AmaNematode, elinye igama ama-roundworms, okukahlobo lohlobo lwangaphambi kokubeletha. Ukwehluka kwabo kukhulu kakhulu. Njengamanje, sekutholakale izinhlobo ezingaba yisigidi zesibungu lesi.

Zonke zihlukaniswa ngokuphila ngokukhululeka nangama-parasites. Ngokuvamile kubo bonke nematode a ukwakheka. Umzimba we-nematode uqobo ubukeka njengesigaqa, sinqunyelwe emaphethelweni: ngaphambili nangemuva.

Babizwa ngokuthi bayindilinga ngoba isigaba sesiphambano sinikeza umbuthano. Imizimba yabo imbozwe nge-cuticle eminyene, izicubu ezinde zibekwe ngaphansi kwayo. Lokhu kungabonakala kahle ku isithombe se-nematode.

Alukho uhlelo lokujikeleza nokuphefumula. Ukuphefumula kwenziwa yiplanethi yonke yomzimba noma ye-anaerobically. Isistimu yokugaya ukudla ilula futhi iqukethe umlomo ne-anus, phakathi kwayo kukhona ishubhu eqondile.

Kukhona “umlomo” ekhanda elizungezwe yizindebe. Ngalo, kuvela umsoco: ukudla kugxanywa. Izinhlobo eziningana zama-nematode aphila ngokukhululekile zinamehlo athuthukile, angaba nemibala ehlukene yombala. Amasayizi omzimba wezibungu aqala kumaphakathi 1 mm kuye ku-37 cm.

Esithombeni, ukwakheka kwe-nematode

AmaNematode khombisa isibonelo esibonakalayo sentuthuko yemvelo. Namuhla bahlala kuzo zonke izindawo. Kusukela phansi olwandle olunosawoti olwandle, ngenxa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, banqoba imizimba yamanzi entsha, inhlabathi futhi manje sebengaphila futhi baphindaphindeke kunoma yisiphi isitho sezinto ezinhlobonhlobo.

Uhlobo nendlela yokuphila yamathumbu

Njenganoma ikuphi amagciwane, nematode isibungu, i-adaptha efanelekile, inomjikelezo wokuphila olula futhi ithuthuka ngokushesha okukhulu. Ingabizwa ngokuthi i- “paralite” ekahle.

Uhlala emzimbeni we "umnikazi", uyakwazi ukujabulisa izifo ezahlukahlukene, kepha hhayi ezibulalayo. Nematode isebenzisa ukudla kwayo nomzimba wayo impilo yonke, futhi ukuze kungazibangeli ukulimala okwengeziwe - isusa amaqanda kuyo umzimba "Mnumzane". Ngakho-ke, ukuthola umedi, nokuxazulula insimu enkulu.

Ukusinda, zonke izibungu iklasi nematode, inamadivayisi angeziwe awatholile ngenxa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Igobolondo layo eliminyene livikela isenzo sejusi yokugaya, izinsikazi zivundile kakhulu, izitho ezikhethekile zokunamathiselwa. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-nematode asetshenziswa ngempumelelo ukuqothula izibungu "eziyingozi".

Izici Zokuhleleka kwama-Roundworms

Amasayizi aqala kusuka kuma-microns angama-80 kuye kumamitha ayi-8. Abesifazane bavame ukuba bakhulu kunabesilisa. Bonke abameleli bane-symmetry yamazwe amabili.

Ukwakheka komzimba kuvame ukwakheka njengamacylindrical noma ama-spindle, kubonakaliswa ukungabikho kwesihlukaniso. I-cuticle eminyene imboza ngokuphelele umzimba kusuka ngaphandle. Umgodi womzimba kuma-roundworms uzungezwe yisikhwama semisipha yesikhumba. Uqukethe uketshezi olugcwalisa isikhala phakathi kwezitho zangaphakathi. Kusebenza njengokuxhaswa futhi kwenza umsebenzi wokuhamba.

Izinhlobo ze-Parasitic zingathola ukwakheka kokuvumelanisa lapho ungqimba lwangaphandle lwe-epithelial of izicubu lungahlukaniswanga izakhi ezihlukile zamaselula, kepha luyisisindo esisodwa esine-nuclei. I-hypoderm etholakala ngaphansi kwe-syenesstium iqukethe izakhi zomzimba (glycogen).

Izinhlobo zama-Nematode

Ngokujwayelekile konke nematode ihlukaniswe kabili uhlobo: -okuphila mahhala nama-parasites. Ezokuqala zihlala emhlabathini nasemanzini, kanti zona zona zihlala ezitshalweni nasezintwaneni zezilwane, izinambuzane nabantu.

Ama-nematode aphila mahhala akhawunti iningi lezinhlobo zezikelemu. Zonke zincanyana ngosayizi, imidondoshiya ifinyelela ku-3 cm kuphela.Angahlala kunoma yiluphi uketshezi, noma uviniga.

