Izimbungulu ezincane ezimnyama, ezivela eNdiya, zithanda ukuhlala lapho isimo sezulu sifudumele khona. Zilimaza izilimo futhi zizalele okusanhlamvu welayisi, zigaya umnyombo. AmaRice weevil ahlala kakhulu ezindaweni lapho kugcinwa khona okusanhlamvu nokusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu.

Izinhlobo zezimbungulu ze-weevil

Emvelweni kunezinhlobo ezingama-50 000 zama-weevil (izindlovu). E-Russia, kwathathwa izimpande ezingama-5 000. Igama lezimbungulu lalingenxa yangaphambili lekhanda, elibizwa nge-cephalothorax.

Igama lalezi zinhlobo livela ngokuya ngokuthanda kokudla: i-acorn ne-raspberry, ama-weevil we-beet kanye nabadla izimbali ze-apula, umango, i-weevils yelayisi kanye nabanye abaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimbungulu ziyehluka ngobude be-proboscis, usayizi womzimba nombala.

Ukuthi ilayisi weevil ibukeka kanjani

Usayizi wezimbungulu ngu-2-3 mm. Ungabona ithambo lekhanda ngaphambili, libukeka njenge-proboscis, lapho kufihlwe ithuluzi elinamandla lomlomo. Le mihlathini yeevil gnaw okusanhlamvu.

Umbala wezimbungulu zerayisi ungumbala onsundu noma onsundu omnyama, ngaphandle kokuphazimula. Emhlane, amabala obomvu noma akhanyayo obomvu ayabonakala. Umzala we-rice weevil nomzala barn bahlukaniswa yiphethini yamabala.

Ama-weevil angabesifazane mancane, amankonyane asondele komunye nomunye kunabesilisa, futhi i-proboscis imfushane. Abesilisa bahlukahluka ku-elytra tubercles kanye nemilenze egobile. Amabhubu afakwe ngamaphiko, ukuze akwazi ukundiza.

Baphila kanjani

Ama-Rice weevil izinambuzane ezithanda ukushisa ezihlala futhi zizale ngamaqondo okushisa angama-27-30 degrees, kepha ungafi izinsuku ezingama-4 uma isithwathwa singena ku-5 degrees. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakhetha umswakama womoya ongama-70-90%, nokusanhlamvu - 10-17%.

Lezi yizimbungulu zomncintiswano - weselula futhi okwazi ukunqoba amabanga amade. Bacasha endaweni enomthunzi, futhi uma i-weevil ilimele, khona-ke uzenza sengathi ufile, kepha hhayi isikhathi eside - ulala abaleke.

"Abasebenzi belayisi", njengabagijimayo bemashi, banokuphefumula okukhulu, ngakho-ke, lapho befakwa ubuthi ngegesi, bafa njengezinambuzane.

Izinambuzane zobusika ensimini zibheka imigudu engaphansi komhlaba, imisele noma izinqwaba ngezinhlamvu zobusika. Bahlala endaweni eyodwa kuze kuphele ukudla, bese indiza ihambe noma iya kwenye indawo egculisayo.

Sitophilus oryzae L.

I-Calandra oryzae L., igumbi le-Rice weevil

IColeoptera (Amabhungane) - IColeoptera

Irayisi weevil - ibhungane elincanyana elinekhanda elihlangene likhona kule rostrum. Ushintsho luphelele. Inkathazo yezinhlamvu eziyingozi, yakha uhlobo lokutheleleka ngokuthe ngcembe.

Kukholelwa ukuthi indawo okuzalelwa kuyo irayisi weevil yiNdiya, ukusuka lapho, kanye nelayisi, kwasakazekela emhlabeni wonke. Futhi waqamba igama lakhe ngokuthi “irayisi” mayelana neqiniso lokuthi laqala lachazwa yimifanekiso etholwe nguLinnaeus elayisi. Eqinisweni, lukhula okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu okushubile, kanye nakwezinye imbewu zezitshalo zikakolweni.

Kuyisikhungo sokuhlukaniswa yedwa saseMongolia, iPoland, iSlovakia, neHungary.

Chofoza esithombeni ukwandisa

Izintandokazi t (o C)28-30 Min t ukuthuthukiswa (C)13-13,5 Ukulungela. umswakama,%18 Ukuzala (ama-PC)300-576 Izizukulwane ngonyaka2-4 Iqanda (mm)0,6-0,7 I-Larva (mm)2,3-3 Idoli (mm)kufinyelela ku-2.75 I-Imago (mm)2-3,5 Izinga lokuqina1,0

Ngabe kudlani ama-irayisi?

Ibhungane elithi “Rice” libizwa ngoba laqala ukutholwa uCarl Linnaeus elayisi. Ngaphezu kwalesi siko, i-weevil ithanda:

Kepha idla kuphela okusanhlamvu okuwonakalisiwe, okumanzi nokushaywayo. Akenqabeli ukudonsa izithelo ezomisiwe, ibhikawozi nepasta.

Okokuqala, lezi zinambuzane zinezitshalo ezi-dicotyledonous, futhi zizivuselela ngezingxenye eziluhlaza zesitshalo, izimbali, izithelo, nempova, futhi zithanda uhlobo olulodwa lwesitshalo.

I-Morphology

I-Imago. Ngaphandle, ifana kakhulu ne-barn weevil, ihluke ngayo ngosayizi omncane ne-rostrum emncanyana. Beetle 2.5 - 3.5 mm ubude. Umzimba unsundu, ubuthuntu noma ucwebezela kancane, i-expressionotum ngamafossae aminyene, kuleso nale ndawo amabala amabili abomvu, amaphiko athuthukiswa, kanti ibhungane lindiza kahle.

I-Elytra imbozwe kakhulu ngama-grooves akhonjisiwe, kanye nezikhala ezincanyana phakathi kwazo okuhlala imigqa emifushane yamachashazi. I-pronotum futhi imbozwe kakhulu amachashazi ayindilinga futhi ngasikhathi sinye, ukuze phakathi akukho mzila obude obude obumfishane ongenamaphuzu la maphuzu, njenge-weevil yasesibayeni.

