I-swift emnyama mikhulu kune-ukugwinya - ubude bomzimba bufika ku-18 cm, isisindo aze afike ku-40 g. Izintambo zinde crescent, umsila ungamfoloko. Kubukeka sengathi kumnyama okothusayo, kepha kuyabonakala eduze ukuthi umphimbo ukhaphukhaphu futhi kunezithunzi ezithile ezimnyama nezimpunga ku-plumage. Amehlo anombala onsundu, uqhwaku mnyama, imilenze iluhlaza onsundu. Abesilisa nabesifazane ababukeka behlukile.

Indiza iyashesha (isivinini sokundiza esilinganayo sifinyelela ku-120-180 km / h), ikhuphuka kancane kancane, ngokwengxenye ngokushaywa kwamaphiko okusheshayo kwamaphiko, imvamisa iphakeme emoyeni. Izimpukane lapho kunezinambuzane ziphakeme emoyeni, imvamisa phezu kwamadolobha. Kungaba semoyeni ngaphandle kokuma iminyaka engama-2-3, ngalesi sikhathi sidla, siphuze futhi sishade ngaphandle kokuhlala phansi, futhi linqobele ibanga elingafika ku-500,000 km. Emhlabeni, akusizi ngalutho. Isizathu ukuphela kwalezi zinyoni ziwela phansi ukubeka amaqanda nokuqhekeka.

Imivimbo emifantweni yezindonga, imvamisa kakhulu ezindlini zezinyoni nasemigodini. Ozakwethu bakha isidleke kusuka ezimpaphe nasezindongeni zotshani ezikhethwe endizeni, abazixhuma esitsheni esicaba. Ekupheleni kukaMeyi 2 noma amaqanda ama-3 amhlophe avela kuphela, kuthi emva kwezinsuku eziyi-18 kuya kwezi-2 amantombazane aqhamuke enqunu. Zihlala esidlekeni cishe amaviki ayi-6. Kepha uma kuphela uJulayi baphuma esidlekeni, sebevele bezimele ngokuphelele futhi bangandiza kuze kufike ku-1000 km ngosuku. Ekuqaleni, zingahlukaniswa nabazali bazo ngamaphiko amakhulu.

Idla izinambuzane ezindiza emoyeni.

Izici ezijwayelekile nezimpawu zensimu

Swift ngosayizi ophakathi, mkhulu kuno swift omncane nohhafu kasayizi wentambo yenaliti. Ubude obugcwele (mm) - 160-170, amaphiko ama-420-480.

Umbala umnyama kakhulu, ngaphandle kwezindawo noma imibala ngemibala ehlukile. Amapayipi anombala onsundu, anezimpaphe eziwubala onsundu nezimpaphe ezigobayo, indawo emhlophe engwevu emhlophe emqaleni. Ekundizeni, umpe omnyama uyahlukahluka kwezinye izinto ngombala wazo omnyama kuphela futhi uma kungekho zinto ezinjalo ezibonakalayo njenge-tack emhlophe noma isisu esimhlophe.

I-swift emnyama ibonwa ikakhulu ezindizeni, isikhathi esiningi endaweni yesidleke noma esidlekeni, ezimeni eziyingqayizivele phansi. Emoyeni, kufana nokugwinya komuzi, kepha kubukeka kunamaphiko amade, indiza iyashesha, ingashukunyiswa, kuyonga ngokweqile ngenxa yokusebenzisa ezinye izinhlobo zezindiza (ukushushuluza ukugeleza, ukuthuthumela nokugeleza), ngokubamba nje okune-turbulent, convection kanye nokugeleza komoya okujikelezayo (Luleyeva, 1970 , I-Dolnik, Kinzhevskaya, 1980). Izingubo zokubhukuda ngokuvamile azakhi imihlambi eminyene, kepha ngenkathi yokuzalela nangaphambi kokusuka zindiza eqenjini elincane ngokushesha ngesivinini esingafika ku-250 km / h (lapha, isivinini sendlela ngokusobala silawulwa yizimpawu zomsindo ezibukhali ezizwakalayo ngokuqhubekayo).

Izwi liyimpempe yobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, kunzima ukukusho ngamagama. Umhlambi wenza umsindo obukhali, ochobozayo, onamazwi athi “stre. futhi. futhi ”, ngesikhathi sokuzala phakathi nosuku (futhi ezimweni ezithile ebusuku), ama-swows ahleli esidlekeni akhipha ikhwela elincane elincanyana, elibonisa ababambisanayo emoyeni. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, ubusuku nemini, kuthulile impela.

Lapho sebephezu komhlaba, imnyama swift ihamba nobunzima, ibambeka esiswini sayo, izisize ngemilenze emifushane, kodwa eqinile kakhulu enezinqe ezibukhali, ezigobile namaphethelo amaphiko amade aqinile. Inyoni endala ephilile iyasuka emhlabathini ngosizo lokushaya okukhulu kwamaphiko ayo kuye emhlabathini. Uhlobo olushunqayo, selokhu luwele phansi, alunakunyakaziswa, lususelwa ezimweni zokusuka kwamazinyane amathumbu ezidlekeni, ezihluke kakhulu kancanyana kuzinyoni ezindala.

