Eqinisweni ipuleti-gill (umugqa weparele, i-toothless, njll.) Amapuleti amabili amade gill alengiswa ophahleni lwendlu yengubo zombili izinhlangothi zomlenze. Ipuleti ngalinye liphindwe kabili, lihlanganisiwe, linohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuwela iziphambano. Ama-gill latter ambozwe nge-epithelium e-ciliated. Ukujikeleza kwamanzi esiqeshini sejazi kubangelwa ukushaywa kwe-cilia ye-epithelium yengubo, amagilebhisi, kanye nama-lobes omlomo. Amanzi angena nge-siphon ye-gill, ahlanze ama-gill, adabule amapuleti e-lattice, bese engena emgodini ngemuva komlenze ungena ngaphakathi kwegumbi le-supraventral, bese ephuma kuwo ngokusebenzisa i-siphon evalayo iphuma.

Kwamanye amaqembu we-givalve gill, isakhiwo sihlukile, futhi ucwaningo lokuqhathanisa lwezinto ezisetshenziselwa gill lwenza kube lula ukuqonda ukuguqulwa kwe-ctenidia ejwayelekile ibe ama-lamellar gill. Ngakho-ke, eqenjini elincane lezimbangi zasolwandle - amazinyo alinganayo (i-taxodonta) - kunezindawo ezimbili eziguqulwe kakhulu i-ctenidia. Umnyombo we-ctenidium ngayinye ohlangothini olulodwa ukhule waya ophahleni lwe-mantle cavity, futhi phezu kwayo kukhona imigqa emibili yamaphayini we-gill.

Eqenjini elikhulu lemisipha ehlukile (i-Anisomyaria), kuguqulwa ushintsho olwengeziwe ku-ctenidia. Amakamela ayo amatheku anwebekile futhi aphenduka imicu emincane, emide kangangokuba, lapho ifinyelela ngaphansi kwekhono lejazi, igoqa phezulu. Amadolo ehla futhi enyuka alolu chungechunge kanye nentambo eseduze inamathele komunye nomunye kusetshenziswa i-cilia ekhethekile ekhethekile. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-gill, enezintambo ezimbili zezintambo, inendlela yamapuleti amabili. Isakhiwo esifanayo sama-gill sitholakala kuma-scallops (Pecten), oysters, (Ostrea), njll.

Isakhiwo esichazwe ngenhla sama-gill e-lamellar-gill eyiqiniso (i-Eulamellibranchiata) simele ushintsho olwengeziwe kumagalari angcolile. Kuqukethe ukwakheka kwama-jumpers phakathi kwamagatsha akhuphukayo nokwehla kwentambo ngayinye naphakathi kwentambo eseduze, kanye nasekufakweni kwemikhawulo yamagatsha akhuphuka eqabunga elingaphandle ngengubo kanye namagatsha akhuphukayo eqabunga elingaphakathi ngomlenze, nangemuva komlenze ngeqabunga elingaphakathi le-gill elakhiwe.

Ngakho-ke, ama-lamellar gill aqhamuka ku-ctenidia yangempela, ngama-gill amabili e-lamellar ohlangothini ngalunye oluhambelana ne-ctenidium eyodwa, futhi i-lamella ngayinye imelela isigamu-gill.

Eqenjini elincane leziqhwaga ezidla izilwane, ukudla nge-plankton nama-polychaetes amancane, i-ctenidia iyancishiswa. Umsebenzi wokuphefumula wenziwa yingxenye yesithambeka se-mantle patity, ehlukaniswe yi-septum egwazwe yi-pores (eSeptibranchia).

