishekela izinhlanzi ezinkulu, ezizongena emlonyeni we-asp. Imvamisa, inyamazana ibamba amasentimitha ayi-14-16 ubude.
Imicibisholo izinhlanzi zijaha inyamazane, kepha hhayi ukuyilindela. Esimweni sezulu esingesihle, ngesikhathi semvula enkulu kanye nemimoya enamandla, izinyamazane zizama ukujula, kwesinye isikhathi zikhuphuka zisondele ebusweni ukuze zibambe izinambuzane ezincane noma izimbungulu eziwela ngamandla emanzini zisuka ezimimeleni ziguqula amanzi ogesi.
Ukusakaza
Ama-Asps akhula ngokushesha okukhulu, ngenxa yezinqubo ezisebenzayo ze-metabolic kanye nokuthobeka ekudleni. Ngomnyaka wokuqala wokuphila, ubude bomzimba womuntu ojwayelekile buba ngamasentimitha angama-28 anesisindo sama-gramu ayi-200 noma ngaphezulu.
Inhlanzi ifinyelela esikhathini sokuthomba cishe ngonyaka wesithathu wokuphila, lapho isisindo somzimba esivamile esifinyelela kumakhilogremu 1.5. Ukuqala kokunwebu ngokuqondile kuncike ezimweni zezulu. Ensimini eseningizimu yeRussia, inqubo yokukhula kwezinhlamvu iqala maphakathi no-Ephreli, ifinyelela cishe kumaviki ambalwa. Ukuzala kabusha kwenziwa kumazinga wokushisa wamanzi angaba ngama-7-16 degrees.
Ukusaphaza inqubo eyimbhangqwana, ngenxa yokuthi izinhlanzi ezingaba yishumi zingavela endaweni eyodwa ngasikhathi sinye, okunikeza umbono wokuzalelwa kweqembu. Isikhathi sokufuywa kwezinhlanzi ezisebenzayo sihambisana nezimpi zabesilisa ezilwela ilungelo lokuba nowesifazane.
Ekufuneni izizathu ezinwebekayo, ama-asp akhetha ukungafaki imali encanyana kakhulu yomfula. Ikhetha isiza kudaka olunesihlabathi noma edwaleni elisendaweni yesiteshi sokuhlala ngokuphelele. Ngenqubo yokusesha okunjalo, izinhlanzi ezidla inyamazane zikhuphuka ziphezulu ngisho nomfula.
Owesifazane osezingeni eliphakathi nendawo uyakwazi ukukhipha amaqanda acishe abe ngama-50-100 amaqanda ahlala ezimpandeni neziqu zezitshalo ezifa ebusika. Amaqanda e-Asp ahlukaniswa ngokuqina kwawo okunamathele futhi agcinwa kahle kakhulu emgodini ongaphansi. Ngemuva kwamaviki ambalwa, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, gazinga okubandayo. Uma amanzi engafudumele ngokwanele, isikhathi sokufakwayo sinokuhlala isikhathi eside.
Ukudoba kwesizini
Ekwindla, i-sheresper iqala ukuqoqa amafutha ebusika bese icasha ekujuleni. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zithola ngalesi sikhathi, kepha ukudoba kuyadingeka kude nasogwini, yingakho kuchazwa ukusebenzisa isikebhe. Akunzima ukubamba i-asp esebenzayo, kepha ngenxa yalokhu basebenzisa isheyiphu bukhoma noma isikebhe esinamandla olwandle. Isibheyili kufanele sibe nobukhulu obukhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho i-asp ngeke ikunake. Ekwindla, izinhlanzi ezinolaka azivimbi muntu, ngenxa yokuthi abadobi abanolwazi bazifihla.
Ehlobo
Ehlobo, i-asp iyazingela uFry. Ubhukuda kafishane eduze nolwandle, ngenxa yokuthi abadobi bangambamba ngezethi esincane. Ngokwengeziwe ku-fry, amasele asetshenziselwa ukudoba kusuka ogwini. Akudingekile ukusebenzisa amabheyithi wemvelo kuphela; kuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa ama-turntable angaphansi kanye namaqhubu.
Ehlobo elishisayo, inhlanzi ibuyiselwa ngokuphelele, iba sobabili bazwele futhi banamahloni, futhi bangabhukudi baye ogwini. Amabheythi amabanga amade asetshenziselwa ukubamba inyamazane.
Isikhathi esihle kakhulu sokudoba sibhekwa ekuqaleni kuka ekuseni, ngoba ngalesi sikhathi i-asp ihamba izingela izikole zezinhlanzi ezincane, iba inyamazane elula. Ufuna i-asp ezindaweni zokuhamba kwezikole ezinkulu zezinhlanzi ezinamanzi amaningi.
I-asp izingela eduze kwamanzi, ilindele inyamazane yayo ezindaweni ezinomugqa wamanzi, onamandla wamanje noma olinganiselayo. Abantu abancane abafinyelela kumakhilogremu ayi-2,5 baqala ukuduka ezikoleni, kanti izinhlanzi ezinkulu zizodwa.
Ebusika
Ebusika, i-sheresper iyaqhubeka nokuzingela eduze kwamanzi, kepha kunzima ukuyibamba. Lokhu kudinga iminyaka eminingi yesipiliyoni. Izimbangi zibanjwa ezindaweni zokugcina ezingafriqisi, kude nogu, ngesikhathi sasemini ezindaweni ezinqwabelana i-blak, lapho inhlanzi idla khona ngenkani. Catch asp, usebenzisa ubusika ukuphotha. Inhlanzi enolaka idonswa ngokucophelela, isebenzisa igwegwe elincane, ngaphandle kwalokho inhlanzi enkulu ingajikijela emfudlaneni, iphule induku yokudoba.