Zonke izigaba zokukhula (iqanda, izibungu, ipupa) ziyafana ngesimo nobukhulu ezigabeni ezihambisanayo ze-barn weevil.

Livare mhlophe, enenyama enamamitha ayi-2,5-3.

AmaDoll ekuqaleni mhlophe, kamuva kuphuzi, kufinyelela ku-2.75 mm ubude.

I-Phenology of development (ngezinsuku)

UkuguqulaKugcwele Umjikelezo ogcwele23-210 Iqanda (umbungu)6-9 ULerva12-21 Idoli5-10 I-Imago90-240

Intuthuko

I-Imago. Isikhathi sokuphila kwamabhungane sisukela ezinyangeni ezintathu kuya kweziyi-6. Amabhungane ahlala ebusika aphile izinyanga ezingaba ngu-8, izindawo zobusika ziyindunduma yamabele, imidwebo engaphansi komhlaba, imisele yokufaka ama-rodent nezinye izindawo ezivalekile emakamelweni angafakwanga.

Irice weevil livundile kakhulu kunenqolobane, futhi libeka ama-testicles angama-500. Indlela yokubeka kanye nakho konke ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo iyaqhubeka ngendlela efanayo nasenqolobaneni yesidleke.

Izici ze-Abiotic. I-Rice weevil yi-thermophilic, futhi amazinga okushisa aphansi ayambulala. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu yeRussia Federation phakathi nonyaka ikhula ize ifike ku-4, futhi enyakatho ifinyelela ezizukulwaneni ezi-2.

Izinga lokushisa elilungile lentuthuko lingu-28-30 C, kanye nomswakama wokusanhlamvu 18%. Ngaphansi kwale mibandela, umjikelezo wokuthuthuka uthatha izinsuku ezingama-23-25. Ukuthuthukiswa kwesizukulwane esisodwa ku-21 - 25 ° C kuhlala cishe izinsuku ezingama-40, kuthi ku-14 -18 ° C kuhlale kufike ezinyangeni ezi-3,5 kuya kwezi-7.

Ekumazingeni okushisa ngaphansi kwe-+13 ° C kanye nomswakama wokusanhlamvu (ukolweni) ngaphansi kwe-10%, ukuthuthukiswa kwelayisi weevil akwenzeki.

Ukusabalala kwezwe

Kusatshalaliswa kuwo wonke amazwekazi.

E-Russia nakwamanye amazwe e-CIS kutholakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziseningizimu.

Ezifundeni ezisenyakatho ezengeziwe zivame ukungeniswa zivela eningizimu, kodwa zikhula, njengomthetho, kuphela kumagumbi afudumele. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje, lesi sinambuzane sitholakale kaningi kunamanye ama-weevil kumagalari asendaweni ephakathi, lapho singeniswa sisuka eningizimu ngembewu, ukudla nokondla okusanhlamvu, nalapho kuphumelele khona ubusika.

I-Malware

I-rice weevil ilimaza okusanhlamvu kwerayisi, ukolweni, i-rye, ummbila, ibhali, ufulawa, ubhontshisi, i-pearl ibhali nemikhiqizo kafulawa owomile, imbewu yemiliza, imifino yeoyile.

Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-barn, irayisi weevil iyingozi kakhulu. Izilimo zokusanhlamvu ngenxa yokuqalwa kokukhula kokulahleka kwerayisi weevil kwesisindo kusuka kuma-35 kuye kuma-75%.

Ngokungafani nebarn kanye nezinye izinhlobo zama-weevil, irayisi ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo (Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories) bangahlala unyaka nonyaka ensimini, kepha hhayi ezindaweni ezivulekile, kepha ikakhulu.

Ama-foci angamfucumfucu wezitshalo aqongelela unyaka nonyaka emigudwini lapho kukhona okusanhlamvu kwezilimo ezahlukahlukene zokusanhlamvu. Ukuqongelelwa kwaminyaka yonke kokungcola okusanhlamvu okungasebenziseki kuvumela amabhungane ukuthi uhlale kuwo isikhathi eside. Ezimweni lapho izimpahla zokudla kuqubuka ziphela noma kungakabikho ukuvuna noma imisinga yakudala iyeka ukubakhona, i-weevils iyashiya. Ngasikhathi sinye, benza izindiza ezinkulu ngaphambi kokuvuna okusanhlamvu kwesitshalo esisha.

Kunezimo ezaziwayo zokungcoliswa kokusanhlamvu ensimini kude ne-1.5 km ukusuka ezindlini zokugcina ezin okusanhlamvu okuthelelekile.

Hlangana nePest

I-Rice weevil iyinhlanganobug esisayizi wayo ingahluka kusuka kuma-23 kuye kuma-35 mm. Zonke izinambuzane zinikezwe umzimba omnyama onsundu noma omnyama onsundu ofakwe nge-rostrum encane. Kuma-elytra aminyene aminyene, umuntu angabona izigcawu ezibomvu kanye nemifantu embalwa ebekiwe engathi shu. Ngokuqondene ne-concotum, zibukeka zifana ncamashi ne-elytra. Ama-weevil amabi andiza ngokumangalisa - lokhu kusatshalwa ngamaphiko ezindluzelekazi akhule kahle.

Amaqanda ezinambuzane eziyingozi anombala obunjiwe noma oyindilinga futhi apendwe ngamathoni amhlophe nge-tint encane grey. Ukuvikela amaqanda emonakalweni ongaba khona, izinsikazi zezimvuthu eziminyene zenza izimbobo ezincane ezinhlanyelweni zezitshalo. Futhi-ke udonsa izimbobo ezi-gnawed ngamakhokho amancane amancane aqukethe ezomnyakazo wazo. Ukuzala okuphelele kowesifazane ngamunye kuleli cala kusuka emaqanda amabili kuya kwamakhulu amathathu.