Emazingeni okushisa aphansi impela, ngisho naseNorth Pole. Ama-nematode amaningi ahlala enhlabathini ahlinzeka ngezinzuzo ezingabazeki futhi adlala indima enkulu enqubweni yokwakhiwa kwenhlabathi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwabo lokhu nematode etholakele futhi e-aquarium. Ziyindlela yokudla enhle kakhulu yokuthosa. Zikhule ngokuqondile noma ziziveza kabusha ngesikhathi sokusebenzisa ngokweqile noma ezinqwabeni zodoti ezibolile.

Izimuncagazi zibanga umonakalo ongalungiseki ezolimo, imfuyo kanye abantu. AmaNematode kubangele kobukhulu ezahlukene izifo. Abakwazi parasitize iyiphi emizimbeni. Izikelemu kuhluke Ubukhulu esithé ukuphakama. Isibonelo, i-sperm whale nematode ingaba ngamamitha ayi-8 ubude.

Amandla nematodes

nematodes ukudla ulwelwe amancane, amagciwane, isitshalo izinsalela Mahhala aphila ngenhlanzeko. Izidlakudla phakathi kwazo ziyatholakala. Ngomlomo, bamane amunca ukudla. Ngo izimuncagazi ezihlala phezu izitshalo ngokwabo, kukhona stylet ekhethekile ngomlomo.

Ama-Nematode awabhoboza ngezicubu futhi afake ujusi wawo wokugaya ukudla, bese encela ukudla. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukugaya extraintestinal. Nematodes atholakala emzimbeni "inkosi" iyaqhubeka ngezithukuthuku izakhi ezivezwa kubo. Yini nematode nje zisebenzisa ekukhuleni nokuthuthuka kwazo.

Lokuzaliswa yokuphila kanye neminyaka okulindeleke nematodes

Ngokuyisisekelo konke izinhlobo nematodes kwabobulili. Abesilisa bancane kunezinsikazi ngosayizi, futhi isiphelo sasemuva siqhekeke kancane eceleni. Lokusakaza senzeka ngokuhlangana ngokocansi. Ezinye izinhlobo nabesifazane, uma sekulungile sokukhwelana, ikhiphe oyiphunga oqinile, ezisabela besilisa.

Bese emboza insikazi ngesikhwama esinamandla, kulandelwa ukwethulwa kwama-spicule esithweni sangasese Ikakhulu ngoba ukuzala, balala amaqanda, kodwa kukhona izinhlobo roundworms, okuyinto zibekelwe ukuzalwa bukhoma. Mahhala-ophilayo nematodes walala kukho konke ukuphila kwazo amaqanda 100 kuya ku-2000. Ama-parasites athela kakhulu futhi leli nani lingafinyelela kuma-200,000 kuphela ngosuku.

Esikhathini nematodes esithombeni ku inhlanzi

Amaqanda singene imvelo, bese iqala ukuthuthukiswa izibungu. Ngokuphila ngokukhululeka nama-nematode kuxutshana nezitshalo, wonke umjikelezo wokuthuthukisa izibungu wenzeka endaweni eyodwa.

At nematodes yisinanakazana Kwezilwane ontogeny womuntu eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kungenziwa noma ngaphandle kokuthi “umnikazi” ophakathi nendawo. Kunoma ikuphi, molt 3-4 izikhathi, uze zikhula ukuvuthwa abantu isilungele zokuzalela. Kodwa eliphumelelayo esigabeni sokugcina kufanele vele emzimbeni "umnikazi".

Ukuqala komjikelezo wokuphila kwe-nematode kuqala emathunjini, emva kokukhulelwa kowesifazane. It esehlela ingemuva, lapho lizalela amaqanda alo endaweni ingquza. Khona-ke wabe uyafa. Amaqanda ngokwawo avuthwa cishe amahora ayisithupha ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle.

izandla Dirty awela pheshana emathunjini, futhi, kukhona KWAMAGUNDANE okuphindaphindiwe. Ukuvula zibe izibungu emva 2 amaviki ziba abantu ngokobulili abavuthiwe.

Ngokuya ngohlobo lwama-nematode, ukuvela okulandelayo komjikelezo wokuphila kwabo kuyahlukaniswa:

1. Amaqanda ngokushesha ngemva laying kubo kungathelela emzimbeni sesilwane insikazi uma zokwazi.
2. Amaqanda lapho umbungu kumelwe ibhekane isinyathelo eyengeziwe, ngemva kwalokho-ke uyakwazi ukuthelela "aphethe".
3. Amaqanda lapho izibungu ziyavuthwa futhi zishiya inhlabathi, emva kwalokho ingena emzimbeni. Ngokwesilinganiso, Ukuphila kwanoma imuphi nematode sihlala amasonto 2-3.

Izimpawu kanye nokwelashwa nematodes

Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-50 nematode - izimuncagazi can imbangela izifo kubantu. lapho nematode kukhona emzimbeni womuntuKhona-ke ehlupheka sokuqala ngqa kusukela ipheshana wokugaya ukudla.