I-Asp ibanjwa iqhwa, kepha kuphela kulezo zindawo lapho kwakhiwa khona imigodi emfuleni, lapho kukhona khona indawo eqinile eduze kwemigodi noma amanzi ahlinzekelwe ngenye i-oxygen. Ukubamba i-asp ngokusebenzisa umgodi:
- imbongolo ene-leash ende kune-amasentimitha angama-20,
- indlela ebanzi isebenzisa ama-spinner amancane, i-castmaster noma abashayeli bezindiza,
- isiliva pike perches (akuvamile ukusetshenziswa).
Eqhweni, kuvumelekile ukusondela emigodini ngesipina esivamile, kepha ungakhohlwa ukuthi kuneqhwa elincanyana emaphethelweni amanzi. Ukungaphumeleli kuzovumela ukwamukelwa kwesikhundla samamitha ayi-10-15 ukusuka emaphethelweni eqhwa. Kulokhu, kuyadingeka ukungami okwamanje, kodwa ngasohlangothini lwalo.
Ukwanda kokubanjiswa kuzonikezwa ngokugqoka okungaphezulu, okuhambelana nokwakheka kokuthandwayo kwesizini ekudleni kwezinhlanzi. Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kunconyelwa ukusetshenziswa kwamabele abilisiwe ngokufakwa kwesibungu nezilwane ezincane eziphansi. NgoMeyi, ama-asp azothanda kuphela i-bug kaMay. Ehlobo, imiphonyane idla ama-dragonflies, izingcezu zefry, izimvemvane, izintethe, izimpukane ezinkulu. Abadobi bakha amabhola ezinambuzaneni, bawafake ku-feeder. Ehlobo nasekwindla, kungakuhle ukuthi usebenzise izingcezu zezinhlanzi namasele.
Izici zenani elikhulu le-asp
Abakwa-Asp bayizinhlanzi eziqaphile futhi ezinamahloni, ngasikhathi sinye ezibandayo, ngenxa yalokho bathola ukuthandwa okukhulu emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, baba yinto yokudonsela phambili imidlalo ukudoba. Ngenxa yokuthi i-asp ikhula ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi inyama yayo iphilile kakhulu futhi imnandi, izinhlanzi zithathwa njengezibalulekile.
Ukubhalwa kwesemihlambi okwenzelwa kuma-asp kubaluleke kakhulu kwezentengiso. Inyama yenhlanzi, ngaphandle kokunambitheka kwayo okuhle, ibonakala nge-bony ngokweqile. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, kuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekubhemeni noma ekwelapheni, kanti i-asp balyk iqhathaniswa nokunambitha ibhaluni elenziwe enhlanzini yesalimoni.
Yiziphi izitsha ezilungiselelwe kusuka ku-asp?
- Inyama yenhlanzi inonile, ithenda, kepha iqukethe amathambo amaningi amancane. Lapho usawoti, amathambo ayathambisa futhi cishe awanakwa.
- Inyama ye-Asp isetshenziselwa ukupheka inyama egayiwe, i-stewing nemifino, kusoso no-ukhilimu omuncu, ukubhaka ku-foil noma ukuthosa.
- I-caviar enosawoti inokunambitheka okubucayi. Wakhonza njenge-appetizer ngama-croutons.
- Isobho lezinhlanzi elimnandi noma isobho lezinhlanzi lilungiswa kusuka engxenyeni yenhlanzi.
- Kumnandi kakhulu ukupheka inhlanzi ngemifino: utamatisi, utamatisi, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi. I-asp ifafazwa ngamakhambi bese ibhakwa ngaphansi koshizi.
- Inhlanzi iphekwe esigxotsheni, ibhakwe kuhhavini nakumalahle.
- Ilungele ukukha kanye ukugxusha.
Izitha ze-asp
I-asp iye yathuthukisa kahle izitho zombono nezinzwa. Noma kusezinhlelweni zokuzingela, izinhlanzi ziyakwazi ukulawula kahle yonke indawo ezungezile, ngenxa yokuthi kunzima ezitheni zemvelo ze-asp ukusondela kuyo.
Abantu abasha baba yisisulu sezinyamazane ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi i-aster yabantu abadala. Izinyoni ezincane zivame ukudliwa yizinyoni ezithile, ikakhulukazi ama-cormorant kanye nama-gull.
Ezintuthwini zabantu abadala, ezimweni zemvelo cishe azikho izitha. Ingozi enkulu kakhulu yezinhlobonhlobo ezivuthiwe zimelelwa okhozi nama-ospreys. Yilezi zinyoni ezingabheka lesi sifiso ngokubuka kwamehlo enyoni, ngemuva kwalokho ziyoshona ngokushesha bese zibamba izinhlanzi ezinamanzi emanzini.
Ukuzalela ikheji
Ukuzalela i-asp ngenhloso yokuqalisa kwenziwa ngokudla okunamandla kwezinhlanzi. Echibini noma echibini elihlome ngokukhethekile, kuhlelwe amachibi amancanyana anezingcwecwe, lapho kwethulwa khona izingane ezincane.
Amakheji yizikhwama ezinamathiselwe ohlakeni lwamapulangwe olintantayo, ngaphezu kwalokho lufakwe emafulethini ukuze iqhubeke ifudumele. Kusezingeni eliphezulu ukuthi ikheji lingamamitha ayi-6x4 ngosayizi, futhi ukuphakama kwalo kuyafana nokujula kwesithako, kepha angeqi kumamitha ayi-2,5.