Maqondana nokuncishiswa kwekhanda nemodi yokudla okungenamsoco, isigaba se-anterior ectodermal sethayela lokugaya siyanyamalala: i-pharynx, i-salivary gland, umhlathi, i-radula. Umlomo ubekwe phambi komzimba phakathi kokuvalwa kwemisipha engaphandle kanye nomlenze. Ama-lobes omlomo avame ukutholakala ezinhlangothini zomlomo. Izinhlayiya zokudla ezincane ziyahlanjululwa ngohlelo lwe-cilia ehlukahlukene oluhlanganisa amakamelo, olufakwe umiyane bese lungena ngaphakathi kwe-gill gloves emlonyeni, okuholela esophagus, kudlule esiswini. Imicu yesibindi esibhanqiwe esiboshwe kanye nesikhwama sekhristali kuvulwa esiswini. Ukusuka esiswini, amathumbu amancane aqala, akha izihibe eziningana ezansi yomlenze bese edlulela ku-rectum. Lesi sakamuva "sihlaba" i-ventricle yenhliziyo (cishe kuyo yonke imincintiswano) futhi sivula nge-anus eduze kwe-siphon evalayo. Lonke ipheshana lokugaya lihlangene ne-epithelium ehlanganisiwe, ukunyakaza kwe-cilia okwenziwa ukuhamba kwezinhlayiya zokudla.

Isikhwama se-crystalline stalk sisa into ye-gelatinous yemvelo yamaprotheni, equkethe ama-enzyme angakwazi ukugaya ama-carbohydrate kuphela. Lo muthi ugcwala ngendlela yesigaxa esiphuma ngaphandle esiswini. Kancane kancane, ukuphela kwayo kuyancibilika nama-enzyme adaya izinhlayiya zokudla zemvelo yezitshalo ayakhululwa.

Isibindi se-bivalve mollusks asikhiqizi ama-enzyme nhlobo, emagatsheni aso angaboni sithola ukumuncwa kokugaywa kokudla kwezitho zokudla. Ukugaya i-Intracellular kwenziwa ikakhulukazi ngama-phagocytes eselula okwazi ukugaya amaprotheni namafutha. Isisekelo sokudla kwe-bivalve yi-phytoplankton, i-detritus kanye namagciwane.

Izimbotshana zingamalungu e-biofilters, ezidlulisa amashumi wamalitha amanzi ngosuku. Badlala indima enkulu ekwakhekeni kwamadimoni amancane (amasilika).

Inhliziyo ivame ukuba ne-ventricle nama-atria amabili futhi itholakala emgodini we-pericardial - the pericardium. Ama-aorta amabili, angaphandle nengaphandle, asuka enhliziyweni. Ingxenye yangaphandle ihlephuka iye emithanjeni enikeza igazi emathunjini, emahlombe, emlenzeni nakweminye .. Ingxenye yangemuva yakha imithambo emibili yengubo engena engubeni nasezitho zomzimba ezingemuva komzimba. Kuqhuma imithambo emincane, negazi lingena ngaphakathi kwezikhala - phakathi kwezitho - izikhala, bese lisuka lapho liqoqeka kuyi-sinus ye-longitudinal venous sinus. Kusukela ku-sinus, igazi liya ezingxenyeni zezinwele, lapho lisulwa khona ngemikhiqizo ye-metabolic. Lapho-ke, ngemithambo ye-gill efikayo, ingena ku-gill, ifakwe i-atria bese iya e-atria ngemikhumbi esebenza kahle (ingxenye yegazi evela emikhunjini yengubo idlula lapho, idlula ngo-gill). Kwabaningi, amathumbu wangemuva adlula phakathi kwe-ventricle yenhliziyo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-ventricle yenhliziyo ibekwe njengokwakheka okubhanqiwe ezinhlangothini zesisu. Amanye ama-mollusks (Area), asesekhulile, anama-ventricle amabili akhiwe ngaphezulu kwesisu.

Kunezinso ezimbili ezinkulu ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-bayanus litho. Zilala ngaphansi kwe-pericardial patity futhi zibunjiwe nge-V. Engxenyeni engaphandle ye-pericardial patity, izinso ngasinye siqala nge-funral ciliary. Ukuvuleka kwendawo kuvulekile kuvuleke engubeni yengubo. Ngaphezu kwezinso, umsebenzi we-excretory nawo wenziwa yizinduna ze-pericardial, noma izitho ezibizwa nge-Keber, eziyizigaba ezodwa zodonga lwe-pericardial patity.