Lokhu kungaba ukulimala odongeni emathunjini bese ukuvaleka Amapayipi Bile, okuyinto kubonakala esihlalweni disorder, ubuhlungu inkaba noma ezidukayo isicanucanu nokuhlanza.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-nematode, angena egazini, athutheka kuwo wonke umzimba womuntu, ayakwazi ukuthinta ngokuphelele noma yiziphi izitho zawo. Ngakho-ke, izimpawu kungaba kokubili iphika conjunctivitis futhi ubuhlungu bemisipha. Futhi libhekene ukuthuthukiswa ukusabela jikelele zomzimba: ukuqubuka iguliswa, ukulunywa, kwehle amasosha omzimba, uzizwa ka ukutubeka nesicanucanu.

Ukwelashwa kusuka nematode Kwenziwa ngezidakamizwa noma nge-oxygen oxygen. Izidakamizwa ngokuvamile ngempela enobuthi, ngakho basuke udokotela. Lapho umoya-mpilo zokwenezela is injected-oxygen emathunjini futhi nematodes ushona ngaphandle imithi.

nezilwane zethu, uchayeke kakhulu izifo ukuthi kumkhathaze izimuncagazi izikelemu. amakati izimpawu zokutheleleka nematodes kuyinto: ukukhwehlela njalo futhi hoshozela, kushintshana sohudo ukuqunjelwa, isikhumba ukusabela nokukhathala.

Ezinjeni, yilezi: ukuhlanza, ukuhanjiswa kwe-mucous ethize ekhethekile, ukukhula kwesifiso sokudla, ukuluma umsila, ukubekezela nokunganaki. Lapho lezi zimpawu kumele athathe lesi silwane Vết, lapho uzoqoka imithi.

Morphology

Ngesakhiwo sazo, ama-nematode abhekwa njengezinto ezilula kakhulu. Worm omdala mangqamuzana angaba 1,000 ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo namakhulu amangqamuzana zihlobene uhlelo zokuzala. Roundworms kungenziwa kwachazwa ngokuthi "ipayipi ipayipi" ilungiselelo kusekelwe pheshana emathunjini, nezoqala kusukela ingxenye ikhanda okomlomo esigabeni umsila kuya ingquza. Ama-Nematode anohlelo lokugaya ukudla, lwezinzwa, oluvezayo, kepha awunalo uhlelo olungejwayelekile lokujikeleza nokuphefumula. Osayizi isukela worm encane 0.3 mm kuya phezulu ezinkudlwana 8 amamitha.

Torso e worm khulula usayizi encane kusuka 0.5 kuya 50 mm, abantu yisinanakazana, kakhulu, ubukhulu elincane, kodwa kukhona zama-worm, ukufinyelela 8.4 m. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane zihlale kunenani besilisa. Uhlobo lwe-parasite lunefusform, ifilimu, ifomu elingahlukaniswanga.

ezahlukene Helminth kahle imakwe isikhumba-kwemisipha isikhwama ehlanganisa hypodermis, cuticle nemisipha. Ngesikhathi emuva, esiswini kanye izinhlangothi 4 hypodermal roller. Izintambo zomgogodla nezisisu zigcwele imithungo yezinzwa, imichilo yangemuva iyadingeka ukuzehlukanisa futhi igcwele izinzwa zokuzwa.

Uhlelo lwezinzwa

Isimiso sezinzwa siqukethe nematodes indandatho peripharyngeal, esemgwaqweni ekuqaleni emphinjeni kusuka kuye emuva naphambili eziyisithupha branched sifanamsindvo. Ukuze uxhume iziqu ezimbili ezinzwa umncane isigamu-emasongweni ezinhlangothini kwesokunxele kanye ilungelo emzimbeni. Zibuye zibe nezitho ezithambile nezitho zomzimba zamakhemikhali.

Isakhiwo nematode

Ubude komzimba roundworms (nematodes) kuhluka esingaphansi milimitha ukuze engaphansana nje kwengu-10 metres. Umzimba ongahlukanga sehlukaniso, ovame ukwenziwa nge-fusiform noma wefilatini, okhonjiswe zombili izinhlangothi, unesimo esiyindilinga esigabeni sesiphambano. wesimethri zomzimba kumele kuthathwe njengento bemave lamabili, nakuba kukhona izakhi osabalalayo (kabili ugongolo kanye inhloko yalawa amathathu-ugongolo).

Nematodes odongeni emizimbeni, kanye flatworms amafomu isikhumba nesikhwama semisipha. Nokho, roundworms ke yakhiwa imisipha kuphela longitudinal (ezine Strand), hypodermis (epithelium) kanye cuticle. imisipha esiphambanweni spin-besisu, efana flatworms, akukho. Kulokhu, ama-nematode angagoba kuphela imizimba yawo. I cuticle umsebenzi zokuzivikela, isakhiwo okungezona yeselula, kwakhiwa kusuka uketshezi hypodermis. It kungavunyelwa bushelelezi noma ringed (kodwa worm kuleli cala hhayi ringed isakhiwo!). I-hypoderm yakha amabala amade okucindezelwa emgodini womzimba (isisu, isisu, kwesobunxele kanye nesokudla).