Cishe ezinsukwini ezinhlanu kuya kweziyishumi nane ngemuva kokuzala amaqanda, kuvela izibungu ezibulawa yindlala. Imibandela enembayo engaphezulu yokubukeka kwabo incike ngqo kuzinga lomswakama kanye lokushisa komoya. Esigabeni sezibungu, izidakamizwa eziyingozi zihlala cishe amasonto amathathu. Izibungu ezithuthukisayo zondla ngenkani okusanhlamvu, okusebenza njengokudla kwazo nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nendawo yokukhosela ethembekile. Ukuhlafunwa kwabo kwenzeka lapho, futhi kwezinye izinsuku ezine kuya kweziyisithupha iziyungulu zisesigabeni sabafundi.

Ngokuvamile, ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, wonke ama-weevil adlula kuwo wonke umjikelezo wokuthuthuka (amaqanda - izibungu - ipupae - izimbungulu zabantu abadala) cishe ngezinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu. Futhi isikhathi sokuphila kwabantu abadala silinganiselwa cishe ezinsukwini eziyikhulu nekhulu nesishiyagalombili.

Ngaphezu irayisi nezinye izinhlobo zamabele, ama-weevil elayisi angatholakala emikhiqizweni ethile, ngokwesibonelo, ku-pasta noma kufulawa, kanye nasezitsheni ezomisiwe nasemikhiqizweni eyosiwe ebhakeni. Zombili izibungu ezincane nabantu abadala benza cishe ingozi efanayo. Kuliqiniso, ezithelweni zokusanhlamvu bazama ukukhetha okusanhlamvu okushayiwe kuphela, okumanzi nokulimazayo ukuze kudliwe nokubekwa kweqanda okwalandelayo - okusanhlamvu okuphelele nokomile akunakusebenza kakhulu kubo.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukutheleleka kwezilimo kungabonakala kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula kwazo. Ama-weevil anonya angaziveza kalula ngisho nasensimini, khona-ke azoqhubeka nokuzala asevele agcinwe.

Izilimo ezithinteka emithanjeni yelayisi zivame ukulahlekelwa phakathi kwamaphesenti angama-35 kuya kwangama-75 esisindo sesitshalo.

Ungalwa kanjani

Njengomthetho, ukuze kuliwe nezinsimbi zerayisi, i-aerosol disin Assembly noma ukwelashwa okumanzi ngamalungiselelo akhethekile kuyenziwa - lezi zinyathelo azikwazi ukuvimba kuphela ukuhlaselwa kwezinambuzane ezintsha, kepha futhi nokuqeda ezikhona. Ezokwelapha ezimanzi, imikhiqizo efana neFufanon, i-Decis, i-Actellik, neKarbofos noma iKarate iphelele. Izindawo zokugcina isivuno kufanele zicutshungulwe nalawa mathuluzi aphelele, kusetshenziswe cishe ama-50 ml wesisombululo sokusindisa imitha ngayinye yesikwele yomphezulu.

Futhi ukuze kwenziwe okusanhlamvu kukhange kancane kwizinambuzane, kufanele kulungiselelwe ngokucophelela ukugcinwa isikhathi eside. Kuze kube manje, zomile, zizama ukufeza inkomba yomswakama ka-15% (kwisitoreji eside kakhulu - ngo-13 - 14%). Futhi lapho isivuno somile ngokuphelele, kufanele sihlanzwe yazo zonke izinhlobo zokungcola ukhula nayo yonke imbewu elimele.

Izinambuzane nezifo zerayisi. Izindlela zomzabalazo.

Ilayisi ingquza emangalisayo, isiko lakudala Emhlabeni. Njengesitshalo esinikeza okusanhlamvu okubalulekile, ilayisi selaziwa iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi. Igama lohlobo lwe-Oryza livela egameni lesiShayina elisho "okusanhlamvu okuhle kokudla, okondla isinkwa sabantu." Ngempela, ilayisi ingenye yezilimo zokudla ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ama-grice grats aqukethe ama-carbohydrate, aphansi ngamaprotheni, amanoni nomlotha, unambitheka enhle kakhulu, ugaya kakhulu, futhi uphakeme ekudleni kwezinye izitshalo. Amaprotheni elayisi aqukethe inani elikhulu le-asidi ebalulekile efana ne-lysine, i-valine, i-methionine, ngenxa yokuthi imunca kahle umzimba womuntu. Njengamanje, irayisi itshalwa emazweni angama-114 endaweni engamahektare angaphezu kwezigidi ezili-155. Abakhiqizi abakhulu belayisi yiNdiya neChina. Ngokubambisana bakhiqiza ama-62% erayisi e-Asia kanye ne-57% yomthamo wokusanhlamvu welayisi womhlaba. Isivuno esivamile emhlabeni singama-2,5 t / ha.

Kubahlali baseRussia, irayisi nayo ingumkhiqizo wokudla obalulekile. Kutshalwa endaweni engamahektha ayi-182.9 000. Isivuno esiphakathi neRussia Federation ngu-7 t / ha. Ezingeni lokudla okusanhlamvu okuqediwe, isabelo salo singaphezu kwama-40%. Ngo-2016, ilayisi lahlwanyelwa endaweni eyi-142, 4 000 yamahektha esifundeni. Ngemuva kokuvuna, kutholwa isivuno sokugcina irekhodi - amathani ayinkulungwane ayisigidi esingu-26,5.

Umswakama ophezulu uheha izinambuzane eziguqulwe ukuze zisinde futhi zizale kabusha ezimweni ezikhethekile emasimini welayisi. Imvamisa, izinambuzane ezithile zithanda umswakama zilimaza izilimo zerayisi. Ezinjengama-irayisi weevil, omiyane, i-leech, aphid nabanye. Izinambuzane zilimaza izingxenye zezitshalo ezingaphansi nangaphansi kwamanzi.

Yazi ezinye zazo.