Ekhaleni ngalinye, izinhlanzi zethulwa ngesilinganiso sabantu abangama-200 ngemitha elilodwa lesikwele. Ukuze kugcinwe isitokwe, kunconywa ukuthatha imifino eno nyaka. Ngokukhuluphala okuqinile kusuka ekhejini elilodwa ngesizini, kuze kutholakale amakhilogremu angama-5000 ezinhlanzi ezingathengiswayo.
Okufuneka kuqala ukuhlinzekelwa kokudla okunamaprotheni amaningi, ukugcwala echibini noma echibini, ukuhlunga kwamanzi, ukukhanyisa ukuheha ukudla okungokwemvelo: i-zooplankton, izinambuzane.
Imali etholwa ayitholakali kuphela ngokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo yezinhlanzi, kodwa futhi nasekubuyiselweni kwengxenye yendawo ngobukhosi. Ngokulandelayo, kukhethwa amaqanda afakwe ngaphakathi bese kukhiqizwa ama-cyprinid, abese athengiswa ngokuzalaniswa kwamanye amapulazi.
Echibini eliseceleni kwezwe
Ukufuya i-asp endaweni yokuhlala ehlobo njalo nje kuvumelekile uma kungenzeka ukumba echibini noma uvimbe umfudlana endaweni enamamitha-skwele okungenani angama-30 futhi okungenani amamitha ayi-1.5 ngokujula. Uma zingekho lezo zimo, ama-asp atshalwa kuphela ehlobo emachibini epulasitiki wokufakelwa.
Lapho uhlela ichibi, ukuphindaphinda kwesakhiwo sezindawo zemvelo zokugcina kuyadingeka:
- Inhlabathi engezansi ibekwe izingqimba, amatshe ashintshana, ubumba nosilika.
- Benza ukukhululeka ngokungena ngamashiya amabili.
- Izitshalo zamanzi zitshalwa ngasogwini.
- Ngaphansi kufanele kube nomgodi nokujula.
Amanye amahora wokukhanya kwelanga kufanele ancishiswe, okungukuthi, ichibi lidinga ukumba endaweni lapho isithunzi esivela ezakhiweni noma ezihlahleni siwela. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze inhlanzi icashe echibini elangeni elihangulayo.
Kuvunyelwe ukuthi ichibi lelo linombhede wobumba wobumba futhi owake wakhanywa ngaphambili. Kuncike ekutheni kunokugeleza kwamanzi emvelo echibini, kunconywa ukushiya isisekelo semvelo. Lapho ugcwalisa ichibi ngamanzi angeniswayo noma empompini, ichibi lenziwa njengechibi elinesisekelo sikakhonkolo. Ngakho-ke udinga ukufaka uhlelo lokuhlunga kwamanzi.
I-asp yethulwa echibini ngemuva kokuba amanzi eseme cishe izinyanga eziningana - lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze kukhishwe uthuli, ukuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo zasemanzini kanye nokwakhiwa kohlelo lokuphilisana kwendalo. Ngendlela efanele, ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa, isifiso somuntu omdala sizoqala ukuvela.
I-Asp yinhlanzi emangalisayo, okuthi, yize inamahloni, iyisidlakudla esisheshayo esingavumeli ukudliwa ngabantu abanamandla. Kubonakaliswa ukubukeka okukhangayo, inyama ebalulekile nenempilo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezitsha ezahlukahlukene.
Kwenzeka lapho izidumbu zamanzi zenzeka khona
Asp kungenzeka kuphela ezindaweni zokugcina ezintsha, ezigelezayo nezihlanzekile. Eminye i-carp ayicashunwanga. Indawo yamanzi kufanele ibe ejulile, ibanzi.
Isamba esikhulu se-asp sigxiliwe ezindaweni eziphakathi kwemifula ye-Ural neRhine. Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, abahlangani ne-carp hhayi eRussia kuphela, kodwa nasemazweni ase-Asia. IRhini igeleza emazweni ayi-6. Babeka umngcele oseningizimu yendawo yokubambelela. Umkhawulo osenyakatho yi-Svir. Lokhu kungumfula oxhumanisa iLake Ladoga ne-Onega.
Emachibini amaningi, ama-asp atshalwe ngokuthile. Ngakho-ke, okusanhlamvu kweBalashikha carp kukhishwa ngumuntu. Zimbalwa izinhlanzi ezisindile. Kodwa-ke, kwesinye isikhathi ukubanjwa kubanjelwa eBalashikha.
Imifula lapho kuhlala khona ama-asp, igeleza ungene eCaspian, eBlack, e-Azov naseBaltic Seas. Ezifundeni zaseSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude, i-carp ayitholakali. Kepha eYurophu, kutholwa ummeleli omkhulu womndeni, ehlangana eNgilandi, eSweden, eNorway, eFrance. Ukuze i-asp esithombeni kungenzeka kube yi-Asia, Russian ne-European.
Izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ze-asp
Ukubuka kuhlukaniswe ama-subtypes ayi-3. Esokuqala sibizwa ngokuthi i-asp evamile. Nguye onqobayo emifuleni yaseRussia. Ngokwesilinganiso sezimboni, i-carp ivunwa ekwindla. Asp - umnikazi wenyama ethenda. Ihlukaniswa kalula namathambo. Umbala wenyama, njengezinye izidumbu, umhlophe.
Asp caviar futhi okumnandi, kupendiwe ophuzi. Ebusika, izibiliboco zimbiwa ngoba ukulunywa kwehlobo kubi kakhulu. Uma kubanda, izinhlanzi zibanjwa ngamanetha eqhwa. Iningi lezinhlanzi ezibandayo liwela kuhlobo lokugqwayiza okulengisiwe. I-asp, kunalokho, iyasebenza.
