Kusukela yaqala, indiza inamathiselwe embonini yamafutha. Ngaphandle kokukhiqizwa kokugcina, ihlala emhlabeni. Kuze kube isikhathi esithile, isimo esinjengalesi cishe asizange sizibangele izikhalazo, futhi ukungagculiseki okuveziwe kuvame ukuhlobana namalungiselelo wezinto namanani kaphethiloli. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kwenzeke ushintsho olubonakalayo kule ndawo - ukuze kwehliswe izindleko zokusebenzisa imishini yokundiza, kuqala amabutho bese izindiza zomphakathi ziqala ukufuna izindlela zokwehlisa izindleko ezahlukahlukene. Phambilini, lokhu bekwenza kuphela ngokwenza ngcono i-aerodynamics yendiza nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kawoyela. Manje kuhlelwa ukuthi "xhuma" futhi uphethiloli oshibhile ekusebenziseni okuncane.
Okuwukuphela kwendlela esetshenziswayo yemikhiqizo kaphethiloli okwamanje yi-biofuel. Ngaphezu kwezindleko eziphansi ezilinganiselwe uma kuqhathaniswa nama-hydrocarbons ezinsalela, ama-biofuel nawo ahambelana nezimo zamanje zemvelo. Ngencazelo, ama-biofuel enziwe ngezinto ezenziwe kabusha ezingokwemvelo, ngakho ukusetshenziswa kwawo akumele kulimaze kancane isimo sezemvelo emhlabeni. Kwakuwukukhathalela imvelo okwenze izinqumo eziningi ezinzima emkhakheni wamafutha ezindiza. Kungekudala kakhulu lapho, abakhiqizi bezindiza abaholayo nezinkampani ezithwala bathwala idokhumenti ngokusho ukuthi ngonyaka ka-2020 ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli wezindiza kufanele kukhuphuke ngamaphesenti okungenani ayisigamu. Kusukela onyakeni wamashumi amabili, kuzokwethulwa imikhawulo emisha eYurophu ekukhuphukeni kwezinto eziyingozi ngokundiza, futhi maphakathi naleli khulu leminyaka, “ukuqeda” kwendiza kufanele kube yingxenye yekhabhoni dioksi. Kunezinketho eziningi zokuthola izinkomba ezinjalo, kuze kube manje ezimnandi. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukusetshenziswa kawoyela kuphela okutholakala kwimithombo yemvelo evuselelekayo kuyathembisa noma kungaphansi. Ukuqonda lokhu, izikhulu ze-EU ziphakamisa ngonyaka ka-2020 ukuthi zikhulise ukusetshenziswa kwama-biofuel kuye kumaphesenti amane kaphethiloli ophelelwa izindiza.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi kule minyaka emihlanu edlule, izindiza nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane zamakilasi nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zenze izindiza ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane nesigamu zisebenzisa imvelo yemvelo ehlanganayo. Kuyiqiniso, akubona konke ukuhamba okushiywe ngaphandle kwezikhalazo, kodwa noma kunjalo manje umkhuba omuhle namathemba amahle abonakala kahle. Lezo zindiza kuphela ezaziwukulinga ngaphezu kokusebenza okugcwele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho ne-4% yengxenye yamafutha aphelele ayizinkulungwane zamathani. Njengamanje, imboni ye-biofuel imane nje ayinakukwazi ukunikeza inani lemikhiqizo elikhulu kangako. Enye inkinga yesimanje cishe yazo zonke izinhlobo zama-biofuel iphathelene nesici sezomnotho salolu daba. Isibonelo isipiliyoni sokugcina sikaLufthansa. Kungakapheli izinyanga eziyisithupha, inkampani yezindiza eyi-Airbus A321 eguquliwe yenza izindiza ezijwayelekile emizileni yabagibeli. Enye yezinjini zendiza yasebenza kuphethiloli ojwayelekile wokundiza, enye ngenhlanganisela yephalafini ne-biofuel ngesilinganiso esisodwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwavela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-biofuel kwakungamaphesenti amabili kunentengo yephalafini. Hhayi inkomba ehamba phambili, yize kufaka ithemba. Kodwa-ke, noma yimaphi amathemba ahlobene nokonga inani likaphethiloli osetshenzisiwe okwamanje awakhuthazi ithemba lomnotho. Ama-biofuels amaningi angasetshenziswa ezindizeni abiza kakhulu kane kuya kathathu kunefriji elula yezindiza.
Abamele umbono wokuthi ama-biofuel aphikisana nokuthi uma kuthunyelwa umkhiqizo omubi, kuzoncishiswa izindleko zamanye amandla. Kepha intengo kaphetha wezindiza izoqala ukukhuphuka ngenxa yezizathu eziningi zomnotho.Kusolwa ukuthi endaweni ethile amanani azoba alingana, bese ama-biofuel azoba inzuzo eningi kunamafutha. Leli phuzu linelungelo lokuba khona. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukwenyuka kwezindleko zamafutha nokutholwa kwawo okubonwe eminyakeni yamuva akuyona inqubo yemvelo njengomphumela womsebenzi wokushintshana kanye nezinhlangano ezilawulayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi ngokuzayo, lapho ama-biofuels eba banzi, izinkinga zamanani ziyoqala ngezinto ezingavuthiwe zokukhiqizwa kwawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uphethiloli okhiqizwa ngezinto zokwakha unenye inkinga yesici. Ukukhulisa izinto zokusetshenziswa, sidinga izindawo ezifanele zingaveli ndawo, futhi akekho umuntu oye wakhansela izinkinga ngokukhiqiza. Engxenyeni yesibili yama-2000s, abacwaningi baseMelika babala "inani" lokutholwa okwandile. Ngokusho kwemininingwane yabo, ukuqinisekisa ukufakwa kwelinye iphesenti kwamanani kawoyela, kuyadingeka ukunikela okweshumi komhlaba wezolimo we-United States yonke yezilimo “ze-biofuel”. Njengokulindelekile, amathemba anjengalawa awanakubizwa ngokuthi amahle futhi alusizo.
Phakathi kokunye, ama-biofuel wesizukulwane sokuqala ayenesici esingemnandi maqondana nezimpawu zaso. Ngakho-ke, utshwala be-ethyl obutholakala ezintweni zokutshala bunobungozi kwezomnotho ngoba budinga kakhulu ukwedlula uphalafini. Ngokuqondene namafutha e-biodiesel, ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu zivama ukuqina noma ngisho nokukhala. Ukuze isetshenziswe ezindizeni, uphethroli othembisayo akufanele nje ukuthi abe eshibhile futhi afane nezimpawu zawo kupharafini. Kulokhu, izinjini ngeke kudingeke ukuthi zishintshwe ukuze kudluliselwe imikhumbi kuphethiloli omusha, okusongela izindleko ezingeziwe, kufaka phakathi nokwakhiwa kwezinjini ezinjalo. Ngalesi sizathu, amazwe aholayo emhlabeni kuze kube manje akhetha, uma atshala imali ekwakhiweni kwama-biofuel, khona-ke kuphela ocwaningweni lwezinhlobonhlobo zawo ezintsha nokwakhiwa kobuchwepheshe obuthembisayo bokukhiqiza. Kuyaqondakala: kulokhu, izindleko zizoba zikhulu impela, kepha kuze kube manje ukuthi zingaba kanjani ngokwakhiwa kabusha ngokuphelele kwazo zonke izimboni ezidinga uphethiloli.
Eminyakeni ezayo, i-United States ihlela ukusebenzisa imali engaba yisigidigidi samarandi ekwakhiweni kwama-biofuel amasha, lapho abatshalizimali abazimele bethatha ingxenye yaleyo mali. Uhlobo lokuqala lukaphethiloli olwakhiwe ngaphansi kwalolu hlelo futhi lwathola isitifiketi sokufaneleka ukusetshenziswa endizeni singabizwa kanjalo. ACJ. Amafutha anjalo enziwa ngokucubungula i-ethanol, nayo engatholwa umoba, njengoba kwenziwa eBrazil, noma kusuka kummbila (ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswe e-USA). Amafutha e-ACJ alula ukwenziwa futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ashibhile uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amamaki. Kodwa-ke, lapho besesigabeni sentuthuko, sagxekwa. Kukholakala ukuthi ezinye izigaba zokukhiqizwa kwe-ACJ zicishe zinciphise ngokuphelele ukufinyelela kuzo zonke izinzuzo zezemvelo kawoyela. Izimpikiswano zenziwa ngenjongo yokucacisa ukukhiqizwa kwezinto zemvelo, kanye nokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kwethulwe ngokushesha uphethiloli ekujikelezeni ngaphandle kwesidingo sokulungiswa kabusha kwengqalasizinda noma okokusebenza. Kuyaphawuleka ikakhulukazi ukuthi uphethiloli we-ACJ wenzelwe ukusetshenziswa okuzimele, futhi ungaxubeki neparafini, obekudingeka kuwo wonke amamaki angaphambilini. I-ACJ ngokushesha ifaka ama-hydrocarbon amaningi abalulekile, ngaphandle kwawo akunakwenzeka ukufeza izici zepharafini yezindiza.
Isici esijabulisayo somkhakha wamafutha wemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo yi-heterogeneity yezinto ezingavuthiwe ngokuya ngesifunda. Isibonelo umoba oshiwo ngaphambili noma umoba i-ethanol. Izinhlobo nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo eminyakeni yokuvela kokuvela nokukhethwa ziye zavumelana nokukhula ezindaweni ezithile futhi azikwazi ukudluliselwa esifundeni esinezimo sezulu ezinhle kakhulu.Ngaphezu kwalokho, alikho lamazwe kuze kube manje angaqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwenani lezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingakwazi lapho, uma zingabi ngumbusi, lapho-ke ziba nengxenye enkulu yemakethe ye-biofuel. Futhi izinkampani ezibandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kwamafutha anjalo azikabi nawo umbono ovumayo mayelana nezinto zokwenziwa ezifanele zokuthembisa uphethiloli. Ngakho-ke, i-Boeing Corporation njengamanje ibambe iqhaza kakhulu ekucutshungweni kokulimala okuthile kwe-algae ekhula ogwini lwaseChina, i-Airbus ibeka isitshalo saseYurophu esibizwa ngokuthi isafroni, kanti ezinye izinkampani eziningi zisebenza ezihlahlwini zohlobo lwe-mally, ezinye i-algae, njll. Kuze kube manje, noma yikuphi uphethiloli ngaphandle kwe-ACJ kudinga i-dilution ngophalafini, okucacile ukuthi akunagalelo ekungeneni kwangoko emakethe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, "uphalafini" othembisayo owenziwe nge-camelina noma i-algae ungahle uphephe ngomqondo wendalo.
Ukwakhiwa kwezingxube ezihlanganisiwe zezakhi zezitshalo kanye "namafutha" manje sekubhekwa njengesiqondiso esithembisa kakhulu sokuthuthuka kwe-biofuel. Ngamanye amagama, umkhiqizo okhiqizwe uphethiloli ukhiqizwa kunoma yisiphi isitshalo, esinezinto ezinhle kodwa ezinganele zokusetshenziswa endizeni. Bese kuthi kufakwe kuyinkimbinkimbi ekhethekile yezithasiselo ezenziwe kusuka ku-petroleum feedstock. Izithasiselo, vele, zingonakalisa imvelo yemvelo yengxube eqediwe, kepha zizokhulisa kakhulu izinkomba zokusebenza kahle. Ngenxa yomlilo osebenza kahle, ingxube enjalo ayinakuba yimbi kuneparafini lendiza elisebenzayo. Into esemqoka ekwakhiweni kwengoma enjalo yamafutha ukugcina ibhalansi phakathi kwentengo, inani lokukhishwa okulimazayo nokusetshenziswa okuthile. Mhlawumbe inhlanganisela efanelekile yalezi zinto ngokuzayo izuze ukwehliswa okuphindwe kabili komoya ekukhuphukeni kwekhabhoni.
Ezweni lethu, udaba lwama-biofuel lufundwa kubi kakhulu ukwedlula emazweni angaphandle. Kukhona izifundo ezithile nentuthuko, kepha kuze kube manje azikwazi ukuncintisana nalokho okwenziwa phesheya. Akugcinanga lapho kwaba nemibiko yokuthi iRussia ingajoyina izinhlelo zomhlaba wonke zokuthuthukisa kanye nokwenza ama-biofuel. Inkampani yezindiza iLufthansa, ngokubambisana ne-Airbus, yenza umsebenzi wayo wokwenza uphethroli othembisayo. Ekuqaleni kwehlobo leli, ikhomishini yezazi ezivela kuwo wonke amafemu yahambela amapulazi amaningana eVolga. Eminye imikhakha yalamapulazi yanikezwa ubisi wesafroni, okufanele isetshenziselwe izinto ezingavuthiwe. Phambilini, ukolweni wawotshwe kulawa mazwe, nokho, ngenxa yezinkinga ezijwayelekile zokukhiqiza, ingxenye yamasimu yahoxiswa ekushintshisweni kwezitshalo. ILufthansa ne-Airbus bayathemba, ngokubambisana nabaphathi bendawo nabalimi, hhayi ukuthi babuyise umhlaba abazowusebenzisa, kodwa futhi bawenze ube nenzuzo. Uma isivuno se-camelina samukeleka, izitshalo eziningana zokucubungula zingakhiwa esifundeni seVolga, futhi abantu bendawo bazothola imisebenzi eminingi. Ngaphezu kwezwe laseVolga, i-Airbus neLufthansa "zabeka amehlo" kwezinye izingxenye ze-Afrika. Isimo sezulu sengxenye yeBlack Continent sikuvumela ukuthi ukhule izitshalo ezifana nejatropha, ezingaba futhi izinto ezingavuthiwe. Ngokuzayo, lokhu kungadala ukuncintisana phakathi kwabalimi abavela emazweni ehlukene. Kuliqiniso, ukuvezwa kwezolimo okunokukhiqiza okungazinzile kungadala ukungabi bikho komzabalazo wezinkontileka: ukutshala kanye nokusebenza kwezinto ezingavuthiwe kuzosatshalaliswa ezifundeni eziningana ukuze ukwehluleka kwezitshalo endaweni eyodwa kungahambisani nokuntuleka kokukhiqiza kwenye.