Uhlelo lwezinzwa nezitho zomzimba

Ngozimbangi, uhlelo lwezinzwa luyehluka ngokwenziwe lula uma luqhathaniswa nohlelo lwezinzwa lwama-gastropods, oluchazwa ngokudla okungenamsoco nokuhamba okungatheni. Esikhathini esiningi, kuba nokuhlangana kwamabili amabili we-ganglia, ngenxa yalokho kusala ngababili kuphela. I-gangbral kanye ne-pleural ganglia ihlangana ne-gangbropleural ganglion, ephakathi kwe-esophagus nokuvalwa kwemisipha kwegobolondo. Izimbotshana ze-pedal ganglia, ezixhunywe ngabasizi be-cerebropleural, zifakwa emlenzeni. I-Parietal kanye ne-visceral ganglia nayo ihlanganiswe ne-visceroparietal ganglia. Balala ngaphansi kokuvalwa kwemisipha yangemuva futhi baxhumeke ku-gangbropleural ganglia ngokuxhumana okude kakhulu.

Izitho zemizwa ikakhulukazi zifanekiselwa amaseli we-tactile, acebile kakhulu emaphethelweni eengubo nama-lobes omlomo. Amanye ama-mollus anezincibilikishi ezincane eceleni kwengubo. Imvamisa kukhona ama-statocysts akhiwe ezinhlangothini zemilenze eduze kwe-pedal ganglia. Ama-Osfradia atholakala ophahleni lwethambo le-mantle, phansi kwamaphethini.

IBivalvia ayinawo amehlo obuchopho, noma kunjalo, kwezinye izinhlobo amehlo asesekondi avela ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomzimba: engutsheni, emasipilini, emicimbini we-gill, njll. Ngakho-ke, kuma-scallops (Pecten) amehlo amaningi abekwa eceleni komphetho wengubo (kuze kufike ku-100) isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi, esichazwa yikhono lama-scallops ukuhamba, eshaya amaphiko. Amehlo wesibili awanakwa ngaphakathi kweqembu elihlwabusayo lobuchopho.

Uhlelo lokuzala nokukhiqiza kabusha

Iningi lama-lamellar-gill diclinous, namafomu we-hermaphroditic nawo akhona. Izindlala zocansi zigoqiwe futhi zilele emgodleni womzimba, zihlala engxenyeni engenhla yomlenze. Esikhathini esiningi, izindunduma zama-gonads zivulwa ngokuvulelwa okukhethekile kobulili okucishe kube yilapho okucashile khona. Ngefomu le-hermaphroditic, kukhona amaqanda nama-testes ngokwehlukana, noma ngaphezulu i-pair eyodwa ye-hermaphroditic gland.

Amaqanda ama-bivalve amaningi abekwa eceleni emanzini, lapho kwenzeka khona umquba. Emagobolondweni enamanzi amasha avela emndenini we-Unionidae (ithawula, ibhali leparele, njll.), Amaqanda abekwa epuletini elingaphandle lama-gill futhi aboshwe lapho kuze kuqhume izibungu.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-embryonic of bivalves kufana nokuthuthukiswa kwama-polychaetes. Cishe kuzo zonke izimbangi zasolwandle, kuvela izibungu ze-trochophore eqandeni. Ngaphezu kwezibonakaliso ezejwayelekile zama-trophophores - ukuba khona kwama-corollas e-preical kanye ne-postoral corilia, i-parietal ipuleti, i-sultan, i-protonephridia, nabanye - ama-trophophores we-bivalve nawo anezimpawu zomlenze negobolondo. Igobolondo ekuqaleni libekwa ngendlela yepuleti ye-conhiolin engakhokhelwa. Kamuva igoba phakathi futhi yakhe igobolondo le-bivalve. Indawo ye-inflection yepuleti le-conchiolin ligcinwa ngendlela ye-ligament elastic. Ingxenye engenhla ye-trochophore iphenduka isikebhe esimbozwe yi-cilia (isitho sokunyakaza), bese izibungu zidlulela esigabeni sesibili - i-veligra (isikebhe sesikebhe). Isakhiwo saso sifana ncamashi nesibungu sendoda endala.