Incazelo

Umbala. Ukwahluka kocansi kanye nesizini akuvezwa kahle, ngakho-ke ubukhulu bezinto eziphansi nobukhulu buhlanganiswa. Owesilisa nowesifazane abavuthiwe ngokobulili bacishe babe mnyama ngombala, babe namnyama mnyama, bacishe babe namaphiko amnyama nomsila. Ezinyoni ezindala (kusukela ngonyaka wekhalenda lesithathu), ubukhulu bomsindo omnyama kuplamu kukhuphuka, ekhanda, emuva kanye namahlombe, kanjalo nezimpaphe zokuqala eziyisisekelo, zithola ukukhanya kwensimbi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ezindaweni ezintsha, zezinyoni ezivulekile futhi ziyehluka emikhawulweni eyindilinga yempukane eyinhloko eyedlulele. Ezinyoni ezindala, iplamu enkulu ilima kancane futhi ibe mnyama, futhi iphiko liba mnyama. Izinyoni zabantu abadala nazo zihlukile kubancane ekwakhekeni kwamaphethelo ezimpaphe zomsila owedlulele (iCramp, 1985) kanye nezimpaphe ezinkulu kakhulu (iLuleyeva, 1986). Uthingo lu nsundu, uqhwaku nemilenze imnyama. Amachwane asembatho esinezingubo ezimnyama amnyama, anesihlakala esimnyama, imilenze nesiqhwaku, njengakudala, simnyama.

Engutsheni yezidleke, abasha banombala onsundu omnyama, onamachaphaza amhlophe achazwe kahle achazwe kahle feather ngayinye. Ngemuva kokudlulela ubusika, izingane ezinonyaka wokuqala zithola ithoni elinsundu-onsundu, njengoba iplamu yazo iveza, ilahlekelwe yimingcele yayo emhlophe futhi kwesinye isikhathi iyaphela. Imikhawulo yama-flywheel ayisisekelo aqokiwe, kanye nemikhawulo yokudonsa ngokweqile.

I-swift ejwayelekile

I-Common Swift - Apus - Isishingishane esinsundu ngombala onsundu ngombala onsundu. Amasayizi aphakathi nendawo - ubude bomzimba ongu-15-16 cm, amaphiko angama-42-48 cm, isisindo esingu-36-52 g. ISwift ihlala indawo eshisayo nezindawo ezingaphansi kwe-Eurasia kusuka eNtshonalanga Yurophu, eNyakatho ne-Afrika kanye naseCanary Islands ukuya kumaphakathi maphakathi ne-Eastern Siberia, iTranscaucasia, neMpumalanga China, ITibet, e-Iran.

Ubusika obujwayelekile obushisayo e-sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar. Kusukela ebusika kuqala ngoMashi, indizela enkabeni yeRussia ngoMeyi. Ukufuduka kwentwasahlobo kunwetshiwe, isikhathi sesikhathi sokufika siyahluka kusuka ezinsukwini eziyi-18 kuye kwezingama-27 ngokuya ngezimo zemvelo. Ifika ngamaqembu amancane. I-Nesting iqala isonto elilodwa ngemuva kokufika. Ku-masonry, imvamisa engu-2, kuvame kakhulu 3 (njengokuhlukile, 1 noma 4). Ukufakwa ngaphakathi ngokuya ngezimo zezulu kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-11-16. Uma isimo sezulu sesiqhubekile, ama-swaps alahla ubumbumbulu bese aqala umjikelezo wesibili wokudlekana. Izinsuku zokusuka kwamachwane nazo zincike kwisimo sezulu futhi ziyahlukahluka - kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-33 kuye kwezingama-56.

Izinga lokushisa lomzimba lamachwane lingehla laya ku-20 degrees C, kepha lingahamba ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside, livumele abantu abadala ukuba benze ukufuduka kwesimo sezulu ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-70 ukusuka esidlekeni, luhlala isonto lonke noma ngaphezulu. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ibanga lempukane lihamba nsuku zonke lapho lifuna ukudla lilingana nendawo ezungeza uMhlaba lapho kufinyelela khona iSt. Ngesikhathi samahora okukhanya kwelanga ehlobo (cishe amahora angama-19), iswidi esisodwa siletha ukudla esidlekeni amahlandla angama-34, ngaphambi kokusuka kwamachwane - izikhathi ezi-3-4 kuphela. Inhlama ngayinye yokudla iqukethe izinambuzane ezingama-400- 1500; ngosuku, amaphuphu adla izinambuzane ezingama-40 000. Ama-Tikers athole isisindo esikhulu ngosuku lwe-20 lokuphila, khona-ke ancipha kancane kancane (isithasiselo esijabulisayo sokondla amaphuphu ama-albatross nama-petrel).

Ukufuduka kwe-Autumn kuqala ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti nasekupheleni kukaSepthemba, cishe zonke izindawo ezisendleleni endaweni ethile, njengomthetho, ziyanyamalala kumasayithi esidleke ezinsukwini ezingama-1-2. Ehlobo lokuqala, izinyoni ezincane zivame ukuhlala ezindaweni zobusika.

Yize i-black swift emgqeni ophakathi ibukeka njengenyoni emnyama yasemadolobheni, ihlala futhi ezindaweni zokuhlala zemvelo, izidleke emigodini, emiseleni, emadwaleni, ezindongeni nasemifantwini yamatshe, nakwezinye izindawo izindawo zemvelo nezasemadolobheni zisetshenziselwa ukwenza izidleke ngokulinganayo. Emaphandleni acwebile, ukhetha izakhiwo zamatshe eziphakeme - amabhande, amasonto.

ETransbaikalia, ezindaweni lapho kuhlala khona ozwela nge-swift emhlophe, ebamba indawo yabamnyama e-Eastern Siberia nase China, umjikijeli omnyama uhlala ezintabeni, emadolobheni - kuphela ibhande elimhlophe. Ezintabeni zaseTibet, isidleke esimnyama esimnyama emadwaleni ezindaweni eziphakeme ngamamitha angama-5700 ngaphezu kolwandle. Lokhu kuyinyoni ejwayelekile, futhi eningi, ikhula ngokuqinile isibalo sayo maqondana nokwanda kwendawo yezindawo zasemadolobheni. E-Russia 1-5 izigidi ngazimbili izidleke.