Inkinga yokugcina emi endleleni yokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwama-biofuel ezindizeni ukungabi bikho kwengqalasizinda. Ukwahlulela ngezenzo ze- "Lufthansa" efanayo, izinkampani ezithwele kuzodingeka zizimele ngokwazo ukwakha izitshalo zokucubungula futhi zihlele zonke iziteshi ezifanele zokuhamba.Ngakho-ke, eminyakeni engu-10 ezayo, iparafini izogcina isikhundla sayo esiholayo emkhakheni wamamaki wokuhamba ngendiza. Kamuva, ama-biofuel ayoqala kancane kancane ukuthola amasheya emakethe amaningi ngokwengeziwe kuphethiloli wezindiza, yize kungenjalo ngokushesha hhayi ngokushesha. Ngokubona okude kakhulu, kufanele kubhekwe izici eziningi kakhulu zokubonisana ngalesi sihloko. Amanani kawoyela ongafanele angashintshashintsha kakhulu kuzo zombili izinkomba, unswinyo lwamanye amazwe, njll. Lungasebenza kwamanye amazwe akhiqiza uwoyela. Okokugcina, ukukhiqizwa kwesisindo se-biofuel ngamanani amaningi kangangokuba kuzobe sekwanele nje ukunikezela ngendiza eyodwa nje kuseyindaba yesikhathi esizayo. Ngakho-ke, kufanele uqale uthole izinhlobo ezifanele zama-biofuel, uqale ukukhiqizwa kwawo bese ubheka izinzuzo zesikhathi eside.
Siqaphele iphutha. Khetha umbhalo bese ucindezela u-Ctrl + Enter
Kuyini i-biofuel
Ama-biofuel aqukethe izinto zokuhlanza zezitshalo noma eziphilayo. Kukhona ama-biofuels awuketshezi asebenza ezinjini zokugaya zangaphakathi, amafutha aqinile (njengezinkuni, ama-briquette, ama-pellets, izinkuni zokhuni, utshani kanye ne-husk) kanye ne-gaseous. Yize iqiniso lokuthi ama-biofuel kuxoxwa njengamafutha emvelo kuphela manje, empeleni, cishe amaphesenti angama-40 abantu bomhlaba aseyayisebenzisa. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngokwengeziwe ngokusetshenziswa kwezinkuni zomlilo, imfucumfucu yesitshalo, umquba omisiwe nokunye okuningi.
Ama-biofuel ahlukaniswe izizukulwane eziningana. Esokuqala sihlanganisa izilimo. Banenqwaba yamafutha, isitashi, ushukela. Zingaqhutshwa nge-biodiesel ne-ethanol.
Isizukulwane sesibili sifaka izinto zokusetshenziswa ezivela ezinsaleleni zokudla ezingadliwayo zezitshalo ezitshaliwe, utshani nezinkuni. Ukusuka kubo ungathola i-cellulose ne-lignin, engahunyushwa igesi.
I-algae idluliselwa esizukulwaneni sesithathu.
Ama-biofuel ezindizeni zempi nezomphakathi
Namuhla, ama-biofuel abizwa ngekusasa lendiza yabezempi nabezempi. Futhi lokhu akupheleli kumafutha emifino kuphela. Kungenziwa kusuka ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni, emfucumfucwini kanye nemfucuza yezinto eziphilayo. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje ayikho indlela eshibhile yokukhiqiza amafutha aphansi kwekhabhoni. Kodwa-ke, imizamo iqondiswa izindiza uqobo. Kungekudala kakhulu, i-Etihad Airways yaqhuba indiza ye-biofuel. Le nkampani isebenzise i-biofuel esekwe usawoti - lezi yizitshalo ezitholakala ogwini lolwandle. Kukhona usawoti omningi emhlabathini. Inkampani "ihlanjululwe" uphethroli ngefenisha.
ENetherlands, bafuna "ukufakela" izindiza zamasosha ku-biofuel. UMnyango Wezokuvikela izwe umemezela ngokusemthethweni lo mbono. Kwethulwa standard ngokuya nge-20% biofuel engezwe emathangini. Kulindeleke ukuthi ngokuzayo lesi sibalo sifinyelele kuma-70%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eNetherlands, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kwendiza okwakukhona kuyo i-5% biofuel.
IBiofuel futhi isebenzisa izindiza zamasosha eNdiya. NgoMeyi 2019, banquma ukushintshela kumkhiqizo wezemvelo. Amaphesenti ayi-10 kaphethiloli ezindizeni zamasosha eNdiya azoba nama-biofuel asuselwa ezinhlotsheni nasezithelweni zezitshalo ezikhula kuleli. UMnyango Wezokuvikela wezwe uphawula ukuthi lokhu kubalulekile kusuka endaweni yokubukwa komnotho - eNdiya akukho mafutha amaningi. I-biofuel esetshenziswayo yathuthukiswa emuva ngonyaka ka-2013 ososayensi abavela eNdiya. Ngo-2018, kwenziwa izivivinyo ezindizeni zezindiza.
I-United States ibuye ibe ngeqembu lamazwe aguqula ngentshiseko izindiza zamasosha ezinamandla. Kodwa-ke, ezindizeni zamasosha, awamazwe amaningi alungele izinyathelo ezinjalo zokuya emvelweni. Ekundizeni kwezwe, konke kuyathandeka. Ngakho-ke, uQantas wandiza esuka e-United States eya e-Australia kaphethiloli, owayengu-10% ... uwoyela wesinaphi.
EJapan, isitshalo sokukhombisa ukukhiqizwa kwama-biofuel ezindizeni nezimoto savulwa ngasekupheleni konyaka owedlule. Inkampani yakhelwe ukusebenzisa izidalwa ezingama-unicellular zous we-euglena kanye namafutha zemifino asetshenzisiwe.Lokhu kuphethiloli kudlule ekuhlolweni okuphumelelayo kwezindiza zamasosha aseMelika. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi lesi sitshalo sizokhiqiza amalitha ama-biofuel acishe abe ngu-125 ngonyaka. Ngemuva kweminyaka engaba ngu-6, bafuna ukuphinda kabili amandla. Sekukonke, iJapan ihlela ukukhiqiza ama-biofuel angaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane ngonyaka ngonyaka ka-2030.
Kulindelekile ukuthi uma konke okuhanjiswa kudluliselwa kuma-biofuel, ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni dioksijini kuzokwehla ngengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu. Okusho ukuthi, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-biofuel anenzuzo kungaholela ekuphuculeni okukhulu kwemvelo kanye nokwehla komthelela womuntu ku-g
Ukuhamba komoya nokushisa komhlaba
Lapho isivumelwano seParis esidumile sokushisa komhlaba saphela, ochwepheshe baphawula ukuthi akusebenzi ezindizeni zezindiza nasezimotweni ezihambisa impahla. Lokhu mhlawumbe kungenxa yesabelo esiphansi ohlelweni oluphelele lokukhipha - cishe amaphesenti amabili. Kepha ochwepheshe kulo mkhakha abayibheki njengengalungile le ncazelo.
I-UN nokho ifake phakathi ukuguqulwa kwendiza eya kuma-biofuel ohlelweni lwezinkinga ezibalulekile. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kuyadingeka ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningana ngo-2020. Ochwepheshe abakholelwa ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi kuzokwazi ukufeza noma yimiphi imiphumela ebalulekile, kufaka phakathi indlela elula yezindiza ukuxazulula inkinga. Lokhu kungenxa yenzuzo ephansi. Imvamisa, ama-biofuel abiza kabili imikhiqizo yemikhiqizo kaphethiloli. Izinkampani eziningi, uma zishintshela kuphethiloli onjalo, ngeke nje zime umncintiswano futhi ngeke zisinde. Kodwa-ke, kucatshangwa ukuthi isidingo sama-biofuel sizokwazi ukufaka isandla ekhuphukeni kokuhlinzekwa kanye nokwehla kwamanani entengo ngelitha elilodwa.
Sanibonani bangani!
Muva nje, imibono ibikhona esizeni mayelana nophethiloli wezindiza nemiqondo ehambisana nayo, ikakhulukazi ubungani bemvelo, izindleko kanye nokugcinelwa komhlaba kwezinto zokusetshenziswa lapho kukhiqizwa.
Umbuzo akuyona neze eyize. Kulezi zinsuku bayazibandakanya kulo mbuso kanye namazinga okuhlangana emazweni amaningi omhlaba. Enye yezinhlangothi zalo msebenzi ukuthuthukiswa kwendlela engafani nophethiloli wendabuko, okuthi, njengoba wazi, etholakala ngokutholwa kwamafutha. Ikakhulu, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezindiza biofuel.
Ukubaluleka kokundiza kwezwe lesimanje ngokuvamile akunakwenzeka ukulisebenzisa ngokweqile. Okwamanje ukuphela kwendlela yayo yezokuhamba esheshayo enomusa kakhulu futhi ithuthukisa ukusebenzisana kokuhwebelana komhlaba phakathi kwamazwe futhi ixazulule izinkinga zokuvakasha komhlaba wonke.
Kunezindawo eziningi zomnotho womhlaba lapho ukuthuthwa komoya kusetshenziswa ngempumelelo. Minyaka yonke, ngosizo lwayo, angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili nanhlanu athuthwa emhlabeni wonke. abagibeli. Isibalo sabantu abaqashwe embonini yomoya (igama lisemthethweni impela ngombono wami :-)) lingaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-33.
Ngokusho kwemininingwane ethile, ngokhetho lwemali, isabelo sezimpahla ezithwala imithwalo emhlabeni wonke cishe singamabhiliyoni angama-430. amadola, nokuhamba kwabagibeli, okungukuthi, ezokuvakasha ezingxenyeni eziningi, kusondela kumadola ayizigidigidi. Ukube ukuhamba kwezindiza emhlabeni bekungumbuso, khona-ke kuzoba nge-21 emhlabeni ngokuya nge-GDP.
Izinombolo zihlaba umxhwele :-). Kodwa-ke, akukho lutho oluqhamuka ekuqaleni, futhi kufanele ukhokhele konke. Ngomhlaba onjalo wokundiza, umuntu kufanele akhokhe.
Yini esifuna ukuyithola enjini yendiza? Kuyacaca ukuthi eyokuqala ukusebenza kahle kwethrafikhi, okwesibili inzuzo (kwesinye isikhathi kwenzeka ngenye indlela :-)), futhi ngasikhathi sinye kungaba kuhle (futhi manje kuyadingeka nje :-)) ukwenza injini ibe nemvelo imvelo. Ngokusobala, ngamandla akhe onke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, la mathuba alawulwe kakhulu muva nje.
Futhi ngemiqondo emibili yokugcina kunezinkinga ezithile. Okokuqala, inzuzo. Injini ye-turbojet ayikaze ibe phansi kakhulu ekusebenziseni kukawoyela, futhi lokhu bekuyinkinga yayo enkulu.
Ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli bekulokhu kuyinto ephambili kubunjiniyela bezindiza.Izinjini zathuthukiswa, kwajikeleza kabili futhi kwavela izinjini ze-turbofan. Uma kuqhathaniswa nendiza yokuqala yabagibeli ezindizeni yonyaka we-50s no-60s, izindiza zanamuhla sezicishe zibe ngama-70% ezomnotho.
Manje, ngokwesilinganiso, emikhunjini eyindiza entsha, ukusetshenziswa kaphethiloli kungamalitha amalitha ayi-3.5 umgibeli ngamunye kumakhilomitha ayi-100. Futhi kuma-A380 ne-B-787, lesi sibalo singehliswa sibe amalitha ama-3. Okusho ukuthi, ngokuvamile, lezi zindiza ngokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli zingafaniswa ngomqondo othile nemoto yomndeni :-).
Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwayo yonke impumelelo ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe, kudonswa uphethiloli omningi. Isibonelo, izinjini ze-IL-96 (izinjini ze-PS-90A) ezindizeni zingadla kuze kufike ku-8000 kg wephalafini ngehora lokundiza. Futhi mangaki izindiza ngasikhathi sinye ezisebenzisa uphethiloli ngenkathi esemoyeni nsuku zonke? ....