Ezingxenyeni zamanzi amasha, ukuthuthukiswa kwenzeka ngendlela eyinqayizivele. Ama-Toothless namanye ama-mollusks avela emndenini we-Unionidae kusuka emaqanda aqanduselwa ama-gill, kuvela izibungu ezikhethekile - i-glochidia. IGlochidia inegobolondo elingunxantathu we-bivalve, elinamazinyo abukhali maphakathi nonqenqema lweqabunga ngalinye, ukuvalwa okuqinile kwemisipha yeqabunga lamagobolondo kanye nembali ye-byssus. I-Globalchidia ikhula ekwindla nasebusika kumagagasi kamama. Entwasahlobo, ziphonswa emanzini futhi zinamathiselwe esikhunjeni, ku-gill nasezinhlanzini zenhlanzi ngentambo ye-Byssus enamathele namazinyo. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngaphansi kwethonya lokucasulwa kwesikhumba sezinhlanzi, i-fusion ye-glochidia iqala nge-epithelium yesikhumba sosokhaya, namafomu we-cyst ane-glochidium ngaphakathi. Kulesi simo, i-glochidia ifaka esikhunjeni senhlanzi izinyanga ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Lapho-ke isigaxa sesikhumba siqhuma, kanye nokhakhayi oluncane olusunguleke ngalesi sikhathi kusuka ku-glochidia liwela phansi. Indlela enjalo eyingqayizivele yentuthuko inikeza ukuhlaliswa kabusha kwama-mollusks.

Kwezinye izimbotshana zamanzi acwebile, ngokwesibonelo, emabhola (Sphaerium), imibungu ikhula emagumbini akhethekile abantwana eziseleni. Ama-mollusks amancane akhiwe ngokuphelele aqhamuka emgodini wejazi.

I-Biology nokubaluleka okusebenzayo

Inani elikhulu kunazo zonke leziqhwaga ziyizilwane ezijwayelekile zama-benthic, zivame ukugcwala esihlabathini, kanti ezinye zazo zijule kakhulu emhlabathini. ISolen marginatus, etholakala oLwandle Olumnyama, izingcwaba esihlabathini ngokujula kwamamitha amathathu. Izimbangi eziningi ziphila impilo yokuhlala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amanye ama-mollusks ahlala phansi, isibonelo, ama-mussels (Mytilus), anamathiselwe ngentambo ye-byssus, kepha angakwazi, ngokulahla i-byssus, athuthele endaweni entsha, kuyilapho abanye - ama-oysters (Ostrea) - ekhula emgodini wempilo yonke yeqabunga elinye lamagobolondo.

Izinhlungu eziningi ze-lamellar kade zadliwa. Lokhu ikakhulukazi ama-mussels (Mytilus), oysters (Ostrea), omise inhliziyo (i-Cagdium), ama-scallops (Pecten) nabanye abambalwa. Okuvame kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwama-oysters, okungabanjwa kuphela emabhange e-oyster - izindawo zokuhlala kwawo okukhulu, kodwa futhi kufakwa ngokwezifiso ezitshalweni ezikhethekile ze-oyster, okuyisistimu yamadivaysi okukhula kwama-oyster. Sinamabhange e-oyster eLwandle Olumnyama okwakhiwe i-Ostrea taurica.