I-Molting

Isambatho esijabulisayo sezinkukhu sivele ngosuku lwesishiyagalombili - lwesishiyagalombili lwentuthuko yesikhumbuzo, futhi ngosuku lwe-14 kuya ku-17th, izimpaphe zensimbi egxilizela ezinombala omnyama onsundu, ubude obungu-5-6 mm, zizungeza izimpaphe ezikhulayo zepterillia enkulu (uCollins, 1963) futhi idlala ebalulekile indima efakwayo, emboza isikhumba esivele senkukhu. Ukwakhiwa kwengubo yentsha kuyaphela ngosuku lwama-35- 8 lwe-8 lwentuthuko ye-postembryonic. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-flyworms ayisisekelo (II-IV) kubambezeleka ngezinye izinsuku ezingama-3-4. Inyoni encane ayishiyi indawo edlekayo kuze kube yilapho izinyoni ezindizayo, zakha phezulu kwephiko, zikhishwa ngokuphelele ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi kwezimpaphe (amacala okufa kwezimpungushe ezincane ezishiye esidlekeni ngaphambi kokuthuthukiswa kwezinyoni ezindizayo, ezakha phezulu kwephiko, ziyaziwa).

I-plumage esemaphikweni wensizwa esheshayo esishintsha kuphela ngesikhathi sobusika besibili, indlela okufanele inqobe kabili. Ngesikhathi sokuhamba “kwehlobo” kanye “nesimo sezulu” ngaphezulu kwamakhilomitha amaningi, izimpaphe zezinsizwa zigqoka kakhulu (kwezinye izikhathi, ngesibambo esinonyaka owodwa ubudala, izimpaphe zempukane ziyaqhekeka futhi zinamathelwe induku), okwenza abancane bahluke kakhulu ezinhlafunweni zeminye iminyaka abasanda kushintsha amapayipi abo amaphiko futhi baphilile ukuyigcina kuze kube molt olandelayo. Ukuqala kokumiswa kokuqala kweplamu yensizwa iqala ngo-Agasti-Septhemba wonyaka wekhalenda olandelayo, ngaphambi kokugawulwa kwezinwele zomshado ngokuya ngomshado. Ukuthululwa kokuqala okumnyama okumelwe kumakwe ku-bass. ECongo ngo-Agasti 18. Lapha, ukuncibilika kwezinyoni zezinyoni zezinhlobo zalolu hlobo kwenzeka ngokuphakathi. Kuqala izimpukane ezisenkabeni. I-Shedding iDray impukane yokuqala yenziwa ngejubane lezimpaphe ezingama-2-3 ngenyanga, futhi yinde - izimpaphe eziyi-1-1,5 njalo ngenyanga (uDe Roo, 1966).

NgoNovemba, amaswidi amaningi abe nesikhathi sokushintsha izimpukane eziyisikhombisa. Imibandela yokushintshwa kwendiza iqinile, ushintsho lwamaplamu luvumelanisiwe (ama-swift amancane, atholakala endaweni efanayo futhi ngasikhathi sinye, aguquze izimpaphe ezifanayo) ngasikhathi sinye. Ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari, wonke amarobhothi, ngaphandle kwalawo amakhulu, athathelwa indawo yilawo amasha; ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari, kuqapheleke ushintsho oluphelele lwamapheshana ezindiza. Uma ngalesi sikhathi ukuswayipha okuyisisekelo okwedlulele kungashintshile, khona-ke kukhona ukubambezeleka kokuncibilika kwayo kuze kube ngu-Agasti-Septhemba, i.e. ngaphambi kobusika obulandelayo. Ukushintshwa kwama-flywheel akha phezulu kwephiko kwenziwa kancane kancane - feather eyodwa ngenyanga. Ukushintshana okusha, okumbiwa ku-2 ° 35 ′ N nobude obungu-23 ° 37 'E, ukuncibilika kwezimpukane okwedlulele kwaphawulwa ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari kanye ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli (De Roo, 1966, Cramp, 1985). Ukushintshana kwabantu abadala kuyabambezeleka ngokuncibilika cishe inyanga. Ezihlungwini ezivuthiwe (unyaka we-3-4 wokuphila), ukumiswa kwe-molting kuqediwe lapho ingubo yezingane ishintshwa ibe yangaphambi komshado. Izimpukane ezishubile zivame ukuhlala zindala, nezimbobo eziphakeme zempukane yesibili, ezihluke kufana nensipho entsha entanjeni e nsundu. Ukushintshwa kwezingubo zokuqala zokuhlobisa lapho kuswelwa kuqala ngempukane yokuqala, engazange iguge phakathi nobusika bokugcina, ebusika besithathu. Ngemuva kokuncibilika, i-flywheel entsha engisebenza kuyo ifinyelela isiphetho esiyindilinga nge-notch ye-apical, esikhundleni seyobukhali. Sekukonke, amaplamu eziguquko zonyaka wesithathu nangaphezulu abonakala ngethoni elimnyama kakhulu, kepha ezinye izingqimba ezisezingeni eliphakeme zohlobo lwe-fly-hlobo zinombala onsundu ngamaphethelo amfushane, amaphiko asemindenini ephakathi ahlukile ngethoni e-brownish, efakwa esikhundleni sokuqala. Ngenxa yalezi zici ezingathandeki, kuphela uma kuhlolwa kahle ama-swives kuphela lapho singakwazi ukwahlukanisa khona abantu bonyaka wokuqala, wesibili, nowesithathu wokuphila kwezinyoni ezindala ezinamabala amaningi aqokiwe yizwi elikhanyayo elimnyama, ikakhulukazi ikhanda, emuva, amaphiko nomsila ovela phezulu.

I-Subspecies taxonomy

Njengamanje, kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili noma ezintathu ezingaphansi:

1.Apus apus apus

UHirundo apus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, k. 192, Sweden.

2.Apus apus pekinensis

UCypselus pekinensis Swinhoe, 1870, Proc. Zool. Umphakathi ILondon, k. 435, Beijing.

