Izinkinga zomhlaba - Lezi yizinkinga eziphathelene (ngokwezinga elithile noma kwelinye) wonke amazwe nabantu, isixazululo sawo esingenzeka kuphela ngemizamo ehlangene yomphakathi womhlaba wonke. Ukuba khona kwempucuko yomhlaba, noma okungenani ukuthuthuka kwayo okwengeziwe, kuhlangene nesixazululo salezi zinkinga.
Izinkinga zomhlaba wonke ziyinkimbinkimbi, zihlangane. Ngokwezinga elithile lokuhlangana, amabhlokhi amabili amakhulu angahlukaniswa:
- Izinkinga ezihambisana nokuphikisana phakathi komphakathi nendawo ezungezile (uhlelo "umphakathi - imvelo"),
- Izinkinga zenhlalo ezihambisana nokuphikisana ngaphakathi komphakathi (uhlelo "umuntu - umphakathi").
Ukuzalwa kwezinkinga zomhlaba kubhekwe maphakathi nekhulu lama-20. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho izinqubo ezimbili zenzeka, okubonakala njengezimbangela eziphambili zezinkinga zanamuhla zomhlaba. Inqubo yokuqala ukwenziwa komnotho emhlabeni kanye nomnotho nezepolitiki, kususelwa ekwakhekeni komnotho wezwe ohlangene. Okwesibili ukuthunyelwa kwenguquko yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe (i-NTR), okubuye kwaphindaphindeka kaningi wonke amathuba abantu, kubandakanya nokuzibulala. Kunjalo njengoba lezi zinqubo zisebenza ukuthi izinkinga ebezisala zikhona endaweni ziba zomhlaba. Isibonelo, ingozi yokugcwala kwabantu abaningi ithinte wonke amazwe lapho amagagasi wezihambi evela emazweni asathuthuka ethunyelwa emazweni athuthukile, futhi ohulumeni balawa mazwe baqala ukufuna "i-oda lomhlaba jikelele" - usizo lwamahhala njengokukhokha "izono" zesikhathi esedlule sobukoloni.
Ezinhlobonhlobo zezinkinga zomhlaba, okulandelayo kugqamile:
- ukuvimbela ukungqubuzana komhlaba munye nokuqeda umjaho wezingalo,
- ukunqoba ukubuyela emuva kwezomnotho kanye namazwe asathuthuka,
- izinto zokusetshenziswa kwamandla, izinombolo zabantu, izinkinga zokudla,
- ukuvikelwa kwemvelo
- ukuhlola ulwandle nokuhlola ukuthula kwendawo yangaphandle,
- ukuqedwa kwezifo eziyingozi.
Noma yiziphi izehlakalo ezihambisana nomthelela obalulekile womuntu emvelweni, imiphumela emibi yemvelo kubantu nakwezomnotho wabo, ngokuphila nezinqubo ezibalulekile zezomnotho, kanye nokufuduka okukhulu kwezilwane okungajwayelekile udaba lwezemvelo. Namuhla asikho isidingo sokufakazela ubuciko nobukhulu, futhi, ngakho-ke, ingozi yesimo semvelo emhlabeni.
Inkinga yokuphepha kwezemvelo namuhla isitholile indawo yonke, kubandakanya ukubaluleka kwezepolitiki, ekubeni senkingeni yokuphepha kwezenuzi. Kodwa-ke, umbono oqhubekayo wokuthi izinkinga zemvelo uncishiswa kuphela ekulweni nokungcoliswa kwemvelo kuvimbela ukwakhiwa kohlelo lokuphepha kwemvelo lomhlaba jikelele. Ukuphuma ebunzimeni bemvelo, kuyadingeka ukwazi nokusebenzisa imithetho eyisisekelo yokwakheka, ukuqina kanye nezindlela zokusebenza okunengqondo kwezinhlelo zemvelo zemvelo.
Izici ezimbili zenkinga yezemvelo zingahlukaniswa: izinkinga zezemvelo ezivelayo ngenxa yezinqubo zemvelo nezinkinga ezibangelwa umthelela we-anthropogenic kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo okungalawuleki.
Ukuqala kwamaqhwa, ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo, ukwakheka kwezintaba, ukuzamazama komhlaba kanye ne-tsunami ehambisana nayo, izivunguvungu, izivunguvungu, izikhukhula - konke lokhu kuyizinto zemvelo zasemhlabeni. Kubonakala kunengqondo kwiplanethi yethu enamandla. Ngokwesilinganiso, ukuzamazama komhlaba okuyinhlekelele eyodwa kwenzeka njalo ngonyaka embulungeni yonke, okuyi-18 okunamandla, okubhubhisayo nokulinganiselayo, nokuzamazama komhlaba okungaba yisigidi.
Kepha kwavela ezinye izingqinamba zemvelo. Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, umuntu wathatha ngokungalawuleki wathatha yonke into emnikwa yona. Futhi imvelo, njengokungathi, "iphindisela" kumuntu ngazo zonke izinyathelo ezingalungile, ezingenangqondo. Kwanele ukukhumbula izibonelo ezisuka empilweni yaseRussia kanye nomakhelwane bayo abasondele kakhulu: Ichibi leBaikal, ulwandle i-Aral, iLake iLadoga, iChernobyl, i-BAM, ukuphinda umhlaba nabanye. Lokho okwenziwe ngumuntu ngemvelo sekuvele kuyinhlekelele ngezinga elithile. Ngenxa yalokhu, amanzi asangcoliswa emoyeni, umkhathi uqobo ungcolisiwe, izigidi zamahektha enhlabathi evundile zichithiwe, iplanethi itheleleke ngemithi yokubulala izinambuzane nokulahlwa kwemfucumfucu, ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokuchithakala komhlaba sekuyinto enkulu, nokunye okuningi.
Izinkinga ezinkulu ngamakhono weplanethi ukubhekana nokungcola kwemisebenzi yabantu, nomsebenzi wokuzihlanza nokuzilungisa. Umkhathi uyawa. Ingozi yokuzibhubhisa komuntu ngenxa yomsebenzi wayo obalulekile inkulu kakhulu.
Imvelo ithonywa ngumphakathi kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
- ukusetshenziswa kwezakhi zemvelo njengesisekelo sokukhiqiza,
- umthelela wemisebenzi yokukhiqiza komuntu imvelo (ukungcoliswa kwayo),
- ingcindezi yenani labantu emvelweni (ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wezolimo, ukukhula kwabantu, ukukhula kwamadolobha amakhulu).
Izinkinga eziningi zomhlaba wonke zesintu zihlangane lapha: izinsiza, ukudla, ukubuswa kwabantu - konke lokhu, ngokwezinga elithile noma kwesinye, ukufinyelela ezindabeni zezemvelo. Kepha futhi unethonya elikhulu kulezi kanye nakwezinye izinkinga zesintu.
Imiphumela emibi yomsebenzi womuntu isakazekela ku-biosphere, emkhathini, hydrosphere, lithosphere. Le ngxabano phakathi komphakathi nemvelo ibeka usongo lwezinguquko ezingenakuphikiswa ezinhlelweni zemvelo, zibukela phansi izimo zemvelo nempilo yezizukulwane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo zabahlali kule planethi. Ukukhula kwamandla omphakathi akhiqizayo, ukukhula ngokushesha kwesibalo somhlaba, ukufudukela kwabantu emadolobheni, inqubekela phambili yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe okusheshayo kungenye uhlobo lwenqubekela phambili yalezi zinqubo.
Noma umkhuba wokufudumala kwembulunga yonke akuyona into yemvelo, kepha uhlotshaniswa nokungcoliswa komoya ngamagesi aqeda ukungcola kanye nemfucumfucu yezimboni (umphumela wokugcina ukushisa komhlaba). Ngokusho kososayensi, ngo-2050 izinga lokushisa lizokhuphuka ngo-3-4 °. Umphumela we "greenhouse" uzokonakalisa isimo sezulu seplanethi ngokushintsha inani elibalulekile njengokufika kwezulu, ukuqondiswa komoya, ungqimba lwamafu, imisinga yolwandle nosayizi weziqhwa zeqhwa. Izinga lezilwandle lizokhuphuka, kuzovela izinkinga emazweni aseziqhingini nasemazweni akhiwe ogwini, enabantu abaningi, ngokwesibonelo, eBangladesh naseNetherlands.
“Umgodi” ungqimba lwe-ozone, ohlala endaweni elingana ne-United States, nawo ukhathazeke kakhulu. Ngokwanda kwamandla emisebe ye-ultraviolet, ososayensi bathi ukwanda kwezifo zamehlo nezifo ze-oncological, ukuvela kwezinguquko (ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kubhubhisa ama-molecule e-DNA), kuthinta kabi izimo zokukhula zezinhlobo zezitshalo ezithile, futhi kunciphise ukukhiqizwa kwe-phytoplankton - okuphakelwa okuyinhloko kwezinhlanzi nezinhlanzi zasemanzini.
Ekhuluma ngobukhulu bomphumela womuntu emvelweni, umuntu ngeke asho kuphela inkinga yokungcola kwemisebe okwenzeka endaweni okuhlobene namandla enuzi nokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi.
Ngenkathi emazweni athuthukile izinkinga zemvelo zivame “njengezimboni ngokwemvelo,” emazweni asathuthuka, izici ezingezinhle zenhlalo nakwezemvelo zihlobene “nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zemvelo” (amahlathi, nenhlabathi, nezinye izinsizakusebenza zemvelo), yize ukungcoliswa kwemvelo nakho kuye kwanda eminyakeni yamuva. izindawo zezimboni zalezi zifundazwe.