• Irayisi weevil — Sitophilus oryzae L.
• I-oda: Coleoptera - Coleoptera
• Umndeni: Weevils - I-Curculionidae

I-Rice weevil isisulu esiyingozi sezitshalo zikakolweni. Kwenzeka ikakhulu ezindaweni eziseningizimu. Badla okusanhlamvu kalayisi, ukolweni, ibhali, rye, nommbila. Lezi zinhlobo akufanele zididaniswe ne-barn weevil. Ilayisi linombala onsundu omnyama futhi lilimaza kakhulu izilimo. Izinambuzane zindiza kahle. Izinsikazi zivundile, ziyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda angama-600 ngesizini. Lesi sinambuzane silimaza esigabeni sezibungu nabantu abadala, sidla okusanhlamvu ngentshiseko. Ezilimeni zerayisi, idonsela inhlabathi enomswakama kanye nembewu edumbile. Iwela ngaphakathi kwembewu, i-weevil ingena emabangeni, lapho iqhubeka khona nokondla nokuzala. Ukulahleka kwezitshalo kungafika ku-75%.

• Ilayisi omiyane — I-Endochironomus tendens
• Oda: Amaphiko amabili - IDiptera
• Umndeni: Izinsimbi zomiyane -I-Chironomidae

Irayisi omiyane ngokukhethekile irayisi. Kusatshalaliswa kuzo zonke izindawo zokulinywa kwelayisi. Inombala ophuzi ophuzi. Izinsikazi zivundile, zibeka amaqanda afinyelela kwikhulu ngesizini. Umiyane ukhula ngokushesha. Isigaba esinobungozi izibungu, ezikhula emanzini bese zondla ngamaqabunga amancane neziqu. Okuyingozi kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuvela kokuhluma. Amaqabunga alimile aphenduka aphuzi futhi afe, amahlumela amasha ayafa. Izizukulwane ezintathu zikhula ngonyaka. Kusatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi.

• Isiphuzo selayisi — I-Lema suvorovi jacobs
• I-oda: Coleoptera - Coleoptera
• Umndeni: mabhungane amaqabunga - Chrysomelidae

Isiphuzo selayisi yisona inkathazo esinamandla kunazo zonke. Sisatshalaliswe engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia, iCaucasus, i-Asia Ephakathi, neSiberia. Beetle nge-elytra ecwebezelayo. Izinsikazi ziyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda afinyelela kuma-200 ngesizini. Izibungu nezinambuzane ziyalimaza. Amaqabunga ama-larvae skeletonize, abhubhisa izindawo ezinkulu zezilayisi. IBhungane ivela ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, ilimaze izithombo, ibambe ingxenye enkulu yazo.

• I-aphid evamile — Igrizaphis graminum
• Oda: iDiptera - Homoptera
• Umndeni: Izindondo - Aphididae

Ama-aphid ayisidalwa esimangazayo. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, iyakwazi ukukhiqiza isizukulwane esisha sezibungu ngaphandle kwenqubo yokuzalisa. Kuthunyelwe ezifundeni eziseningizimu yeRussia. Inombala oluhlaza okhanyayo. I-larvae kanye nokulimala kwezinambuzane ezindala, ukuncela ujusi ovela ezitshalweni zikakhokho, kubandakanya nelayisi. Amahlamvu alimile aqothuka, aphuzi aphuzi afe. Isigaba selayisi esisengozini kakhulu ukuphuma kwe-tube. Inani elikhulu kakhulu lama-aphid libonakala ngasekupheleni kukaJuni-Julayi. Ngesikhathi sokukhula, ilayisi iba izizukulwane eziyi-12.

• Impukane yasogwini — I-Ephydra macellaria
• Oda: Amaphiko amabili - IDiptera
• Umndeni: Imicibisholo - I-Ephydridae

Impukane yasogwini iyinambuzane ebaluleke kakhulu yerayisi. Isinambuzane esidala sinombala onsimbi oluhlaza. Izibungu zimhlophe, ziphuzi. Ihanjiswe endaweni yama-steppe eRussia. Ukuzala kabusha kwenzeka ezinsukwini ezingama-2-3 ngemuva kokuzikhukhula ngamasimu. Insikazi ibekela amaqanda afinyelela kwayi-100 ngesizini emhlabathini omanzi nengxenye yezimpunga zerayisi. Izimpande ze-larvae ze-gnaw, zichithe amahlumela amasha namaqabunga. Okubi kakhulu yizibungu zesizukulwane sokuqala, esiqala ukondla ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi.

Izifo zamarayisi nazo zinganciphisa kakhulu ikhwalithi nenani lesitshalo. Kunezifo ezahlukahlukene kulesi siko. Cabanga okuvame kakhulu.

I-Pyriculariosis

• Umenzeli wesifo lesi I-Piricularia oryzae
• Isigaba: I-Dheuteromycetes - I-Dheuteromycetes
• I-oda: Gifomycetales - I-Hyphomycetales

Isifo selayisi esiyingozi kakhulu. Kusatshalaliswa kuzo zonke izindawo zokulinywa kwelayisi. I-Rice pyriculariosis ihola i-TOP - isikhunta esine-phytopathogenic eyi-10 futhi ingenye yezimbangela zendlala e-Asia nase-Afrika. Ukhunta ukhula ezitshalweni eziphilayo ezivela ezinhlamvwini ezisuswe emgqonyeni wemfucumfucu nokhula. Ama-spores awela esitshalweni ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle (izinga lokushisa eliphansi nomswakama ophakeme) angamila kungakapheli amahora ama-3. Ukulahleka kwesithelo kungasukela ku-15 kuye ku-40%. Izinhlobo ezintathu zerayisi pyriculariosis ziyaziwa: iqabunga, i-nodular and panicrate.

Ifomu lamaqabunga liyavela emaphethelweni amaqabunga ngesimo sezindawo ezinamabala agqamile anemibala engwevu enomngcele onsundu ngasemaphethelweni. Ngokuhlulwa kanzima, amaqabunga ayaconsa futhi omile, isitshalo siyafa ngaphambi kokuba sikhuculwe.