Kuma-subspecies okuqala, imibala ejwayelekile iba mnyama, ibunzi lemibala efanayo nomhlane noma olula kancane. Indawo yomphimbo incane futhi imnyama. Elesibili linombala olula, ibunzi limpunga, lakhanya kunasemuva, ibala umphimbo likhulu futhi limhlophe ngokwedlulele (uStepanyan, 1975).

Ukusatshalaliswa

Ububanzi be-Nesting. Ngaphandle kwamazwe abandayo, i-swift emnyama isakazeke kabanzi e-Eurasia cishe yonke indawo. Iningi ikakhulukazi ezintabeni zase-Asia Ephakathi naseCaucasus (Fig. 35, 36).

Umdwebo 35. Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwe-swift emnyama:
indawo - esidlekayo, b - indawo ebusika, c - izimpukane, d - ukuqondiswa kokufuduka kwasekwindla (ngokusho kwe: Voos, 1960). Ukucatshangelwa: 1 - A. a. i-apus, 2 - A. a. pekinensis.

Umdwebo 36. Ububanzi besikhathi esijwayelekile sabantu abamnyama eMpumalanga Yurophu naseNyakatho ye-Asia: ibanga le-nesting.

Ukubhaliswa okuqokiwe kwe-Apus apus apus kusatshalaliswa kuvela eNyakatho Ntshonalanga. I-Afrika (iMorocco neMpumalanga. ITunisia) eningizimu eSahara Atlas. E-Eurasia, kusuka ogwini lwe-Atlantic kuya empumalanga kuya esigodini sase-Olekma, eNerchinsky Range, empumalanga yeMongolia, eningizimu yeHi-Longjiang, iShaninsky peninsula. Ngasenyakatho eScandinavia kuya ku-69th parallel, e-Kola Peninsula kuya ku-68th parallel, esifundeni sase-Arkhangelsk, ku-bass. I-Pechora ifinyelela ku-66th parallel (uStepanyan, 1975), ku-bass. Ob kuze kube wama-63, ku-bass. I-Yenisei kufana ne-57th, emikhondweni engezansi ye-Olekma kuya kufana yama-60. Eningizimu ogwini loLwandle iMedithera, iPalestine, i-Iraq, iSouth. I-Iran, ENingizimu I-Afghanistan, eNyakatho I-Balochistan, iHimalaya, izindawo eziphezulu zoMfula i-Yellow, iLake Ku-Kunor, eningizimu IGansu, i-Middle Shansi, iNhlonhlo yeShandong. Ukuzalela eziqhingini zoLwandle iMedithera naseBrithani. EMpumalanga I-Europe kanye neNyakatho. I-Asia isatshalaliswa ukusuka emngceleni wombuso osentshonalanga neMoldova, e-Ukraine, amazwe aseBaltic asempumalanga kwiLake Baikal. Enyakatho kwemikhawulo yezinhlobo zezinhlobo. Ngaseningizimu engxenyeni yaseYurophu naseTranscaucasia kuze kufike emngceleni we-USSR yangaphambili, empumalanga kuya emaphethelweni aphansi e-Emba, Mugodzhar, izingxenye eziphakathi kwamagquma aseKazakh, iZaysan, kuya eningizimu emngceleni we-USSR yangaphambili. Kumugqa obanzi weZap. naseNyakatho. IKazakhstan, emikhawulweni eseningizimu yokusatshalaliswa, ihlangana ne-A. pekinensis. Okufanayo ngeke kukhishwe esifundeni sangaphambi kweBaikal.

U-Apus apus pekinensis uhlala e-Asia Ephakathi kusuka oLwandle lweCaspian ukuya empumalanga naseningizimu kuya emngceleni wombuso wase-Iran, Afghanistan naseChina. Ngasenyakatho kuya emaphethelweni aphansi e-Emba, Mugodzhar, izingxenye eziphakathi kwamagquma aseKazakh, iLake. IZaysan isuka eBaikal iye empumalanga iya esigodini sase-Olekma kanye naseNerchinsk Range. Kumugqa obanzi weZap. naseNyakatho. IKazakhstan, esemngceleni osenyakatho wokusatshalaliswa, ihlangana ne-apus. Endaweni yeBaikal ne-bass. phezulu U-Lena mhlawumbe uhlanganisa ne-apus (uStepanyan, 1975). Ihanjiswa kuyo yonke iPamir-Alai (isidleke noma ispanishi), ngamanani amakhulu ku-Alai Range. (Ivanov, 1969), ikakhulukazi esigodini sase-Alai eduze naseDaraut Kurgan (Molchanov, Zarudny, 1915), watholakala egqumeni. INuratau ijwayelekile eSamarkand ezakhiweni zasemadolobheni (Meklenburtsev, 1937). Ngaseningizimu, izidleke kulo lonke uhla ezintabeni kusuka edwaleni. Kugi-tang ezansi kwamazansi ezansi kweDarvaz, emngceleni weBadakhshan nasePamirs, emfuleni. Shahdara. Esigodini somfula. IZeravshan inyukela kumamitha angama-2 400 (i-Abdusalyamov, 1964), eceleni komfula. I-Kyzylsu - ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-3 100. Ienzeka ngesikhathi indiza ihamba ePamirs (Severtsov, 1879, Abdusalyamov, 1967, Bolshakov, Popov, 1985). Idatha yendiza eCentral Asia ingafakwa ngokushesha kozalo ezimbili (i-Abdusalyamov, 1977).

Ukufuduka

IBlack Swift ingumfuduki we-trans-equatorial. Kwenza izindiza zaminyaka yonke ukusuka endaweni edlekayo ziye endaweni yokuzula ebusika, ehlanganisa ibanga elingafika ku-10,000 km. Kusukela ebusika, uqala phakathi nendawo nasekupheleni kukaMashi. Ukuhamba seluliwe (ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuncibilikisa) kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Ephreli, kepha izinyoni "ezithuthukile" ziseNingizimu. ISpain kakade ngasekupheleni kukaMashi. Entwasahlobo, indlela ephambili yendiza yokufuduka isenyakatho-ntshonalanga, bese kuba mpumalanga, ogwini lwe-Atlantic.