Uhlobo lwesibili lwe-asp yi-Near Asia. Ubanjwe esitsheni seTigris. Umfula ugeleza ezindaweni zaseSyria nase-Iraq. Ukubhaliswa kwasendaweni kuncane kunokwejwayelekile. Uma phakathi kokuqala kunezikhulu ezinkulu ezingama-80-centimeter ezinesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayishumi, khona-ke izidumbu ezinkulu zase-Asia azidluli ngamasentimitha angama-60 ubude.
Izinhlanzi ezinesisindo ezibanjwe kuyi-Tiger, hhayi ngaphezu kwamaphawundi ama-2. Ngakho-ke, izisulu zimncanyana kunokwejwayelekile, azinamandla kangako.
Ukubhaliswa kwesithathu kwe-asp kunamakhanda aphansi. Kuyisiphelo sendawo yase-Amur. Izinhlanzi ezikuyo ziyafana nomuntu oyimpandla. Lokhu kungenye into emele amanzi ahlanzekile omndeni we-carp. I-Amur asp inomlomo omncane. Yikho konke ukwahluka kwezinhlanzi. Isintu esinamaphethelo sigcizelelwa ezindaweni eziphezulu zoMfula i-Amur nasemlonyeni waso. Emanzini aseningizimu yomfula we-carp cishe angabonakali.
Esithombeni, i-asp enamakhanda ayisicaba
I-Amur carp ithanda amanzi angajulile. Okunye okubhalwe phansi kwesilwane kuvame ukuya ngokujulile. Enye inhlanzi ihlukaniswa ngokufuduka phakathi nosuku. Ekuseni, i-asp igcina isondele ogwini lwe imifula, kuthi kusihlwa ihambe iye enkabeni yomfudlana. Ukufuduka futhi kuncike esikhathini sosuku. I-asp ithanda ukufudumala nokukhanya, ngakho-ke ku-sundial igcina isondele ebusweni.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Ukunwebeka kuqala entwasahlobo. Izinsuku eziqondile zihambisana nesimo sezulu sendawo, ukufudumeza kwamanzi. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu, ngokwesibonelo, izidumbu ziqala ukuzala maphakathi no-Ephreli. Ukusakaza kugcina ekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Amanzi kufanele afudumele kuze kufike okungenani kuma-degree ayi-7. I-Ideal 15 esikalini seCelsius.
Asp entwasahlobo iqala ukuzala kabusha uma ifinyelela eminyakeni emi-3 ubudala. Lokhu kungumkhawulo wokuzala wabesilisa nabesilisa. Ngendlela, azifani ngokubukeka. Kwezinye izinhlanzi, i-dimorphism yezocansi ivela lapho owesilisa emkhulu kunabesifazane, noma okuphambene nalokho.
Ukuze uphonsa amaqanda ama-asp ahlukaniswe ngababili. Komakhelwane, inzalo yemindeni engama-8-10 yezidumbu iyenziwa kabusha. Ukusuka ohlangothini kubonakala sengathi ukuzala yiqembu, kodwa empeleni lokhu akunjalo.
Ukuze uthole indawo efanelekile yokunwabuluka, i-asp idlula amakhilomitha amaningi ibhekise emfudlaneni ifinyelela emifuleni ephezulu yemifula. Ama-strings rings noma izingxenye zobumba ezinesihlabathi phansi ekujuleni okuqinile zikhethiwe.
Inani lamaqanda abekwe ku-carp liyahlukahluka kakhulu. Kungahle kube nezingcezu ezingama-50, futhi mhlawumbe zibe ngu-100 000. Endaweni, amaqanda aphethwe ngenxa yokunamathela komhlaba wawo. UFry uzalwa emavikini ama-2 ngemuva kokuhluma.
Asp
Asp - Le yinhlanzi enkulu ngokufanele. Abadobi bahlala bancintisana nomunye ngemizamo yokubamba isilwanyana esikhulu kunazo zonke. Abaningi bathi maningi amathambo enhlanzi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akukunciphisi ukuthandwa kwawo nhlobo. Kunezindawo eziningi zokunakekela izingane lapho le nhlanzi ibelezelwa izinhloso zezimboni, noma ukuze uzijabulise. Phakathi kwabantu, i-asp inamanye amagama amaningi - ihhashi, ukubambeka, ubumsulwa. Lokhu kokuqala kubangelwa indlela ethile yokuzingela. Inhlanzi ebanda kakhulu ibizwa ngenxa yezikali ezihlanzekile, ezicishe zibe imibala. I-ass uhlobo lwenhlanzi oluhlukaniswe phakathi kwezinkampani ezintathu.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
I-Asp ingeyezilwane ezilandelana ngokulandelana kwazo, izinhlanzi ezihlotshiswe nge-ray, i-cyprinid oda, umndeni we-cyprinid, uhlobo nezinhlobo zezinyosi zabelwa isigaba. Kuze kube manje, i-ichthyologists ayikwazi ukunikeza imininingwane ephelele mayelana nemvelaphi nokuvela kwalesi sifo se-carp. Kunezinguqulo eziningana zemvelaphi yalezi zinhlanzi.Ngokomunye wemibono ekhona, abameleli basendulo be-kisasa banamuhla babehlala ogwini lweChina yanamuhla, iJapan nakwamanye amazwe ase-Asia.
Ngabe ibukeka kanjani i-asp noma umhlanganisi?
Igama elithi samaki i-asp kungenzeka lisuselwa egameni elithi fat noma mhlawumbe kusuka ebukhoneni balo. Izimpaphe zalo msila nezidonsathi zinamandla, ziqinile futhi zibanzi, futhi lapho igxuma iphuma emanzini bese ziyanwebeka, zibonakala zikhudlwana, mhlawumbe ngenxa yalokhu ibizwa ngokuthi yi-Sheresper.