Ngo roundworms e Kwaphakama kwemvelo umzimba ingaphakathi eyinhlokoubizile psevdotselyu. Kulesi isikhala akukho ulwelwesi EPITHELIAL, kungcono nje isikhala phakathi isikhumba-kwemisipha isikhwama kanye izitho zangaphakathi egcwele uketshezi.

Uhlelo lokugaya lwe-nematode lunesimo se -hubhu, lapho kunezigaba ezintathu: ingaphandle, eliphakathi nelingemuva. Esikhathini tube kukhona ukuvuleka ezimbili: bomlomo nobendunu (anal). Ukubukeka emgodini yesibili emathunjini kuthathwa njengesibikezelo esiyiso aromorphosis ezinkulu emhlabeni isilwane. Ngo isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene secrete emlonyeni, emphinjeni, phambi, maphakathi kanye hindgut. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, umlomo uzungezwe yizindebe ezintathu, ulandelwe yi-pharynx yemisipha. I pharynx kuvula phakathi midgut.

uhlelo Excretory kwakha omkhulu amaseli we-excretory namaseli we-phagocytic. iseli Excretory has ezihlobene ngeziteshi ekujuleni umzimba izikelemu, nibonakala evulekile Ozivula.Kanye neziteshi ezisezisekelweni kukhona amaseli we-phagocytic abamba imikhiqizo yokubola ayithumele eziteshini.

Isistimu yezinzwa yamathumbu iqukethe ikhanda ganglia, indandatho ye-periopharyngeal, iziqu ze-longitudinalixhunywe ama-jumpers anqamulelayo. Kweziqu zemithi emide, emuva nesisu kufinyelela intuthuko enkulu kakhulu.

Kukhona umuzwa wokuthinta kanye nezinzwa zamakhemikhaliEzinye izinhlobo zinamehlo okuqala.

Ama-Nematode, afana namafleworms, azikho izinhlelo zokujikeleza nokuphefumula. Ukushintshaniswa kwegesi kwenziwa kuwo wonke umzimba womzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izinhlobo, ukuphefumula kuyaqhubeka ngaphandle kokubandakanya i-oxygen (glycolysis). Izakhamzimba ezisuka emathunjini zisatshalaliswa ngamangqamuzana omzimba ngokusebenzisa uketshezi olugcwalisa ipseudo-target.

Kwabamele iningi lama-nematode kuwuphawu dichotomy (abanye abantu baqukethe uhlelo lokuzala lowesifazane kuphela, abanye ngabesilisa kuphela). Zombili izinqubo zokuzala zabesilisa nabesilisa zinesakhiwo se-tubular. Ngaphezu kwalokho, owesilisa unesakhiwo esingakhokhelwa (i-testis eyodwa, i-vas deferens, isiteshi se-ejaculatory esivula ungene esiswini sezinsini). Ohlelweni lokuzala lwabesifazane, abesilisa nababili hhayi ama-ovaries kuphela, kepha futhi nesibeletho. Akukholwanga vagina kuphela. Imvamisa, abesifazane bahlukile kwabesilisa, i.e., kuveziwe i-dimorphism yezocansi.

Ukuthuthuka komuntu ngamunye ezinhlotsheni eziningi kwenzeka ngokuguqulwa okungaphelele (kunezigaba ezikhululekile, kepha akukho metamorphosis).

Ukuhlukaniswa

Njengoba ama-nematode amaningi engafundiswanga ngokuphelele, futhi imininingwane ephelele ayikho, ukuhlukaniswa kwawo kubhekwa njengempikiswano futhi kuguqulwe kaningi. Encazelweni ehlukile, kunokuhlukaniswa okuphikisanayo kwama-nematode. Kuze kube manje, ukwahlukaniswa kwejenali yezemvelo yezwe i-Zootaxa kubhekwa njengento yesimanje kakhulu futhi kwethulwa kanjena:

Bathyodontida

Izinhlu ithebula esiphezulu ngezigaba roundworms, echaza izimuncagazi eziningi khulula-ophilayo izinyoni, iningi okuyinto eziyingozi.

Ngokusho ngezigaba ubudala kubhekwe kuphela helminths ukuthi abantu ngegciwane nezilwane.

Zonke lezi suborders aqukethe imikhaya eminingana, bahlukene zibe izizukulwane nezinhlobo, ngokulandelana, ngesikhathi sokuzalwa.

Ama-Class Nematode, noma ama-Roundworms (Nematoda)

Uma uhlobo nematelmintov lwalulinganiselwe ukuze nje kushiwo ngenhla amakilasi kwezilwane, akunakwenzeka ngeke yakhiwe is isici esivamile yalolu hlobo, lapho kwavela isayensi yesimanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubaluleka kwalo emnothweni nemvelo, imisebenzi yabantu yayiyobizwa ngakho-ke imiselwe, ukuthi cwaningo akazange afinyelele nematelmintov ukuze intuthuko eye yenzeka esikhathini sethu. Intshisakalo ejulile yohlobo lwama-non-malevolents ayinqunywa kangako ngezimpawu zama-gastrotrichs, ama-cinorhinxes, kanye nama-rotifers, kepha kunalokho ngenxa yokufunda iqembu eliphakathi nendawo, isigaba esikhulu nesikhulu kunazo zonke sabangekho abesilisa, isigaba se-nematode (Nematoda).