Kumlando omningi wesintu, ukwanda kwenani labantu sekucishe kwambatheka. Namuhla, inani lomhlaba wonke landa ngabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-250 nsuku zonke, abayizigidi eziyi-750 000 njalo ngeviki, abayizigidi eziyi-7.5 ngenyanga, abayizigidi ezingama-90 ngonyaka. Ngokusho kwe-UN, ukukhula okukhulu kwabantu emhlabeni wethu kuhlela emazweni asathuthuka, okuandisa kakhulu izinkinga zemvelo nezenhlalo. Kulindeleke ukuthi ngonyaka ka-2050 inani labantu emhlabeni lizonyuka ngamaphesenti angama-73 lisuka kwizigidigidi ezingama-5.7 zamanje liya kubantu abayizigidigidi eziyi-9,8. Ngokwanda okwengeziwe kwabantu, iplanethi izothola ukuntuleka okukhulu futhi okwandayo kwezinto ezimbiwa kanye nezinto ezingavuthiwe, ukudla, amandla. Ukucindezela okwandayo kwemvelo ngeke kuholele ekungcolisweni kwamanzi, emoyeni, enhlabathini kuphela, kepha futhi nasenkingeni embi kakhulu yemvelo.
IClub of Rome yadlala indima enkulu ekuqondeni izinkinga zomhlaba nasekutholeni izindlela zokuzixazulula. IKlabhu yaqala imisebenzi yayo ngonyaka ka-1968 ngomhlangano eDi Linche Academy eRoma, lapho kwaqhamuka khona igama lale nhlangano engenzi nzuzo. Indlunkulu yayo iseParis.
IClub of Rome ayinabasebenzi futhi ayinasabelomali esisemthethweni. Imisebenzi yayo iqondiswa yikomidi eliphezulu labantu abayi-12. Umongameli wale kilabhu wabanjwa ngokulandelana ngu-A. Peccei, L. King (1984-1991) noR. Dies-Hochleitner (kusukela ngo-1991).
Ngokwemithetho, akukho bantu abangaphezulu kwe-100 abavela emazweni ehlukene omhlaba abangaba ngamalungu e-Club ngokugcwele. Phakathi kwamalungu eClub, ososayensi nosopolitiki abavela emazweni athuthukile bayabusa. Ngaphezu kokuvumelekile, kunamalungu ahlonishwayo futhi ahambisana nawo.
"Umkhiqizo" oyinhloko wemisebenzi yeKlabhu imibiko yayo ezinkingeni zomhlaba nezindlela zokuzixazulula. Ngomyalo weClub of Rome, ososayensi abavelele balungiselela imibiko engaphezu kwengama-30.
Inani eliphakeme lethonya leClub of Rome ngokubuka komphakathi emhlabeni lafika ngonyaka we-1970 kuya ku-8080. Umsebenzi wokuqala wesiphakamiso seKlabhu wenziwa yisazi samamodeli samakhompiyutha aseMelika uJ. Forrester, ongumsunguli kanye nobaba wengqondo wokubikezela komhlaba jikelele ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kohlelo. Imiphumela yocwaningo lwakhe, olushicilelwe encwadini ethi “World Dynamics” (1971), ikhombisile ukuthi ukuqhubeka kwamanani wangaphambili wokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zemvelo kuzoholela enhlekeleleni yomhlaba wonke ngeminyaka yama-2020.
Idalwe ngaphansi kokuholwa uchwepheshe waseMelika ohlelweni lokucwaninga D. Meadows, umbiko oya kwiClub of Limits of Growth (1972) e-Rome Club uqhubeke futhi wajulisa umsebenzi kaJ. Forrester. Abalobi balo mbiko, abadume kakhulu kulabo abashicilelwe yiClub of Rome, bakhiqize amamodeli amaningana asuselwa ekwandiseni isimo sokwanda kwenani labantu kanye nasekuqedeni imithombo yezindawo yemvelo eyaziwayo. Ngokuya ngemodeli ejwayelekile, uma kungekho zinguquko ezifanele ukwenzeka, khona-ke ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, ukwehla okubukhali kwesilinganiso sokukhiqiza ngakunye kwezimboni kuzoqala, bese kuthi inani labantu emhlabeni. Noma inani lezinsizakusebenza liphindwe kabili, ubunzima bomhlaba jikelele buzodlulela kuphela maphakathi nekhulu lama-21. Ukuphela kwendlela yokuphuma esimweni esiyinhlekelele kwakuwukudlulisela kwinqubekela phambili ehlelwe emhlabeni wonke ngokusho kwemodeli yokulingana yomhlaba (empeleni, "ukukhula kwe-zero"), okungukuthi, ukongiwa okuqondayo kokukhiqizwa kwezimboni kanye nenani labantu.
Abathuthukisi balo mbiko beya kwiClub of Humanity e-Turning Point Club yaseRome M. Mesarovich no-E. Pestel (1974) bajulise imodeli yamakhompiyutha yokuthuthuka komnotho wezwe, bebheka ukuthuthukiswa kwezifunda eziphambili zomhlaba. Baphethe ngokuthi, ngenkathi izindlela ezikhona ziqhubeka, uchungechunge lwezinhlekelele zesifunda luzokwenzeka ngisho nangaphambilini kunalokho uForrester noMeadows abekwenzile. Kodwa-ke, "isu lokusinda", ngokusho kwababhali balo mbiko omusha, alihlanganisi ukufeza isimo "sokulingana kwezwe lonke", njengoba kuhlongoziwe "Emikhawulweni Yokukhula", kepha ekuguqukelweni "ekukhuleni okuphathekayo" - ukuthuthukiswa okuhambisana kokuthembela kwezingxenye ezahlukahlukene zohlelo lomhlaba, njengomphumela walokho intuthuko elinganiselayo yesintu sonke ingatholakala. Lesi sikhundla sivezwa komunye umbiko oya kwikilabhu yaseRoma “Beyond Growth” ka-E. Pestel (1988). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi womabili amamodeli - we- "equityibrium global" kanye "nokukhula kwe-organic" - aphakamise ukwenqatshwa kokuzithuthukisa okuzenzakalelayo esikhundleni sokulawula umthetho.
Imibiko yokuqala yeKlabhu YaseRoma yabangela impikiswano evuthayo phakathi kososayensi bezenhlalo nakwezepolitiki ngokufanayo. Izazi zezomnotho ziveze ukuthi inqubekela phambili yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe asheshanga kuphela ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ezingavuselelwa kabusha nokungcoliswa kwemvelo, kepha futhi nentuthuko yezinsizakusebenza ezintsha, ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe bolondolozo lwensiza nobungoti bemvelo.
Ngaphansi kwethonya lokugxeka ukubikezela kwenhlekelele yemvelo yomhlaba, abathuthukisi bemibiko eyalandela kwiClub of Rome baqala ukugcizelela kakhulu hhayi ekuchazeni izinsongo ezizayo, kepha bahlaziya izindlela zokuzivikela. Ngakho-ke, ababhali balo mbiko "i-Factor Four: Wealth Doverling, Double Resource Saving" (1997) E. Weizzecker, u-E. Lovins noL. Lovins, sebehlaziye ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusebenzisa izinsiza-kusebenza, bafika esiphethweni sokuthi esikhundleni senhlekelele yomhlaba wonke ngemuva kuka-2050, singalindela ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuzinza kwesibalo sabantu kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezimboni ngenkathi kunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.
Ngama-1990-2000s, umsebenzi wayo wehle kakhulu. Ngemuva kokufeza indima yayo esifundweni sezinkinga zomhlaba wonke zesikhathi sethu, iKlabhu yaseRome ibe ngenye yezinhlangano eziningi zomhlaba eziqondisa ukushintshana kokubukwa kwezinkinga ezicindezelayo zesikhathi sethu.
Ukuphilisana kwezenhlalo
I-ecology yezenhlalo ingenye yesayensi yakudala. Abacabangayo njengesazi sefilosofi sasendulo samaGrikhi, isazi sezibalo kanye nesazi sezinkanyezi u-Anaxagoras (500-428 BC), isazi sefilosofi sasendulo esingumGrikhi nodokotela u-Empedocles (487-424 BC), isazi sefilosofi nesazi sama-encyclopedia esikhulu kakhulu sakhombisa intshiseko ngaso. U-Aristotle (384-322 BC). Inkinga enkulu ebakhathaza yinkinga yobudlelwano obuphakathi kwendalo nomuntu.
Futhi, isazi-mlando sasendulo esingumGreek uHerodotus (484-425 BC), udokotela wasendulo ongumGrikhi uHippocrates (460-377 BC), usosayensi odumile emkhakheni weJogra Eratosthenes (276- Ngo-194C.) nesazi sefilosofi esinengqondo uPlato (428-348C.). Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi imisebenzi kanye nemicabango yalaba bacabangi bakudala kwakha isisekelo sokuqonda kwanamuhla kwemvelo yezenhlalo.
I-ecology yezenhlalo isiyalo esiyinkimbinkimbi yesayense ebheka ukusebenzisana ohlelweni "lwemvelo yomphakathi." Ngaphezu kwalokho, isifundo esiyinkimbinkimbi sokutadalwa kwemvelo yezenhlalo ubudlelwano bomphakathi wesintu nendawo yemvelo.