Emncane kakhulu, izinhlanzi ze-asp zifana kakhulu esidlekeni, kepha zingahlukaniswa kalula esidlekeni ngamehlo ayo amancane nenhloko ekhonjiwe ephakeme, kanye nezikali ezincane. Ngisho ne-sheresper kusuka kuma-bleachers ihlukaniswa inani elikhulu lamazinyo aphambili kanye nembambo ekhanyayo esuswini phakathi kwezinsini zesisu ne-anal fin. Kepha ebudaleni, umehluko we-asp usevele ubonakala, futhi awunakuphikiswa nenye inhlanzi, ngoba ifinyelela ngosayizi omkhulu nesisindo ngokuhlukile kumabala. Isisindo esijwayelekile sabantu abasezingeni eliphakathi ngu-2 kg kg, kepha isikhathi esiningi nazo zinkulu, zingu-70 cm ubude futhi zinesisindo esingu-8 kg noma ngaphezulu.
Amakheli asemancane akhula ngokushesha okukhulu, kanye nama-squint, njengoba ezalwe emaqanda kakade ekuqaleni kukaJuni, afinyelela kubude obuyi-6 cm, futhi ekwindla asevele akhula ngosayizi wedayisi elincane, elingaba ngu-16 cm ubude. Umuntu ononyaka owodwa, afinyelela isisindo esingama-gramu ayi-200, kuthi eminyakeni emibili, isisindo sivele senziwe amagremu angama-600, kuthi eminyakeni emithathu, izinhlanzi ezi-asp zingafinyelela isisindo esingu-1,2 kg. Labamele labo mndeni wama-cyprinid baba inyamazane ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, kepha ngasikhathi sinye izilinganiso ezingaphansi kuka-2-2,5 kg azivami ukuthi zithole isibhelu bukhoma. Le ngenye yezinhlanzi ezimbalwa ezivela emndenini we-carp ezidla izinhlanzi ezincane.
ISheresper inemuva ebanzi, icishe ibe yingxenye yobukhulu bomzimba wayo. Umhlane ungwevu ngothayela oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izinhlangothi zomzimba ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, nesisu simhlophe. Umbala womzimba ungaba womhlobiso ohlukile, ngokuya ngendawo okuhlala kuyo, isibonelo, uma izinhlanzi ezi-asp zihlala ezindaweni ezinesihlabathi, khona-ke izinhlangothi zizoba nombala ophuzi. Amaphiko we-dorsal ne-caudal grey nge-tint eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanti amaphini asele ngimpunga okhanyayo ngombala obomvu.
Amehlo ezinhlanzi eziphuzi aphuzi ngomugqa oluhlaza engxenyeni engenhla yeso. Amaphini we-caudal ne-dorsal anzima futhi abanzi, amsiza ekuzingeleni ukudla, ikakhulukazi inhlawulo enamandla ye-caudal, lapho abopha ngayo inyamazane yakhe, inhlanzi encane. Isici esibonakalayo salesi sakhamizi umhlathi ophansi, oqhubekela phambili phambili kancane, nomlomo weseki ngaphandle kwamazinyo, naphezu kokuthi siyisidlakela.
Lapho kutholakala khona ipherishi futhi kuhlalwe kulo
Izinhlanzi ze-Asp noma ze-sheresper zisatshalaliswa cishe kuyo yonke imifula emikhulu naphakathi igeleza eNyakatho, eBaltic, eMnyama, eCaspian naseAzov Seas. Futhi itholakala emazweni asenkabeni yeYurophu, eJalimane, e-Austria, eDenmark, eSweden naseNorway. EFrance, eNgilandi naseningizimu yeYurophu, cishe akutholakali futhi akwenzeki.
Izinhlanzi eziningi kakhulu ezitholakala e-Urals, eMfuleni iVolga kanye nasezintabeni zawo, nakoMfula iKura. Emifuleni nasezichibini ezinkulu zeKarelia kanye neKarelian Isthmus akukho okuningi kwayo, kodwa noma kunjalo kuyatholakala eLake Ladoga, eMfuleni iVuoksa nezinye izidumbu zamanzi ezinkulu. I-asp ihlala echibini le-Ilmen, Pskov nePeipsi, kepha futhi akukuningi lapho. Emifuleni engajulile, nasemachibini amancane, iScheresper ayitholakali.
AbakwaShembe, njengazo zonke izinhlanzi eziningi, bakhangwa yimifula enamazifuzi ezikhukhula amadamu, kuze kuvalwe amasango ezikhukhula, bahlala lapho badle izinhlanzi ezihlanjululwe ngumfula wamanzi, kanye nezinyoni ezinhlanzi ezifika lapho zizodla ngalokho okubaleka emfuleni emva kwesikhukhula. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, ama-schereperes adla ngokushesha bese kuthi ngemuva kwamasonto amabili noma amathathu, ngemuva kokuthi izingidi zivaliwe, ashiye izikhala.
Izindawo eziphambili zokuhlala kwazo bakhetha imigodi eminingi ejulile noma engaphansi, eduze lapho kukhona imigwaqo emikhulu futhi ebanzi, inesihlabathi esikhulu, okuyindawo yabo yokuhlala, lapho ukudoba i-asp on spinning kungaphumelela khona kakhulu. Ngokwenyuka okuqinile kwezinga lamanzi, ikakhulukazi emifuleni ye-sluice, ezikhathini ezithile ayakhuphuka aze asondele emadamini uqobo, kepha lapho amanzi ancipha, abuyele phansi abuyele ezindaweni zabo zasehlobo.