Njengoba ungacabanga, lokhu nematelmintov ekilasini izoba isikhungo nokunaka kwethu.

intuthuko yemvelo. Isazi sesayensi yaseSoviet esidumile u-A.N. Severtsov (1866-1936), sifunda ngokuvela kwemvelo yama-vertebrates, ngaphansi kokutadisha ngokujulile inkinga yezinkomba eziphambili ze-phylogenesis yezilwane. It atholakala ikakhulukazi ukuthi amaqembu amaningi isilwane zemvelo ejwayelekile isimo kwemvelo libhekene eziningi izici ehola belinganisa ukuphila kwaphumelelisa la maqembu. Severtsov esiqokiwe ke njengoba kubonisa ethize intuthuko yemvelo.

intuthuko eziphilayo kubonisa Severtsov, libhekene izici ezilandelayo:. 1) ukwandisa abantu zezinombolo banikezwe ehlelekile (taxonomic) iqembu, 2) zisakaza lesichubekako, okusho bamba izindawo ezintsha, futhi 3) okwandisa ezihlukahlukene amafomu (zenyathi, zilwane,. izizukulwane kanye m. p.).

Isigaba se-Nematode It libhekene lezi izimpawu ezivamile yemvelo - izimpawu intuthuko begazi.Nematodes ubenawo wonke isayensi aziwayo kwendawo.

Asizazi izindawo ezinjalo, ama-biotope anjalo lapho bekungeke kube khona ama-nematode. Phansi ezilwandle nakuzo izilwandle kusukela North-South Pole (kungenzeka ukukhuluma ngokuqiniseka) elinezindawo lenqwaba zilwane kanye nabantu nematodes. Mahhala-ophilayo nematodes aziwa kakhulu kuyo yonke indawo, ngaso sonke amaphuzu phansi ekujuleni kolwandle, okuyinto eziye zabhekana uphenyo ekhethekile. Ngemuva kokunqoba ngaphansi kwazo zonke izilwandle nolwandle, ama-nematode angena, ngokusobala kamuva, aba yimizimba yamanzi ebakaki. Ngakho-ke, inani elikhulu kakhulu nematode zinhlobo uhlala ezansi brackish-amanzi nezitsha, kufaka ekhatsi zemifula - nemengamo imifula egeleza olwandle. Inani amaqiniso ebonisa ukuthi umlando isigaba nematodes lasendulo esefikile esiteji ezinjalo ezibalulekile zokuthuthukiswa, lapho beqala ukufika namanzi okuphuza, futhi ekugcineni, amaqembu amaningi khulula-ophilayo nematodes ugcwale emfuleni. Esikhathini esizayo, ama-nematode enza elinye igxathu elibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komlando - angena emanzini enhlabathi futhi aba yizakhi zezinhlaka zenhlabathi - okuyinkimbinkimbi ye-biocenoses yenhlabathi. Qaphela ukuthi kule ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo iqembu futhi wayeka. Kwatholakala ukuthi abe endleleni evuleleke foci saprobic kwabanye amaqembu nematodes. Izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo nezilwane ziyafikelwa ukubola ngenxa yomsebenzi wamaqembu alandelanayo webhaktiriya elisaphazayo, ngaphansi kwethonya lalokho okugxilwe yifomu yokubola emhlabathini. Kulezi foci amaqembu abafanele amagciwane ngokulandelana saprophytic ukubola udaba eziphilayo zibe izakhi lula. Ikakhulukazi, baphula kwamaprotheni phansi lula, amanzi encibilikayo izingxenye, polysaccharides encibilikayo siguqulelwa likaNkulunkulu futhi monosaccharides, cellulose ukubola, amafutha, pectin igobolondo isitshalo izicubu amaseli nokunye. D. Ngakho foci saprobic uvele imithombo kufinyeleleke kakhulu nematode yokudla. Ngakho-ke kwasungulwa iqembu elicebile ngezinhlobo ze-saprobiotic nematode. Leli qembu usuwumthombo kwamanye amaqembu nematodes ukuthi ziwile ekubeni khona yisinanakazana ngezithukuthuku izilwane nezitshalo. Ekugcineni kwakhiwa ukugeleza ezimbili ezinkulu izizukulwane nezinhlobo nematodes ukuthi sebejwayele, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuya parasitism e kwabantu nezilwane imizimba yenyama, ngakolunye - kwezitho isitshalo.

Ngokwalokho okungenhla kungabonakala ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba wethu, zonke izindawo ezihlala kuzo, cishe zonke izilwane zomhlaba wonke kanye nazo zonke izitshalo kwaba yindawo yama-nematode. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa imibukiso kithi esinye sezibonelo eziningi olugqamile intuthuko begazi. Inombolo ephelele nematode zinhlobo okwamanje kodwa isayensi ecacile. Isazi saseMelika esidumile nge-nematode N. A. Cobb (N. A. Cobb) sikholelwa ukuthi isibalo senani lezinhlobo zama-nematode - amahhala kanye neparasitic - sisondele esigidini esisodwa.