Uqedile umsebenzi esihlokweni esifanayo
Ukuba yisayensi yezintshisakalo zamaqembu ahlukahlukene ezenhlalo emkhakheni wokuphathwa kwezemvelo, i-ecology yezenhlalo ihlelwe yaba izinhlobo eziningi eziphambili:
- I-ecology yezenhlalo yomnotho - ihlola ubudlelwano phakathi kwemvelo nomphakathi ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa kwezomnotho kwezinsiza ezikhona,
- I-demographic ecology social - icwaninga izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zabantu nezindawo zokuhlala ezihlala kuwo wonke umhlaba,
- I-Futurological ecology social - igxile ekubikezelweni kwemvelo emkhakheni wezenhlalo njengesiqephu sayo sezintshisakalo.
Imisebenzi nemisebenzi ebalulekile yemvelo yomphakathi
Njengomhlahlandlela wesayensi, i-ecology yezenhlalo yenza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile.
Okokuqala, kungumsebenzi wethiyori. Ihlose ukuthuthukisa amapharazeythi ebaluleke kakhulu futhi afanelekayo achaza ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi ngokuya ngezinqubo zezemvelo nezehlakalo.
Okwesibili, umsebenzi wokuphambuka lapho imvelo yezenhlalo ibona ukusatshalaliswa kolwazi lwemvelo oluningi, kanye nemininingwane ngesimo semvelo nesimo somphakathi. Ngokwesakhiwo salo msebenzi, kunokuzwakala ukukhathazeka okuthile ngesimo semvelo, kugcizelelwa izinkinga zayo ezinkulu.
Buza umbuzo kochwepheshe futhi uthole
phendula ngemizuzu engu-15!
Okwesithathu, umsebenzi we-ideology - kusho ukuthi ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-ecology yezenhlalo womabili amathemba asheshayo nalawo wesikhathi eside okuthuthuka komphakathi, izinhlaka zezemvelo azimisele, futhi kubonakala sengathi kungenzeka ukuthi alawule ushintsho emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo.
Okwesine, umsebenzi wezemvelo. Kubandakanya ucwaningo ngomthelela wezinto ezungezile emvelweni nasezakhiweni zalo.
Izici zemvelo zingaba zezinhlobo eziningi:
- Izici zezemvelo ze-Abiotic - izici ezihlobene nemithelela evela esimweni esingaphili,
- Izici zezemvelo ezingama-biotic - ithonya lohlobo olulodwa lwezinto eziphilayo kwezinye izinhlobo. Umphumela onjalo ungavela ezinhlotsheni eyodwa noma phakathi kwezinhlobo eziningana ezahlukahlukene,
- Izici zezemvelo ze-anthropogenic - ukuvela kwazo kulele kumthelela wemisebenzi yabantu emvelweni. Umthelela onjalo uvame ukuholela ezinkingeni ezingezinhle, ngokwesibonelo, ukuncipha ngokweqile kwemithombo yemvelo nokungcoliswa kwemvelo.
Umsebenzi ophambili we-ecology yezenhlalo ukucwaninga kwezindlela ezifanele nezibalulekile zomthelela womuntu emvelweni. Kubaluleke kakhulu futhi ukuthi unake lokho kuguqulwa okwenzeka njengomphumela womthelela onjalo futhi, ngokuvamile, womsebenzi womuntu esimweni semvelo.
Izinkinga zokuphilisana kwezenhlalo nokuphepha
Izinkinga zokuphilisana kwezenhlalo zikhulu impela. Namuhla, izinkinga zehlela emaqenjini amathathu abalulekile.
Okokuqala, lezi yizinkinga zenhlalo zezinto eziphilayo zemvelo zomhlaba. Inchazelo yabo ilele isidingo sesibikezeli somhlaba wonke maqondana nesibalo sabantu, kanye nezinsizakusebenza ezimeni zokukhiqizwa okukhula ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, kukhona ukuncipha kwezimali zemvelo, ezifaka ukubangisana ngentuthuko eqhubekayo yempucuko.
Okwesibili, izinkinga zenhlalo zokuphila kwemvelo zezinga lesifunda. Baqukethe ukutadisha isimo sezingxenye ezithile zohlelo lokuphila kwemvelo emazingeni ezifunda nawesifunda. Lapha okubizwa ngokuthi "i-ecology yesifunda" kudlala indima enkulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuqoqa imininingwane mayelana nemvelo yasendaweni nesimo sabo, kungenzeka ukwenza umbono ojwayelekile wesimo sendawo yanamuhla yezemvelo.
Okwesithathu, izinkinga zenhlalo yemvelo zemvelo zincanyana. Lapha, ukubaluleka kunikezwa ekutadisheni kwezimpawu eziyisisekelo kanye nemingcele ehlukahlukene yezimo zasemadolobheni zokuphila komuntu. Isibonelo, lokhu kuyimvelo yedolobha noma yezenhlalo yedolobha. Ngakho-ke, isimo somuntu sedolobha elisathuthuka ngokushesha siyaphenywa, futhi nomthelela wakhe oqondile kule ntuthuko.
Njengoba sibona, inkinga eyisisekelo kakhulu ukukhula okusebenzayo kwezindlela zezimboni nezisebenzayo emisebenzini yabantu. Lokhu kuholele ekwandeni kokungenelela kwayo emvelweni yemvelo, kanye nokwanda kwethonya layo kuyo. Lokhu kuholele ekukhuleni kwamadolobha namabhizinisi wezimboni. Kepha uhlangothi oluhle emuva yimiphumela enjalo ngesimo sokungcoliswa kwenhlabathi, amanzi nomoya. Konke lokhu kuthinta ngqo isimo somuntu, impilo yakhe. Isikhathi sokuphila emazweni amaningi siye sancipha, okuyinkinga ecindezela umphakathi.
Ukuvimbela lezi zinkinga kungenziwa kuphela ngokuvimbela ukwakhiwa kwamandla wezobuchwepheshe. Noma umuntu udinga ukulahla eminye imisebenzi ehambisana nokusetshenziswa okungalawulwa nokulimazayo kwezinsiza kusebenza (ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukudonswa kwamachibi). Izinqumo ezinjalo kufanele zithathwe ezingeni lomhlaba wonke, ngoba kuphela ngemizamo ehlangene engenzeka ukuthi kususwe imiphumela emibi.
Ayitholanga mpendulo
embuzweni wakho?
Bhala nje lokho wena
usizo luyadingeka
IZIQINISEKISO ZOMHLANGANO WESILULEKO SOKUQHAWULA:
Njengomphumela wokusebenzisana kwezinto zesayensi yemvelo, zezulu, kanye nezebhayoloji, ungqimba oluncane oluphezulu lwe-lithosphere seluphenduke imvelo ekhethekile - inhlabathi, lapho ingxenye enkulu yezinqubo ze-metabolic phakathi kwemvelo ephilayo nokungaphili yenzeka khona. Impahla ebaluleke kakhulu yenhlabathi ingukuzala - amandla okuqinisekisa ukukhula nokukhula kwezitshalo.
Indima yenhlabathi empilweni yabantu inkulu kakhulu. Umuntu uthola emhlabathini cishe konke okudingekayo ukuze alondoloze ubukhona bakhe. Inhlabathi ingumthombo obaluleke kakhulu futhi obaluleke kakhulu wemithombo yokudla, umcebo oyinhloko izimpilo zabantu ancike kuzo. Kuyindlela eyinhloko yokukhiqiza yezolimo kanye namahlathi. Inhlabathi futhi isetshenziswa njengesixhobo sokwakha emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yomhlaba.
Inhlabathi imboza ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yobubanzi bomhlaba, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezihlala kuphela izinguzunga zeqhwa nezingulube zaphakade, izindunduma, amadwala, amadwala amatshe, njll.
Njengoba amanothi we-A.V. UMikheev, isimo samanje sokumboza inhlabathi sinqunywa ikakhulu yimisebenzi yomphakathi wesintu. Le nto iphuma phezulu namuhla phakathi kwezinto eziguqula ikhava yenhlabathi yomhlaba. Yize amandla emvelo engayeki ukusebenza emhlabathini, isimo sethonya labo sishintsha kakhulu. Izindlela nezindlela zokuthonya komuntu enhlabathini ziyehluka futhi kuncike ezingeni lentuthuko yamandla akhiqizayo omphakathi wesintu.
Inhlabathi etshaliwe ingumphumela wezinqubo zemvelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kuphela, kodwa futhi, ngezinga elikhulu, lamakhulu eminyaka wokuphila komuntu. Ekhula izitshalo ezitshaliwe, ususa inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo kanye nezimbiwa emhlabathini, azenze zibe nzima. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukutshala inhlabathi, ingenise umanyolo kuyo, isebenzisa ukujikeleza kwezitshalo okunenhloso, umuntu athuthukisa ukuzala kwayo, afinyelela isivuno esiphakeme. A.V. UMikheev, eqaphela ukubaluleka kwethonya lomuntu emhlabathini, ukhombisa ukuthi inhlabathi eziningi zesimanje eziklanyiwe azinakufana emlandweni weplanethi edlule.
Njengomphumela wentuthuko yomsebenzi womnotho wesintu, ukonakala komhlabathi kwenzeka, ukungcoliswa kwawo kanye noshintsho ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali.