Kodwa-ke, izinhlanzi ze-asp zingatholakala futhi zihlale kumachibi acishe angawagelezi, lapho zikhishwa khona futhi nalapho zingena khona emihlanjini, ngokungafani nendlela yayo yokuhlala yodwa ezimweni zemvelo. Kusebusheni bodwa lapho amaSchereperes, aze afike ebudaleni, aneminyaka yobudala emi-2-3, ngokwemvelo atholakala emaphaketheni bese kuthi emigodini ejulile ngenkathi ebusika. Cishe zilele emigodini yokuthi zidale ubusika ngisho nangaphambi kokuba iqhwa, bese zingadli lutho, yingakho ukudoba kwazo ebusika kungaba okungahleliwe.
Okudlayo, kudlani i-asp?
I-Asp yinhlanzi yasemini, ithanda ukukhanya nendawo, igcina phansi kanye nokujula kuphela ebusuku. Noma kusebusuku ngoMeyi noJuni bondla ebusuku. Emanzini ajulile, i-sheresper ijwayele ukubhukuda ngamhafu-wamanzi noma ungqimba olungaphezulu, ezindaweni ezingaxutshani intanta phezu kobuso, ukuze ubumbano lwayo libonakale. Ama-necklets amancane ahlala ehamba ngokushesha futhi akha igagasi elibalulekile ngomzimba wawo, kuyilapho abantu abakhulu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, behlala bebhukuda kancane futhi kujule kancane emanzini, ngakho-ke igagasi abalishayelayo ngenhlawulo yabo yobumbano aliphezulu kangako, kepha libanzi kakhulu futhi linamandla amakhulu.
Sigxuma isisulu emanzini, noma ukulwa, njengoba kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi phakathi kwabadobi abanolwazi, kusho ukuthi umhlaseli ugajukele emhlanjini wezinhlanzi ezincane futhi, emangalisa ngokushaywa komsila wakhe owodwa noma ngaphezulu noma ngaphezulu kwamabhenele noma ukubamba, ukuwabamba ngomlomo wakhe omkhulu. Ngokuvamile, ukuzingela kweScheresper kungumsuka wokuqala, le nhlanzi, ngokushaywa komsila wayo onamandla, igxaza inyamazane yayo, izinhlanzi ezincane, bese ibutha emlonyeni wayo. Kepha kunemibono yokuthi akazingelanga kanjena kuzo zonke izindawo, kepha udla ngendlela elula, njenge-perch, ekuhambeni uvula umlomo wakhe omkhulu futhi axoshe inhlanzi ukuze ayibambe.
Impi nokushiswa kwesisulu kuzwakala kukude nakude kude, ngoba yena, igxuma iphuma emanzini, ibuyele emuva ngomsindo omningi kanye neziphaphalazi, iphindaphinde ukujikisa okunjalo kaninginingi. Imvamisa, iminsins kanye nama-chubs kusebenza njengokuphamba komgundi wezinsimbi, izinhlanzi ezi-asp zidla lokho okukhohlakele kukho kule ndawo.
Ngabe udlani udliwa yini?
I-Asp iyinhlanzi edla inyama, yingakho ukudla kwayo. Kwisigaba sokuqala sokukhula kwayo, imenyu yayo iqukethe ama-crustaceans amancane, izibungu nezinambuzane ezincane ezithile. Ngemuva kokuthi ubukhulu bayo bufinyelela ku-30-40 cm, iba yi-corsair yangempela, ekwazi ukuzingela izinhlanzi ezincane.
Njengoba ikhula, ama-asp adlalelwa izinhlanzi ezincane ukuya ku-10 cm cm. Ukukhishwa kwe-asp kukhawulelwe ngumlomo omncane.
I-asp ayikhethi kakhulu ekudleni, yanelisekile ngohlobo lwezinhlanzi okuthiwa ukhathele - i-tyulka, i-gudgeon, i-blak, njll.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Photo: Ngabe ibukeka kanjani i-asp?
Ubumsulwa yinhlanzi yomndeni we-carp. Njengabanye abamele umndeni we-carp, inamathambo amaningi. Inhlanzi ihlukaniswa ngumzimba omkhulu, omkhulu, omfushane, onobukhulu besikhala. Umhlane uqondile futhi ubanzi kahle, upendwe ngombala omnyama, kwesinye isikhathi umbala ogqamile. Izinhlangothi zezinhlanzi zingwevu, futhi isisu sipendwe ngesiliva. Umzimba wonke umbozwe ngezikali zesiliva. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-asp inomsila oqinile futhi omkhulu. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ingxenye yayo engezansi yinde kuneyaphezulu. Ama-Ichthyologists aqaphela izibonakaliso ezithile zangaphandle ezinobuntu.
Izici zangaphandle zesici se-asp:
- ikhanda eliphakeme, eligobile,
- umlomo omkhulu,
- umhlathi omkhulu ophansi
- amachaphaza amancithakalo kanye ne-caudal ampunga futhi anezeluleko ezimnyama,
- wonke amanye amaphiko asemzimbeni wezinhlanzi anombala obomvu noma owolintshi ezansi futhi ampunga ngasekupheleni.
Ikhanda elimhlophe likhona likhulu, lide. Inezindebe ezinkulu, ezinamanzi kanye nomhlathi ophansi omncane. Imihlathi yale cyprinid ayinazinyo. Esikhundleni salokho, kukhona ama-tubercles ayingqayizivele nemifantu. Ama-tubercles asendaweni yomhlathi ophansi. Izinkomba zisaphezulu futhi zenzelwe ukungena kwesifuba, ezitholakala ngezansi. Isakhiwo esinjalo semihlathi sivumela ukuthi ubambe ngokushesha inyamazane engaba khona, engavele inalo ithuba lokusindiswa. Isakhiwo esifanayo esisetshenziswa ngomlomo sivumela i-asp ukuthi inyamekele ngisho nokuthimba inyamazane enkulu.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Kuyamangaza ukuthi kunenani elincane lezinto ezifakwayo emphinjeni we-asp.