Izimbangi

Isigaba se-bivalve sehlukaniswe ngama-oda amane, okulandelayo kubalulekile kakhulu: 1. I-Equine-toothed (Texodonta), 2. I-Miscellaneous (Anisomyaria), 3. Empeleni i-lamellabic (Eulamellibranchiata).

Ukuhlonza. Izinyo elilinganayo (Texodonta)

Izimbangi zakudala kunazo zonke. Inqaba inamabhethri amaningi. Amagilethi ohlobo lwe-ktenidii yangempela enamapheshana ayindilinga ku-eksisi enamathele ophahleni lwendlu yengubo. Umlenze onyawo ka-Flat. Lo myalo uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezisabalele ze-walnut (umndeni wakwaNuculidae), amafomu asenyakatho (uhlobo lwePortlandia), ama-arches (umndeni wakwa-Arcidae), njll.

Ukuhlonza. I-Miscellaneous (Anisomyaria)

Ukuchithwa kuhlanganisa inani elikhulu lamafomu abekade akha iqembu lezinto ezingcolile, ngoba amaqabunga obuhlakani e-ctenidia yabo aguqulwa aba yimilingo emide. Kukhona ukuvalwa kwemisipha eyodwa kuphela, noma, uma kukhona okungaphandle, kuncane kakhulu. Le oda ifaka izimbaza, ama-scallops: i-Icelandic (Pecten Islandicus), iBlack Sea (P. ponticus), njll. Oysters (umndeni Ostreidae), ulwandle lulu pearl mussel (umndeni kaPteriidae) ungowokuhleleka okufanayo.

Ukuhlonza. I-Lamellar-gill (Eulamellibranchiata)

Iningi lama-mollusks e-bivalve lingelalokhu okutholwe kulokhu kukhishwa. Babonakala ngesakhiwo senqaba, amazinyo abukeka njengamapuleti ahlanganisiwe. Ukuvalwa kwemisipha emibili. Imiphetho yefomu le-mantle siphons. Amagilebhisi ngendlela yamapuleti e-latti ayinkimbinkimbi.
Lo myalo uhlanganisa yonke imishanguzo yamanzi ahlanzekile angamalungu omndeni webhali yeparele (Unionidae): ibhali leparele, i-toothless, umndeni wamanzi amhlophe pearl mussel (Margaritanidae), umndeni wamabhola (Sphaeriidae), kanye nomndeni we-zebra mussel (Dreissenidae). Izinhlobo ezikhethekile nazo zingezokuchatshwa okufanayo: abasebenza ngamatshe (i-Pholas), i-shipworms (i-Teredo) nabanye abaningi.

Ukudla Toothless kanye Barriers

E-toothless mollusk nase-mollusk, ukondleka nokuphefumula kwenzeka ngasikhathi sinye. Ngomfudlana wamanzi, i-unicellular algae, ama-crustaceans amancane, kanye nemfucumfucu enezinto eziphilayo ingena emgodini wegill.

Amabhisikidi (Anodonta).

Amagilebhisi nezinhlangothi zangaphakathi zamafolda eengubo zinikezwa nge-cilia. Zi-oscillate futhi zidale ukugeleza kwamanzi ngokusebenzisa i-siphon engezansi. Amanzi athatha ukudla kuya emlonyeni we-mollusk, oseduze kwesisekelo sonyawo.

Izinhlobo ezintathu ze-perlovka zivamile eCentral Europe: U. crassus, U. pictorum ne-U. tumidus

Izinhlayiya zokudla zingena ohlelweni lokugaya ngomlomo bese zingena esophagus, esiswini, emathunjini, lapho zivezwa khona ama-enzyme. Imiphetho ye-siphon engezansi inamaphiko, isebenza njengesihlungo, ivimbela ukungena kwezinhlayiya ezinkulu zakwamanye amazwe emgodleni. Amanzi ahlanziwe ashiya umzimba we-mollusk ngokusebenzisa i-siphon ephezulu.

Imollusk ayidingi ukuthola ukudla, ingena emlonyeni isuka emanzini iza nge-siphon.

