Ingwenya ye-Orokin ingeyomndeni wezingwenya zangempela. Isidlakela esikhulu kunazo zonke saseNingizimu Melika. Ihlala esigodini somfula i-Orinoco enyakatho yezwe. Indawo le ihlanganisa amazwe anjengeColombia neVenezuela. Abamele inhlobo yalezi zinhlobo zezilwane abatholakali emisha kuphela, kepha nasemanzini anosawoti, okujwayelekile kuzo zonke izingwenya. Lakanye lolu hlobo lwaluhlala endaweni enkulu lufinyelela ezintabeni ze-Andes. Kepha njengamanje, isibalo sabantu asidluli kubantu abangu-1000. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azikho ngaphezu kwezingwenya ezingama-50 ezihlala eColombia, futhi abamele izinhlobo zalaba bantu bahlala emapaki ezwe laseVenezuela. Lapha izidalwa eziphansi zikhuliswa ekudingisweni, futhi lapho zifinyelela kubude bamamitha ayi-2, ziyadedelwa. Ezilwaneni zasekhaya kunabantu abacishe babe ngama-85.

Ukubukeka

Abamele le nhlobo akukho okuphansi ngosayizi nokuqina kubalingani babo abahlala e-Afrika, eNdiya nase-Australia. Lezi zidla ezinamandla ezingase zihlasele isilwane sanoma yisiphi isayizi. Abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane. Ngobude, afinyelela kumamitha angu-3.6-4.8. Ezocansini ezibuthakathaka, lesi sibalo ngamamitha ayi-3-3.3. Isisindo sabantu besilisa sisukela ku-380 kuya ku-630 kg. Futhi izinsikazi zinesisindo esingama-230-320 kg. Isidalwa esikhulu kunazo zonke sabulawa ngo-1800. Ubude bawo babu ngamamitha ayi-6.6. Esikhathini esizayo, iziqhwaga ezinkulu ezinobude obungeqi kumamitha ayi-5 zathola.

Isisulu sale ngwenya mncane futhi mude. Umbala unemibala emithathu. Kukhona abantu abanesikhumba esiphuzi, onsundu ngokuhlaza okotshani nokuluhlaza okotshani. Ezinye izidalwa ezinamabala amnyama ansundu nemivimbo emzimbeni, kanti ezinye azinayo. Umbala wesikhumba ungahluka, ngenxa yokushintsha kwenani le-melanin esikhunjeni.

Ukuzala

Isikhathi sokufuya sisenkathini eyomile. Ogwini olunesihlabathi, insikazi igaya umgodi ngaphansi kwesidleke. Kuyo, ubeka isilinganiso samaqanda angama-40. Isikhathi sokufakwa kwesinye isikhathi sithatha izinyanga eziyi-2,5. Ngemuva kokubeletha kwezinsana, ziqala ukuncipha. Owesifazane uzwa isicubu, aphule isihlabathi bese ethatha amancanyana emlonyeni wakhe emanzini. Eduze kukamama, izingane okungenani zinonyaka. Kwesinye isikhathi zihlala zize zifike eminyakeni emi-3. I-Orinok ingwenya isencane ayisona isisulu esidabukisayo. Ubuthakathaka futhi akavikeleki. Izimpisi ezimnyama, izibungu, ama-caimans, ama-jaguars, ama-anacondas nabanye abahlaseli bangamhlasela.

Ukuziphatha Nempilo

Ukudla okuyinhloko kwesisulu esinamandla amakhulu kubandakanya izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi. Ukudoba kusizwa yi-muzzle emincane enamazinyo abukhali. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-reptile ayizideleli izilwane ezincelisayo, uma zingena endaweni yokubonakala kwazo. Isibonelo, i-capybara nezinye izilwane cishe zilingana. Kepha uma unikezwe isisulu esincanyana, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zithanda ukudla inhlanzi. Ngakho-ke, uma umhlaseli egcwele, akusoze kwahlasela abakhileyo ezweni.

Ngokuqondene nokuhlaselwa kwabantu, amacala anqabile kakhulu. Lokhu kuchazwa yiqiniso lokuthi ingwenya yase-Orinoc ithanda ukuhlala ezindaweni ezikude, kude nezindlu. Uma abantu behlangana kaningi, khona-ke kungaba nokuhlaselwa okwengeziwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lezirhubulutho lincane, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuxhumana nabantu kuncishisiwe.