Abantu abadala, abantu abakhulu bafinyelela ubude bomzimba wamamitha ayi-1-1,3. Isisindo somzimba wezinhlanzi ezinjalo ngamakhilogremu ayi-11-13. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile bomuntu ovuthiwe ngocansi ngamasentimitha angama-50-80, kanti isisindo ngamakhilogremu angama-6-7.
Ihlala kuphi i-asp?
Photo: Asp eRussia
I-Asp ifuneka kakhulu ezimweni zokuphila. Ukuba khona kwesigcini esikhulu samanzi ajulile kubaluleke kakhulu kulolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi. Kumele ibe namanzi ahlanzekile agijimayo nokudla okuningi ne-oxygen. Izinhlanzi ngeke ziphinde zitholakale emzimbeni wamanzi angcolile noma awunawo nokudla okwanele. Iningi labantu abahlala endaweni yaseRussia lihlala emizini emikhulu, imifula emikhulu, ulwandle namachibi. Kusungulwe ngokunembile ukuthi okumhlophe kutholakala olwandle oluseningizimu yeRussia, amachibi asenyakatho neBaltic.
Isifunda sendawo yezinhlanzi lapho kuhlalwa khona izinhlanzi sincane. Inwebeka ngokusebenzisa iMpumalanga nengxenye yeNtshonalanga Yurophu. I-Ichthyologists ibeka njengengxenye phakathi koMfula i-Ural noMfula iRhine. Lo mgwaqo wamanzi mkhulu kunayo yonke eYurophu futhi uhamba emazweni ayisithupha aseYurophu. Imingcele eseningizimu yendawo yezinhlanzi ichazwa yizifunda zase-Asia Ephakathi: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, neKyrgyzstan.
Imingcele yaseningizimu yendawo yezinhlanzi ifaka phakathi:
Izidlanzana ezimbalwa zezinhlanzi zitholakala eMfuleni iScyaz, eNeva, e-Onega naseLadoga. Ngesinye isikhathi ungahlangana ne-Asp eLake Balkhash. Walethwa lapho ngobuhlakani.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: Asp ngaphansi kwamanzi
Lo mmeleli wama-cyprinid ukhetha izikhala ezivulekile zomfula ngesivinini esisheshayo, ikakhulukazi izingidi kanye nomsebenzi wamanzi. Izindawo ezinjalo ziyindawo ekahle yezinhlanzi. Banazo zonke izimo ezidingekayo zokuzingela okuphumelelayo nenani elanele lokulethwa kokudla. Umsindo wamanzi nempophoma iyafihla bese imaski ishaya emanzini, ngosizo lapho izinhlanzi zikuthola ukudla kwazo. Ezindaweni lapho kungekho msindo onje wamanje nowamanzi, izinhlanzi ziyivelakancane kakhulu.
U-Asp ungomunye wabamele abakhulu bomndeni we-carp. Ngokwemvelo, unikezwe umlingiswa onolaka futhi, lapho esefinyelele usayizi owanele, uphila impilo yokuphinga. Ubumhlophe buzwela kakhulu ekushiseni kwamanzi. Le nqubo inomthelela oqinile usayizi kanye nasekulindelweni kwempilo. Le nhlanzi ihlukaniswa njengamakhulu eminyaka. Ama-Ichthyologists awakwazanga ukucacisa iminyaka eqondile, kepha bakwazi ukubona ukuthi abanye abantu basinda bayofika ku-13-16 iminyaka.
Ukweleta impilo ende kangaka ngejubane lokushesha kombani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlanzi inamahloni kakhulu. Uma ibona isithunzi esiseduze ekude, icasha endaweni ecashile evikelekile. Ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila, izinhlanzi zihlangana ezikoleni ukuze zikhulise inani lazo futhi zikhulise namathuba okusinda. Lapho imihlambi ikhula, inhlanzi ibola nenhlanzi iphila yodwa. Izinhlanzi azikho emthethweni ngokudla, zingadla cishe konke ezingakuthola emanzini omfula. Ngenxa yalokhu, zikhula ngokushesha futhi zizuze isisindo somzimba.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Photo: Asp on the Volga
Isikhathi sokuthomba siqala cishe unyaka wesithathu wokuphila. Inhlanzi isilungele ukusatshalaliswa lapho ubunzima bayo bomzimba budlula ikhilogremu eyodwa nengxenye. Isikhathi sokuzala kwezinhlanzi ezihlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho zenzeka eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemithathu kamuva kunokwezinhlanzi ezihlala ezindaweni eziseningizimu.
Ukuqala kwesikhathi sokuzalela ngqo kuya ngesimo sezulu kanye namazinga okushisa kwamanzi ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo izinhlanzi. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu, ukukhula kuqala phakathi maphakathi no-Ephreli futhi kuthatha amasonto ambalwa. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi elithandeka kakhulu ukukhiqizwa lisusela kumadigri ayi-7 kuye kwayi-15. Ukusakazeka ku-asp kubhangqiwe, ngakho-ke, amabhangqana ambalwa avela ngasikhathi sinye endaweni efanayo, okudala umuzwa wokuzala iqembu.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ngenqubo yokuzala, abesilisa bahlela imincintiswano yelungelo lokufaka umquba kowesifazane. Ngesikhathi sokulwa okunjalo, kungadala ukulimala okukhulu nokulimala komunye nomunye.