Ukuhamba komhlaba okuningana phakathi nosuku kwenziwa ngamazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu (hhayi ngaphansi kuka + 10 ° С), imisebe yelanga ephezulu nemimoya ekhanyayo yendlela eya empumalanga nasenyakatho nasempumalanga. Ukufuduka ebusuku kwenzeka esimeni sezulu esizolile noma ngesivunguvungu esilinganiselayo sekota engaseningizimu kanye nokushisa komoya okungaphansi kwe- + 10 ° С, elisungulwe ezifundeni zamakhilomitha amaningi lapho kudlula khona ukuhamba ngezinyawo. Ebusuku, njengasemini, amaswidi asebenzisa izinhlobo ezindizayo ezisebenzayo nezingasho lutho. Ezingxenyeni zasolwandle nasezintabeni zobubanzi, indiza ekhukhulayo iyisici ikakhulukazi. Ukusetshenziswa kwemijikelezo yomoya ukuhamba amabanga amade kujwayelekile kwezinhlobo zombili ngesikhathi sasemini nasebusuku. Ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwasemini, okokushintshana okumnyama kwaqoshwa ezindaweni eziphakeme ukusuka ku-10 kuye ku-1,700 m, nasebusuku - kusuka ku-200 kuye ku-3,000-6,000 m (okuyi-60-70% endaweni ephakeme ngo-200 kuye ku-800 m, 15-20% - kusuka ku-800 kuye ku-1,500 m m, kanye ne-1/5% - 3000-6000 m). Ehoreni lokuqala, isigamu sehora ngemuva kokushona kwelanga, inqwaba yezindawo ezimnyama eziqale esibhakabhakeni sasebusuku zibanjelwa phezulu komoya (200-300 m ukuphakama), emahoreni amabili alandelayo, ukuphakama kwendiza kukhuphuka ngokuqinile, kufinyelele kumaphakathi wamamitha angama-480 ngaphezu kolwandle. . (Bulyuk, 1985, Luleyeva, 1983).

Izinsuku zokufika ezindaweni zokuthola izidleke kanye nesikhathi sokufuduka kweziningi zizinzile (ezinsukwini eziyi-± 5).Ogwini Olwandle Olumnyama eCrimea, kuvela isishisayo esimnyama ngasekupheleni kukaMashi - ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli (Kostin, 1982), futhi ukubukeka kwentwasahlobo kokuqala kwaphawulwa e-Armenia ngasikhathi sinye (Sosnin, Leister, 1942). Enyakatho. ECaucasus, ukufika kwama-swows abamnyama ngaphezulu kweminyaka engu-12 yokubhekwa kwabhalwa phakathi kuka-Ephreli 17 (1986) noMeyi 3 (1984) (Khokhlov, 1989). Engxenyeni esezansi kweNyakatho. Izikebhe ezimnyama zase-Ossetian zivele ngokwesilinganiso ngo-Ephreli 20 (iminyaka engama-24), emadolobhaneni asezintabeni eziphakeme - ngoMeyi 2 (iminyaka eyi-13) (Komarov, 1991). ENtshonalanga. E-Ukraine, izinyoni zokuqala zivele ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, futhi kwafika iningi labhaliswa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-2-4, eLviv iminyaka engu-17 - ngo-Ephreli 30 - Meyi 1, futhi eminyakeni ebandayo emavikini amabili edlule (Strautman, 1963). Esigodini saseVakhsh eTajikistan, ama-swift andiza asuka ngoMashi 10 kuya ku-Meyi 5, futhi inani eliphakeme lokufuduka labonwa ngosuku lwesine lwezinsuku eziyisihlanu kuMashi (Abdusalyamov, 1977), esigodini saseGissar kuvela ngo-Ephreli 11 (Ivanov, 1969), nasentabeni yomfula. Imihlambi yokuqala yeVarzob iqoshwe ngo-Ephreli 24 (Boehme, Sytov, 1963).

EKokand, ukufika kwezinswelaboya kwaqalwa ngoMashi 16, eMargilan - ngoMashi 15 no-22, eSamarkand - ngoMashi 14-15 (Bogdanov, 1956), eThemez - ngoMashi 17 (eSalikhabaev, Ostapenko, 1964). Ezifundeni eziphakathi neKazakhstan, echibini. Izikebhe zaseKurgaldzhin zifika ngoMeyi 17-19 (Krivitsky, Khrokov et al., 1985), emaphethelweni eZaps. UTien Shan kuChok-Pak Pass ukushintshwa kokuqala ngokwesilinganiso iminyaka engu-9 kwabhalwa ngo-Ephreli 11, ukufuduka okukhulu kakhulu (84.6% yenani) kwenzeka eminyakeni eyishumi ka-Ephreli - eyishumi yokuqala kaMeyi, iphetha ngokwesilinganiso ngoMeyi 14 (Gavrilov, Gissov , 1985). EMordovia, eduzane neSaransk, ama-sw swows avela ngoMeyi 5-15 (Lugovoi, 1975), esifundeni saseNizhny Novgorod. - UMeyi Meyi (Vorontsov, 1967), kanye nokubonakala kwesisindo ezindaweni ezithile zokuzalela kwenzeka ngezinsuku ezi-2,7 nezingu-10 ngemuva kokuvela kokuqubuka kwezilwane eziphambili (Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). Ukubonakala okusheshayo kwe-swows kuyaphawuleka ezindaweni ezinkulu zesikhungo sengxenye yeYurophu yaseRussia. Ngakho-ke, babhaliswa ngoMeyi 16, 1963 emadolobheni aseGorky, eMoscow naseRyazan, nase-Oksky Zap., Ngamaphuzu afanayo ngo-1946-1960. kwaphawulwa, ngokwesilinganiso, ngoMeyi 15 (S. G. Priklonsky, ukuxhumana komuntu siqu).