Inombolo

Isilwane esihuquzelayo sinesikhumba esihle. Lesi kwakuyisizathu sokucekelwa phansi kwabantu cishe ngokuphelele. Maphakathi kweminyaka engama-70s yekhulu leminyaka edlule lapho abantu beshintshe izingqondo zabo futhi bethula imithetho evimbela ukuzingela lesi silwanyana esidliwayo. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni engama-40 edlule, inani lezinhlobo likhuphuke kakhulu. Lapha indima ebalulekile idlalwa ngokuzingela. Kungekudala nje, sibonga amapaki kazwelonke, lapho isimo sithuthuke ngandlela thile. Kepha usayizi walesi sakhamuzi usashaqisa phakathi kochwepheshe. Ngakho-ke, konke okungenzeka kwenziwa ukuze kugcinwe ukubukeka.

Isilwanyana sasendle esisengozini

Ingwenya yase-Orinoc (ingwenya yase-Orinoco, ingwenya yaseColombian) ingeyalezi zilwane ezingezinhle ezinabantu bazo, ngenxa yokuthi "usizo" lomuntu olusebenzayo, selusondele ekuqothulweni. Abantu abaningi baphindaphinda eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule eyayihlala egcekeni lomfula i-Orinoco River (enyakatho-mpumalanga yeSouth America) njengamanje, ngokwezibalo ezahlukahlukene, ezigcinwe enanini lezilwane ezingama-250 kuya kwangama-900. Futhi ukubuyisa inani esikhathini esizayo esiseduze kunzima kakhulu, ngakho-ke, ingwenya yase-Orokin idinga ukugada okuqinile kweziphathimandla zezemvelo kanye nomphakathi.

Ukuchazwa kwesayensi kwe-Orinok ngwenya kwahlanganiswa ngonyaka we-1819 ngaphansi kwegama le-binomial uCrocodylus intermedius, kwathi eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, ngawo-20s wekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ukuzingela ukugembula kwesikhumba salesi silwane kwaqala. Cishe isigamu samakhulu eminyaka, izidalwa ezihuquzelayo zabulawa ngokungenangqondo, isikhumba sazo esihle kakhulu sangena embonini yezimpahla zezikhumba zaseMelika emifudlaneni engapheli. Kwanele ukusho ukuthi maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule ukuthengiswa kwansuku zonke kwezikhumba ze-Orinok ngwenya kufinyelele izingcezu eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-3-4.
Ukwehla okukhulu kwabantu kuholele ekuqothulweni kwamabhizinisi amaningi anentshisekelo kwezokusetshenziswa kwesikhumba, kepha leli qiniso alizange libathobise abalondolozi bemvelo - inani labazidlayo ezihuquzelayo esisekelweni sase-Orinoco lehle ngesivinini esiyinhlekelele eminye iminyaka eminingi. Ngaphandle kokuthi eminyakeni yama-70s kwavinjelwa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokudoba izingwenya zase-Orinok, ukuzingela imigwaqo, ukubhujiswa kwabantu abaphilayo ababanjwa ngamanetha okudoba, kanye nokubhujiswa kwama-oviposites kwakuvame ukwenzeka.

Inani labazingeli hhayi kuphela lesikhumba salezi zilwane, kodwa futhi nenyama, edliwayo ngabantu bendawo. Amahemuhemu abantu ahlukaniselwe izakhiwo eziyisimangaliso enyameni nakumafutha e-Orinok ngwenya, ukwelashwa kwezifo eziningi - esinye isizathu sokuqothulwa kwalezi zilwane. Ukuzingela okungalawulwa kwezinto ezihuquzelayo kusaqhubeka. Isikhumba salezi zilwane sifana kakhulu nesikhumba sengwenya ekhonjiwe ebanzi, ngakho-ke kunzima ukusungula ukulawula kokuthengisa.
Indima ebalulekile ekuqothulweni kwezirhubuluzi yadlalwa ngukungcoliswa okuqhubekayo kwendalo, okwenzeka kulesi sifunda esibuyela emuva ngokomnotho. Njengamanje, ingwenya yase-Orinoc ingesinye sezinhlobo ezingandile kakhulu zaso.