Imithombo yama-hydrocarbon enika impilo (yona kanye evuselela izimoto emhlabeni jikelele, emhlabeni, emanzini nasemoyeni) iyancibilika emhlabeni, futhi izintengo zazo zinamandla aphikisanayo :-). Ngaphezu kwalokho, empeleni, akunakubikezelwa njalo, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlela isabelomali sezindiza. Lokho kuyiqiniso, futhi ikusasa ngalo mqondo alilihle kakhulu.
Manje isici sesibili ubungane bemvelo benjini le-turbojet. Umqondo nje wesimo esihle semvelo uqalile ukukhathalela isintu cishe iminyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule. Futhi ekuqaleni kokutholakala kwezinjini ze-turbojet, akekho umuntu ocabanga nje ngakho futhi bambalwa abantu abakhathazekile ukuthi ingena emkhathini ngejetjet yegesi yokuphelelwagesi.
Futhi okuningi okubi kuyangena :-). Le yi-carbon monoxide, nama-hydrocarbons angashiswanga, isikhutha ne-nitric oxide, i-sulfur dioxide kanye nezintelezi ezahlukahlukene zokugxila okuncane futhi, yi-carbon dioxide CO2 eyaziwa ngokuqondile eshintsha ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni. Okungenani ososayensi basho njalo :-).
Kodwa-ke, uma ubulungiswa buhlonishwa, kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi isabelo sokuhamba komoya ekukhuculweni komhlaba okuyi-CO2 sise-2% kuphela namuhla. Kodwa-ke, lokhu cishe ngamathani ayizigidi ezingama-650 (ukuphuma okuphelele kungamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-34). Ngaphezu kwalokho, okokuqala, lokhu kukhishwa kukhiqizwa ikakhulukazi kuzendlalelo ezingenhla ze-troposphere ezizwelayo kakhulu kuzinguquko (kanye naku-stratosphere).
Futhi okwesibili, kuyaziwa ukuthi ukwanda kwaminyaka yonke kwezokuhamba kwezindiza emhlabeni cishe kungama-5%, futhi kulokhu, kukhona ukwanda konyaka okukhishwa yi-CO2 ngokuhamba ngendiza ngo-2%.
Uma amanani anjalo eqhubeka esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, khona-ke ngo-2050 isabelo sezomhlaba sezokuhambisa umoya sisuka kumaphesenti amabili sizokhula size sifinyelele ku-3. Kumkhathi wonke, lokhu kukhulu. Futhi, uma kucatshangelwa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni, kuyacaca impela ukuthi kudingeka izindlela zokunciphisa inani lokukhishwa okulimazayo kanye nokwandisa ubungane bendawo yezinjini zezindiza. Kodwa-ke, lokhu sekuyisikhathi eside iqiniso laziwa.
Kunembile ngesisekelo salezi zinto ezimbili ezichazwe ngenhla lapho kuthathwa khona izinyathelo ezithile ezindizeni emazweni amaningi omhlaba (kuye ngezinga elithile noma kwelinye, kumele ngithi :-)). Ukwenza ngcono, njengoba sekushiwo, izitshalo zamandla ezindiza izindiza namabhanoyi. Ukwenza ngcono imishini yezikhumulo zezindiza, amasu nezinhlelo zokusondela, izinhlelo zokulawula ukuhamba kwezindiza emoyeni ukuze kuncishiswe isikhathi sendiza "engenzi lutho" emoyeni.
Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yamuva, imizamo yokuthola nokusebenzisa amanye amandla okonga izindiza ibilokhu ikhula ngamandla. Phambilini ngibhale ngophethiloli we-cryogenic. Kusetshenziswa, ngokwesibonelo, i-LNG (igesi yemvelo eshisiwe) inganciphisa ukuphuma kwe-CO2 nge-17% (isibalo esihlaba umxhwele, akunjalo :-)), ngenkathi ingekho amandla enjini. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-hydrogen ewuketshezi kubuye kuthuthukise lamathuba.
Kodwa-ke, ama-cryogenics, ngeshwa, adinga ukuguqulwa okungathi sína kwesakhiwo sendiza uma kuqhathaniswa nohlelo olukhona lweklasikhi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingqalasizinda yezindiza nayo idinga izinguquko ezinkulu. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu ezenze ukuthi eminyakeni yamuva, izicelo ezengeziwe futhi eziningi zifike kuqala. biofuel izinjini zezindiza, ukusetshenziswa kwalo, njengoba kwenzeka, akulona oluziguquko kangako.
Ukuchazwa kwe-biofuel kungokulandelayo: ngophethiloli kungaba kusuka kuzitshalo noma ezilinyini zezilwane, noma kudoti wezimboni (of course organic), noma emikhiqizweni yedoti yezinto eziphilayo. I-Aviation biofuel iba indawo (egcwele ngempela) uphalafini wezindiza.
Lo mkhiqizo unezinzuzo ezimbili eziphambili ngaphezu kwamafutha endabuko kawoyela ophethiloli. Okokuqala, kukhiqizwa kusetshenziswa imithombo engavuselelwa. Amafutha kawoyela, ngeshwa, ngeke aziqhayise ngalokhu, kanye nokuguquguquka kwamanani entengo yawo :-).
Futhi, okwesibili, iphesenti lokukhipha okulimazayo emoyeni lapho usebenzisa i-biofuels liphansi kakhulu. Ikakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, ukukhishwa okumbalwa kwesibabule. Okusho ukuthi, isibabule isikhutha i-So2, enye yezinto eziyingozi kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni kwamafutha endabuko yendabuko, akungeni emkhathini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-CO2 esangena kumkhathi ngenxa yokusebenza kwezinjini zezindiza biofuel, bese imunwa izitshalo ezitshalwe ukukhiqizwa kwawo, ngesikhathi sokukhula kwazo cishe ngevolumu efanayo.
Isibonelo sokukhishwa kwekhabhoni dioksiyidi emoyeni kusetshenziswa ugesi wendabuko kanye nama-biofuel.
Lokhu kusivumela ukuthi sinciphise ukungcola okusebenzayo komkhathi ngenxa yokusebenza kwezinjini ziye cishe ku-zero. Kuliqiniso, kusasele ingxenyeni ye-CO2, eyethwa kumkhathi ngenkathi kukhiqizwa ama-biofuel. Le yinqubo yokukhiqiza nokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi (ukucola), ukuthutha nokugcina.
Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kokuqagelwa kwanamuhla, lokhu kukhishwa cishe cishe kungamaphesenti angama-80% kunaleyo ngenhloso yokwenziwa kaphethiloli. Inzuzo kulokhu ibonakala kakhulu.
Ekhuluma nge-biofuel ewuketshezi, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi konke kwaqala, empeleni, ngokuthuthwa komhlaba. Wonke umuntu, ngicabanga, wazi amagama anjenge-biodiesel ne-bioethanol. Owokuqala ukufaka esikhundleni udizili, owesibili uphethiloli.
Izinto ezingavuthiwe zakudala ziyi-biomass yezitshalo zikawoyela, ngoba kamuva zingumoba (noma ezinye izitshalo ezikhiqiza ushukela, okungukuthi, ukukhanya kwelanga, okukhulunywa ngokusobala :-)), futhi futhi, njengoba kungadabukisi, izinkuni. Kwakuyinto ebizwa ngokuthi i-biofuel yesizukulwane sokuqala.
Umdwebo wayo oyinhloko ukuthi ukhiqizwa kusuka ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ezifanayo zokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isamba esikhulu samanzi amasha asetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni, amahlathi agawulwa. Kokubili lokho, nokunye, nokwesithathu kwiplanethi yethu kamuva nje kukhona ukuntuleka okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, bekungeke kube ukuhlakanipha ukuguqula izinto ezibaluleke kangaka ezingavuthiwe zibe uphethiloli.
Kulokhu, ithuba selifikile lokuthi kukhiqizwe lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yizizukulwane zesizukulwane sesibili. Lokhu kusetshenziselwa i-biomass zezitshalo, ezingathinti iketanga lokudla komuntu. Zingakhula ngaphandle kokuthinta izilimo esizidingayo, kubandakanya nezindawo ezifanayo ezihlwanyelwe lapho izilimo zokudla zingalinywa khona okwesikhashana, noma emazweni lapho zingatshali khona nhlobo.
Izindawo zomhlaba zishintshwe kahle ukuze zikhule izifuzo ze-biofuel.
Izitshalo ezinjalo zifaka, ngokwesibonelo, iJatropha curcas (iJatropha curcas) - isitshalo esiqukethe uwoyela osuka kuma-27 kuye kwangama-40% futhi sikhula ezindaweni ezomile. Noma uGinger (Camelina) - empeleni ukhula lwezitshalo zendabuko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-microscopic algae ekhula emanzini angcolile futhi equkethe uwoyela kuze kube ngaphezulu kwamakhulu amabili ngaphezulu kokusetshenziswa kwamafutha omdabu lapha.
Ujinja owenziwe ngamafutha (i-Camelina).
Tshala iJatropha Curcas (Jatropha).
usebenzisa biofuel, akhiqizwa kusuka ezitshalweni ezingenhla (ikakhulukazi ezihlanganiswa neparafini yendabuko), izindiza eziningi sezivele zenzekile, zimbi kakhulu, kufaka phakathi nabagibeli.
Kunenye umthombo ukwenziwa yesibili ngezitshalo isizukulwane. Lokhu yasendlini futhi imfucuza kamasipala, imfucuza yezolimo, ingasaphathwa imfucuza ukudla, imithi Woodworking umkhakha.
Yebo, futhi ekugcineni, ama-biofuel wesizukulwane sesithathu. Ukuze ukukhiqizwa yayo zisetshenziselwa kuphela ulwelwe ngokuqukethwe aphezulu kawoyela. Kule ndawo, isimo namanje ngokuyinhloko esigabeni ucwaningo. Amathemba amahle kakhulu, kepha kunezinkinga ezanele zobuchwepheshe ezihambisana nokutshala i-algae.
ngokuba oyisizukulwane sesithathu ngezitshalo izinto zokusetshenziswa (ulwelwe).
Nokho, ngezitshalo isizukulwane lesibili ithuba esikhundleni manje kancane noma ngokuphelele esetshenziselwa zezindiza jet zokubasa ngaphandle ukunciphisa izinga kanye izici izinjini. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngokuya ngemingcele yabo akufanele ibe yimbi kakhulu kunaleyo esetshenziswa ekusebenzeni kwamafutha kaphethiloli.
Amapharamitha eziyinhloko: izinga lokushisa okungenani ukuthungela lokushisa okokuqandisa, ubuncane energy ukusetshenziswa, viscosity, okuqukethwe nesibabule fuel, kanye kwabantu.
Lezi zimo ziyancipha yokuthi akazange udinga ukwenza noma yiziphi izinguquko eziyisisekelo eziseZwini iyunithi lobuchwepheshe zezindiza nemikhumbi ingqalasizinda sezindiza. Amafutha esizukulwane sokuqala (njenge-biodiesel ne-bioethanol) awahlangabezani nemibandela ebekiwe kulokhu. Noma kunjalo biofuel isizukulwane sesibili ziyavumelana nemingcele ebekiwe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho uyeqe.
Lokho yithemba ungenisa ngempela ngempela. Kakade kulesi sigaba, ama-biofuel wesizukulwane sesibili ezinjini zezindiza angasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ekusebenzeni. It ukhuluma ngakho test izindiza ngempela eziningi, olwenziwa izindiza ahlukahlukene emhlabeni.
Phezu kwengungu omunye ngemijikelezo indiza yokuhlola esakhiwe owakhiwa ngezitshalo.
Lezi zinhlobo zokuhlola zenziwa ngokubheka okuphelele kokusebenza kwenjini kuzo zonke izigaba zokundiza. Kwezinye izimo ukuhlolwa kwenziwa off abese egijima injini zindiza.
manje Eziningi zalezi zinkampani azilungiselele izinhloso eside ukwethulwa ngezitshalo e zezindiza umkhuba. Lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi e-United States. Ngokwesibonelo, e-US (i-International) Association ASTM, ekubhekaneni nezindaba of Standardization ngoJulayi 2011 aqiniswa ejwayelekile D7566 (ejwayelekile futhi esifakiwe zezindiza hydrocarbon zokubasa), izichibiyelo entsha okwenza ngokusemthethweni umshini osebenza (izindiza kwezohwebo) woyela HRJ.
Lokhu fuel kungase kuhilele 50% Izithako zokudla kukhiqizwa kusuka biomass jatropha, camelina noma ulwelwe. Kulokhu kuhlanganiswa, akufani nophalafini otholakala kusetshenziswa nsuku zonke (izinhlobo J-A neJ-A-1).
Ngaso nje ekuqaleni kwehlobo 2011 indiza enqamula wenziwa Boeing 747-8F izindiza kabani injini iphelela uphethiloli, u-15% okuyizinto ngezitshalo ikhiqizwa camelina.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, e-United States enkulu ukushayela force empikiswaneni kuyashesha kwathatha uhlobo olusha woyela kwaba Air Force isinyathelo, kokubili ezweni nasolwandle-based. Kusezinhlelweni zokushintshwa kwenqola yonke yezokuthutha ye-US Navy ingxube yeparafini enama-biofuel ngonyaka ka-2020. Cishe kuzoba jet fuel HRJ.