Ukulahleka komhlaba okubalulekile kuhambisana nemisebenzi yezolimo. I-L.S. U-Ernestova uveza ukuthi ukulima kabusha komhlaba okwenza kabusha kwenza umhlabathi ungavikeleki emandleni emvelo (imimoya, izikhukhula zentwasahlobo), okuholela ekuqothulweni komoya kanye nokushesha kwamanzi kwenhlabathi, ukukhishwa kwayo ngosawoti. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, amahektha ayi-5-7 ezigidi zomhlaba olimekayo alahleka minyaka yonke emhlabeni. Kungenxa yokuguguleka kwenhlabathi okusheshayo kuleli khulu leminyaka edlule kwiplanethi elahlekelwe ngamahektha ayi-2 billion omhlaba ovundile.
Ukusetshenziswa okubanzi komanyolo kanye nobuthi ukulawula izinambuzane nokhula kuholela ekuqokeleleni kwezinto ezingavamile emhlabathini.
Umonakalo obalulekile emvelweni yezemvelo ubangelwa inqubo yasedolobheni. Ukudonswa kwamanzi emvula, ukuguquka kombuso wamanzi wemifula, ukungcoliswa kwezindawo zemvelo, ukwanda kwezindlu nokwakhiwa kwezimboni kususa izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba ovundile ekujikelezweni kwezolimo. Izindawo ezintsha ezakhelwe amakhulu ezinkulungwane, kwesinye isikhathi ngezigidi zabahlali, amafektri amakhulu nezinye izakhiwo zezimboni kuhlala amakhulu nezinkulungwane zamahektha omhlaba.
Eminye yemiphumela yokwanda komthwalo we-anthropogenic ukungcola okukhulu kwesembozo senhlabathi. Njengoba kuboniswe yi-L.S. I-Ernestov, ukungcola okuyinhloko kwenhlabathi yizinsimbi nezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zazo, izinto ezinomsakazo, kanye nomanyolo nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane esetshenziswa kwezolimo. Ukungcola okuyingozi kwamakhemikhali enziwe ngamakhemikhali kufaka i-lead, i-mercury nezinhlanganisela zawo.
Umthelela obalulekile ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali emvelweni, futhi ikakhulukazi enhlabathini, unikezwa ezolimo zesimanje, ezisebenzisa kakhulu umanyolo nokubulala izinambuzane ukulawula izinambuzane, ukhula nezifo zezitshalo. Inani lezinto ezibandakanyeka kumjikelezo ohlelweni lomsebenzi wezolimo lilinganiswa ngamanani we-oda elifanayo nasenqubo yokukhiqiza yezimboni.
Izinto ezi-radioactive zingawela emhlabathini bese ziqongelela kuwo ngenxa yokuqhuma kokuqhuma kwe-athomu noma ngesikhathi sokulahlwa okuphuthumayo noma kokulahlwa kukadoti oqinile we-radioactive ovela kumabhizinisi wezimboni noma ezikhungweni zocwaningo ezihlobene nokutadisha nokusebenzisa amandla e-athomu. Ama-isotopes angama-radioactive aqhamuka enhlabathini angena ezitshalweni nasezintweni zezilwane nabantu, ehlangana ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zomuntu.
Phakathi kwemisebenzi yokulondolozwa kwemvelo, okubaluleke kakhulu ukulwa nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Phakathi kwezinyathelo ezijwayelekile ezenzelwe ukuvimbela ukuguguleka, i-A.V. UMikheev ugcizelela ukuvikelwa okujwayelekile kokuguguleka kwenhlabathi, ukuhlinzeka ngokujikeleza kwezitshalo okufanele, ukutshala izihlahla zokuvikela izihlahla, izakhiwo ze-hydraulic nezinye izindlela zokulwa nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi.
Okubaluleke kakhulu empini yokulwa nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi kungukuqunjelwa kwezigodi, izihlabathi kanye nemithambeka edilizwe kakhulu, ukudalwa kwamahlathi namahlathi abaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho. Kuya esigabeni esifanayo semicimbi A.V. UMikheev ulandisa ngomthetho wokudliswa kwamadlelo ezifuyweni ezigodini, emithambekeni yemigwaqo, ezindaweni ezinesihlabathi nesihlabathi esivuthayo ezibhujiswa kalula ngaphansi kwezinselo zezilwane.
Okubaluleke kakhulu enkingeni yokuvikela ukuzala kwenhlabathi muva nje ukuthola isivikelo kumakhemikhali angaphandle. Ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kokufakwa kwamakhemikhali kuyo yonke imikhakha yomnotho wezwe nokuphila kwansuku zonke kukhuphule kakhulu izinga lokungcoliswa kwenhlabathi ngamakhemikhali.
Ukwehluleka ukukhetha kumanyolo wamaminerali kungadala i-acidization noma i-alkalization yenhlabathi. Kungcono, ngokwesibonelo, enhlabathini yezindawo ezomile (ezomile), ezivame ukuthambekele ekuthambekweni, ukukhetha umanyolo ofaka i-asidi (i-ammonium sulfate, superphosphate). Ukuze uthole inhlabathi yokusabela kwe-acid, kunalokho, kufanele kusetshenziswe umanyolo wokuthi i-alkalize iphakathi (i-sodium, calcium nitrate, njll).
Ukungcola okuthile kwezimboni kunomthelela ongemuhle emhlabathini - amagesi we-metallurgisation, ukuphuma kwezimoto, amanzi amdaka, imfucumfucu yezimboni zikawoyela, uthuli oluvela ezitshalweni zesimende nodwala oluchitheke laphaya endaweni yezimayini zamalahle kanye namadiphozithi we-ore. Ukungcoliswa kwenhlabathi kukhulu ikakhulukazi eduze kwamabhizinisi we-metallurgis namakhemikhali. I-Arsenic, i-mercury, i-fluorine, umkhondo kanye nezinye izinto ziqwabelana enhlabathini. Ukungcoliswa kwenhlabathi ngothuli lwensimbi, uthuli lwe-arsenic oluhlanganiswe ne-superphosphate noma i-sulfuric acid kwenza ubuthi kuhlelo lwezimpande zezitshalo, lubambezele ukukhula kwabo futhi lubangele ukufa. Ngokungangabazeki, ubuchwepheshe bezinqubo zokukhiqiza kufanele bakhiwe kabusha ukuze kungabikho imfucumfucu eyingozi nokungcola okungena emhlabathini.
Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, ngokuqala kokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi emkhathini, usongo lokungcoliswa kwendalo nomuntu onama-isotopes omsakazo lwavela. Ama-radioisotopes, awela enhlabathini ngokungena kwezulu nothuli, angena kuqala ezitshalweni, abese edlula ngamaketanga okudla entweni yesilwane. Ngokudla, ama-isotopes angangena emzimbeni womuntu futhi abangele ushintsho olubi kuwo. Ngakho-ke, isivumelwano se-International Convention on the Prohibition of Testing Testing Nuclear Weapons at Atmosphere, e-Outer Space nangaphansi kwaManzi, esaphetha eMoscow ngo-1963, senze elikhulu iqhaza ekunqandeni ukusongelwa kokungcoliseka kwemisebe yomhlabathi.
IZIVIVINYO ZAMANDLA: IMALI YOKWENZA IMITHI
Izinto ezingakhiqizi ezimbiwa phansi zidlala indima enkulu emnothweni kazwelonke, ikakhulukazi embonini. Amaminerali ahlinzeka cishe ngezinto ezingama-75% zezinto zokusetshenziswa embonini yamakhemikhali, cishe zonke izinhlobo zokuhamba, namagatsha ahlukahlukene wokukhiqiza izimboni ngemikhiqizo yangaphandle.
Isidingo semithombo yamaminerali safinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinga lokusetshenziswa kwezimbiwa ezinqolobane liyaqhubeka likhula. Ngakho-ke, eminyakeni engama-20 edlule, ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha kuye kwanda izikhathi ezi-4, igesi yemvelo - 5, i-bauxite - 9, amalahle - amahlandla ama-2. Kwenzeka into efanayo nama-iron ores, phosphates namanye amaminerali. Ngakho-ke, ngokukhula okukhiqizwayo, izinqolobane zemithombo yezokumbiwa phansi eMhlabeni izoncipha ngokuqinisekile.
Inqubo yokunciphisa ukongiwa kwemithombo yezokumbiwa phansi emhlabeni wethu izoqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo kanye nokwakhiwa kwenqubekela phambili yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe. Futhi lokhu kwenzeka ngaphandle kokuthi iqiniso lokuhlolwa komhlaba okwenzeka ezifundeni ezihlukene zomhlaba, kutholakala izinqolobane ezintsha zezinto zokusetshenziswa kwezokumbiwa phansi. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi i-oyela, amalahle, i-iron ore kanye nezinye izinsizakusebenza ezingavuselelwa (ngokuzayo kusengaphambili). Lesi simo sidinga ukuvikeleka komhlaba ongaphezulu, ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo, okuhlanganisiwe kwengcebo yezimbiwa.
Inkinga yokuhlinzeka imboni ngezinto zokusetshenziswa kwezimbiwa phansi isivele iba yimbi namuhla. Isisekelo sokuntuleka kwemithombo yamaminerali ukuthi ubuntu buthatha kaningi ngaphezulu emathunjini omhlaba kunokusebenzisa. Ukulahleka kwezinto zokugcina ezibaluleke kakhulu zamaminerali kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhishwa, ukucubungula kanye nokuhamba.