Ifomu le-nodular livela phakathi kwezigaba zezimbali nezokuvuthwa kwamakhamu, zakha amabala ansundu ezingxenyeni ezingezansi zesiqu. Ngasikhathi sinye, izicubu ze-node ziqala ukubola, zimbozwe ngengubo empunga, isiqu siphule.

Ifomu lokwesaba lithinta isisekelo se-panicle axis, ukugeleza kwamanzi nezakhi zomzimba kuyama. I-panicle iyoma noma inikeze imbewu ye-puny.

I-Fusarium

• Umenzeli wesifo lesi Fusarium graminearum schwabe
• Isigaba: I-Dheuteromycetes - I-Dheuteromycetes
• Oda: Hymofitsety - I-Hyphomycetales

Kusatshalaliswa kuzo zonke izindawo zokulinywa kwelayisi. I-Mushroom ishunqisa imbewu ngesimo se-mycelium, ezinsaleleni zezitshalo - ngesimo se-mycelium ne-sclerotia. Izimo ezithandekayo zokuthuthukiswa kwesikhunta - izinga lokushisa eliphakeme nomswakama elingaphezu kwama-85%. Ukulahleka kwezithelo kungu-10-15%. Lesi sifo sithinta izithombo, izithombo nezitshalo zabantu abadala. Amahlumela aphenduka aphuzi, aqhekeke futhi omile. Kuzithombo, izintambo zezimpande zibola, amaqabunga aphenduka aphuzi bese afa. Ezitshalweni ezindala, ama-node aba mnyama futhi abole, ukuwohloka kwesiqu kwenzeka, futhi ama-panicles athuthukile. Imbewu ibuthakathaka, ingwevu engcolile noma nsundu.

I-Alternariosis noma i-Olive Rice Mold

• Umenzeli wesifo lesi I-Alternaria tenuis Nees
• Iklasi: Ascomycetes - Ascomycetes
• I-oda: Pleospore - Ama-Pleosporales

Kusatshalaliswa yonke indawo. Ama-ejenti we-causative alesi sifo aqhubeka embewini kanye nemfucumfucu yesitshalo enesifo se-mycelium ne-conidia. Lesi sifo sikhula ngomswakama okhulayo, umoya kanye nokuvunda kwenhlabathi ephezulu. Eminyakeni emvula, ukulahleka kwezitshalo kungafika ku-40%. Imvamisa ukuziveza engxenyeni yesibili yesikhathi sokukhula. Ithinta amaqabunga, isiqu, yakha i-olive velvety. Izinto zokwethuka ziba ngumhlaba. Ngenxa yobuthi, ikhwalithi yokusanhlamvu iyawohloka.

Helminthosporiosis

• Umenzeli wesifo lesi Helminthosporium oryzae B. de Haan
• Isigaba: I-Dheuteromycetes - I-Dheuteromycetes
• I-oda: Gyphomycetes - I-Hyphomycetales

Lesi sifo sidlangile eJapan, eChina, eNdiya, eminyakeni yamuva nje eye yabonwa eRussia. Isikhunta sithinta zonke izingxenye zezitshalo. Imithombo eyingozi kakhulu yokutheleleka yimbewu nemfucumfucu yesitshalo. Amahlumela ayabola namafomu e-plaque entanyeni yezimpande. Kuvela amabala ama-olive omnqumo emaqabunga. Amabala amnyama kuma-panicles. Ukushoda kwezilimo kungu-5-10%.

Ukulwa nezinambuzane nezifo elayisi kuyinto enzima, kepha kungenzeka.

Emzabalazweni wokulwa nezinambuzane zerayisi, inkampani yaseKhimagromarketing incoma ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa: I-Fostran, i-CE (dimethoate, 400 g / l) ngesilinganiso sokugeleza kwe-1.0 - 1.5 l / ha, Nurimet Extra, CE (chlorpyrifos, 500 g / l + i-cypermethrin, 50 g / l) ngesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa okungu-0.75 - 1.0 l / ha, i-Operkot Acro, KS (imidacloprid, 300 g / l + lambda-cygalotrin, 100 g / l) ngesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa okungu-0,05 - 0 , 1 l / ha. Ukufafaza kwenziwa ngesikhathi sokukhula.

Ngokubhekelana nezifo ezahlukahlukene elayisi, inkampani yethu inikeza izidakamizwa zokuvikela kanye nezindlela zokwelapha. Ukufafaza phakathi nenkathi yokukhula kunconyelwa ukwenziwa noDkt Krop, KS (carbendazim, 500 g / l) neFitolekar, KS (flutriafol, 250 g / l) ngesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa okungu-0,5 l / ha. Ngesikhathi sokukhula, emazingeni okuthuthuka kwefulegi - iqabunga kanye nokuqala kwekhanda, kunconyelwa ukusebenzisa umuthi iBizafon, SP (triadimefon, 250 g / kg) ngesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa okungu-0,25 - 0,4 kg / ha. Empini yokulwa ne-pyriculariosis elayisi ngesikhathi sokukhula, uhlelo lokubumbana olusebenzayo oluyi-Nurimet Extra, SP (tebuconazole, 500 g / kg) luzosiza. Inani lesicelo ngu-0,25 - 0,4 kg / ha.

Ukuze uthole kangcono izithako ezisebenzayo zokubulala izinambuzane yizitshalo zerayisi, iChemagromarketing inikezela ukusebenzisa umkhiqizo omusha, onobuhlakani - i-organo-silicone survivant adjuvant Super KAP (polyester trisiloxane). Ngenxa yezakhiwo ze "atomization" kanye "nokubambelela" kwekhambi elisetshenzisiwe, kuthuthukisa umphumela wezibulala-zinambuzane esitho esilimazayo.