Nokho, ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele biofuel enanini eliphelele lokundiza ngalesi sikhathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi alisasebenzi ngakwezezomnotho. Lokhu kungenxa ukuthuthukiswa enganele ukukhiqizwa uphethiloli ezinjalo.
Noma kunjalo, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kukhiqizwa ezinjalo, ngakho ukuba bakhulume, kwaqinisekiswa futhi banikezwe ithuba ukuthuthukiswa full-scale, kubalulekile ukuthi okungenani 1% of the consumable emhlabeni zezindiza kaphalafini salandelwa owakhiwa ngezitshalo.Ngokuvamile, kancane.
Ekuphetheni, ngifuna ukukhombisa umdwebo onelukuluku. Kubonisa ukuthi yiziphi izindawo ezidingekayo zokukhiqiza izinto ezingavuthiwe zama-biofuel, inqobo nje uma kungenziwa esikhundleni sokophalale wendabuko wendabuko. Lapha 1 - algae, 2 - indawo ye-Ireland, 3 - indawo yaseMontana, 4 - izitshalo zommbila zomhlaba waminyaka yonke, 5 - Ryzhik, 6 - Jatropha, Area of Australia ... Kukhona okufanele ucabange ngakho :-) ...
Ishadi eliqhathaniswayo lezindawo ezidingeka ekukhiqizweni kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kwama-biofuel, inqobo nje uma zingawususa ngokuphelele uphalafini wendabuko. Ngqo :-).
Lawa ngamathuba namathemba akhona. Ukuthi bazophendukela kuphi emhlabeni wethu oguqukayo akukacaci. Ngifuna ukukukholelwa lokho ukuthi kungcono :-) ...
Ubungani bemvelo bendiza ye-WFD ne-biofuel
Muva nje, imibono ibikhona esizeni mayelana nophethiloli wezindiza nemiqondo ehambisana nayo, ikakhulukazi ubungani bemvelo, izindleko kanye nokugcinelwa komhlaba kwezinto zokusetshenziswa lapho kukhiqizwa.
Umbuzo akuyona neze eyize. Kulezi zinsuku bayazibandakanya kulo mbuso kanye namazinga okuhlangana emazweni amaningi omhlaba. Enye yezinhlangothi zalo msebenzi ukuthuthukiswa kwendlela engafani nophethiloli wendabuko, okuthi, njengoba wazi, etholakala ngokutholwa kwamafutha. Ikakhulu, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezindiza biofuel.
Ukubaluleka kokundiza kwezwe lesimanje ngokuvamile akunakwenzeka ukulisebenzisa ngokweqile. Okwamanje ukuphela kwendlela yayo yezokuhamba esheshayo enomusa kakhulu futhi ithuthukisa ukusebenzisana kokuhwebelana komhlaba phakathi kwamazwe futhi ixazulule izinkinga zokuvakasha komhlaba wonke.
Kunezindawo eziningi zomnotho womhlaba lapho ukuthuthwa komoya kusetshenziswa ngempumelelo. Njalo ngonyaka, ngosizo lwayo, abagibeli abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili nanhlanu bathuthelwa emhlabeni wonke. Isibalo sabantu abaqashwe embonini yomoya (igama lisemthethweni impela ngombono wami :-)) lingaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-33.
Ngokusho kwemininingwane ethile, ngokhetho lwemali, isabelo sezokuthuthwa kwezimpahla emhlabeni wonke cishe singama- $ 430 billion, nokuhamba kwabagibeli, okuwukuthi, ezokuvakasha ingxenye enkulu, sisondela kudola lama-trillion. Ukube ukuhamba kwezindiza emhlabeni bekungumbuso, khona-ke kuzoba nge-21 emhlabeni ngokuya nge-GDP.
Izinombolo zihlaba umxhwele :-). Kodwa-ke, akukho lutho oluqhamuka ekuqaleni, futhi kufanele ukhokhele konke. Ngomhlaba onjalo wokundiza, umuntu kufanele akhokhe.
Yini esifuna ukuyithola enjini yendiza? Kuyacaca ukuthi eyokuqala ukusebenza kahle kwethrafikhi, eyesibili inzuzo (ngesinye isikhathi kwenzeka ngakolunye uhlangothi :-)), futhi ngasikhathi sinye kungaba kuhle (futhi manje kuyadingeka :-)) ukwenza injini ibe nemvelo imvelo. Ngokusobala, ngamandla akhe onke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, la mathuba alawulwe kakhulu muva nje.
Futhi ngemiqondo emibili yokugcina kunezinkinga ezithile. Okokuqala, inzuzo. Injini ye-turbojet ayikaze ibe phansi kakhulu ekusebenziseni kukawoyela, futhi lokhu bekuyinkinga yayo enkulu.
Ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli bekulokhu kuyinto ephambili kubunjiniyela bezindiza. Izinjini zathuthukiswa, kwajikeleza kabili futhi kwavela izinjini ze-turbofan. Uma kuqhathaniswa nendiza yokuqala yabagibeli ezindizeni yonyaka we-50s no-60s, izindiza zanamuhla sezicishe zibe ngama-70% ezomnotho.
Manje, ngokwesilinganiso, emikhunjini eyindiza entsha, ukusetshenziswa kaphethiloli kungamalitha amalitha ayi-3.5 umgibeli ngamunye kumakhilomitha ayi-100. Futhi kuma-A380 ne-B-787, lesi sibalo singehliswa sibe amalitha ama-3. Okusho ukuthi, ngokuvamile, lezi zindiza ngokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli zingafaniswa ngomqondo othile nemoto yomndeni :-).
Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwayo yonke impumelelo ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe, kudonswa uphethiloli omningi. Isibonelo, izinjini ze-IL-96 (izinjini ze-PS-90A) ezindizeni zingadla kuze kufike ku-8000 kg wephalafini ngehora lokundiza. Futhi mangaki izindiza ngasikhathi sinye ezisebenzisa uphethiloli ngenkathi esemoyeni nsuku zonke? ....
Imithombo yama-hydrocarbon enika impilo (yona kanye evuselela izimoto emhlabeni jikelele, emhlabeni, emanzini nasemoyeni) iyancibilika emhlabeni, futhi izintengo zazo zinamandla aphikisanayo :-). Ngaphezu kwalokho, empeleni, akunakubikezelwa njalo, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlela isabelomali sezindiza. Lokho kuyiqiniso, futhi ikusasa ngalo mqondo alilihle kakhulu.
Manje isici sesibili ubungane bemvelo benjini le-turbojet. Umqondo nje wesimo esihle semvelo uqalile ukukhathalela isintu cishe iminyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule. Futhi ekuqaleni kokutholakala kwezinjini ze-turbojet, akekho umuntu ocabanga nje ngakho futhi bambalwa abantu abakhathazekile ukuthi ingena emkhathini ngejetjet yegesi yokuphelelwagesi.
Futhi okuningi okubi kuyangena :-). Lokhu monoxide carbon hydrocarbon unburned, nitrogen dioxide futhi monoxide, i-sulphur dioxide, futhi eminye izintelezi ezihlukahlukene e lokuhlala ezincane, futhi yebo, zonke ezaziwayo carbon dioxide CO2, ezithinta ngqo kwesimo sezulu embulungeni yonke. Okungenani ososayensi basho njalo :-).
Kodwa-ke, uma ubulungiswa buhlonishwa, kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi isabelo sokuhamba komoya ekukhuculweni komhlaba okuyi-CO2 sise-2% kuphela namuhla. Nokho, imayelana million 650.
amathani (akhawunti kwekhabhoni Imininingwane cishe 34 Bln. amathani). Ngaphezu kwalokho, okokuqala, lokhu kukhishwa kukhiqizwa ikakhulukazi kuzendlalelo ezingenhla ze-troposphere ezizwelayo kakhulu kuzinguquko (kanye naku-stratosphere).
Futhi, okwesibili, it is ukuthi air traffic umfutho ukwanda emhlabeni ngonyaka ka-5%, ngakho-ke kukhona yonyaka ukwanda zezindiza CO2 kwekhabhoni by 2-3% ezaziwayo.
Uma amanani anjalo eqhubeka esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, khona-ke ngo-2050 isabelo sezomhlaba sezokuhambisa umoya sisuka kumaphesenti amabili sizokhula size sifinyelele ku-3. Kumkhathi wonke, lokhu kukhulu.
Futhi, uma kucatshangelwa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni, kuyacaca impela ukuthi kudingeka izindlela zokunciphisa inani lokukhishwa okulimazayo kanye nokwandisa ubungane bendawo yezinjini zezindiza.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu sekuyisikhathi eside iqiniso laziwa.
Kunembile ngesisekelo salezi zinto ezimbili ezichazwe ngenhla lapho kuthathwa khona izinyathelo ezithile ezindizeni emazweni amaningi omhlaba (kuye ngezinga elithile noma kwelinye, kumele ngithi :-)).
Ukwenza ngcono, njengoba sekushiwo, izitshalo zamandla ezindiza izindiza namabhanoyi.
Ukwenza ngcono imishini yezikhumulo zezindiza, amasu nezinhlelo zokusondela, izinhlelo zokulawula ukuhamba kwezindiza emoyeni ukuze kuncishiswe isikhathi sendiza "engenzi lutho" emoyeni.
Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yamuva, imizamo yokuthola nokusebenzisa amanye amandla okonga izindiza ibilokhu ikhula ngamandla. Phambilini ngibhale ngophethiloli we-cryogenic.
Kusetshenziswa, ngokwesibonelo, i-LNG (igesi yemvelo eshisiwe) inganciphisa ukuphuma kwe-CO2 nge-17% (isibalo esihlaba umxhwele, akunjalo :-)), ngenkathi ingekho amandla enjini.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-hydrogen ewuketshezi kubuye kuthuthukise lamathuba.
Kodwa-ke, ama-cryogenics, ngeshwa, adinga ukuguqulwa okungathi sína kwesakhiwo sendiza uma kuqhathaniswa nohlelo olukhona lweklasikhi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingqalasizinda yezindiza nayo idinga izinguquko ezinkulu.
Lesi ngesinye sezizathu ezenze ukuthi eminyakeni yamuva, izicelo ezengeziwe futhi eziningi zifike kuqala. biofuel izinjini zezindiza, ukusetshenziswa kwalo, njengoba kwenzeka, akulona oluziguquko kangako.
Ukuchazwa kwe-biofuel kungokulandelayo: ngophethiloli kungaba kusuka kuzitshalo noma ezilinyini zezilwane, noma kudoti wezimboni (of course organic), noma emikhiqizweni yedoti yezinto eziphilayo. I-Aviation biofuel iba indawo (egcwele ngempela) uphalafini wezindiza.
Lo mkhiqizo unezinzuzo ezimbili eziphambili ngaphezu kwamafutha endabuko kawoyela ophethiloli. Okokuqala, kukhiqizwa kusetshenziswa imithombo engavuselelwa.Amafutha kawoyela, ngeshwa, ngeke aziqhayise ngalokhu, kanye nokuguquguquka kwamanani entengo yawo :-).
Futhi, okwesibili, iphesenti lokukhipha okulimazayo emoyeni lapho usebenzisa i-biofuels liphansi kakhulu. Ikakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, ukukhishwa okumbalwa kwesibabule. Okungukuthi, emkhathini akusho ageleze SO2 sulphur dioxide, kwenye yezingxenye kakhulu kumoya omlilo ezivamile jet zokubasa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho i-CO2, okuyinto nokho ingena emkhathini ngenxa izinjini bezindiza on biofuel, bese imunwa izitshalo ezitshalwe ukukhiqizwa kwawo, ngesikhathi sokukhula kwazo cishe ngevolumu efanayo.
Isibonelo sokukhishwa kwekhabhoni dioksiyidi emoyeni kusetshenziswa ugesi wendabuko kanye nama-biofuel.
Lokhu kusivumela ukuthi sinciphise ukungcola okusebenzayo komkhathi ngenxa yokusebenza kwezinjini ziye cishe ku-zero. Kuliqiniso, kusasele ingxenyeni ye-CO2, eyethwa kumkhathi ngenkathi kukhiqizwa ama-biofuel. Le yinqubo yokukhiqiza nokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi (ukucola), ukuthutha nokugcina.
Nokho, ngokusho kombiko zamanje, lezi kwekhabhoni kungaphasi nezinye izinjongo ekukhiqizeni petroleum zokubasa cishe 80%. Inzuzo kulokhu ibonakala kakhulu.
Ekhuluma nge-biofuel ewuketshezi, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi konke kwaqala, empeleni, ngokuthuthwa komhlaba. Wonke umuntu, ngiyacabanga, eyaziwa kahle amagama ezifana biodiesel kanye bioethanol. Owokuqala ukufaka esikhundleni udizili, owesibili uphethiloli.
Izinto ezingavuthiwe zakudala ziyi-biomass yezitshalo zikawoyela, ngoba kamuva zingumoba (noma ezinye izitshalo ezikhiqiza ushukela, okungukuthi, ukukhanya kwelanga, okukhulunywa ngokusobala :-)), futhi futhi, njengoba kungadabukisi, izinkuni. Kwakuyinto ebizwa ngokuthi i-biofuel yesizukulwane sokuqala.