Okungenhla Iqondanisa yesithakazelo esaboniswa Izazi eziningi kuleli qembu kwezilwane. Ngenxa yalokhu ujwayele inhlangano futhi biology yabo futhi ewusizo book umfundi.

Ukwakha. Njengoba sesibonile, ezinye izigaba zabangekho besilisa zimelelwa amafomu amancane kakhulu: iningi lawo lingaphansi kuka-1 mm, futhi amafomu amakhulu awavamile. phakathi nematode Kukhona ifomu emihle kakhulu. Enye yazo - i-Trichoderma minutum - ifinyelela kuma-microns angama-80 kuphela ubude. amafomu ezincane ezinjalo baziwa kolwandle nomhlabathi, lapho kukhona nematodes 200-300 microns ubude. Nokho, kanye lezi zinhlobo ezincane eyaziwa imidondoshiya wangempela nematodes emhlabeni. Abesifazane ihhashi izikelemu ukufinyelela 37 cm ubude. Giant Svaynik (Dioctopliyme renale) ubude 1 m, a Placentonema gigantissima - amagciwane isidoda whale, le cetacean enkulu, umzimba omkhulu kunayo yonke, ngaphandle kwehaba, ifana ne-const constoror, izinsikazi zayo zifinyelela kumamitha ayi-8-plus! Ngakho, sibona nematodes okukhulu kakhulu ubude umzimba - kusuka 80 m kuya kwangu-8.Lezi iyehla iyenyuka ubude umzimba - omunye okubonisa ezihlukahlukene ezindaweni abahlala ukuthi ifa nematode.

U-fig. 223. nematodes. A - Inhlangano ye-nematode yasolwandle ephila ngokukhululeka: 1 - esophagus, 2 - isibhebhe sangasemva, 3 - amathumbu aphakathi, 4 - testis, 5 - ama-spicule, 6 - izindlala zomsila, 7 - indlala yomlomo wesibeletho, i-8 - duct of the glandical gland. B - Steineria mirabilis

Uyini ubukhulu komzimba lezi zilwane? Isazi sezilwane saseRussia esaziwayo, umbhali wemisebenzi eminingi nezincwadi ezikhethekile ngasikhathi sinye umhumushi onamakhono wokuhumusha. NA Cold Minkowski ngokuthi nematodes "nematode". Manje leli gama selithole incazelo emincane, kepha lisahle ngoba linikeza umbono ongokomfanekiso womzimba jikelele wamathumbu. Ngempela, bade enamandla futhi mncane njengeyunithi yezinhlamvu. Esikhathini cross-ingxenye i umzimba elincanyana side bathambekele isikokela ephelele.

Izinhlobo ezincane zivame ukufaniswa nentambo emincane. Futhi igama elithi "nematode" laqhamuka egameni lesiGreek nemas, elisho intambo.

Ubujamo oluhambisana umzimba ukuze nematodes futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, okujwayelekile, indlela ukuhambisa nematodes emkhathini: they nyakazo ifana lenyama noma ebonakalayo ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama, nezinyoka. Ilele ngaso sonke isikhathi ngasohlangothini lwayo, ama-nematode agoba endizeni eyidonsal-esiswini futhi aqhubekele phansi ezitolo zamanzi, kumafilimu anamanzi enhlabathi, amathumbu nezinye izitho zabantu nezilwane, phakathi kwamaseli ezimpande, iziqu, amaqabunga nezinye izingxenye zezitshalo.

Yonke umzimba nematodes imbozwe a cuticle nezimo, zazivuma futhi luqinile. Le cuticle itholakala engxenyeni emincane engaphansi ye-epithelium yesikhumba, ebizwa ngokuthi ama-nematode hypodermis. Hypodermis - izicubu bukhoma EPITHELIAL, okuyinto inike phezu cuticle ebusweni. I-cuticle ye-nematode ingaba bushelelezi noma i-annular, ngaphezu kwalokho, izindandatho zakhiwe ngokufanele, zonke zinobukhulu obuthile futhi zivame ukuthwala izimpawu ezahlukahlukene - i-sclerotiaShaped amaphuzu kahle esilinganayo, imigqa (izinduku), amapuleti nokunye okunjalo. D. hypodermis mncane kakhulu. Kepha ezinhlangothini zomzimba, kanye nangasemuva nangasesiswini, kuyacineka, ikakhulukazi ezinhlangothini, lapho kwakhiwa khona imigilingwane engakwesokunxele nangakwesobunxele, eyaziwa ngokuthi yi- "chorda" noma amasimu (okuyiqiniso, awahambisani nokulandelana kwezilwane ezishubile). Ngaphakathi ohlangothini "Amanothi" engxenyeni nematodes kukhona sokunene nesobunxele iziteshi excretory. I-cuticle ne-hypoderm zakha umngcele wesikhumba somsipha wesikhumba somzimba we-nematode. Ngaphansi epidermis iyona imisipha longitudinal. Nokho, ungqimba imisipha akuyona okuqhubekayo. Inwebeka emzimbeni ngesimo sezintambo ezine zemisipha - amabili ama-dorsal-lateral kanye nama-tumbo amabili-asemuva, ahlukaniswe omunye komunye ngama "chords" amane ashiwo. Amaseli omsipha ahlala phezulu futhi ahlala endaweni efanayo, okuyinto ebonakala kakhulu ezintweni okuthiwa zingamakhompiyutha ezithinta izicubu. Kulezi zimo, bade futhi perpendicular eksisi kwamaseli ube ukuma efanayo ngaphakathi komzimba wonke. Ngakho-ke, wonke amaseli emisipha asebenza ekhonsathi, ngokuvumelanayo, okwandisa amandla abo e-kinetic. Shono nematodes mncane kalula ukungena endaweni ewumngcingo phakathi lokuluhlaza ulwelwe, ama-fungus mycelium hyphae phakathi phakathi izinhlayiya inhlabathi izikhundla amanzi capillary ifilimu kule pores komzimba izilwane, stomata, izikhala intercellular empandeni, ekunqandeni nezinye izicubu plant kanye m. P.