AmaBollve mollusks ahlunga amanzi ngobukhulu obukhulu. Ezimweni zemvelo zasemanzini, lezi zidalwa zenza umsebenzi obalulekile ngokubamba ukumiswa okuhle kwendalo nokususa amanzi ahlanzekile abuyele emzimbeni wamanzi. Amanzi ahlala esobala futhi “ukuqhakaza” kungenzeki kuwo, okubangelwa ukukhiqizwa okwengeziwe kwe-unicellular algae.

Leli qembu lezidalwa zasemanzini lenza umsebenzi obalulekile futhi owenziwayo wokuhlanza amanzi. Umsebenzi wama-mollusks ekuhlanzeni kwamanzi muhle kakhulu kangangokuba ososayensi bahlongoza igama elithi "biomachchan" (biomachine) ngegama lale nqubo.

I-clam eyodwa ngosuku idlula emzimbeni wayo, ihlanza ngamalitha amanzi. Izimbumbulu eziyikhulu zahlunga amathani amanzi amane ngosuku.

Mayelana nokungcoliswa okujwayelekile kwezilwandle, ubungozi obuhambisana nezinsimbi zokwenziwa luyakhuphuka, okuthi, ngokulashwa okunganele kwamanzi omdaka asekhaya, bawele emanzini. Okokuqala, i-SMS - izidakamizwa zisebenza ngokuhlunga kwe-mollusk. Kukhona usongo olubi ekwelashweni kwamanzi kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimbotshana zikhipha inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo ngendlela yezinhlayiya ze-pellet ngenxa yokuhlunga.

Phansi kwesichibi kuqongelela isamba esikhulu sezinto eziphilayo. Emanzini, i-photosynthesis ibuye ivele ngokufakwa kwe-carbon dioxide futhi i-organic jambo iyakhiwa.

Ibhali le-pearl elincanyana belilokhu lisengozini kusukela ngekhulu lama-20.

Kuvela uchungechunge lokudla okuyinkimbinkimbi esimisweni semvelo. Iketanga lokudluliswa kwekhabhoni ngokubamba iqhaza kwama-fterrator lingavezwa kanjena: i-carbon dioxide esemkhathini → isikhutha emhlabeni emanzini → phytoplankton → o-mollusks Ama-mollusk - ama-fterrators abamba iqhaza kumjikelezo wekhabhoni, edlulisa ngamaketanga okudla.

Ubudlelwano obunjalo bubalulekile ekugcineni okuqukethwe okulungile kwe-carbon dioxide emkhathini. Ukuqongelelwa kwe-carbon monoxide egobolondweni lomoya kule planethi kunomthelela ekuqubukeni kwe "greenhouse effect" kanye nokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa. Imiphumela enjalo ibeka ingozi kuyo yonke inqubo yesimo sezulu yoMhlaba. Ukwephulwa kokuhlanzwa kwamanzi emvelo kubeka usongo ekuqiniseni kwesimo sezulu seplanethi.

Ukuba ama-filtrator asebenzayo, i-toothless inegalelo ekuhlanzweni kwemvelo kwemizimba yamanzi.

Ubudlelwano obuphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nendawo ezungezile buyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunendlela obonakala ngayo ekuqaleni. Ngaphezu kwamasekethe kagesi aqondile, kunenamba enkulu yokuxhumana okwengeziwe phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuyadingeka ukunaka hhayi kuphela izingxenye ezikhona zezinto eziphilayo, kodwa futhi nokuxhumana kwezinto eziphilayo zizonke.

Ama-Toothless kukhona i-dioecious, kepha iningi labantu le-hermaphrodites nalo liyatholakala.

Kunoma ikuphi, kufanelekile ukuthi ucabange futhi uhlole izinga lobungozi bethonya le-anthropogenic ezinhlelweni zamanzi, unaka ukwephulwa kokuxhumana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nemisebenzi egcina ubumsulwa bamanzi.

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