Umdwebo wayo oyinhloko ukuthi ukhiqizwa kusuka ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ezifanayo zokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isamba esikhulu samanzi amasha asetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni, amahlathi agawulwa. Kokubili lokho, nokunye, nokwesithathu kwiplanethi yethu kamuva nje kukhona ukuntuleka okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, bekungeke kube ukuhlakanipha ukuguqula izinto ezibaluleke kangaka ezingavuthiwe zibe uphethiloli.
Kule ndaba, manje kufika ukukhiqizwa okuthiwa lesibili isizukulwane owakhiwa ngezitshalo. Lokhu kusetshenziselwa i-biomass zezitshalo, ezingathinti iketanga lokudla komuntu.
Zingakhula ngaphandle kokuthinta izilimo esizidingayo, kubandakanya nezindawo ezifanayo ezihlwanyelwe lapho izilimo zokudla zingalinywa khona okwesikhashana, noma emazweni lapho zingatshali khona nhlobo.
Izindawo zomhlaba zishintshwe kahle ukuze zikhule izifuzo ze-biofuel.
Izitshalo ezinjalo zifaka, ngokwesibonelo, iJatropha curcas (iJatropha curcas) - isitshalo esiqukethe uwoyela osuka kuma-27 kuye kwangama-40% futhi sikhula ezindaweni ezomile.
Noma uGinger (Camelina) - empeleni ukhula lwezitshalo zendabuko.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-microscopic algae ekhula emanzini angcolile futhi equkethe uwoyela kuze kube ngaphezulu kwamakhulu amabili ngaphezulu kokusetshenziswa kwamafutha omdabu lapha.
Ujinja owenziwe ngamafutha (i-Camelina).
Tshala iJatropha Curcas (Jatropha).
usebenzisa biofuelenziwe kulezi zitshalo ezingenhla (ikakhulukazi ezihlanganiswa neparafini yendabuko) izindiza eziningi sezenzekile, zinzima impela, kufaka phakathi nabagibeli.
Kunenye umthombo ukwenziwa yesibili ngezitshalo isizukulwane. Lokhu yasendlini futhi imfucuza kamasipala, imfucuza yezolimo, ingasaphathwa imfucuza ukudla, imithi Woodworking umkhakha.
Yebo, futhi ekugcineni, ama-biofuel wesizukulwane sesithathu. Ukuze ukukhiqizwa yayo zisetshenziselwa kuphela ulwelwe ngokuqukethwe aphezulu kawoyela. Kule ndawo, isimo namanje ngokuyinhloko esigabeni ucwaningo. Amathemba amahle kakhulu, kepha kunezinkinga ezanele zobuchwepheshe ezihambisana nokutshala i-algae.
ngokuba oyisizukulwane sesithathu ngezitshalo izinto zokusetshenziswa (ulwelwe).
Kodwa-ke, ama-biofuel wesizukulwane sesibili asevele akwazi ukufaka esikhundleni sombani noma ngokusetshenziswa ngokugcwele kwamafutha jet endizeni ngaphandle kokunciphisa ikhwalithi kanye nokusebenza kwezinjini. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngokuya ngemingcele yabo akufanele ibe yimbi kakhulu kunaleyo esetshenziswa ekusebenzeni kwamafutha kaphethiloli.
Imingcele eyinhloko yile: lokushisa lokushisa okungenani, izinga lokushisa lokushisa, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla amancane, ukubonwa, okuqukethwe kwesibabule ku-petroli, kanye nokuqina kwabantu.
Lezi zimo zincishiswa ekutheni akubange kudingekile ukwenza noma iziphi izinguquko eziyisisekelo ekwakhiweni kwezindiza kanye nengqalasizinda yezikhumulo zezindiza.
Amafutha esizukulwane sokuqala (njenge-biodiesel ne-bioethanol) awahlangabezani nemibandela ebekiwe kulokhu.
Noma kunjalo biofuel isizukulwane sesibili sihambelana ngokuphelele namapharamitha acacisiwe futhi kwesinye isikhathi aze adlule kuwo.
Lokho wukuthi, umbono ungokoqobo impela. Kakade kulesi sigaba, ama-biofuel wesizukulwane sesibili ezinjini zezindiza angasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ekusebenzeni. Lokhu kufakazelwa izindiza eziningi zokuhlola ezenziwe izindiza ezahlukahlukene emhlabeni.
Umdwebo womunye wemijikelezo yokuhlola yendiza egcotshwe nge-biofuel.
Lezi zinhlobo zokuhlola zenziwa ngokubheka okuphelele kokusebenza kwenjini kuzo zonke izigaba zokundiza. Kwezinye izimo, amasheke enziwa enjini acinyiwe bese aqala ukundiza.
Iningi lalezi zinkampani manje selinemigomo yesikhathi eside yokwazisa ngama-biofuel ekusebenzeni ezindizeni. Lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi e-United States.
Isibonelo, Inhlangano yaseMelika (yamazwe omhlaba) ye-ASTM, ebhekene nezinkinga zokuma, ngoJulayi 2011 yasungulwa ku-D7566 standard (ejwayelekile kanye nokucaciswa kwamafutha ezindiza e-hydrocarbon), izichibiyelo ezintsha ezivumela ukusetshenziswa okuhlelekile kwamafutha ezindiza e-HRJ ekusebenzeni (ezindizeni ezindiza).
I-50% yalawo mafutha ingahle ibe nama-bioadditives enziwe nge-biomass ye-jatropha, camelina noma i-algae. Kulokhu kuhlanganiswa, akufani nophalafini otholakala kusetshenziswa nsuku zonke (izinhlobo J-A neJ-A-1).
Kwasekuqaleni nje kwehlobo lika-2011, indiza iBoinging 747-8F yahamba ngendiza eyayinamafutha amaningi, izinjini zayo zaphehlwa ngophethiloli, u-15% wayo kwakungu-biofuel eyenziwe nge-camelina.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi e-USA, isinyathelo soMbutho Wezindiza, omhlaba nolwandle, saba ngumfutho omkhulu wokusheshisa ukushintshwa kwendiza kube uhlobo olusha lukaphethiloli. Kusezinhlelweni zokushintshwa kwazo zonke izindiza zokuhamba zeMelika Navy ingxube yeparafini enama-biofuel ngonyaka ka-2020. Kungenzeka kube uphethiloli wakwa-HRJ.
Ukusetshenziswa okugcwele nokho biofuel enanini eliphelele lokundiza ngalesi sikhathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kusenzima kwezomnotho. Lokhu kungenxa yentuthuko enganele yokukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli onjalo.
Noma kunjalo, kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukuze umkhiqizo onjalo uzisungule ngokwawo, futhi ukwazi ukuthuthuka ngokugcwele, kubalulekile ukuthi okungenani 1% wabo bonke basebenzise uphethiloli wezindiza emhlabeni buthathelwe indawo nge-biofuel. Ngokuvamile, kancane.
Ekuphetheni, ngifuna ukukhombisa umdwebo onelukuluku. Kubonisa ukuthi yiziphi izindawo ezidingekayo zokukhiqiza izinto ezingavuthiwe zama-biofuel, inqobo nje uma kungenziwa esikhundleni sokophalale wendabuko wendabuko. Lapha 1 - algae, 2 - indawo ye-Ireland, 3 - indawo yaseMontana, 4 - izitshalo zommbila zomhlaba waminyaka yonke, 5 - Ryzhik, 6 - Jatropha, Area of Australia ... Kukhona okufanele ucabange ngakho :-) ...
Ishadi eliqhathaniswayo lezindawo ezidingeka ekukhiqizweni kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kwama-biofuel, inqobo nje uma zingawususa ngokuphelele uphalafini wendabuko. Ngqo :-) ...
Lawa ngamathuba namathemba akhona. Ukuthi bazophendukela kuphi emhlabeni wethu oguqukayo akukacaci. Ngifuna ukukukholelwa lokho ukuthi kungcono :-) ...
Indiza okokuqala ngendiza emaphesenti ayi-100 i-biofuel
IGreen growler yase-U.S. Amabutho
Inkampani yezindiza yaseMelika ethwala izindiza ebisuka e-EA-18G Growler, edume ngokuthi yiGreen growler, isezindiza izindiza eziyikhulu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili, kusho uMbutho Wezempi WaseMelika.
Kwakuyindiza yokuqala yendiza kulolu hlobo lwamafutha. Green Growler wakhumula kusukela base airfield "Patuxent River" eMaryland. Ukuthi indiza igcine isikhathi esingakanani ayicaciswanga.
Ngokusho kwamasosha, injini nezinhlaka zezindiza bekungathi indiza igcwala uphethiloli ojwayelekile wendiza.
Kusukela 2009, i-US Navy usebenza uhlelo ezinkulu ukuze banciphise ukusetshenziswa izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi.
Ekuqaleni, lolu hlelo lwasho ukuthi kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kukagesi we-hydrocarbon ngonyaka ka-2016, kepha ngenxa yezizathu eziningi lokhu abakwazanga ukufeza.
Ikakhulu, izinkampani zaseMelika azikakwazi ukukhiqiza ama-biofuel ngesibalo sezempi esidingekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenkathi fuel enjalo kubiza kakhulu eqolo ngaphezu kokujwayelekile.
Isizathu sokushintshwa kwe-biofuel embuthweni wamasosha ase-US kwakuyisifiso sokunciphisa inani lokukhishwa okulimazayo - i-Air Force, Navy, Army and US Marine Corps namuhla ngabathengi abakhulu kakhulu baka-hydrocarbon kuleli.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abezempi bakholelwa ukuthi njengoba kukhiqizwa inani elikhulu le-biofuel, okungasekelwa yi-Pentagon, amanani ayo ayohlala ehla futhi ekugcineni abe ngaphansi kwamanani entengo kawoyela ojwayelekile.
Njengoba isu ukuba isigaba out izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi-US wezempi olwenziwa kokuxilongwa kanye ngezitshalo ubuchwepheshe.
Ikakhulu, izindiza eziya kwinhlanganisela yamafutha ajwayelekile kanye ne-biofuel (1 kuya ku-1) phambilini zazenziwa yizo zonke izinhlobo eziphambili zezindiza zeMelika Navy neMarine Corps.
Ekupheleni kukaJanuwari walo nyaka, ukuhamba kwamatekisi ePacific kwenziwa yiqembu lomkhumbi othwala izindiza uJohn Stennis wohlobo lweNimitz, wagcotshwa ngenhlanganisela yamafutha ajwayelekile (amaphesenti angama-90) ne-biofuel (amaphesenti ayishumi).
Phakathi neminyaka yokuqala indiza combat izindiza, zizogcwaliswa 100 amaphesenti biofuel yeGreen Growler abangu elibukhali usebenzisa real-time uhlelo telemetry.
Ukulawulwa kwensimbi kuqinisekisile ukuhambisana nemigomo yazo zonke izinhlaka ezisebenzayo ze-EA-18G avionics. Maduze nje, kuhlelwe ukuthi kuqhutshwe ezinye izindiza eziningana zeGreen growler nezinye izindiza zaseMelika Navy, ezigcwele ngokuphelele yi-biofuel.
Lapho beqeda fuel test uzobe eqinisekisiwe ukusetshenziswa njalo.
Ama-biofuel aseMelika aseMelika akhiqizwa ngabakwa-Applied Research Associates kanye neGoogle Lummus Global.
Ikhiqizwa ama-esters e-hydrotreating namafutha acid futhi, ngokwezimpawu zayo, ihambelana ngokuphelele neparafu yezindiza iJP-5. Imininingwane ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela kungukuthi ebekiwe.
Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswe uwoyela wokudlwengulwa, ikamela kanye nezinye izitshalo kwalokhu, kanye namafutha ezilwane, okuthi lapho kukhona okubambekayo, kudluliselwe kuma-methyl esters.
Izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokukhiqiza i-biofuel zakhiwa yizinkampani eziningana emhlabeni.
Ngakho, ngo-March kulo nyaka e-Abu Dhabi, e-United Arab Emirates wathola ufake amandla uhlelo ihlanganiswe futhi yezokulima amanzi olwandle (Integrated Emanzini Olwandle Amandla Ezolimo System, ISEAS).
Kususelwa kubuchwepheshe bokukhiqizwa kanyekanye kokudla nama-biofuel ngaphandle komonakalo owenzekile. Iphrojekthi le ixhaswe ngabakwaBoeing, Etihad Airways, Honeywell UOP, General Electric, Safran noTakreer.
Uhlelo olusha usebenza ngezigaba eziningana. Esigabeni sokuqala, amaphampu akhethekile aponswa emachibini anezinhlanzi ezibandayo kanye nolwandle lwe-plankton noma olwandle.
Ngemuva kwalokho, amanzi athuthukiswe ngezinhlanzi ezibalulekile imikhiqizo inikezwa emasimini e-halophyte, izitshalo ezingabekezelela amazinga aphezulu we-salinization womhlabathi noma wamanzi.
Ngemva Halophyte amanzi kancane demineralized imikhiqizo imfucuza ahlanganiswe Halophyte, lomhlume akhishwa ukuze ipulazi nge izitshalo usawoti-ukubekezela.