Ilayisi yisilimo esidluliselwa ngamanzi, kudingeka amanzi ukuze sikulime. ISuper KAP isebenza ngokuphelele ezimweni ezinomswakama - ibamba umswakama ngemizuzu engu-15, ithuthukisa ukulwa nezifo nezinambuzane zezifo ezitshaliwe. I-Super KAP ingumkhiqizo obaluleke kakhulu wokukhula kwelayisi!

Ngeshwa, i-adjuvant ayisona isidakamizwa esivamile emakethe yokubulala izinambuzane yaseRussia, njengoba abaningi bengasenaso isikhathi sokuyazi. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, i-Himagromarketing inikeza ukwethula umkhiqizo oyingqayizivele ohlelweni lokuvikela isivuno!

Sithembe futhi sizosiza ukubhekana nosongo ekuvuneni kwakho!

Incazelo yelayisi weevil

Inkathazo etholwe igama layo ayilungile ngokuphelele. Lapho echaza lo mbala, usosayensi wemvelo uKarl Linney wathola i-weevil elayisi, ebeka kusengaphambili izinhlobo zezinambuzane. Eqinisweni, ukudla kwe-mabhungane kungagcini elayisi - akukudeleli i-nokunye okufana nokolweni, ukolweni, ibhali nezinye izitshalo zokusanhlamvu futhi kungenzeka kutholakale kule mikhiqizo.

Irayisi weevil

Izici zeBhungane:

1. I-weevil yerayisi esesithombeni ihlukaniswa i-rostrum enhle nenamabala abomvu ahlukile kwi-elytra.
2. Amasayizi wabantu abadala awudluli ku-2,5-3 mm.
3. Umbala womzimba uyashintsha futhi ungasukela kumdaka omnyama ube nsundu. Ingemuva lonke limbozwe amachashazi akha iphethini eyinqayizivele.
4. I-Rice weevil inamaphiko akhule kahle, ngakho-ke ikhombisa amakhono avelele endizayo.
5. Ishubhu lekhanda lifakelwe isixhobo esinamandla somlomo, esikuvumela ukuba ugaye igobolondo lokusanhlamvu.

Leli bhungane lithanda ukushisa, ngenxa yalokho ukusatshalaliswa kwalo okukhulu kunazo zonke kubonwa ezindaweni eziseningizimu. Izinga lokushisa elilungile lingama-26-30 ° C kanti umswakama wokusanhlamvu uqhamuka ku-15%.

Irice weevil ifana kakhulu ne-barn weevil. Ungabahlukanisa ngesithombe esingasemuva kuphela. Irayisi inkathazo ibuye iboniswe ukungafani okuphezulu nokulimaza.

Ensimini, izinambuzane zifihle emhubheni ongaphansi komhlaba, zigudle izinduku, ngaphansi kwesigaxa sokusanhlamvu. Uma kukhona isisekelo sokuphakelwa njalo, baphila impilo yokuhlala. Lapho ukudla kuphela, ama-weevil erayisi ayathutha andize emasimini ngesitshalo esisha.

Izici zokuzala kabusha kwezinambuzane

Abamele izinhlobo zezinsimbi zerayisi zibonakaliswa inguquko ephelele. Insikazi ifihla imbobo okusanhlamvu bese ibekela amaqanda kuyo. Ukuzala kowesifazane oyedwa kulinganiselwa ku-300-500 imibungu. Ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda, ibhungane limboza umgodi ngemisuka yalo. Ukuthuthukiswa kombungu kuthatha izinsuku ezi-6 kuye kweziyi-12.

Weevil Rice Weevils

Izibungu ezisanda kuzalwa zimhlophe ngaphandle kwephethini. Ubukhulu bezilwane ezisencane bungama-2,5-3 mm futhi ukukhula kwazo kuyaqhubeka okusanhlamvu. Izibungu zidla zonke izakhamzimba bese kuthi emva kwezinsuku ezingama-20-30, lapho sezitholile isisindo esidingekayo, zidlulele esigabeni sokuphiswa. Ekuqaleni, ama-pupae amhlophe, ekugcineni kwesigaba aphenduka aphuzi.

Uma ama-weevil enenxeba elayisi, khona-ke i-croup ilahlekelwa kusuka ku-30 ​​kuya ku-70% wesisindo sayo sokuqala.

I-imago ayihlali izinyanga ezingaphezu kwezingu-6. Umjikelezo wokuthuthuka okugcwele usukela ezinsukwini ezingama-25 kuye kwezingu-210. Izici ezinqumayo zesizukulwane zingukuswakama nokushisa. Uma izinga lokushisa lingaphansi kuka-12 ° C, ukukhula kombungu nezibungu zerayisi weevil kuyama. Ukusuka ezizukulwaneni ezimbili kuya kwezi-4 zanda ngonyaka.

Ungasusa kanjani izinambuzane ekhaya

Ukutheleleka kwezilimo kwenzeka emasimini. Ukulondolozwa okungasebenzi kahle kwezindawo zokugcina impahla kukhulisa inkinga futhi izinambuzane ngokudla zingena efulethini. Imvamisa kakhulu itshalwa elayisi, ama-nokunye okufana nokolweni, amagoli kolweni, i-pasta, imikhiqizo yebhikawozi, amasamu, ufulawa, izithelo ezomisiwe. Ama-rice weevil agaya kalula izimbobo zezikhwama zepulasitiki futhi angene kuyo yonke imikhiqizo etholakalayo.

Irayisi weevil

1. Ukutholwa kwemithombo nokugxila kokutheleleka. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kufanele uhlole ngokucophelela wonke okusanhlamvu, ufulawa, i-pasta ukuze kutholakale izibungu, abadala. Imikhiqizo engcolisiwe kufanele ilahlwe ngokushesha.
2. Uma kukhona izinsolo zokuthi izinambuzane seziqale enkomishini, kodwa behluleka ukubakhomba ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okubonakalayo, shisa imikhiqizo noma uzipholise esiqandisini. Izinga lokushisa eliphansi neliphezulu liyingozi kuma-weevil kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula.