I-asp ifuna indawo efanelekayo yokusakazeka. Njengomthetho, lokhu kwenzeka emigqeni yesihlabathi noma yobumba esiteshini semizimba yamanzi ehlala abantu. Ngesikhathi sokusesha, abantu abaningi benyuka kakhulu uma bephambana negagasi. Owesifazane ophakathi nendawo uphakathi kwamaqanda angaba ngu-60,000 kuya ku-100,000, ahlala esihlahleni nakwezinye izingxenye zezimila ezifa ebusika. Amaqanda ambozwe ngento enamathele, ngenxa yokuthi iqiniswe ngokuqinile ezimileni.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle nezinga lokushisa lamanzi elikhulu, ngemuva kwamasonto cishe angama-3-4, kuvela izibungu. Uma izinga lokushisa lamanzi lingaphansi kwesilinganiso, izibungu ziqhamuka emaqanda kamuva.
Izitha zemvelo
Isithombe: I-asp enkulu
I-ass inhlanzi eyidlayo, kodwa enolaka ngokwemvelo enikezwa ngokuqapha ngokweqile, ukuzwa okubukhali kakhulu, umbono nezinye izitho zomqondo. Ngisho nangesikhathi inhlanzi izingela ngayo, ilawula yonke indawo ezungezile futhi ikude nokwazisa okude ngengozi noma isitha. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi izilwane ezisencane nezibungu zinesibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke sezitha, yingakho zihlangana emihlambini.
Izitha zemvelo yobumsulwa:
Kodwa-ke, inhlanzi icophelela kakhulu futhi inikezwe izitho zemizwa ezithuthukisiwe, ihola indlela yokuphila enomsindo. Ngokuqondene nalokhu, i-asp iba yinto yokudonsa ngokupenda emazweni amaningi aseYurophu. Kodwa-ke, kunzima kakhulu ukumbamba.
Futhi, ukungcoliswa kwezindawo okugcinwa kuzo izinhlanzi kuhlasela ngqo abantu. Lokhu kubangela ukufa kwenhlanzi enkulu, ikakhulukazi uma amanzi engcoliswe nge-sludge yezimboni kanye nemfucuza yezobuchwepheshe.
Isimo sabantu nenhlobo yezinhlobo
Photo: Ngabe ibukeka kanjani i-asp?
Kuze kube manje, inani lezinhlanzi lincipha ngokushesha ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zokuhlala kwaso. Izizathu ezinkulu zale nto kwakuwukubanjwa ngamanetha abantu abasha ababengakwazi ukuphila kuze kube isikhathi sokuzala, kanye nokungcoliswa kwendawo yabo yokuhlala yemvelo.
Kuze kube manje, okubhaliselwe okufana ne-Central Asp kuncane kakhulu. Indawo yemvelo yalokhu okubhalwe phansi yindawo eyisigodi yomfula we-tiger endaweni yezifunda ezinjenge-Iraq neSyria.
Ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu, izindleko zale nhlanzi lenyuka kakhulu. Lokhu kusiza ukukhulisa isibalo sabazingeli. Basebenzisa amadivaysi anqatshelwe nemishini yokudoba ukuzingela i-asp. Ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo izisulu, izinyamazane ezinkulu ezinemibala zihlala eduze, okuthi ngobuningi zibabambe emanzini lapho zizingela, okubuye kunciphise inani lazo.
Umthelela omubi esintwini ukushintshwa kwezimo zezulu nokuphola. Izinhlanzi zizwela kakhulu ezinhlakalweni ezinjalo. Njengomphumela wokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa lamanzi, isikhathi sokuphila siyancipha futhi isikhathi sokuzalela siyabambezeleka.
Ukuvikelwa kwe-asp
Photo: Red Book Asp
Ngenxa yokuthi inani le-asp lihlala lincipha, futhi inani le-Central Asia asp lincane kakhulu, kubhekwe ukuthi kunezilwane ezinqabile ezisondele ekuqothulweni futhi zibhalwe ku-International Red Book.
Kulokhu, i-International Association for the Protection of Rare Representatives of Handicap kanye neFununa yathuthukisa izinhlelo ezikhethekile okuhloswe ngazo ukugcina nokwandisa inani le-asp.Kubandakanya ucwaningo oluningiliziwe lwendlela yokuphila, ukondliwa, nezinye izinto nezinkomba ezidingekayo ukudala izimo zokuphila ezifanele zokulima kwezinhlanzi ezimweni zokufakelwa.
Kuyenqatshelwa ukudoba ezifundeni zezindawo zemvelo, ikakhulukazi ngosizo lwamanethi kanye nezindlela ezinqatshelwe kanye nezindlela. Indawo yezinhlanzi ibhekwa futhi ihamba njalo ziqhutshwa inhlanzi. Abaphula umthetho nemithetho ekhona babhekana nezinhlawulo zokuphatha ngendlela yenhlawulo ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu.
Izikhungo zezimboni namabhizinisi angenayo imfucumfucu engadala ukungcoliswa kwendawo yemvelo nokufa kwezinhlanzi, kudingeka anikele ngezinhlelo zokwelapha imfucuza.
Asp - Lokhu kudla, kepha izinhlanzi ezinkulu zomndeni we-carp. Inyama yayo inokunambitheka okukhethekile nohlu olubanzi lwezinto eziwusizo kubantu, yize ingenalo inani elikhulu lamathambo. Kuze kube manje, inani lalezi zinhlanzi lincane kakhulu, maqondana nokuthi i-asp ibhalwe kuphi kwi-International Red Book.