Lapho-ke, kusuka emasimini enamakhambi, amanzi angena endaweni yokuhlunga, ukusuka lapho, ngemuva kokuhlanza, imane ibuyele olwandle.
Ama-sludge deposits, izitshalo ezifile, ama-humus emasimini ama-halophyte nasezindongeni zama mangange ayaqoqwa futhi athunyelwe kwizitshalo ze-biofuel.
Ngasikhathi sinye, iplankton esekhulile nezinhlanzi zingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yokudla. Zonke izinto ezisebenza ngogesi ku-ISEAS zinikezwa amandla elanga.
Izindiza zabagibeli ziqede indiza enamahora ayisikhombisa zisebenzisa ama-biofuel avela ezitshalweni
I-Etihad Airways yethule indiza yokuqala eyake yathengiswa ngokusebenzisa ama-biofuels enziwe ngamanzi anosawoti (izitshalo ezingakhula ohlangothini olusogwini ngokugcwala kukasawoti enhlabathini).
Indiza ye-biofuel ifakwe izinjini ezintsha zeGeneral Electric 1B, kanti namathangi ayo kaphethiloli agcwele ingxube yamafutha ajwayelekile kanye ne-biofuel ephuma emanzini anosawoti ngesilinganiso esingama-50 kuye kwangama-50.
U-Arif Sultan Al Hammadi, osebenzela eCaliph University of Science and Technology, uphawule ukuthi leyo ntuthuko "isisiqalo esisha" ekusebenziseni amandla ahlanzekile ukuhamba ngezindiza.
I-biofuel yale ndiza yadalwa yi-ISEAS (Uhlelo Oludidiyelwe Lwamandla Olwandle kanye Nezolimo) eMasdar, e-Abu Dhabi. Indiza yaqashelwa njengeyimpumelelo, futhi ukukhuphuka ngenhlanganisela yephalafini ne-biofuel osendleleni kwakungadingeki. I-ISEAS, exhaswa yizinkampani ezifana neBoeing, Etihad Airways, i-Honeywell UOP ne-General Electric, yaqala ukusebenza ngoMashi 2016.
Inqubo yokudala ama-biofuel idlula ngezigaba eziningana. Okokuqala, usebenzisa amapayipi akhethekile, amanzi olwandle noma olwandle athululelwa ezitolo ezinamafutha enhlanzi kanye neflankton, lapho ethola khona izici ezidingekayo.
Ngemuva kwalokho, amanzi athola ukwelashwa okukhethekile, lapho-ke kuphekelwa khona emasimini alungiselelwe anezitshalo ezingahambelani nosawoti, kufaka phakathi amanzi anosawoti, ayesetshenziswa endizeni eyindiza.
Ngemuva kwayo yonke inqubo, imikhiqizo yale nqubo, kufaka phakathi i-sludge, isitshalo isala kanye ne-humus, iphenduka ibe yi-biofuel, futhi amanzi asetshenzisiwe ayahlanzwa abuyele olwandle. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi wonke amadivaysi e-ISEAS asebenza kumapaneli elanga.
"Indiza ye-Etihad ifakazela ukuthi i-ISEAS ishintsha imithetho yomdlalo, engaletha izinzuzo ezinkulu kwezokuhamba komoya nakubuntu bebonke.
Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukiswayo bukhombisa amathuba amahle okuguqula ugwadule olusogwini lube amazwe akhiqizayo ezolimo ahlinzeka ngokuphepha kokudla kanye nesibhakabhaka esikhanyayo, ”kusho iPhini likaMongameli we-Boeing International Sean Schwinn.
Okwamanje, lokhu akuyona okokuqala lapho izitshalo zisetshenziswa njengamafutha ezindizeni. Ngesikhathi indiza ihlolwa ngo-2008, i-Air New Zealand yasebenzisa ingxube yama-biofuel asuselwa ku-jatropha kanye namafutha endabuko engxenyeni efanayo. I-Boeing 747-400 yahlala emoyeni amahora ambalwa.
Amathemba wokusetshenziswa kwama-biofuel ezindizeni zomphakathi
ISAYENSI BULLETIN MSTU GA
IMIHLA YOKUSETYENZISWA KOKUSETYENZISWA KWE-BIOFUELS CIVIL AVIATION
S.A. I-Rybkin, S.A. POPOVA
Lo mbhalo uletha imiphumela yocwaningo ngokuhlaziywa kokusetshenziswa kwama-biofuel embonini yezokuthutha kanye nokubikezela ngentuthuko ekusetshenzisweni kwama-biofuel ukundiza.
Amagama agqamile: amandla, i-biotechnology, i-biofuel, imboni yezokuthutha, izindiza zomphakathi.
Ukuncipha kwezindawo ezigcina amandla kagesi, ukukhuphuka kwentengo yamandla, ukuncipha okukhulayo komnotho emkhakheni wamafutha kuholela isidingo sokubheka imithombo yamandla engeyona eyejwayelekile. Uma kuqhathaniswa no-2013, isidingo samafutha sikhule ngemigqomo eyi-1 million ngomzuzwana. Isimo sezulu sonyaka we-2015 sisho ukukhuphuka kwalesi sikhombisi ngemiphongolo eyizigidi eziyi-1,3 ngomzuzwana kuya kwizigaxa eziyizigidi ezingama-94 ngomzuzwana. .
Enye yezindlela zokunciphisa ukuncika emaphethweni endabuko ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla ehlukile. Ngokusekelwe ohlelweni olunzulu lokwakhiwa kwe-biotechnology eRussia ngaleso sikhathi kuze kube ngu-2020, intuthuko esemqoka yomnotho wanamuhla i-biotechnology. Ngokusho kokuqagela, imakethe ye-biotechnology yomhlaba ngo-2025 izofinyelela ezingeni lika-2 tril. I-US $
Amandla wokuthuthukiswa kwe-biotechnology angaba yingxenye ekwakhiweni kwezindawo. Ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa kwe-biotechnology embonini ethile, kukhona i-color typology ye-biotechnology:
1) I-biotechnology "emhlophe" - ukukhiqizwa kwama-biofuel, ama-enzyme kanye nama-biomatadium we-biotechnology ekudleni, ekucwengiseni amakhemikhali nakumafutha nakwezinye izimboni,
2) I-biotechnology "eluhlaza" - ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokwenza izitshalo eziguqulwe zofuzo kusiko lezolimo,
3) I-biotechnology "ebomvu" - ukukhiqizwa kwama-biopharmaceuticals (amaprotheni, ama-enzyme, amasosha omzimba) kubantu, kanye nokulungiswa kwekhodi yofuzo,
I-4) i-biotechnology engu-"grey" ihlotshaniswa nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, i-bioremediation,
I-5) i-biotechnology "eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" ihlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwezinto zasolwandle nezinto ezingavuthiwe.
Umkhakha we-biotechnology wezimboni njengamanje uyinjini enamandla yokwenza ukuthuthukiswa kwe-biioeconomics emhlabeni.
Ngokusho kukaFrost & Sullivan, eminyakeni ezayo, izinga lokukhula kwemakethe emhlophe ye-biotechnology lizodlula inani lokukhula kohlaza (ezolimo) kanye nokubomvu (kwemithi, umuthi) kwe-biotechnologies.
Ama-biotechnologies amhlophe akha isisekelo sezinqubo zokukhiqiza zezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo evela ku-biocatalysis and Fermentation.
Esihlokweni sethu, sizogxila kakhulu kwi-biotechnology “emhlophe”, okuyiwona ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha omoya. I-Biofuel inguphethiloli ovela ezintweni zokusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo ezingatholakali, ezitholwe, njengomthetho, ngokusebenza ngeziqu zomoba noma imbewu yokudlwengula, ummbila, u-soy, njll.
Kukhona ama-biofuels wetshezi (ezezinjini zokuhlanganiswa kwangaphakathi - i-ethanol, i-biodiesel), okuqinile (izinkuni, utshani) ne-gaseous (biogas, hydrogen). Ama-biomass anjalo angasetshenziswa njengamafutha ezinjini nasekukhiqizeni ugesi.
Ama-biofuel afaka izikhala zikaphethiloli ezifana ne-bioethanol (eyenziwe ngotshani, ushukela beet kanye nommbila, soya kanye nomoba), i-biodiesel (eyenziwe ngohlamvu, ishukela kanye nommbila, isoya kanye nomoba) kanye ne-biogas (esikhundleni segesi yemvelo) etholakala emfucumfucweni evela ngaphandle, kufaka phakathi imfucuza evela emapulazini emfuyo nasekudoti etholakala emithonjeni kamasipala, yezentengiso nezimboni eye yabola ukubola kwe-anaerobic.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-biofuel - isizukulwane sokuqala nesesibili. Ama-biofuel wesizukulwane sokuqala afaka i-bioethanol ekhiqizwa kusuka umoba, ummbila, ukolweni nezinye izitshalo zokudla okusanhlamvu, kanye ne-biodiesel ethathwe kuma-oyela - i-soy, ukudlwengula, isundu, i-sunflower.
Ukutshala kwabo kudinga ukusetshenziswa komhlaba osezingeni eliphakeme obusezingeni eliphezulu, imishini eminingi yezolimo, kanye nomanyolo nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane.
Kucace bha ukuthi kulesi simo, ukukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel kuzoqhudelana nomkhakha wokudla komnotho, okuzolimaza kabi inselelo yomphakathi.
Ama-biofuel wesizukulwane sesibili akhiqizwa ngezinto ezingavuthiwe zokudla. Inamafutha emfucumfucu namafutha zemifino, i-biomass yezihlahla namakhambi. Inzuzo yamafutha anjalo ukuthi izitshalo zawo zingatshalwa emasimini angasebenzi kahle zisebenzisa inani elincane lemishini, umanyolo kanye nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane.
Okubi wukuthi izinkuni i-lignocellulose iyi-carbohydrate eyinkimbinkimbi edinga ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali amakhulu, i.e. Amandla amaningi okukhiqiza amafutha awuketshezi kuwo kunokwenziwa kwamafutha ezizukulwane zokuqala.
Noma kunjalo, ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kusuka ku-biomass yama-biofuel ezizukulwane zombili cishe kungama-50%.
Enye yezinto ezinhle zokusetshenziswa kwama-biofuel emkhakheni wezokuthutha ukuncishiswa kokufakwa kokungcola emkhathini.
Ukuhamba komoya kuphawulwa ngesivinini esikhulu sokuhamba futhi, ngokufanele, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu. Ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okuphelele embonini yezokuthutha yomhlaba, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla embonini yezindiza kungama-8%. Kumkhakha wezindiza, uphethiloli uyinto yesibili enkulu yezindleko, cishe i-18-20% yezindleko eziphelele.
Ngokuzayo, ukwenyuka kwamanani kaphethiloli kungathinta kabi ukuhamba kwabagibeli kanye nokwehla kwawo, ikakhulukazi emikhawulweni yesikhathi esifushane naphakathi nendawo.
Ngokubheka ukubukeka kwemisebenzi emisha yezobuchwepheshe (izinjini zezomnotho, ukwenziwa kwe-aerodynamics), okuvumela ukwanda kokusebenza kwamandla ekwakhiweni kwendiza, kufanelekile ukunaka ngokukhethekile ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa ama-biofuels endizeni. Kuze kube manje, kuphela abathwali bomoya abakhulu emhlabeni ababhekene nenkinga ye-biofuel.
Ngokusho kwe-European Union Renewable Energy Directive, ngonyaka ka-2020 amazwe ahamba phambili e-EU kufanele akhuphule isabelo semikhiqizo yama-biofuel ezokuhamba isuka ku-2% iye ku-10%.
IRussia nayo izama ukubhekana nenkinga yama-biofuel, kepha kuze kube manje sikhuluma ngokukhiqizwa kwayo okuqondile.
Ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha we-biotechnological, ngo-Ephreli 24, 2012, uHulumeni wagunyaza "Uhlelo Oluphelele Lokuthuthukiswa Kwezi-Biotechnologies kuRussian Federation Lesikhathi Sokufika Ku-2020".
Inhloso yamasu walolu hlelo ukufeza isikhundla esiphambili saseRussia ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe be-biotechnologies, kufaka phakathi i-biotechnology yezimboni kanye ne-biioenergy, kanye nokwenza nomkhakha wezoqoqosho oluzokwazi ukuncintisana emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngokokuqala ngqa, iJalimane Lufthansa yafaka i-biofuel. Ukundiza okusuka eHamburg kuya eFrankfurt ngendiza i-A321, enye yezinjini ezisebenza kuyo ingxube yama-biofuel kanye neparage yendiza yendabuko engxenyeni engama-50: 50, okwasivumela ukuthi sifunde izici zezinjini zombili ezimweni zokusebenza zangempela futhi sihlaziye ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli.
Ngenkathi izindiza zihamba ukusuka ezindizeni ezindizayo kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwezentengiso kwama-biofuel, abakhiqizi bezindiza abakhulu sebeqala ukuthuthukisa ukubambisana nabathwali ekwenziweni kwamafutha amasha.