Ubungako bokulahleka ekudonselweni kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingavuthiwe kungahlulelwa yizinkomba ezilandelayo. Ngakho-ke, ezimayini, ama-20 kuya kwangama-40% wamalahle alahlekile, uhhafu kuya kwezinxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamafutha akhishiwe alahlekile, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu - itshe lokwakha. Ngemayini evulekile, ukulahleka kwehliselwa ku-10%.
Ngokusekelwe ezintshisakalweni zomnyango eziwumngcingo, amabhizinisi ngezinye izikhathi akhipha izinsimbi "ezifakiwe" embonini yazo, aphonsa yonke enye into emfucumfucwini, okuholela kumonakalo wediphozithi, nasekulahlekelweni okungenasisekelo kwempahla ebekiwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunesidingo sokuthuthukisa ama-deposithi amasha, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, imali eyengeziwe yokutshala imali. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuholela ekunciphiseni kwesizinda samaminerali. Ezimayini nasezitaladini, kunama-ores amaningi aqukethe izinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile ezilungele ukusetshenziswa kwawo okungabizi. Le nto eluhlaza elahlekile kubantu.
Ukulahleka okubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezinto ezingavuthiwe. Lapho i-ore igxiliswa ngaphambi kokuncibilikisa, kanye namaminerali angenawo insimbi, ukugxila okuningi okuqukethe insimbi kuyaphonswa kuzinkunkuma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkomba eziningi ezibalulekile ezingabhekwa ngaso sonke isikhathi njengenzuzo yokukhipha ku-ore zingena ekulahleni. Isibonelo, ekucebiseni izinsimbi zensimbi ezingadayisi, ukulahleka kwesiliva kungafinyelela ku-80%, zinc - 40 - 70%.
Ukulahlekelwa akuyeki ngemuva kokuthola umkhiqizo oseqediwe, njengensimbi. Kwezimboni, izigidi zamathani ezinsimbi zithunyelwa njalo ngonyaka. Ukulahleka okuvela ekucutshungweni kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kwamaminerali kwesinye isikhathi kuvela ezingeni eliphakeme ngokungafanele lenqubo yezobuchwepheshe ebhizinisini. Kodwa-ke, kunezimo eziningi zokuphathwa gwenxa ekulahlekelweni kwengcebo yezokumbiwa phansi.
Ukulahleka okubalulekile kuyabonakala futhi lapho kuhanjiswa izinto ezingavuthiwe ezikhishwe noma esezenziwe kakade. Ukulahleka okwaziwayo ekuthuthweni kwemikhiqizo kawoyela nowoyela (ukuvuza, izingozi, ukusetshenziswa kwamathangi angcoliswe neminye imikhiqizo), amalahle, usimende, umanyolo wamaminerali (vuka emifukweni yezimoto, ushaywa ngumoya ezisekelweni ezivulekile, ziyalahleka ngesikhathi sokulayisha), njll.
Izindlela ezisebenzayo zokuvikela kuyadingeka ukuxazulula inkinga yokuhlinzeka ngezinto zokusetshenziswa kwezimbiwa. Ukuvikelwa kwalomthombo wemvelo ongavuseleleki kufanele kulandele indlela esetshenziswayo enengqondo, yokusetshenziswa kwezomnotho, ukuze izinqolobane zayo ezikhathini sezinto eziphilayo zingaphili isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukuze lokhu kwenzeke, okokuqala kudingeka ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwezinto ezingavuthiwe ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwayo, ukucubungula kanye nokuhamba.
Ukunciphisa ukulahleka ngesikhathi sokuhamba, ukuguqulwa kokusetshenziswa kwamapayipi nezitsha kusebenza kakhulu. Amapayipi kagesi nowoyela kufanele kancane kancane athathe ezinye izindlela zokuletha igesi namafutha emhlabeni.Amapayipi kaphethiloli amaningi amakhilomitha namapayipi kawoyela asevele namuhla exhuma iSiberia eseNtshonalanga, iSikhungo sengxenye yeYurophu neRussia neNtshonalanga Yurophu.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni amadiphozi amaminerali ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokugcina ezingavuthiwe, ikakhulukazi insimbi yensimbi. Ngakho-ke, amathani ayizigidi eziyi-100 zensimbi ekhethiwe angonga amathani ayizigidi ezingama-200 we-ore, amathani ezigidi ezingama-130 wamalahle, amathani ezigidi ezingama-40 kaphethiloli. Phakathi kwezinyathelo zokuvikela amaminerali, kufanele kubalwe ngokufakwa esikhundleni sazo ngezinto zokwenziwa. Izinsimbi zithathelwa indawo ngempumelelo yizipulasitiki, futhi le nkomba yokulondolozwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe izoqhubeka nokuthuthuka.
Umthelela omuhle ekuvikeleni izinsiza zezokumbiwa phansi ungatholwa ngokwandisa umthamo wemishini nemishini ngenkathi kuncishiswa usayizi wazo, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nezindleko eziphansi ngeyunithi ngayinye yomkhiqizo wokugcina osebenzayo. Ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi nezindleko zamandla ngasikhathi sinye umzabalazo wokuvikela umhlaba ongaphansi.
I-ENERGETIC RESOURCES
Isidingo samandla kungenye yezidingo eziyisisekelo ezibalulekile zomuntu. Amandla adingekayo hhayi kuphela ngomsebenzi ojwayelekile womphakathi wesimanje ohlelekile ngokuhlelekile, kodwa futhi nokuba khona kwenyama yomuntu ngamunye. Ngokwemininingwane enikezwe yi-N.S. Abasebenzi, ukuze balondoloze impilo, umuntu udinga ama-kilocalories ayizinkulungwane ezintathu ngosuku. Cishe amaphesenti ayishumi amandla adingekayo kumuntu anikezwa ngokudla, okusele kungamandla ezimboni. Ukusheshiswa kwejubane lentuthuko yesayensi nobuchwepheshe kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kuhlotshaniswa nokwenyuka okukhulu kwezindleko zamandla. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla kubonakale kungenye yezimo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokukhula komnotho komphakathi wanamuhla.
Isikhathi eside, okokugcotshwa kwezinsalela kwasebenza njengesisekelo samandla, lapho izinqolobane zaso zazincipha ngokuqinile. Ngakho-ke, muva nje, umsebenzi wokuthola imithombo yamandla entsha? omunye wemisebenzi ecindezela kakhulu yesikhathi sethu.
Ukukhula okuqhubekayo kokusetshenziswa kwamandla kufaka inkinga yokuthola imithombo emisha yamandla esintu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-geothermal, amandla elanga, umoya namandla e-thermonuclear, hydropower.
Ubunjiniyela bamandla okushisa. Umthombo oyinhloko wamandla eRussia kanye namazwe e-USSR yangaphambili amandla atholakalayo atholakala ekuhlanganiseni kwamafutha ezinto zokubasa - amalahle, uwoyela, igesi, i-pearl shale.
Amafutha, kanye nezingxenyana zayo ezisindayo (uwoyela kaphethiloli) zisetshenziswa kabanzi njengamafutha. Kodwa-ke, amathuba okusebenzisa lolu hlobo kaphethiloli abukeka engathandeki ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili. Okokuqala, akunaziphi izimo lapho ioyile ingahlukaniswa njengemithombo yamandla "enemvelo". Okwesibili, izinqolobane zayo (kufaka phakathi ezingakhishwa) zilinganiselwe.
Ugesi njengoba nophethiloli futhi usetshenziswa kakhulu. Izitoko zawo, noma zinkulu, nazo azinamkhawulo. Namuhla, izindlela ziyaziwa ngokukhipha amakhemikhali athile kugesi, kufaka ne-hydrogen, esikhathini esizayo ongasetshenziswa njengophethiloli “ohlanzekile” ongakhiqizi noma yikuphi ukungcola.
Amalahle Akubalulekanga kangako emandleni atholakalayo kunamafutha negesi. Kusetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo nophethiloli ngendlela ye-coke etholakala ngokushisa amalahle ngaphandle kokufinyelela komoya ekushiseni kuka-950 - 1050 ° С. Njengamanje, ezweni lethu sekwakhiwe indlela yokusebenzisa ngokuphelele amalahle ngokuwusebenzisa.
I-Hydropower Amandla ezitshalo ze-hydropower anobuhlobo bemvelo. Kodwa-ke, ukwakhiwa kwamachibi emathafeni kugcwele imiphumela emibi, okubaluleke kakhulu okuwukugcwala komhlaba omkhulu owusizo (wezolimo neminye).
Okubi kakhulu ngumbuzo wezindawo ezixakile zamachibi, okuthi, lapho izinga lamanzi lishintsha, lidonswe noma ligcwale amanzi, okwenza ukusetshenziswa kwawo kube nzima. Kwezinye izindawo zokugcina, izindawo ezinjalo zihlala ama-40% endawo yabo ephelele. Muva nje, amaphrojekthi ezindawo zokugcina amanzi asezingeni eliphansi ahlinzekela ukusika amanzi angajulile kusuka embhedeni omkhulu wesichibi ngamadamu, okuzosindisa izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba ezikhukhulweni.