Lesi silwanyana esihlala izilwane zasendle sihlala maphakathi nasesifundeni esiphansi soMfula i-Orinoco; indawo yaso ihlanganisa izikebhe zaseLos Llanos (i-Savannah los llanos), eziba ngobugovu ngemuva kwenkathi yemvula. Izingwenya zithande ukulinda izinkathi zesomiso emiseleni emba endaweni yamanzi ekhukhulayo. Ingwenya yase-Orinoc ingatholakala emazweni anjengeVenezuela neColombia. Ososayensi namanje abakwazanga ukuphendula lo mbuzo - kungani le ndawo yezilwane ezifuywayo ingatholanga izindawo ezinhle esifundeni sezikhukhula i-Amazon, eseningizimu. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ingwenya yase-Orokin ingesinye sabameli abakhulu kakhulu bokususwa kwayo - yaziwa ngokuthembekile ngokubanjwa kwabantu ngamamitha ayi-6 ubude nesisindo esingama-340 kg. Isidlakela esikhulu kunazo zonke saseNingizimu Melika. Kodwa-ke, lezi zingwenya zingabanini be-Orinoco basin kuphela, abafuni ukuthuthela kwezinye izindawo. Abanye abantu batholakala eziqhingini zaseTrinidad, enyakatho yeVenezuela, okuphakamisa ukubekezelelwa kwezingwenya ze-Orinoc emanzini anosawoti.

Ukubukeka kubonakaliswa yi-muzzle emude kakhulu, ekhumbuza ukwakheka kobuso bengwenya ekhombe e-Afrika. Ekhaleni liphakanyiswa kancane, ngakho-ke amakhala awaphakeme. I-dorsal carapace ayihlukile emandleni, amapuleti esikhumba atholakala emhlane nasentanjeni emigqeni evumelanayo, ingaphakathi lesisu alimbozwe ngezihlangu, okwenza isikhumba sezingwenya ze-Orokin zibaluleke nge-haberdashery. Amehlo anombala oshibilika mpo, njengazo zonke izingwenya. Ukwakheka kwemihlathi nokuluma kujwayelekile kubamele abomndeni wezingwenya zangempela. Isibalo samazinyo singama-68. Njengawo wonke amazinyo ayingwenya, izinsikazi zincane kakhulu kunabesilisa.

Umbala womzimba ungahluka kancane ngokuya ngendawo yendawo yokuhlala. Imvamisa, ingwenya yase-Orokin ipendiwe ngombala oluhlaza okotshani, okwahlukahluka amabala amnyama ngemuva nasemaceleni omzimba. Kwesinye isikhathi emsileni kukhona imivimbo ephansi emnyama ephambuka. Kukhona abantu abadwetshwe ngombala oluhlaza okotshani omnyama, kanye nohlaza ophuzi nphuzi onsundu. Kubantu abathunjiwe, ushintsho oluncane ekujuleni nasekujuleni kwemibala yomzimba lwabonwa ngemuva kwesikhathi eside.

Ukudla kwezilwane ezindala kunikezwa ama-vertebrates asemanzini nawasemhlabeni - izinhlanzi, izinyoni, izinduku, ama-amphibians, nanoma yisiphi isidalwa esiphilayo esifinyeleleka emihlathini yazo. Abesilisa abadala banolaka olukhulu, futhi bavame ukuhlela umbukiso phakathi kwabo, imvamisa kakhulu ngenxa yezingxabano zomhlaba. Kunamacala owaziwayo wokuhlaselwa kwezingwenya zase-Orinoc emfuyweni ngisho nakubantu. Kepha njengamanje, ngokunikezwa kokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo, amaqiniso anjalo awakhulunywa isikhathi eside. Okungenani labantu bendawo abesabi lezi ezihuquzelayo. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezisencane zidla inyamazane encane - izinhlanzi, ama-amphibians, ama-invertebrates kanye nezibungu.

Okuphakanyiselwe ukubeka kweqanda. Ukuhlangana kwenzeka ngoSepthemba-Okthoba lapho-ke, ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili nengxenye, insikazi ibekela ama-70 (ngokwesilinganiso - cishe ama-40) amaqanda amakhulu esidlekeni esakhiwe kusuka ezimhlolweni nasenhlabathini. Owesifazane uvame ukuba semsebenzini eduze esidlekeni, aqaphe i-clutch ezinkulwaneni ezidla inyama, izinyoka nezinye izithandwa ukuze zidle amaqanda. NgoMeyi-Juni (cishe izinsuku ezingama-70 ngemuva kokuqothuka), inzalo ikhishwa egobolondweni bese igijimela emanzini ngosizo lukamama. Imvamisa, inqubo yokuqandusela kusuka emaqanda ihlangana nesikhathi semvula, lapho isifufula sezikhukhula i-Orinoco siphenduka isigcawu esithanda izingane ezisanda kuzalwa. Njengamalungu amaningi omndeni, izinsikazi zale ngwenya i-Orinok inakekela inzalo futhi izivikele ezilwazisayo isikhathi esingangonyaka (kwesinye isikhathi kuze kube yiminyaka emithathu).
Imvamisa, abantu abasha baba yisisulu se-anacondas nama-caimans. Abantu abakhula ngeminyaka yobudala emithathu cishe abanazo izitha zemvelo ezinamandla kakhudlwana. Bavuthwa ngocansi abaneminyaka engama-7-8, kanti iminyaka yokuphila ephelele iyiminyaka engama-50-60 (mhlawumbe).