Ukufuduka njalo kwehlobo kushibilika okumnyama kwenzeka e-Zap. I-Europe, emazweni aseScandinavia kanye naseBaltic States kusuka ngasekupheleni kukaJuni kuya maphakathi noJulayi (Magnusson, Svardson, 1948, Koskimies, 1950, Svardson, 1951, Luleyeva, 1974.1981.1993, Kashentseva, 19786). Ukuhamba kwehlobo okufuduka kwehlobo kuyehluka kusuka entwasahlobo ngokuya ngokuqina kwemibandela, inani elikhulu kakhulu labathutha (kufika ku-94% wenani eliphelele ngesizini) kanye noshintsho oluzenzakalelayo lokuya ekuhambeni kokuhamba kwezinyoni. Ukufuduka kwehlobo kwenziwa ubusuku nemini (ama-67-70% omgwaqo omnyama oqoshwe ngemuva kwendawo yediski ebalwe phakathi nobusuku kuya emahoreni ama-2 nemizuzu engama-30 ebusuku). Isimo sobudala babafuduki ehlobo asikayitholi incazelo yokugcina, kepha imininingwane ekubanjweni kwezindawo zokufuduka endaweni lapho zifuduka khona zikhombisa ukubamba iqhaza kokuhamba kwezihlobo zasehlobo zamantshontsho amancane, ikakhulukazi ezinonyaka owodwa ubudala nezingane ezineminyaka emibili (iLuleyeva, 1986).

Ukuhamba kokushibilika okumnyama kusuka kumasayithi okungena esidlekeni kwenzeka njengamafudlana asemancane, endiza ngaphandle kokuma lapha, ngokushesha ngemuva kokushiya isidleke. Ukuhamba ngobuningi ngokusobala kwenziwa ebusuku, ngesimo sokudalwa kokuqala esingenangqondo salezi zinhlobo (iLuleyeva, 1983). Izinsuku zokundiza zezindiza ezishunqukayo zelulwa ukusuka ekupheleni kukaJulayi kuya ku-Okthoba futhi ngokuvamile zinemingcele ecashile. Esifundeni sase-Oksky imihlangano yokugcina yabasubathi abamnyama, ebingabhekwa njengemihlangano yabafuduki, ngonyaka we-1956-2001. okuphawulwe ngo-Agasti 8 kuya ku-19 (Priklonsky, ukuxhumana komuntu siqu).

Ekwindla, izidleke ezimnyama zindiza ziqonde empumalanga eseningizimu-mpumalanga (ezinemizila eSweden naseFinland zitholakale e-Estonia, esifundeni saseKaliningrad kanye neStavropol Territory (Dobrynina, 1981). Ukufuduka kuhlala kusuka ngoJulayi 20-25 kuya ku-Okthoba 10, kanti ezinye izinyoni zihlala phakathi kobubanzi isidleke kuze kube nguNovemba (Ptushenko, 1951, Jacobi, 1979).

Esifundeni saseLeningrad iningi le-swwing lifuduka kanyekanye maphakathi no-Agasti, eSt. Petersburg ezindaweni ezinkulu ezingama-60% wezimpukane ezishubile phakathi kuka-Agasti 13-19, nezokugcina - Septhemba 1 (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Ogwini lwe-Ghuba laseFinland nelaseLadoga, ukunyakaza kokuqondisa izindlela kwaphawulwa vele ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti (Noskov, 1981). Imihlangano yakamuva esifundeni saseLeningrad. nasezindaweni eziseduze kwabhaliswa ngoSepthemba 11, 1978, Septhemba 30, 1900, Okthoba 15, 1879, Okthoba 20, 1979, eLadoga - Novemba 1, 1981, Okthoba 29 - Novemba 7, 1979, kamuva kwahlangatshezwa amashiba ngisho nangemva kokuwa kweqhwa (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Izizathu zokuthi ukubambezeleka kokushintshana okumnyama endaweni yezidleke kungabhekwa nje njengomjikelezo wokuzala ozalwe, kepha futhi nokusebenza okufudukayo kokudinga isidleke, kanye nokuhamba okungatheni (ukuhudula) okunamaqhude omoya, ngenxa yalokho abantu abathile bavele ezindaweni ezingekho esimeni sabo isikhathi esithile (iJacobi, 1979). Inketho ye-hypothermia engakhethwa yezinhlobo (i-Koskimies, 1961), kanye namandla okulawula futhi abuyisele masisha ukuqina komzimba kanye nokugcinwa kwamafutha (Keskpayk, Luleyeva, 1968, Luleyeva, 1976) kufanele kuvumele ama-sw swapps ukuthi aphile ngaphansi kwezimo ezeqile kubona futhi abuyisele umsebenzi obalulekile lapho kungena isimo sezulu esifudumele.