Amandla e-Atomic ne-thermonuclear. Isikhathi eside, isixazululo senkinga yezinkinga zamandla sasihlotshaniswa ikakhulu nokuthuthukiswa kwenyuklea, futhi ngokuzayo, amandla e-thermotropic, okugcina ngawo, kusukela ekubukeni kwanamuhla, kube nemithombo yamandla kagesi engapheli. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi enye yezinzuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu zamandla enuzi "ukuhlanzeka kwemvelo". Ngempela, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, izitshalo zamandla enuzi zikhiqiza ukuphuma okulimazayo okumbalwa kunezixhobo zamandla kagesi ezinamandla.
Kodwa-ke, kumashumishumi eminyaka amuva nje, isimo salolu hlobo lwamandla sishintshe kakhulu, okubonakala ezincwadini zabachwepheshe bezemvelo. Ngakho-ke, V.A. UKrasilov encwadini yakhe ethi "Ukuvikelwa Kwemvelo: Imigomo, Izinkinga, Okubaluleke Kakhulu", ekhuluma ngesakhiwo esifanele samandla, uthatha i-athomu yayo engu-0% yokukhiqizwa kwamandla. Izinhlangano eziningi zomphakathi namaqembu ezinyathelo namuhla aphikisana nokwakhiwa kwezitshalo ezintsha zamandla enuzi nokusekela ukuvalwa kwalawo asevele ekhona. Ukuhlolwa okungalungile okunjalo kwendima yamandla enuzi emphakathini kuhambisana kakhulu nokukhathazeka ngemiphumela emibi yezingozi ezikhungweni zezenuzi, eziholela ekuvuvukeni okukhulu kwezinto ezinemisebe nemfucuza yokukhiqiza. Isikhundla samandla enuzi sacekelwa phansi kakhulu yizigameko ezenzeka e-Chernobyl energy station (ngo-1986) nesitshalo sokucebisa eJapan (1999), imiphumela yalokho okuholele ekwandeni kwesibindi nokwesaba emphakathini wezinhlekelele ezingathi sína ngokuzayo. Kufanele kuqashelwe, nokho, ukuthi kuzo zombili lezi zimo, izimbangela ezinkulu zezinhlekelele kwaba ngamaphutha abantu: abasebenzi esiteshini nabasebenzi esakhiweni sokulungisa. Ngasikhathi sinye, izibonelo eziningi zokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthembekile ziyaziwa, lapho amasistimu azenzakalelayo wokuvikela ama-reactor enuzi enza ukuvimba kwawo okuphuthumayo ngaphandle kwemiphumela kubantu nemvelo iyonke.
Uma ikusasa lamandla enuzi asemhlabeni namuhla libukeka lingacacile, khona-ke amathemba esikhala aso asobala. Ngokuzayo, ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka kwezomnotho (kanye nokunye okunye) kwamaplanethi ohlelo lweSolar, iziphuphuki zawo, kanye nama-asteroid, inani elikhulu lezitshalo zamandla ezithembekile lizodingeka elingasebenza isikhathi eside ngemodi yokuzimela. Uma kunikezwe ukushoda kwemisebe yelanga, amakhemikhali neminye imithombo yamandla engeyona eyenuzi, uphethiloli ungavela, uma kungenjalo, bese ungumthombo wamandla ophumelela kakhulu.
Amandla wamandla Ukugcinwa kokushisa ekujuleni komhlaba wangaphakathi akunakuphela, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwawo ngokubona kokuvikela imvelo kuyathembisa kakhulu. Izinga lokushisa lamadwala elinobukhulu be-1 km likhuphuka ngo-13.8 ° C bese kuthi ekujuleni kuka-10 km ifinyelele ku-140 - 150 ° C. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ezindaweni eziningi esekujuleni kwamakhilomitha amathathu izinga lokushisa kwamatshe lifinyelela ku-100 ° C nokuningi.
Njengamanje, kwamanye amazwe omhlaba - iRussia, i-USA, iJapan, i-Italiya, i-Iceland, nezinye - basebenzisa ukushisa kweziphethu ezishisayo ukukhiqiza ugesi, izakhiwo zokushisa, nezindawo zokugcina ukushisa nezindawo zokugcina ukushisa.
Izitshalo zamandla zakhiwe ezindaweni zomsebenzi wentabamlilo. Ugesi otholwe kubo ungabizi kakhulu uma uqhathaniswa nezinye izitshalo zamandla. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kwezitshalo zamandla we-geothermal kuphansi ngenxa yokushisa okuphansi kwamanzi okuvela emathunjini kuya phezulu.
Ukuxhashazwa kwamanzi wamandla adinga ukuxazulula inkinga yokuphuma nokungcwatshwa kwamanzi amaminerali angasebenzi, ngoba angaba nomthelela olimazayo emvelweni.
Amandla elanga. Lolu hlobo lwamandla lubonwa njengomunye wemvelo onobungane kakhulu futhi othembisayo.
Izinzuzo zamandla elanga ukutholakala kwawo, ukungasebenzi, ukungabikho kwemikhiqizo eseceleni engcolisa imvelo. Okubi kufaka phakathi ukushuba okuphansi nokugeleza okuphakathi komhlaba, okuhambisana nokushintshana kwemini nobusuku, ubusika nehlobo, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Njengamanje, amandla elanga asetshenziswa ngezinga elilinganiselwe ezindlini zokuhlala nakwezinye izakhiwo. Amaphaneli anolwazi kakhulu ngamaphaneli elanga afakwe ophahleni, ahlinzeka ngamanzi ashisayo ashibhile ngezidingo zasekhaya. Amadivayisi angaphezulu kwesigidi 1 afakiwe eRussia, Japan, Australia nakwamanye amazwe.
Njengamanje, ososayensi benza izindlela nezindlela zokusebenzisa amandla elanga ngezidingo zezimboni, kuze kufike ekwakhiweni kweziteshi ezikhaleni. Lo mbuzo uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi isixazululo sawo kungenzeka kuphela esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
Amandla omoya, imisinga yolwandle namagagasi. Yomibili le mithombo yamandla “ihlanzekile”, ukusetshenziswa kwayo akukungcolisi imvelo. Le mithombo kade yasebenza, ukusebenza kwayo kuyanda futhi kuzokwanda ngokuzayo. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje isabelo sale mithombo ekunikezelweni kwamandla asibalulekile.
Kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa uhlelo olubanzi lokusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamandla, okubandakanya ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha obungangcolisi i-biosphere. Ngasikhathi sinye, izindawo eziyinhloko nezethembisayo emkhakheni wamandla ziyizinsuku ezinamandla elanga, ezenuzi kanye namandla akude we-thermonuclear.
UKUKHULA KWEMVUMELWANO YOKUFUNDA
Phakathi kwezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekwandiseni ubudlova bemvelo maqondana nabantu, kufanele kuqala kuqashelwe ukungcoliswa komoya namanzi asemkhathini, kanye nokwanda kwe-pathogenicity yamagciwane. Ithonya lalezo zici empilweni yabantu lihlaziywa ngokuningiliziwe yiV.A. I-Bukhvalov ne-L.V. I-Bogdanova encwadini "Isingeniso ku-Anthropoecology."
Ukungcoliswa komoya. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kube nokwanda kokungcoliswa komoya okuhambisana nokwanda kwezindawo zezimboni, ngobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kanye nokushintshwa kwezimpilo zethu. Imiphumela elimazayo yezinto ezingena emoyeni ingakhuliswa ngokuphendula kwabo ndawonye, ngezimo zezulu ezikhethekile. Ezindaweni lapho kunabantu abaningi kakhulu khona ngasikhathi sinye kanye nokuqongelela kwezitshalo nefekthri, ukungcoliswa komoya kukhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngezinsuku lapho ukujikeleza komoya kukhawulelwe ngenxa yesimo sezulu, i-smog yenzeka lapha. I-smog - Ukungcoliswa komoya ngaphezu kwezindawo zokuhlala noma zezimboni, ezibonakalayo ngamehlo alula. Kwakhiwa njengomphumela wokuqongelelwa kwenqwaba yemixhaso evela ezindlini ezi-boiler ezifuywayo, amabhizinisi asezimboni kanye namagesi aqedayo wezimoto nezinjini zezinhlobonhlobo.
Okuyingozi enkulu kubantu ukugcwala kwemoto yezimoto eziqukethe i-lead oxides. Ngisho nokugcotshwa okuncane komthofu kumagesi aqeda kakhulu kungaba yingozi empilweni, ngoba insimbi ephuma emoyeni iye emaphashini nepheshana emathunjini ingena emzimbeni ngokushesha kunokuba isuswe kuwo. Imiphumela - ukwephulwa kokuhlanganiswa kwe-hemoglobin, ubuthakathaka bemisipha kufinyelela ekukhubazekeni, ukwephulwa kwesakhiwo nemisebenzi yesibindi nobuchopho.
Izinga lokwakha i-Acid, libuye likhuphule ulaka lwamanzi angaphezulu komhlaba (ngokusho kweWoods Hole Marine Laboratory, kuze kufinyelele kumathani ayizigidi eziyi-18 ka-nitrogen ngonyaka ekuthambekeni okuphakathi kweNyakatho Nenkabazwe), lapho okuqukethwe kwe-fluorine nezinsimbi, kufaka phakathi i-strontium, kukhuphuka. Ukukhupha, imfucuza kanye nemfucuza eqinile evela emadolobheni ezimboni kuqukethe izinkulungwane zamathani okuhola, i-zinc, ithusi, i-chromium, i-nickel, i-cadmium, i-molybdenum, i-vanadium nezinye izinsimbi. Ingxenye ebalulekile yokungcola igxilile enhlabathini futhi ingena emanzini asemhlabathini, lapho ingena khona emithonjeni nasekuhanjisweni kwamanzi. Ukungcoliswa komoya okhipha i-acid ekhipha izifo zokuphefumula, i-asthma, kubhubhisa izicubu zamaphaphu.