Ngenhloso yokuvimbela, imicimbi embalwa yenziwa:

• sicubungula imikhiqizo ngaphambi kokuyigcina,
• ukugcinwa kokusanhlamvu, i-pasta ezitsheni ezifakwe ngamabhodlela aboshwe,
• ukuhlolwa njalo kwemikhiqizo
• ukuncishiswa kwezindawo zokugcina ukudla ezinamasu,
• ukubulala magciwane okufika ngesikhathi kwezinto ekhishini.

Phakathi kwemithi yesintu, izitshalo ezinephunga elithandekayo zivame ukushiwo. Kuphakanyiswa ukuthi amagatsha e-lavender abekwe emalokishini, bese kuvalwa ama-clove egalikhi angashintshiwe esitsheni sokugcina.

Incazelo yezinambuzane

Iqanda le-weevil erayisi linomumo oyindilinga noma obunjiwe futhi omhlophe ngombala ngombala onsomi. Ukuze kugcinwe iqanda, i-weevil yesifazane isebenzisa umgodi omncane wenzalo yesitshalo noma komunye umkhiqizo esiwuququda. Idonsa imbobo nge-cork ekhethekile evela emabangeni ayo.

Ngokwesilinganiso, insikazi ibekela amaqanda angama-200- 300.

I-larva ivela ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-4-14, kuya ngohlobo lokushisa lomoya kanye nomswakama. Isigaba se-larval sithatha cishe amaviki ama-3. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwayo, izibungu zidla umkhiqizo, okubuye kube yindawo yazo yokuhlala. Ubudlabha buvela lapha. Kulesi sigaba, lesi sinambuzane sihlala izinsuku ezingama-4-6.

Umjikelezo “we-egg-larva-pupa-beetle” ku-iris weevil uqhubeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zezemvelo izinsuku ezingaba ngu-30. Isikhathi sokuphila kwebhungane elisakhulile silingana nezinsuku eziyi-100-180.

Ukulimala kwezinambuzane

Naphezu kwegama lawo, irayisi weevil ilimaza hhayi irayisi kuphela, kepha futhi nezinye izilimo eziningi: ibhali, i-rye, ukolweni, ummbila, imbewu ye-hemp, i-buckwheat, ubhontshisi, amabele we-mapole, njll. Futhi, lesi sinambuzane singatholakala emikhiqizweni yokudla: imikhiqizo eyosiwe yokubhaka, izithelo ezomisiwe, ufulawa nepasta.

Umonakalo obalulekile ubangelwa yizinambuzane zabantu abadala nezibungu. Kumabele, bakhetha kuphela imbewu eyonakalisiwe, enomswakama futhi eshayiwe ukuze idliwe futhi ibeke amaqanda, ngoba ayinakudla eyomile futhi iphelele. Ukutheleleka komkhiqizo ngama-weevils kungenzeka kunoma yisiphi isigaba sokuthuthuka. Ngenxa yamandla okundiza, lesi sinambuzane singangena futhi silimaze izilimo ngisho nasensimini, emva kwalokho, kanye nesivuno esilivunayo, siyaqhubeka nokuhlala futhi sizalanise ngokugcinwa.

Ama-rice weevil, ngokungafani ne-weevil yesikhwebu, angadala ukulimaza okukhulu kwesitshalo. Njengomphumela wokutheleleka ngale nkathazo, izilimo zilahlekelwa ngama-35-75 wesisindo sesilimo esiphelele. Lolu hlobo lwe-weevil kwezinye izindawo luyakwazi ukuhlala unyaka wonke. E-Russia ngasiphi isikhathi sonyaka bangacasha ezindaweni zabo zokukhosela emasimini weStavropol neKrasnodar Territories.

Izindlela zomzabalazo

Ezweni lethu, izindlela zokulawula lesi sinambuzane zakhiwa ngokuya ngezimo zezulu. Ngakho-ke, kuzo zonke izifunda, kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuvimbela nokucekelwa phansi kwerayisi weevil. Inqubo eyinhloko izinga lokushisa lansuku zonke ngesikhathi sokuvunwa kwezilimo. Ngakho-ke, izindawo ezintathu zesimo sezulu ziyahlukaniswa:

• Ukushisa komoya awudluli ama-degree ayi-16. Lezi zifunda ezilandelayo zalesi sifunda: Inyakatho, Central, Northwest, West Siberian, Ural, Volga-Vyatka, East Siberian, Central Black Earth (Tambov Region), Volga Region (Republic of Tatarstan, Penza Region, Samara and Ulyanovsk Regions) naseMpumalanga Ekude.
  Izinga lokushisa lomoya ngesikhathi sokuvuna lingama-degree ayi-16-16. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa izifunda zaseKurgan nase-Orenburg ezifakwe esifundeni sase-Ural nakuzo zonke izindawo zesifunda esiseMiddle Black Earth, ngaphandle kwesifunda iTambov.
• Izinga lokushisa lomoya likhuphukela kuma-23 degrees. Leli qembu lifaka phakathi iRiphabhulikhi yaseKalmykia, Astrakhan kanye naseVolgograd.
• Izimiso zokulwa nerayisi weevil ziyefana kuzo zonke izifunda. Bahlukaniswe yimisebenzi yokuvimbela neyokubhubhisa.

Carrot fly uthanda izinhlobo ezinjalo izaqathi "Chanson", "Nantes", "Carrot". Uzothola eminye imininingwane ethokozisayo ngale pest ku-https: //stopvreditel.ru/rastenij/selxoz/morkovnaja-muha.html.

Ukuzalela

Ama-rice weevil ayizinambuzane ezandayo. Ezimweni ezinhle, izizukulwane ezintsha zamabhungane zivela ezinyangeni eziyi-12, ngoba ukuthuthuka kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-1-3.