Ukuphela kwekhanda lomzimba wamathumbu kufakwe i-capsule ekhanda phezu kwesikhumba sangaphakathi esisekelwayo se-cuticle eminyene. Shona capsule inezingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko - a hillocks ikhanda nezindebe ngezinhlamvu ezihlelwa ngesandla. Kodwa izinhlobo eziningi umlomo futhi ikhanda uhlevane uhlangane ibe ezivamile ikhanda capsule. Izitho zokuthinta zitholakala kuso - ama-tangoreceptorsShaped noma bristles noma papillae, t. E. papillomas. Ekupheleni phambi capsule ikhanda, ngokuqinile phakathi futhi ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela sigudluke kancane ohlangothini ventral, emlonyeni lizungezwe izindebe. Esiqeshini sekhanda, noma ngemuva kwaso, noma ezindebeni ezilandelanayo, kukhona amafossae e-olidical e-lateral, aziwa nge-nematode ngaphansi kwegama emizimbeni lateral noma amphide. Kusukela amphids suka nezinzwa olfactory. Ezinye nematodes khulula-ophilayo athuthukile iso, ifakwe eziningi izinhlobo lens futhi iso ingilazi esikhunjeni - oluhlaza, orange, onsomi, osasitini, abamnyama. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-bristles anamathela emzimbeni wonke.

U-fig. 224 Inhloko zasolwandle nematodes: 1 - tangoreceptors, 2 - buccal ingaphakathi 3 - onchia, 4 - photoreceptors (amehlo). Kulelizinga kugcizelelwa receptor athuthukile e khulula-ophilayo nematodes

U-fig. 225. Abamele izimbotshana zasolwandle. Kulelizinga kugcizelelwa tangoreceptors athuthukile (2), nezidumbu izinzwa chemical - round (2), sisaqhubeka nokuzama (3), Kuvunguza (4) kanye ephaketheni (5) amphids

nematodes umzimba umahluko ngokucacile kakhulu zibe izingxenye ezintathu. Isifunda esingaphandle siphethe izitho zemizwa ezichazwe ngenhla, futhi ingxenye engaphandle yesisu, amathumbu angaphandle, iyahambelana nayo. Eyesibili umzimba ingxenye oluhambisana midgut futhi kubandakanya, kodwa kuye amashubhu zangasese. Okwesithathu - yakha umsila kubekelwe eceleni ventral we anal umqhewu umzimba (ingquza). Ukuphela komsila kunesimo esihlukile ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene.

Central nervous system Siqukethe nerve iziqu kanye umzimba, futhi commissures annular yokuxhuma iziqu longitudinal ibe uhlelo olulodwa. Ngo nematode, ejwayelekile kunazo zonke Ring commissure sezinzwaUkumboza emphinjeni. Yakha "indandatho yezinzwa" ye-nematode, engathwali i-nerve nuclei futhi equkethe ama-neurofibrils. Nokho, phambi kwalo ngemva kwaso ukuze emphinjeni, kuba isimiso ganglion amaseli. Kuyinto kwalesi simiso ganglion amaseli ekuhlanganisweni amafomu into efana "ingqondo" futhi turbellarians Gastrotricha. Amaqembu ezigilamkhuba eziningana angahlukaniswa kulokhu “ubuchopho”. Kulezi ganglia phambili tangoreceptors futhi amphids amabombo emsipheni ehlukana izintambo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nucleus ezinzwa sibekwa izicubu kakhulu ngomphimbo, nerve-nucleus alawule ukunyakaza kwemisipha ngomphimbo, umsebenzi yamazinyo, amakhophi kanye stylets zazo behlome ngemibese nematodes eziningi nokululama indle ngomphimbo nezindlala.