Okwamanje, izindlela eziningi zokuthola ama-biofuel ezindiza zomphakathi zivunyelwe:
I-1) "i-isoparaffin eyakhiwe kabusha eyenziwe kabusha" (synthesized iso-paraffinic, SIP). Lolu hlobo lwamafutha lukhiqizwa kushukela owenziwe nge-hydrogenated Fermented,
kutholakala kumhlanga, lapho kuxutshwa okwalandela nophethiloli we-jet yendabuko (hhayi ngaphezulu kwe-10% yevolumu),
2) ukuguqulwa kwe-triglycerides kusuka emafutheni omifino nemikhiqizo yokungcola kwezilwane, eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi "ama-hydrate esters namafutha acid" (HEFA),
3) Ukusebenza kwe-biomass nezinto zokusetshenziswa kusuka kumaminerali kuya kaphethiloli ngenqubo ye-Fischer-Tropsch.
E-Russia, ukukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel kwahlelwa kusuka esitshalweni esifana neCamelina, esiyisihlobo seklabishi futhi, kuze kube muva nje, sathathwa njengokhula. Kulolu hlobo lwezitshalo, kukhiqizwa ama-biofuel wesizukulwane sesibili, atholakala ngokubola kwe-biomass ngaphandle kokuthola umoya.
Ngeshwa, ukusetshenziswa kwama-biofuel ezindizeni okwamanje akunampumelelo kwezomnotho, ngoba kubiza kakhulu kuneparafini lendiza elijwayelekile. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, amanani entengo kawoyela angahle kwehle esikhathini esizayo esiseduze (esikubonayo njengamanje).
Kulesi simo, enye yalezi zinyathelo ingaba yisibopho somthetho okufanele sisebenzise, endaweni eyodwa noma kwenye, ehlanzayo, kepha ngasikhathi sinye amafutha abizayo angaphezulu. Kodwa-ke, izinyathelo ezinjalo zizonciphisa ukuncintisana kohambo lomoya.
UMerrill Lynch ulinganisela ukuthi ukuqeda ukukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel kuzonyusa amanani kawoyela negesi ngo-15%.
ISinopec, inkampani enkulu kunazo zonke yokuhlanza uwoyela eChina, isungule ukuthi kudaleke amafutha anjalo avela ku-oyela wesundu kanye namafutha emifino acolisisiwe asetshenziselwa ukupheka ezindaweni zokuhlanza zeZhenhai Refining and Chemical Company.
Indiza yokuqala yokuhlola indiza ehlelwe yi-China Eastern Airlines Airbus A320 ehlelwe ngalolo mafutha yenziwa ngo-Ephreli 2013.Inkinga enkulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezentengiso kwama-biofuel ngaleso sikhathi izindleko zayo eziphakeme.
I-Biofuel ekhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obusindisa izinsiza yehlisa ukukhipha kwekhabhoni dioksijini ngo-50-80% ngaphezulu komjikelezo wayo wokuphila uma kuqhathaniswa nophethiloli, ngakho-ke izodlala indima enkulu ekusekeleni ukukhula kwezindiza ngenkathi kwenziwa ngcono ukusebenza kwemvelo.
Ngokwesimemezelo semakethe yonyaka yezindiza zabakwaBoeing, iChina izodinga izindiza ezintsha ezingaphezu kuka-6,000 ukuze ihlangabezane nesidingo esikhula ngokushesha sezithuthi zabagibeli basekhaya nabangaphandle ngo-2033.
Kufanele futhi kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukunyakaza kwendawo kanye nokwethulwa kwe-ETS ye-EU kunomthelela ezindizeni zomphakathi ngokuletha intela eyengeziwe yezemvelo kuzindiza zezindiza maduze nje.
Enye yezinkampani ezinkulu kakhulu ezakha izindiza emhlabeni, i-Airbus ne-RT-Biotechprom, ilungu leRostec State Corporation, basayine isivumelwano sokusebenzisana ekukhiqizeni i-biofuel yezindiza eRussia.
Isivumelwano ngesikhathi seMAKS-2013 International Aviation and Space Salon sisayinwe nguSergey Kraevoy, Umqondisi-Jikelele weRT-Biotechprom, kanye nePhini LikaMongameli oMkhulu we-Airbus S.A.S. kulo lonke elaseYurophu uChristopher Buckley.
Njengengxenye yezivumelwano ezifinyelelwe, kuhlelwe ukuthi kubhekwe ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe baseRussia kanye nezinto zokwakha ezingavuselelwa (i-biomass) ekwenzeni ama-biofuel ezindiza eRussia. Imiphumela yokuqala kwakuhlelelwe ukuthi izotholakala engxenyeni yesibili ka-2014.
Ngemuva kwalokho kuzothathwa isinqumo ngokutholakala kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezomnotho ekuhleleni eRussia ukukhiqizwa kwama-biofuel wezidingo zezindiza kusuka ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ezingavuthiwe zemvelo ezimboni.
Enye indlela ebonakala inethembisa ngokwengeziwe ukwehla okubizayo kwezindleko zokukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel.
Kulokhu, ucwaningo emkhakheni wokwenza izilimo eziguqulwe izakhi zofuzo, ezizovumela ukuthola inani elikhulu likaphethiloli ngeyunithi ngayinye yendawo ehlwanyelwayo, seluya ngokuya lubaluleke kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungafani nezitshalo ezisetshenziswa embonini yokudla kanye nokusetshenziswa kwangaphakathi, izingqinamba zethonya lokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo
Izitshalo ngomuntu ngamunye kulokhu ngeke zibe ku-ajenda. Iphuzu elinzima ukuthi izifundo ezinje kuphela zibiza kakhulu futhi zingahlala isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka ngaphandle kweziqinisekiso ezisobala zempumelelo.
Kulokhu, izimo ezimbili eziphambili zingabhekwa, ezincike ekushintsheni okungenzeka kumanani kawoyela: esimweni sokuqala, intengo iyancipha, kwesibili iyakhuphuka.
Isimo sokuqala sithatha isibikezelo sethemba elingatheni ngokusetshenziswa kwama-biofuel, ucwaningo olunciphisayo kanye nokwehlisa indawo okuhlala kuyo izitshalo ezifanele.
Kulesi simo, ikakhulukazi uma ukuwa kwamanani kukude, ukukhiqizwa kwama-biofuel kungamiswa ngokuphelele, futhi ngeke kube nokukhulunywa ngokusetshenziswa kwayo.
Izimfuneko zalesi simo zingafaka: ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza uwoyela, ukungena kwabakhiqizi abasha abavela e-Afrika, eMelika nase-Asia emakethe kawoyela, ukwehla okujwayelekile kokusetshenziswa kawoyela kweminye imikhakha, ukwehla komnotho wezwe nezinye izinto.
Isimo sesibili sihle ekukhuleni kwama-biofuel kanye nokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwaso. Ngasikhathi sinye, umuntu akufanele alindele ukwanda kokusebenzisa kwayo ngokushesha, ngoba lokhu kudinga ushintsho olwanele kumishini yezobuchwepheshe neyobuchwepheshe bezindiza zomphakathi, ezingase zingenzeki ngokushesha. Izimfuneko zingafaka: ukukhula komnotho wezwe nokuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba, ukuncipha kukhiqizwa kawoyela, ukwehla kwezindleko zokukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel, kanye nenani labanye.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kwezenhlalo kanye nomnotho kwezomnotho kanye nasekusetshenzisweni kwama-biofuel, ukwamukelwa kwezinyathelo zezepolitiki ezinjengalezi:
- Ukuvikelwa kwabampofu nokuvikeleka kokudla,
- Ukubamba amathuba wokuthuthuka kwezolimo kanye nezindawo zasemakhaya,
- Ukuqinisekisa ukusimama kwemvelo,
- Ukubuyekezwa kwezinqubomgomo ezikhona ze-biofuel,
- Ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthuka okusimeme kwama-biofuel ngohlelo lwakwamanye amazwe.
Kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kulandela ukuthi emathubeni wokusetshenziswa kwama-biofuel ezindizeni zomphakathi kuba nemibuzo eminingi kunezimpendulo.
Njengoba kunikezwe ukungazinzi jikelele kwezomnotho kanye nokungezwani kwezombusazwe, isikhathi sezinyathelo ezinqala njengokusetshenziswa kwamafutha omoya ezindizeni asikafiki.
Kodwa-ke, umbuzo uqobo usivumela ukuthi sithi kukhona izinkomba zokuthi kuthuthukiswe ubuchwepheshe obusha ngokuphelele, kusihlanganisi lapho, mhlawumbe, indiza yesikhathi esizayo izothuthukisa.
I-China iqala ukusebenzisa ama-biofuel ezindizeni zomphakathi. [Isisetshenziswa se-elekthronikhi]. I-URL: http: // www. ubuhlakani. com / izindaba / 2014/02/14 / kitai_nachinaet_ispolzovat_biotoplivo_v_grazhdanskoi_aviatsii.
2. Vishnyakov Y.D., Rybkin S.A.
Ukuqonda imiphumela yokuqapha umkhakha wezenhlalo nezomnotho, kubhekwe iqhaza lokwazi komphakathi njengento yokuqinisekisa ukuphepha / Izinkinga zokuqina kokusebenza kwamazwe nezindawo ezingozini nasezinhlekeleleni zempucuko yanamuhla: izinto ze-XVII International ngokwesayensi futhi kungokoqobo conf. ezinkingeni zokuvikela inani labantu nezindawo ezimeni eziphuthumayo. Meyi 22-24, 2012. M., 2012.S. 261-266.
3. URybkin S.A. Icebo lemfundo yaseRussia: ipani noma ihambile // I-Bulletin ye-International Academy yeSayensi / Izinto zamazwe aphesheya. conf. "Isiko Lezemvelo Emhlabeni Womhlaba," udaba olukhethekile. 2012.
IZINHLOBO ZOKUVIKELWA KWI-BIOFUEL IN CIVIL AVIATION
I-Rybkin S.A., Popova S.A.
Leli yi-bioquerfresh elithi elimnandi.
Ama-beet ashukela, i-algae eluhlaza, izimbali zasendle ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-saffron amakhowe ngisho nodoti ovela emigqonyeni kadoti yasemadolobheni - okuvele kungahambi phakathi kwezivivinyo ukuze kutholakale enye indawo kagesi oyindiza oyindiza.
Futhi yize noma iliphi ilitha le-biofuel libiza kakhulu kunendabuko, ososayensi kanye nabendiza abami.
I-International Air Transport Association (IATA) isibekele umgomo wokuphokophela: ngonyaka ka-2050, kunciphise ukukhishwa kwesibhakabhaka kwamagesi abamba ukushisa lapho kuqhathaniswa namazinga ka-2005.
Futhi yize unembeza wezindiza (kanye nabagibeli bawo) ungamaphesenti amabili kuphela okukhishwa komoya ongcolisayo kwekhabhoni, izindiza zomphakathi zithathwa njengomunye wemithombo ekhula ngokushesha yalokhu kukhishwa kwezulu.
Futhi njengoba, ngokungafani nabakhiqizi bezimoto, izindiza azikwazi ukushintshela kuma-motors kagesi, kunento eyodwa esele - ukubheka umthombo omusha, onobungozi kakhulu wemvelo njengenye indawo nophethiloli wama jet wendabuko.
Fuel from imfucuza yasendlini
Ekufuneni imithombo emisha kaphethiloli we-jet, iphupho labanjiniyela alazi imingcele. Ehlobo, ngokwesibonelo, indiza ye-United Airlines izindiza isuka eLos Angeles iye eSan Francisco inhlanganisela yephalafini yendabuko (ingxenye yesithathu) nama-biofuel asuselwa kudoti wasendlini (ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu).
Isikhumulo sezindiza sesivele simemezele ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezigidi ezingama- $ 30 ekuthuthukiseni nasekukhiqizweni kohlobo olusha lukaphethiloli.
Inkampani esekela i-biofuel e-United iye yanikeza ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza uphethiloli ovela emfucumfucweni yasendlini, yakha imboni yokuqala eNevada, futhi ihlela amanye amahlanu kulo lonke elaseMelika.
I-United ikude nokuphela kokutshalwa kwezindiza kuma-biofuel.
I-American Alaska Airlines isivele isebenzisa amanye amandla okhela ezindizeni ezingama-75. IBritish British Airways ilindele ukuqeda isitshalo se-biofuel eduze nonyaka ka-2017 eLondon Heathrow nga-2017.
Ucwaningo ngemithombo yemvelo yamafutha endiza belusenziwa iminyaka eminingana. Emuva ngo-2011, i-Lufthansa yaseJalimane yahlola indiza i-A321 esemgwaqweni waseFrankfurt-Hamburg izinyanga eziyisithupha. Amathangi ayo kaphethiloli agcwele isigamu se-biofuel.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iLufthansa izama ngemithombo ehlukahlukene yama-biofuel - kukhona abadlwenguli, ne-jatropa, kanye namafutha ezilwane, nesichotho se-zasendle esibizwa ngokuthi isafroni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uLufthansa waba ngumxhumanisi wephrojekthi yeKhomishini yaseYurophu, ngohlaka lapho kwenziwa khona ucwaningo ngemithombo ehlukene ye-biofuel yezindiza.