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, izinhlobo ze-Crocodylus intermedius zisengcupheni - zibhalwe ohlwini Olubomvu lwe-IUCN ngaphansi kwesimo se-CR - esesimweni esibucayi. Ukuphuma kwakamuva kwesayensi esifundeni sesikhukhula soMfula i-Orinoco kukhombisile ukuthi ngaphakathi kweVenezuela inani lalezi zinto ezihubhayo limelelwa ngamaqembu amancane asakazeke anenani lezilwane ezingaba ngu-1000. Inani labantu baseColombia licishe liqothulwe ngokuphelele - ngokusho kochwepheshe, azikho ngaphezu kwezidalwa ezingama-50 ezisaphilayo ezihlala kuleli.
Ukuqothulwa kwengwenya yase-Orinoc kuphazamise ukwanda kwesibalo sabantu be-caiman abahlala esigodini sase-Orinoco - ukungabi bikho komncintiswano wokudla onamandla kanye nesitha semvelo kube nomthelela ekuchumeni kwalezi ezihuqayo.

17.12.2018

Ingwenya ye-Orinoc (lat.Crocodylus intermedius) - isisulu esikhulu kunazo zonke eLatin America. Umdondoshiya omude obude obungama-678 cm wabonwa ngamehlo akhe futhi walinganiswa uqobo ngo-1800 yisazi sokuma komhlaba saseFrance u-Eme Jacques Boplan kanye nesazi semvelo saseJalimane u-Alexander von Humboldt ngesikhathi sokuphuma kwesayensi emfuleni i-Orinoco.

Isilo esikhulu ngokwedlulele sichazwa umgibeli waseSpain uFrya Jacinto de Carvajal kumanothi akhe ohambweni loMfula i-Apure ngo-1618. Uphethe ngokuthi ingwenya ebulawa ngabalingani bayo ifinyelele ku-cm ezingama-696. Izazi zesimanje zesimanje ziyangabaza ngemininingwane enjalo. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, bekungakaze kwenzeke ukuba ubhalise ngokusemthethweni ama-giants abezokwazi ukufinyelela kubudala obuhlonishwayo ukuze akhule ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-5.

Iningi lezilwane alinaso isikhathi endle sokufika kulosayizi, liba yizisulu zabazingeli abathandekayo. Izinhlobo ezithathwa njengezisondele ekuqothulweni futhi zifakiwe kwiNcwadi Elubomvu Yomhlaba wonke. Ngokwezibalo ezinethemba elikhulu, akubekho abantu abangaphezu kwe-1,500 eVenezuela nabangu-200 eColombia abasindayo ku-vivo.

Ukusatshalaliswa

Ingwenya yase-Orinoc iyisigaxa sasesigodini i-Orinoco. Indawo ephelele ehlala abantu ibanga elingaphezulu kwamakhilomitha skwele ayinkulungwane. Ngaphezu kweVenezuela neColombia, ezinye izilo ezihuquzelayo zabonwa eziqhingini zaseGrenada naseTrinidad, eziseLwandle lweCaribbean, amakhilomitha angama-240 ukusuka ezweni. Kungenzeka ukuthi balethwa kubo ngemisinga yolwandle ngemuva kwesikhukhula.

Abamele le nhlobo bakha izizwana eziningi ezihlala zodwa. Bahlala kuyo yomibili imifula egeleza kanye nezindawo zabo ezinamanzi ahamba kancane nodaka.

Umngcele oseningizimu yebanga ufinyelela emfuleni iCasikyar, ogeleza ungene eRio Negra, inkantolo yangakwesobunxele ye-Amazon. Ngenkathi yemvula, izidalwa ezihuquzelayo zivela e-savannah eyayinezikhukhula endaweni yeminyango yaseColombia e-Aruac naseCasanare, enyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe. Entshonalanga, ibanga lilinganiselwe onyaweni lwe-Andes.

Izingwenya ze-Orinoc zihlala emizimbeni yamanzi angenamanzi amasha. Akukho mininingwane ethembekile yokuthi ayatholakala ku-Orinoco delta. Iningi lazo lifuduka minyaka yonke ngenkathi yezimvula, futhi libhekana nesomiso ezigodini zemifula nasezihlahleni ezijulile.