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi. Amanzi - into ebalulekile kumuntu, ingaba yingozi kakhulu kuye. Ezindaweni zokuhlala lapho kungekho manzi agobhozayo, amanzi ajwayele ukugcinwa emathangini amakhulu nasemachibini. Amagciwane, abathwali bezifo eziyingozi, kwesinye isikhathi atshalwa kulezi zinhlaka; amakhemikhali anjengomanyolo angangena kuwo ngengozi. Kodwa noma ngabe kukhona umthamo wamanzi ophakathi nendawo, awukho ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Imvamisa izinga lamanzi liphansi kakhulu lapho ukusetshenziswa kwalo kungadala ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo ezithile.
Izici eziyinhloko ezibangela ukungcoliswa kwamanzi okuphuza yilezi:
- inani elikhulu lokukhishwa kwezimboni,
- ubuthi bamanzi obunezinto ezingcolisa umoya futhi bugeze ngaphandle kwawo ngamanzi emvula, agcina egelezela emizimbeni yamanzi,
- sepa zibe yimizimba yamanzi yezinto eziyingozi ezisetshenziswa kwezolimo,
- ukuthuthukiswa okunganele kwenethiwekhi yokuthuthwa kwendle.
Amanzi, ngaphandle kwawo akukho okungenakwenzeka, futhi, adinga impilo. Amanzi angenampilo ngukufa kwethu sonke. Ezitokisini izidalwa eziphilayo ezidinga izinga lokushisa elithile nokwakheka okuthile kwamanzi. Ukugeleza kwamanzi amdaka emizimbeni yamanzi kuholela ekukhuleni kwe-eutrophication yabo (ukuqongelela izakhi zomzimba), okungaqeda nya umoya-mpilo wamanzi. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinto eziphilayo ziyafa, ikhwalithi yamanzi iyawohloka kakhulu.
Imfucuza yasemakhaya kanye nemfucumfucu yokudla iyingozi ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi i-oxidation yalezi zinto echibini ithatha umoya-mpilo omningi. Amabhizinisi wezimboni anobuthi imizimba yamanzi enamanzi okukhuculula indle, aqukethe ubuthi obuningi, kufaka phakathi izinsimbi ezisindayo, ama-cyanides. Ngokwezinga elithile, ichibi lokuthola indle lingazihlanza lona uqobo. Izinto ezingcolisayo ze-organic zibanjwa ngamagciwane kanye nezinye izidalwa ezingamagciwane. Isici esinqamula ekuwohlokeni kwamanzi amdaka inani le-oxygen equkethwe.
Kakade, ingxenye yamanzi esiyidingayo ikhishwa ngemithombo yobuciko kusukela ezingxenyeni ezijulile zomhlaba. Kodwa-ke, la manzi akude kakhulu nezidingo ezifanele, ngoba aqukethe inani elikhulayo losawoti wamaminerali, angahlali ewusizo emzimbeni. Amanzi avela emifuleni, amachibi nasezindongeni adinga ukwelashwa okubizayo futhi okubiza kakhulu ekufakweni okukhethekile. Ngokufanelekile, amanzi kufanele abe opholile, ahlanzekile, angen umbala, anganambitheki futhi angathandeki ngemuva.
Ukukhula kwe-pathogenicity yama-microorganisms. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezikhula kakhulu futhi ezinamandla zokulwa namagciwane kuvame ukuholela ekwakhiweni kwamuva nesikhathi sokumelana (ukumelana) nemithi ehambisanayo. Ngokuhlaseleka, ama-microorganisms ayakwazi ukudala ukuphazamiseka kwempilo yabantu. Umphumela "wokulutha" wama-microorganisms emiphumeleni yemithi kungaholela ekuqubukeni kwenani lama-pathogens wezifo ezithile futhi ngenxa yalokho, ekuthuthukisweni kwezifo eziwumshayabhuqe. Ukuze uvikele imiphumela emibi yento echazwe ngenhla, osokhemisi basebenza njalo ekwakhiweni kwezidakamizwa ezisebenza ngempumelelo ezingakwazi nje ukubhubhisa ama-microorganisms ayingozi kubantu, kodwa futhi bacindezela amakhono abo okuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Ngokungezelela ekukhuleni kwe-pathogenicity yama-microorganisms, esinye isici ekuwohlokeni kwesimo esibuhlungu kakhulu kungaba ukwanda kwesibalo sabathwali bama-pathogens womuntu. Zingaba ezinye izilwane (izinja, amagundane, ama-squirrels, njll.), Kanye nezinambuzane (omiyane, umiyane, njll.). Ukulwa nabo, kusetshenziswa izidakamizwa ezikhethekile, isenzo sakho, noma kunjalo, ngaso sonke isikhathi asiholeli emiphumeleni engathandeki.Isibonelo se-DDT (dichlorodiphenylethane edumile), "isikhali esiyisimangaliso," esibizwe ukusindisa ubuntu hhayi kuphela ezithwalweni eziningi zamagciwane ezifo eziyingozi, kodwa futhi nasezinambuzaneni eziningi zezilimo, siyabonakala ngalomqondo. Ngesikhathi sama-60s we-DDT emazweni ahlukahlukene, kwakhiwa izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba wezolimo, kanye nezindawo zokuqongelela kwamagciwane amagciwane. Ekuqaleni ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwalesi sidakamizwa akuzange kuphakamise ukungabaza okuncane, noma kunjalo, ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa yokuwusebenzisa, imininingwane yaqala ukubonakala 'kumlutha' wayo wezinhlobo ezithile zezinambuzane nezithwali. Izilwane eziguqukile nezinambuzane zaba namandla emelana nemiphumela yezinto ezinobuthi kangangokuba kwaba nzima kakhulu ukuthola izidakamizwa ezintsha ezibavumela ukuthi balwe ngempumelelo. Kulezi zimo, izehlakalo zokuqubuka kweziwubhubhane zezifo ezibangelwa yizakhi ezincane ezidluliselwa ngamaveji aphilayo - izilwane noma izinambuzane - zanda kakhulu.
Ukushintshwa Kwe-GENOFUND
Ushintsho emvelweni olwenzeka ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu lunomthelela kubantu abaningi, okuyilimaza kakhulu, okuholela ekwandeni kokuwohloka komzimba kanye nokwehliswa kwesikhathi sokuphila. Kodwa-ke, emazweni athuthukile, isilinganiso sokuphila esijwayelekile siya ngokuqina - iminyaka engaba ngu-2,5 ngeshumi ngalinye - sisondela emkhawulweni waso wokuzalwa (iminyaka engama-95), ngaphakathi lapho imbangela ethile yokufa ibaluleke kakhulu. Imithelela ebonakala ingaholelanga ekufeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi, noma kunjalo, ivame ukwehlisa izinga lempilo, kepha inkinga ejulile ukushintshwa kancane kancane kwechibi lezakhi zofuzo, okuthola ukwanda komhlaba jikelele.
I-gene echibini kuvame ukuchazwa njengokwanda kwezinhlobo zezakhi zofuzo ezikhona kubantu abathile abanikeziwe, iqembu labantu noma izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo lapho zibonakaliswa khona imvamisa ethile yokwenzeka.
Umthelela echibini lika-gene uvame ukuxoxwa kakhulu maqondana nokungcoliswa kwemisebe, yize lokhu kukude kakhulu kwento ethinta ichibi lelo. NgokukaV.A. I-Krasilova, kunesikhala esikhulu phakathi kwemibono yansuku zonke nesayensi ngomthelela wemisebe echibini lezinhlobo. Isibonelo, bavame ukukhuluma ngokulahleka kwechibini lomfuzo, yize kucace bha ukuthi ichibi lezakhi zezinhlobo zabantu lingalahleka kuphela ngaphansi kwesimo sokucekelwa phansi kwabantu ngokuphelele. Ukulahleka kwezakhi zofuzo noma ukwahlukahluka kwazo kusilinganiso sesikhathi esibonakalayo kungenzeka kuphela maqondana nokuhluka okungafani kakhulu. Kunoma ikuphi, ukubonakala kokuhlukahluka okusha kohlobo, ukushintshwa kwamafrimu wesakhi sofuzo futhi, ngokulandelana, amaza we-heterozygous kanye ne-homozygous genotypes akunakwenzeka kangako. Yonke le micimbi ihambisana nombono woshintsho echibini lohlobo.
V.A. UKrasilov uphawula ukuthi akuwona wonke umuntu owazisa ushintsho echibini le-gene njengento engeyinhle. Abasekeli bezinhlelo ze-eugenic babheka ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kususwe izinhlobo zofuzo ezingafuneki ngokubhubhisa ngokomzimba noma ukubakhipha abathwali bazo enqubweni yokuzala kabusha. Kodwa-ke, isenzo se-gene sincike kwimvelo yaso, ukuxhumana nezinye izinhlobo zofuzo. Ezingeni lobuntu, ukushiyeka kuvame ukunxephezelwa ngokwenziwa kwamakhono akhethekile (uHomer wayeyimpumputhe, u-Aesop wayembi, uBronron noPasternak babekhubazekile). Futhi izindlela zokwelapha ufuzo ezitholakala namuhla zivula amathuba okuba kulungiswe amaphutha okuzala ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa echibini lohlobo.