Enye yezinhloso zeKhomishini YaseYurophu ukuletha ukukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel yezindiza kumathani ayisigidi ezimbili ngo-2020.ILufthansa yathatha isinyathelo esilandelayo ngo-2014, yathumela indiza egcwele ingxube yeparafini yendabuko enamaphesenti ayishumi efenisha isuka eFrankfurt iye eBerlin.
Ehlobo lalowo nyaka, abaphathi baseMelika bavumela ukusetshenziswa kwe-jet fuel nge-farnesene. Ukukhathazeka kwaseMelika u-Amyris usungule ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza le nto kusuka kumoba.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimbila zikashukela noshukela zingasetshenziswa njengezinto ezingavuthiwe.
Kepha njengoba zonke lezi zitshalo zisetshenziswa kwezolimo ukukhiqizwa kokudla, olunye ucwaningo luzohlose ukuthola indlela yokukhiqiza ama-biofuel kusuka ku-hay ne-sawdust - ukuze ungancintiseli izindawo zezitshalo nomkhakha wokudla.
Amabutho, yiqiniso, awazange ame eceleni komncintiswano wokuthola imithombo emisha yamafutha jet. IPentagon nayo ixhasa ucwaningo - futhi isivele ijabule ngemiphumela.
Amasosha awazange ayiveze ifomula kaphethiloli, kodwa athi ayephumelela ngamaphesenti ayi-13 kune-jet fuel. Lokho kuvumela izindiza zokulwa ukuthi zenyuse uhla lwezindiza ngamaphesenti angu-13 afanayo, noma ziqhubeke kwenye indiza.
Amasu wokuvelela
Okwamanje, iBoeing, kanye ne-Etihad Airways, isebenza kuma-biofuel asuselwa ezitshalweni ezikhulelwe kunhlabathi nenhlabathi eyomile, engafanele ukusetshenziswa njengezinkambu namadlelo.
Inzuzo yabo eyinhloko ukuthi abaqhudelani nezolimo zensimu futhi bangathelwa ngamanzi anosawoti.
Indiza i-Etihad isivele yenze indiza yokuhlola imizuzu engama-45 isebenzisa ingxube yephalafini lendabuko nophethiloli osuselwa emakhambi. Uma konke kuhamba ngokwecebo, kuzovulwa isivuno esinezindawo ezingamahektare angama-500 e-UAE ukukhulisa izitshalo njengezinto ezingavuthiwe zama-biofuel.
Ngokusho kwabamele abakwa-Etihad, inkampani yezindiza ilindele ukuthi ngokushesha inikeze abagibeli bayo ukuhamba ngezindiza ezingamaphesenti ayikhulu agcwele i-biofuel.
Futhi esiqhingini saseJapan sase-Okinawa esishisayo bahlola i-euglena algae (udaka oluhlaza nje).
Umqondisi we-Euglena Co ugcwele ithemba: ngokusho kwakhe, ngo-2020, inkampani yakhe izokwazi ukuqala ukukhiqizwa kwama-biofuel ezindiza zezindiza esikalini sezimboni.
Kodwa-ke, konke lokhu kuhlola kusesiteji sokuqala. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda sazo zonke izinzuzo, ama-biofuel ane-Drawback enkulu - kubiza kakhulu kunophethiloli we jet yendabuko. Ngokusho kochwepheshe baseYurophu, cishe kathathu.
Mhlawumbe yingakho lesi sihloko singafanele ngokuphelele iRussia?
Kunoma yikuphi, izinkampani zezindiza ezinkulu kunazo zonke zezwe ziphendula ngokuthula okuceliwe ezicelweni zamathemba okusebenzisa i-biofuel - izicelo ezithunyelwe ezinsizakalweni zabezindaba ze-Aeroflot, Transaero kanye ne-S7 azingaphendulwa.
Futhi kusihloko sokuhamba komoya. Amagalari "amasha angu-18 embonini yezindiza zomhlaba", "Izithwali zomoya eziyishumi eziphephe kakhulu" kanye "nemibala yezindiza eyi-12 ehamba phambili"
Funda i-eco-blog kaVladimir Esipov kuwebhusayithi yensiza yaseRussia "BBC"
I-Biofuel yezindiza: kunengqondo kanjani?
Ama-biofuel ambalwa aphezulu asuselwa kudoti okwamanje ayahlolwa ezikhumulweni zezindiza ezinkulu. Inhloso enkulu yephrojekthi ukuvimbela ukukhula kokungcoliswa kwekhabhoni. Kepha kungakanani ngempela ukushintshwa kusuka ku-oyili kuya ekungcoleni embonini yamafutha? Asilungise.
Iziphathimandla ze-UN zihlose ukuvumela lezo zinhlobo zamafutha okugcwala njengenye yezingxenye ezibalulekile zohlelo lokuzinza nokunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo ngendiza nge-2020. Kodwa-ke, abagxeki bathi leli qhinga alisoze lenziwa ngenxa yokuthi izindiza azizithatheli kalula le nkinga.
Enye yezinto ezimbi kakhulu esivumelwaneni seParis Climate Agg, eyamukelwa ngoDisemba wonyaka wezi-2015, ukuthi ayisebenzi ekuphumeni kokuthumela kanye nezindiza.
Vele, uma ngiqhathanisa nemboni yezimoto, izinga lokungcoliswa komoya okwenziwa ngabashayeli bezindiza libonakala lilincane kakhulu: nokho, vele ngonyaka ka-2015 isibalo sabo safinyelela ku-2% yenani eliphelele lokukhishwa okulimazayo kwe-CO2 - futhi lokhu sekukubi impela.
Ukuhlolwa kwezinye izinhlobo zikaphethiloli oluhlaza kuye kwenziwa kaningi kunesisodwa: ngokwesibonelo, ngonyaka ka-2008 i-Virtual Atlantic yahamba ngendiza yayo yokuqala, lapho kwakusetshenziswa amasampula amaningi wokuhlola kaphethiloli owenziwe ngamafutha kanyawo nawezilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasampula kaphethiloli we-jet kusuka ku-sawdust ahlolwe ngumkhakha.
Uhlobo olusha lukaphethiloli lwenziwa ngotshwala obubizwa nge- “butanol,” obutholakala ngokwemvelo kwinqubo yokuvutshelwa kwemikhiqizo eminingi, efana nesinkwa. Kodwa-ke, imishini yokuphinda isebenze embonini yamafutha ukuze kwenziwe i-bioproduction kuzobiza kakhulu futhi kuzothatha isikhathi eside ngendlela engamukeleki.
Njengamanje, izindleko zelitha elilodwa le-biofuel ngama- $ 3, okusaqhubeka cishe kabili kathathu kunendleko efanayo kaphethiloli esekwe kaphethiloli.
Lokhu kungasho ukuthi ama-tycoons kawoyela, uma kwenzeka eshintshela komunye umthombo wamandla, azolahlekelwa yingxenye enkulu yenzuzo yawo, engathinta kabi ezomnotho zamazwe amaningi (iRussia izoba phakathi kwawo, ungaqiniseka).
Ngenxa yalokhu, imibono yahlukaniswa.
Kuyiqiniso, ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha avela emfucumeni e-organic kuyinto engcono: ngakolunye uhlangothi, akuyona kuphela indlela ehlanzeke kakhulu kwemvelo yokuthola amandla, kodwa futhi kungumthombo ovuselelekayo ngokuphelele wezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingavuthi, ezingathathi amashumi ezigidi zeminyaka ukwakha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imboni yesimanje ayikwazi ukukhokhela okunethezeka okunjalo.
Kodwa-ke, ama-metamorphoses anjalo embonini awatholakali ngaso leso sikhathi.
Ngokwe-theoretically, uma wethula ubuchwepheshe kancane kancane, ngenkathi utshala imali ekuthuthukisweni kwamagatsha afanele wesayensi, khona-ke ngemuva kwamashumi ambalwa eminyaka ungathola imboni encane kodwa eqhubeka ngokuqinile embonini yokukhiqiza uwoyela, eyonciphisa kancane kancane into yokungcola ibe mincane.
I-biation biofuel - ikusasa langempela noma inganekwane?
Cishe yonke imibiko yocwaningo nezethulo ezinikelwe imakethe ye-biofuel yezindiza, ithi ukungakwazi ukungena esikhundleni sophethiloli nodizili "nozakwabo abaluhlaza."
Umbuzo: “Kubiza malini”, - kudumaza umdluliseli ekuqhubekeni kokukhuluma ngokuqala kwesikhathi okulindelwe.
Enye yezinto eziphambili zokushayela embonini yile inqubo ehlanganyelwe ye-U.S. Imali ebekiwe yabelwe ukucwaninga, futhi namhlanje intuthuko yenziwa kusetshenziswa zonke izinhlobo zezinto ezingavuthiwe.
Njengoba ikhasimende linguHulumeni wase-US, noma yimuphi umphumela uzotholakala kunoma yikuphi.
Ikakhulu, amabutho asolwandle ase-US ahlela ukudlulisa zonke izimoto zomoya ziye ku-2020 nge Ingxube ka-50/50 yeparafini yezindiza nama-biofuel.
Mhlawumbe obambe iqhaza kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni namuhla nguphethiloli weSwift. Kodwa-ke, ubuchwepheshe benkampani abukwazi ukubizwa ngokuphelele ngokuthi "i-biomass fuel".
Le nkampani ithola uphethiloli obizwa nge-octane ephezulu, ofanele ukusetshenziswa ezinjini zesimanje zezindiza, kusuka ku-acetone. Kule ndlela, wakwazi ukuthola imiphumela ebalulekile.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ukunakwa okuncane kakhulu kukhokhwe esigabeni sokukhiqizwa kwe-acentone kusuka ku-biomass - i.e. Ingxenye eluhlaza ngqo.
Enye yezingibe eziyinhloko ze-biofuel - amandla omzimba. Lokhu akukubi kangako ngeqiniso lokuthi ama-biofuel anenani eliphansi kancane le-calorific uma liqhathaniswa nophethiloli, uphethiloli nodizili.
Lapha, okokuqala, isidingo semithombo yemvelo yokukhiqiza amafutha, i.e. ezindaweni zezolimo, okuthi, njengoba inani lomhlaba likhula, liba ligugu kakhulu.
Futhi ngalesi sikhombisi, ama-biofuel awakwazi ukuqhathaniswa nemikhiqizo kawoyela ekhishwa emthonjeni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqondo wama-biofuel uphikisana nomqondo ongokomlando wokuthuthuka kwezimboni. Okokuqala, izinkuni zazisetshenziswa yonke indawo. Ngemuva kwalokho yathathelwa indawo ngamalahle, eyayisebenza kahle kabili (ngenani elifanayo le-calorific yayingabizi kabili).
Okulandelayo kwangena okunye esikhundleni semikhiqizo kaphethiloli, eyaphinda kabili ukusebenza kwayo, futhi, ekugcineni, amandla enuzi.
Ngenxa yezimpawu zamandla nezindleko, i-biofuel ayihambelani kulokhu kuhlanganiswa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kusho isinyathelo esibuyela emuva, noma okungenani ohlangothini, ekuthuthukiseni "okuluhlaza".
Kukhona elula isibonelo se-usa. Ukuze kusebenze isitshalo ngomthamo waminyaka yonke ongamalitha ayizigidi ezingama-65, kuyadingeka ukucubungula amandla e-biomass nsuku zonke, okutshalwa kuwo kuthatha amasimu webhola ayi-15.
Ukhulisa wonke umnotho wase-US ukusetshenziswa nsuku zonke kwamafutha angaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-380 kuzodinga ukwakhiwa kwezitshalo ezinjalo ezingaphezu kuka-2 100. Lesi sibalo okwamanje asikazibali izindleko zeketanga lonke lokukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel: izinto zokutshala kushukela - ushukela kuma-biofuel.
Ungawutholaphi umthamo onjalo wendawo ehlwanyelwe, ukuthi ungazivikela kanjani ekulweni nokwehluleka kwezitshalo futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthi ungawudlulisela kanjani wonke lo mthamo kumabhizinisi wokulungisa uphinde uqhubekele kubathengi?
Isibonelo sokusebenza komkhakha we-biofuel e-United States kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi yisiphi imiphumela zingaba nentuthuko yezizinda ezingama-biofuel emnothweni wezwe.
IBioethanol ekhiqizwa e-USA iyabiza kakhulu ukwedlula ama-analogi wendabuko futhi ngasikhathi sincintisana nomhlaba wezolimo ngezilimo zokudla, okubangela ukungagculiseki okuphakathi kwabantu.
Ukundiza, ama-biofuel, empeleni, kuyikhanda langempela, ngoba bavala amathuba okusebenzisa amandla abheke kakhulu.
Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, uma umenzi enomkhiqizo ompofu, kodwa ekwazi ukukhombisa uHulumeni ngesidingo sokusekelwa, uHulumeni wase-US uzowubeka ngenkani kubathengi. Futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iphinde ixhase umenzi wayo ngezindleko zentela ekhokhwayo kubathengi.
Ngakho-ke, ukuze uvumelane nenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ephelele, okungenani ama-biofuel kumele abe nezici ezifanayo ngokuqhathaniswa namafutha avela kumikhiqizo kaphethiloli. Esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo, naphezu komsebenzi omuhle ososayensi, ukulinganisela okunjalo akunakwenzeka.