Izingwenya zase-Orinoc zixhumana kanjani

Kwezokuxhumana, kusetshenziswa amasiginali alalelwayo ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Umsindo ojulile futhi ongamakhwapheni, okhumbuza ukubhula, wenziwa ngomlomo ovulekile nekhanda eligoqiwe cishe ngo-30 ° ngaphezu kwamanzi. Iphindwa izikhathi ezingama-3-6, izwakala kahle ebangeni elingama-200 ukuya kuma-20000 m futhi isetshenziselwa ukunquma imingcele yendawo yasekhaya futhi ifune abalingani esikhathini sokuzalela.

Ukwesabisa izimbangi, kusetshenziswa i-grunt, ebonwa njenge-growl noma i-grunt emfushane ngebanga lamamitha ayi-10- 20. Esimweni sokuqala, senziwa ngomlomo ovaliwe, kuthi owesibili ngomlomo ovulekile.

Imivimbo imvamisa yandulelwa yingoma eyinqaba. Ngokuvamile izintokazi zikhala lapho zivikela izidleke noma inzalo. Bayakwazi ukuveza ulaka lwabo olukhulayo ngisho nangaphansi kwamanzi, bese kuba nama-bubble amaningi noma “geyser” yangempela ebusweni bayo.

Ukwesabisa izivakashi ezingamenyiwe, umhlaseli wezinyobezane usikhipha ngokuqinile emihlathini, avale umlomo ngaso leso sikhathi. Zivakala ngokusobala ebangeni elingafika ku-35 m.

Izingwenya ezisencane zikhipha ukubhoboza kanye nemisindo ephindaphindekayo ehlala isikhathi esingaphansi kwesekhondi. Zitholwa abesifazane njengobizo losizo futhi zibangela ukusabela okuvikelayo ngokushesha. Ngezwi elipholile, abasha bamemezela ukuba khona kwabo kunina nontanga.

Ukusabela okuxakayo ekusongelweni kuvame ukuvezwa ukunyakaza komsila obukhali okwalandela. Abesifazane nabo bathanda ukuthatha indawo ethusayo, bethola umoya emaphashini abo futhi bakhuphuka ngokubona.

Umsoco

Ingwenya yase-Orinoc iyakwazi ukuthola isisulu esingahle sibe ngaphakathi komthambo ongamamitha angama-300. Ukubamba inyamazane, isebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuzingela. Imvamisa isondela kuye endaweni esemanzini eduze futhi ibambe ngommese oshesha umbani.

Isisulu esinezilwane eziphakathi nendawo ephakathi nendawo sidonsa ukushaya ngamandla komsila bese sidonsa inyamazane yaso ngqo emlonyeni waso. Uyakwazi ukubamba izinyoni nezinambuzane ezindiza emoyeni, nokuheha izinhlanzi, ukhiphe uketshezi olunamafutha njengesibambo. Emigqonyeni emincane, i-reptile itholakala ngokumelene yamanje futhi ivula umlomo wayo ububanzi. Lapho inhlanzi ingena kuyo, imane ivale umlomo wayo.

Ukudla kwezilwane ezindala kuphethwe izinhlanzi ezingaba ngu-25 cm ubude, kanti izinsana zidla ikakhulukazi ezinambuzaneni nakuma crustaceans amancane nase amphibians.

Ebudaleni, imenyu ihlanganiswe izilwane ezincelisayo ezinesisindo esingama-30 kg, ama-waterfowl, izimfudu nezinyoka. Ukudla okuhlala njalo kungama-anacondas amamitha amabili (i-Eunectes murinus), i-capybaras (iHydrochoerus hydrochoerus) nabbhaki abanezintshevu ezimhlophe (Tayassu pecari).

Incazelo

Ubude bomzimba wesilisa bufinyelela ku-350-420 cm ngesisindo esifinyelela kuma-428 kg, kanti izinsikazi zifinyelela ku-390 cm no-195 kg, ngokulandelana. I-muzzle incane futhi yinde, kepha ibanzi kunaleyo ye-gavials (Gavialis gangeticus). Isikali se-keratinized ngemuva sihlelwe ngemigqa ye-symmetrical.

Umbala uluhlaza okotshani obomvana ngotshani obomvana, onsundu okhanyayo onsundu.Ekuthunjweni, kungashintsha ngokuya ngemibandela yokuboshwa.

Umzimba uqinile futhi uthambile, ubanzi engxenyeni ephakathi. Umsila we-muscular ucindezelwa kamuva futhi izinkontileka ngasekupheleni. Emilenzeni yezinyawo zakho eziqinile kuneminwe emi-4 exhunywe ulwelwesi lokubhukuda. Esobunzini, iminwe emi-5 ngaphandle kolwelwesi.

Isikhathi sokuphila sengwenya ye-Orinok yiminyaka engama-70-80.