Isifiso sabantu abaningi sokugcina ichibi lesikhumba njengoba kudalwe ngokwemvelo sinezisekelo zemvelo ngokuphelele. Ngokomlando, ichibi lezakhi zofuzo lakhiwa ngenxa yokuvela isikhathi eside futhi laqinisekisa ukuguqulwa kwabantu ngokwehlukahlukana kwezimo zemvelo. Ukwehlukahluka kofuzo kwabantu esintwini namazinga ngamanye kwesinye isikhathi kuyindlela ebonakalayo eguquguqukayo (ngokwesibonelo, umbala omnyama wesikhumba ezindaweni eziphansi ezihlobene nokumelana nemisebe ye-ultraviolet), kwezinye izimo kungathathi hlangothi maqondana nezici zemvelo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ukwahlukahluka kofuzo kunqume ukwehluka nokuguquguquka kokuthuthuka kwesiko lesintu. Ukuzuzwa okuphezulu kakhulu kwalesi siko - umgomo wobuntu wokulingana kwabo bonke abantu - ohunyushelwe olimini lwebhayoloji kusho ukulondolozwa kwechibi lokuhluza ngaphandle kokukhethwa ngokufakelwa.
Umdwebo 8. Shintsha echibini lezinhlobo (ngokusho kukaV. A. Krasilov)
Ngasikhathi sinye, isenzo sezinto zemvelo zoguquko echibini lokushintshana siyaqhubeka - ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, ukukhiqizwa kofuzo nokukhethwa kwemvelo. Ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kuthinta ngamunye wabo. Yize lezi zinto zisebenza ndawonye, ngezinhloso zokuhlaziya kunengqondo ukuzicabangela zodwa.
Izici zeMutagene. Phakathi kwazo, imiphumela engokomzimba, ngaphezu kwemisebe ye-ionizing, ingafaka amasimu we-electromagnetic. Isibonelo, ukwanda kwezigameko zokuxoshwa kwe-leukemia kubantu abahlala isikhathi eside eduze kwezintambo zamandla ezinamandla aphezulu kusunguliwe. Emakhulu ezinkulungwaneni zamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene angena emvelweni ngesimo sokungcola kwasekhaya nezimboni, cishe ama-20% angama-genotoxic.
Izinguquko eziguqukayo zinciphisa ukusebenza komzimba ngesilinganiso esingu-1 - 2 ngesilinganiso se-gametic mutageneis. Kanye nomthelela oqondile we-carcinogenic - ukuguqulwa okuphazamisa ukusebenzisana kwama-cell clones ngenkathi kukhula futhi kuguqulwa, kukhona ukwephulwa kwemisebenzi yokulawula kwama-immune nama-immune system, lapho kunengozi enkulu yokwanda kwe-neoplasms eyingozi yazo zombili i-chemotoxic ne-etiology. I-Mutageneis ehambisana nokufakwa kwenhlayiyana yegciwane ku-genome cellular nayo ingakhula ngenxa yokushoda komzimba, ukuvela kwezinhlobo ezintsha zamagciwane, noma zombili.
Ukushonelwa kwezakhi zofuzo. Esikhathini esedlule, i-gene Drift yayihlotshaniswa nokuguquguquka okukhulu kwesibalo sabantu bendawo abaqothulwa izimpi nezifo eziwumshayabhuqe. Abasunguli besibalo esisha basidlulisela kuye izimfanelo zobuntu babo. Ingxenye elahlekile yokwehlukahluka kofuzo yabuyiselwa ngenxa yokuguquka okuphindaphindiwe nokugeleza kofuzo, kepha umehluko othile ungaqhubeka isikhathi eside. Namuhla, ukwanda kwenani labantu nendlela yokuphila ephathekayo evikela echibini le-gene kusuka ekushayweni kofuzo, ngaphandle kwabantu abancane eziqhingini zolwandle, ezindaweni zezintaba, noma ezihlathini zemvula.
Ukukhetha kwemvelo. Ukunakwa komphakathi kanye nochwepheshe kudonswa ikakhulukazi yizici eziqondile ze-genotoxic kanye nezifo ezihlobene, ngenkathi ukukhethwa kwemvelo - esikhathini eside into enamandla amakhulu kakhulu ekushintsheni ichibi lezakhi zofuzo - kuhlala kumithunzi. Okwamanje, noma yimuphi umthelela emvelweni okungenani kancane uguqula indlela ekhethiwe, udale ingcindezi kubantu futhi uguqule imvamisa ye-genotypes ehambisanayo. Uhlobo lokugcina lungagcinwa kubantu isikhathi eside, ngaphandle kokukhethwa okungalungile (okungasebenzi kahle ngokwamajubane aphansi), kepha ukusongelwa kokuncipha kwechibi lokuphamba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuya ngokuya kuba ngokoqobo ngokwengeziwe.
Ukuvikelwa kweHabitat nezinhlelo zezempilo yizici, kepha izidalwa, eziphikisayo ukukhetha kwemvelo kubantu. Noma kunjalo, ukukhethwa kusebenza ikakhulukazi ebangeni lokukhulelwa (ngokwesibonelo, ngesimo sokukhipha izisu okwenziwa ngokuzayo okungenzeka kungabonakali). Noma yisiphi isifo sinciphisa amathuba omsebenzi ophumelelayo, sakha umndeni kanye negalelo eliphelele lofuzo esizukulwaneni esilandelayo. Njengoba abantu bengalingani ngokuya kokumelana namathonya athile futhi ajwayelekile, ukukhethwa kusebenza kusebenzela abazinze ngokwengeziwe, kungakhathalekile izimfanelo zabo siqu, futhi lapho bekhuthele ngokwengeziwe, kukhulu ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Lezi zinqubo azigcini nje ngokunciphisa ukwahlukahlukana kwabantu (eminyakeni engama-3 000 eyedlule, ama-Aroans ama-blond alwa nezizwe ezinezinwele ezimnyama ze-Asia Minor, manje ama-blondes angempela awatholakali ngisho naphakathi kwama Scandinavians, ingasaphathwa eyamaGrikhi), kodwa futhi ageza izinhlobo ezingajwayelekile ezinesizweni esinomthelela ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezibalulekile emphakathini, uma zingaxhunyiwe kuzakhi zofuzo zokumelana nokungcola.
Ukukhula komuntu
Njalo ngonyaka, inani labantu emhlabeni liyakhula, okuholela "ekuqhumeni kwabantu." Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ukwanda kwesibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke kwenzeka ezifundeni ezisathuthukayo. Inani labantu kubo liyi-3/4 yobukhulu besintu lilonke, futhi bathola ukudla kuphela kwe-1/3 yeplanethi ephelele. Konke lokhu kuholela ekwandeni kwezinkinga zemvelo nezenhlalo. Njengoba kunokungondleki okwanele kwamanye amazwe, cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-12 bafa yindlala minyaka yonke emhlabeni. Phakathi kwezinye izinkinga ezivelile ngenxa yokwanda kwesibalo sabantu abahlala emadolobheni nokwanda ukusetshenziswa kwabantu.
p, blockquote 4,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 5,1,0,0,0 ->
Inkinga yezinsizakusebenza
Kunenkinga yokudla emkhakheni wezinkinga zezenhlalo ezungezile. Ochwepheshe babheka ukuthi okujwayelekile kumuntu ngamunye yi-1 ton yamabele ngonyaka, futhi inani elinjalo lingasiza ekuxazululeni inkinga yendlala. Kodwa-ke, isivuno esingaphansi kwamathani ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane 1.5 sesivunwa manje. Inkinga yokushoda kokudla yabonakala kuphela lapho kuba nokwanda okukhulu kwesibalo sabantu.
p, blockquote 6.0,0,0,0,0 ->
Ukushoda kokudla akuyona ukuphela kwenkinga yezinsizakusebenza. Inkinga enkulu ukushoda kwamanzi okuphuza. Inani elikhulu labantu libulawa ukonakala minyaka yonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azikho izinsiza zamandla ezanele ezidingekayo embonini, ekunakekelweni kwezakhiwo zokuhlala, ezikhungweni zomphakathi.
p, blockquote 7,0,0,1,0 ->
p, blockquote 8,0,0,0,0 ->
Ukushintshwa kwamachibi eGene
Imithelela emibi emvelweni ithinta ushintsho echibini lomhlaba lonke. Ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto ezibonakalayo nezamakhemikhali, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kwenzeka. Esikhathini esizayo, lokhu kunomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwezifo nama-pathologies atholakala njengefa.
p, blockquote 9,0,0,0,0 -> p, blockquote 10,0,0,0,1 ->
Hhayi kudala, ukuxhumana kwasungulwa phakathi kwezinkinga zezemvelo nezenhlalo, kepha leli thonya lisobala. Izinkinga eziningi ezikhiqizwa ngumphakathi, zingena emvelweni eminingi. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi we-anthropogenic osebenzayo ubhubhisa hhayi kuphela imvelo yemvelo, kodwa futhi uholela ekuwohlokeni kwempilo yawo wonke umuntu.