Esifundeni saseMoscow nasezifundeni ezingomakhelwane, ukundiza kwezinsizwa kwaqoshwa ngoJulayi 30 - Agasti 10, ukuhamba - ukusuka ngo-Agasti 1 kuya ku-Agasti 18, kanti izinyoni zokugcina zatholakala ngo-Agasti 27 - Septhemba 7 (Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). Esifundeni saseRyazan, esifundeni sase-Oksky. ukukhuphuka kwentsha kuya kwephiko kwaqashelwa ikakhulukazi kusukela ekuqaleni kuya maphakathi no-Agasti, ukuhamba - maphakathi - nengxenye yesibili yale nyanga. Esifundeni saseNizhny Novgorod ukushwabana kundiza ku-Agasti 15-20, futhi, ngokusho kuka-E. M. Vorontsov (1967), kwesinye isikhathi kwesokunxele kuya emseni wesiphephelo wenzalo yokuhamba. Intsha kungekudala ishiya indawo yekholoni (Kashentseva, 1978). Zindiza zisuka eBelarus ngo-Agasti 12-22 (Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967). ISwows iyanyamalala engxenyeni esezansi kwe-Ossetia ngokwesilinganiso ngo-Agasti 4 (Agasti 3, 1981 - Agasti 6, 1988). Indiza enkulu ekuhambeni kweR Main Caucasian Range. ngaphakathi kwe-Ossetia kwaphawulwa ngo-Agasti 18, 1980 (Komarov, 19916). Ukundindizela kwabansundu abamnyama abavela eStavropol kwenzeka ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokuqala zika-Agasti (Khokhlov, 1989) EMordovia, isikhathi sasekwindla sibhalwe ngosuku lokuqala nolwesibili luka-Agasti: kuhlelo lokusebenza lukaMordovia. Ukushiswa kokugcina kwabhalwa ngo-Agasti 14, eSaransk kubambezeleka isikhathi eside: iminyaka engu-19 yokubhekwa, usuku lokuqala lokusuka kuleli dolobha lungoSepthemba 2, olwedlule lungoSepthemba 15 (Lugovoi, 1975). ELviv, ukusuka kwabantu abasha kwenzeka ngoJulayi 29 - Agasti 2, nokusuka ezifundeni zeZap. I-Ukraine - kusukela ngo-Agasti 6 kuya ku-12 (Strautman, 1963). E-Baltic ithi, ku-Curonia Spit, izimpungushe zokuqala ezisencane zenyukela ephikweni ngoJulayi 22-25, lezi zintokazi zifuduka kakhulu futhi zisuka ngo-Agasti 1 - 7, kanti izinyoni zokugcina zabonwa endaweni yekoloni yokuzalanisa ngo-Agasti 10 - 15 (uma kwenzeka kuba nesimo sezulu esibi, izinsuku zokuhamba zingase hambisa amasonto amabili). Ukufuduka kwekwindla ngonyaka kwenzeka ngoJulayi 27 kuya ku-Agasti 10 futhi kufinyelela inani eliphakeme ngezinsuku ezithile kuphela (ngokwesibonelo, ngoJulayi 29 ngo-1971, Julayi 31 ngo-1972 nango-Agasti 7 ngo-1973) (Luleyeva, 1981).

Ukusuka ezifundeni ezidlekayo kuqala kuqala ngamabhuku amancane asemancane, avame ukunamathela kumakholoni esidleke ngesikhathi sokuzalela (Weitnauer, 1947, 1975, Cutclife, 1951, Lack, 1955), abese ejoyina amaqembu angenamazimba akhula ngokushesha enza ukufuduka kwehlobo kulo nyaka, kuqala kusukela maphakathi noJulayi. Izinsuku zokuqala kokuhamba kwabashizi abasebancane ngokusobala zilawulwa yimibandela yokuqala yokuncibilikisa, eqala ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi nengxenye yokuqala ka-Agasti ngeminyaka eyodwa neyodwa eneminyaka emibili (uDe Roo, 1966). Ezindaweni eziseCuronia Spit nezindawo eziseduzane, ukuhamba kwehlobo okwenziwa ngabantu abamnyama kwakukhulu kakhulu eminyakeni engeyona, ngenkathi umjikelezo wokuzala uphazamiseka futhi amasondo amadala avuthiwe (Julayi 15-18, 1974 - Luleyeva, 1976). Lapha ngoJulayi nango-Agasti ukuqubuka kwesisindo se-omnidirectional kuyinto ejwayelekile, yenzeka imini nobusuku (inani elikhulu lokuphambuka kwe-angular kusuka ku-azimuth evamile ye-247 ± 68 °, eyaziwa ngokundiza kokuhamba ebusuku ngalesi sikhathi, iqinisekisa ukungabikho kokuqondisa okuqinile). Izindiza ezigxilwe ngokuqinile zijwayelekile ku-Agasti nangoSepthemba, phakathi nesikhathi sokufuduka sekwindla.

Ensimini yeCentral Asia neKazakhstan, iziqubulo zasekwindla zezikhukhula ezimnyama nazo ziqala ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi - ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti. Ekucindezelekeni kukaTengiz-Kurgaldzhin ngo-Agasti, kusihlwa, kukhulunywa nge-span emihlambi emincane. Lapha, ngokupholisa okubukhali (+ 8 ° С) ngemuva kwemvula ebandayo enamandla nomoya osenyakatho-ntshonalanga, amaswidi amaningi abulawa ukukhathala, ama-swift angama-50 aqoqiwe ku-mazars, sheds kanye ne-attic yezakhiwo zokuhlala edolobhaneni laseKarazhar (Krivitsky, Khrokov et al., 1985) . EKburaldzhin, umhlangano wakamuva wabashintshana wabhaliswa ngoSepthemba 2 (Vladimirskaya, Mezhenny, 1952). Ezindaweni eziphansi kweZap. I-Tien Shan span iqala maphakathi no-Agasti (Kovshar, 1966). Isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke esishicilelwe eChok-Pak pass (84,8%) sibalwe kusukela phakathi no-Agasti kuya eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala kaSeptemba. Phakathi kwabathunjwa ngalesi sikhathi (n = 445), abantu abadala ababuswa (73.9%), ngokuhamba kwesikhathi babembalwa abantu abadala - 9.8% (n = 61). Ukufuduka kwaqedwa ngabantu abasha balonyaka wokuzalwa (unyaka wokuqala), ababanjwa ngobuningi maphakathi no-Septhemba ukwedlula abantu abadala (bebonke, isilinganiso sabantu abadala kubantwana abaseminyakeni engu-2: 1). Ukufuduka kuphela lapha, ngokwesilinganiso, ngoSepthemba 30 (Gavrilov, Gissov, 1985). Esigodini saseVakhsh swwing indiza imihlambi emikhulu endaweni ephakeme kuze kufike ku-100 m, ukusuka ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti kuya ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba, iphezulu ngesonto lesihlanu ezinsukwini ezinhlanu zikaSepthemba (Abdusalyamov, Lebedev, 1977). EPamirs, u-A. N. Severtsov waphawula ukuhamba kwezindiza ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti 1897, esiGodini sase-Alai kusukela ngo-Agasti 25 kuya ku-Septhemba 20, 1981, ukunyakaza okwenzeka njalo kwezihambi ezinkulu zika-A. pekinensis eceleni komfula. I-Kyzyl-Su ntambama, ngaphambi kokushona kwelanga nasebusuku. Esikhathini sasemini, bandiza endaweni ephakeme efika ku-100, ebusuku kuze kufike ku-6000 m (ngokwesilinganiso, endaweni ephakeme eyi-1000 m, uma ungacabangi indawo okukhona kuyo i-Alai Valley ngamamitha angama-3100 ngaphezu kolwandle). Iningi lezinyoni zathutha isigodi, elincane lindizela eCentral Pamir (ecishe ibe yiziqonde ngasendleleni eyinhloko yendiza yasebusuku). Echibini URangkul I.A. U-Abdusalyamov wahlangana namaqembu amancane amaswidi engxenyeni yesibili ka-Agasti. EsiGodini saseGissar (Umfula waseKashkadarya), ukufuduka kwemihlambi ngakunye kwaqalwa kwaze kwaba ngoSepthemba 26 (Ivanov, 1969).