Ukuze abeke iqanda, insikazi ifihla imbobo okusanhlamvu, bese iyifaka uphawu ngento esele kuyo. Ngemuva kwamaviki awu-1-1,5, kuvela izibungu eqandeni, eliququda ngaphakathi kweziqongo. Kwesinye isikhathi amaqanda abekwa ezinhlangothini zombili zokusanhlamvu, bese kuthi izibungu ezi-2 ezingenamilenze, nezibhebhe ezimhlophe zihlale ngaphakathi.

Amaviki angama-3-4, izibungu zidla kokuqukethwe okungaphakathi kokusanhlamvu, kudle uhhafu bese kuthatha imidlwane. Ama-groats ngalesi sikhathi akhanya ngo-30-70%. Ngemuva kwamaviki awu-1-1,5, ibhungane elidala lishiya ikhukhunathi, impilo yalo ehlala izinyanga eziyisithupha.

Umsebenzi wokuhlanza, ukulungisa igumbi

Ukwelashwa nge-Wet ngamalungiselelo akhethekile noma nge-aerosol disin Assembly ukuvikela ukuvela kwelayisi weevil noma ukubhubhisa esekhona. Ukusebenza kwe-Wet kwenziwa kusetshenziswa isithuthuthu noma i-knapsack sprayer kanye nekhambi lamakhemikhali (karate, CE, karbofos, actellik, decis, fufanon). Iyacubungula yonke indawo egcwele yohlelo lwegogo elizayo. Kwesikwele esingu-1. imitha idle cishe ama-50 ml. Isixazululo.

Okusanhlamvu kufanele futhi kulungiselelwe ukugcinwa isikhathi eside.. Ukuze wenze lokhu, womile, kufinyelela umswakama obalulekile we-15%, nokugcinwa isikhathi eside - 13-14%. Ngemuva kokuba isivuno sesomile, sihlanza imbewu elimele kanye nokungcola okuhlukahlukene kokukhula.

Ngaphambi kokubeka okusanhlamvu esitolo sokugcina ngosizo lwesifutho, baphinda bacubungule izindawo eziseduze nendawo yokugcina izimpahla. Isixazululo sisetshenziswa ngokufanayo nangokucutshungulwa kwangaphakathi kwekamelo, kodwa inani laso lenyuswa ngezikhathi ezi-2.

Esimweni sokuqala sezulu, ukuvikela ukuthuthukiswa kwezinambuzane eziyingozi eziqoqiwe okusanhlamvu kupholile kuya kumazinga okushisa aphansi.

Isigaba sesibili sibuye silandele indlela yokupholisa okusanhlamvu, kepha ngaphezu kwalokho kufeza ukucutshungulwa kwezilimo ngokuxhumana nokuphepha kokuxhumana.

Esiqeshini sesithathu, okuphambene nalokho, inqubo enkulu ukusetshenziswa kwe-sireletsetoacaricides, futhi indlela yokushisa isetshenziswa ngokungeziwe ekwindla noma ebusika.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi lapho wenza izindlela zokulawula izinambuzane kubalulekile ukuholwa ngemiyalo ekhethekile nemigomo esungulwe umbuso.

Izindlela zokuvimbela

• Ukulungiselela Ukugcina ngaphambi kokwamukelwa nokubekwa okusanhlamvu ukuze kugcinwe: ukuhlanza nokukhipha i-disin Assembly elandelayo ngokwelashwa okumanzi noma kwe-aerosol, ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwazo zonke izinto zokungcola.
• Ukulungiselela okusanhlamvu: ukomisa okusanhlamvu kube isimo somile noma somaphakathi, wokuhlanza ukungcoliswa kokhula nezinhlamvu eziphukile, ukwehla okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa okusanhlamvu, kufafazwa ngama-insecticides okusanhlamvu.
• Ukulawulwa kokutheleleka izinambuzane kanye nemikhaza kufanele kwenziwe njalo.

Izindlela zokulawula imishini

Ukuze ubone izinambuzane ngesikhathi, kufanelekile ukuthi wenze uhlolo ekhishini kaningi. Imikhiqizo ethelelekile iyaphonswa, kuthi eminye esolisayo icutshungulwe kuhhavini ngama-degree angama-50 noma iqandiswe ihora elilodwa efrijini.

Kumakhabethe nasemashalofini, uthuli luyasuswa. Izinhlamvu ezithengiwe ziyahlungwa futhi zigcinwe ezitsheni, hhayi emaphaketheni.

Amakhemikhali E-Anti Rice Toys

Izitshalo zamakhemikhali ziphathwa kuze kuvunwe, noma kube nezindawo zokugcina. Ungasebenzisi endlini.

Ukwelashwa nge-Wet ngama-insecticides kuyanconywa:

Emakhambi abantu, basebenzisa isixazululo sensipho yokugeza iziqukathi nezindawo zokugcina, futhi basebenza nesixazululo sikaviniga.

Iphunga lezimbungulu zerayisi lizokwexisa iphunga legalikhi noma le-orange peels, imbewu ye-lavender noma ye-clove, amaqabunga ama-mint noma ama-bay asakazeka eduze kwempahla. Upelepele obomvana uthelwa emigqonyeni yamakhasi, kanti ucezu lwensimbi luyasebenza esikhwameni sama-groats.

Izindlela zokuvimbela

Ukunciphisa ingozi yokuzalelwa kwe-weevil endlini, kuyanconywa:

• Lapho ugcina imikhiqizo, inqubo yangaphambi kwalokho,
• Thela okusanhlamvu, i-pasta, izithelo ezomisiwe ezivela ezikhwameni zepulasitiki zibe ezitsheni ezinamabhodlela afanelekile,
• Hlola imikhiqizo kaningi, ehlobo 1 isikhathi ngezinsuku eziyi-14-15,
• Ungathengi okusanhlamvu "okugciniwe" futhi ungagcini izinyanga ezi-4,
• Ungakushiyi ukudla elangeni,
• Hlanza njalo ngokubulala amagciwane ekhishini.

Izinyathelo ezilula nekhono lokubona inkathazo ngokubukeka kuzovikela izimpahla zokudla zasekhaya futhi kulondolozwe impilo yomndeni.