ENtshonalanga. ECentral Siberia, amaswidi atholakala kuze kube maphakathi no-Agasti (Ravkin, 1984); esifundeni saseMininsinsk, izinyoni zokugcina zabonwa ngo-Agasti 2 (Sushkin, 1914).

Indiza ye-Autumn iya ezindaweni zobusika yenziwa, ngokusobala, ngezindlela ezimbili: edabula i-Iberian Peninsula, iMorocco, entshonalanga. ugu lwase-Afrika, bese lidlula eNigeria liye eCongo naseNingizimu Afrika noma eMadagascar, enye ingxenye yabafuduki indiza iningizimu. I-France, Turkey, Chad (Carry-Lindhal, 1975).

Habitat

Ngokusho kuka-A.S. Malchevsky (1983), izindawo ezimnyama ezitholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme zithola indawo efanelekile yokuthola izidleke endaweni eyi-anthropogenic landservation, kepha-ke, zihlala ngokuzithandela emigodini yezihlahla, futhi zidale amakoloni amancane ngisho nasezindaweni ezingamahlathi azwakala kakhulu (emahlathini amadala e-aspen, asivuthiwe amahlathi aluhlaza okaphayini eziqhingini ezinamahlathi eNyakatho nentshonalanga yeLadoga - amashumi amakhilomitha ukusuka emadolobhaneni aseduze). Izinkukhu zithandelwa ezindaweni ezingamahlathi eziseduze namachibi noma ezindaweni ezinkulu zokuwa (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983).

Ukuhlinza eCentral Asia naseKazakhstan A. a. i-pekinensis iphawuleka ngezinga elikhulu ezintabeni: miningi ku-Alai Range. (Ivanov, 1969), umgibeli waseNuratau (Meklenburtsev, 1937) nasezintabeni zaseKazakhstan (Korelov, 1970). Emifuleni iZerafshan, B. neM. Naryn, amaSwingam swows akhuphuka afike kuma-2400-3000 m (Yanushevich et al., 1960, Ivanov,

1969). Lapha, izidleke zezinyoni emifantwini yamadwala (uYanushevich et al., 1960), ezindaweni ezinamatshe emifula yemifula emikhulu, emihumeni nasezindongeni (Korelov, 1970). ECentral Asia, izidleke ezimnyama ezisheshayo emadolobheni amakhulu afana neSamarkand ne-Osh (Bogdanov, 1956, Yanushevich et al., 1960), endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-400-700 ngaphezu kolwandle.

Izitha, izici ezingezinhle

Ukuphakanyiswa kwesishisi esimnyama yisiqubulo sendawo ethile - isibungu esiswini uPtilonyssusstrandtmanni, ochazwe nguFeng (Fain, 1956) waseKaffir Swift osuka eRwanda-Urundi. E-Russia, kwatholakala izinyoni e-Oksky Zap. (Butenko, 1984).

Ezidlekeni, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yesibili yesikhathi sokukhula kwamachwane, kutholakala izibungu zezimpukane namazeze (Koshreg, 1938), ngesinye isikhathi izimvemvane, ngokuyinhloko amabhu (uCutcliffe, 1951).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinambuzane ezihlukumeza izinyoni zitholakale ezidlekeni: i-bloodsuckers Ornitomyia hirund.in.is, eCrataerhina pallida, C. melbae, Hippobosca hirundinis, Stenopteryx hirundinis, fleas Ceratophyllusgallinae, C.fringilla, C. delichinis, C. i-avium, ummeleli womndeni we-parasitic bug (Cimicidae) - Oeciacus hirundinis. Ngaphezu kwazo, izinambuzane zitholakele zisebenzisa udoti, ukubola imfucumfucu yokudla, nezinye izinto ezibonakala esidlekeni sezidwaba. Okokuqala, yilezi ezinamabhu: Tinea bisseliella, T. pelionella, Borkhausenia pseudospretella, kanye nama-staphylins, abadla isikhumba, izimfihlo, njll... villiper, P. tectus, Tenebrio molitor, Omphrale senestralis, Dendrophilus punctatus (Hiks, 1959). Izinhlobo zakamuva zibonakala ngendawo yokuhlala ezindaweni eziyize nezidleke zezinyoni.