U-fig. 226. Inhlangano ye-ditylenchus: 1 - isitayela, 2 - esophagus, 3 - i-bulb ephakathi, 4 - i-bulb ye-glandular, i-5 - indandatho ye-nerve, 6 - amaseli we-gangve ganglion

isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene nematodes futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi kuka amafomu yangaphambilini ye ekilasini. Ingaphambili lazo lihlukaniswe umlomo, noma stoma, futhi emphinjeni. Nakuba emphinjeni futhi stoma futhi, empeleni, kukhona akukho okunye kuka emphinjeni, nokho ngolwazi ohlelweni nematodes noma nematology, wathi esungulwe ngesilwane esifuywayo: stoma noma ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo, futhi emphinjeni. Kunezizathu eziqinile zalokhu. Stoma - ingxenye ke sika we pharynx, okuyinto imisebenzi njengoba umlomo, futhi ngokuvamile ehlome ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene akhethekile umehluko, sifanelwe ukuba ngokuthi iziphathimandla. Emphinjeni - ingxenye ke sika we pharynx, uyakwazi ukuhamba peristaltic, odlulela bolus wokudla midgut. Ngakho-ke, i-nematologists (ongoti ku-nematode) abayibizi i-stoma ne-esophagus ngokuthi i-pharynx (pharynx). Vumela imithetho morphology ukuqhathanisa njengoba stoma kanye kuqhoqhoqho nematodes - ke pharynx pharynx. Nokho, kuyinto stoma kanye kuqhoqhoqho ezisebenza. Ehlukaniseni i-stoma ezihlobene fixed, noma onchia, futhi namazinyo mobile, Abanye nematodes umahluko kakhulu "emhlathini", abanye - acute esancela istiletto futhi, kwekugcina, umkhonto .

U-fig. 227. Isakhiwo nematode. Stiletto kanye ngomkhonto. A - the ectoparasitic izimpande nematode Hoplolaimus tylenchiformis: 1 - ikhanda inhloko, 2 - isitayela, 3 - amakhanda wesitayela, 4 - izicubu zomzimba, 5 - ukuqala komsipha we-esophagus, 6 - indawo yokungena kwe-esophageal spland gland, B - Dorylaimus striatus: 1 - umkhonto, 2 - amphids

I midgut kuyafana e gastrotrich. nodonga lwawo yakhiwa isendlalelo esisodwa amaseli. Ingxenye ezingemuva ikholoni iba ingemuva, ephumela ingquza ngaphandle sekushiwo. Ukugaya ku-nematode kuyinto eyingqayizivele. Ngo emphinjeni kukhona nezindlala ekhethekile indle secrete equkethe enzyme.La ma-enzyme afika nokudla asele emathunjini aphakathi, lapho kudayiswa khona ukudla, noma kukhululiwe, bese inqubo yokugaya ukudla yenzeka engxenyeni yangaphandle, ekwehleni kwe-enzode ye-nematode, ngemuva kwalokho ukudla okugaywe ngokushesha kungena ngaphakathi ku-lumen ye-stoma ne-esophagus futhi kugxilwe emathunjini.

Uhlelo lokuxolisa Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-nematode. Kwezinye izinhlobo liqukethe amaseli eyodwa kuphela wesibeletho yezindlala, imbobo ephumela ngaphandle ngezinye izikhathi besisu. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kwendlala yomlomo wesibeletho, kunemisele yemigwaqo esetshenziselwa ukufakelwa okuthile. Okuqukethwe kwabo kutholakala ngokusebenzisa isisu sangaphambi kwesibeletho. Ngeke bangene imininingwane izinqubo Kwabiwa. Qaphela ukuthi imikhiqizo ye-metabolic ingena ku-cavity fluid. Lapha, ngosizo lwezinhlelo ezikhethekile zamangqamuzana, bayatatazelisa, baphinde bangene emgodini womlomo wesibeletho futhi bavelele.

Zonke nematodes ngokuvamile izilwane dioecious. Abesilisa bakhiqize ama-testes, i-vas deferens kanye nomsele we-ejaculatory. USemennikov angaba babili noma abe munye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesilisa babe copulatory izitho ekhethekile - ama-spicule futhi i-RulekUkuqondisa ukunyakaza kwabo. Izitho zangasese zowesifazane zinama-ovari, izintambo zamaqanda nesibeletho. Ukuvulwa kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane kutholakala ngasohlangothini lomzimba. Abesilisa spicules yaphathwa insikazi zangasese ukuvulwa kanye zalisa nabesifazane. Isidoda se-nematode asinayo i-flagella yeselula. Azikho izitho ze-nematode ezinama-cellelles weselula, futhi ikakhulukazi i-cilia. Cha, njengoba kuba wathi, futhi imisila isidoda. Uhambisa ukunyakaza kwe-amoeboid. Esigabeni sangasese sowesifazane, amaqanda akhiwa. Basuke avundiswa yi lesidoda besilisa zesifazane ipheshana zangasese, futhi ngokukhethekile Spermathecas ekhethekile. Amaqanda acwilisiwe ayakhululwa ngokuvulwa kocansi besifazane noma akhule ngaphakathi kwamashubhu okuzala. Kulokhu, izibungu (ukuzalwa okubukhoma) ziphuma ekuvulekeni kofuzo lowesifazane. amaqanda nematode kuthiwa ebiyelwe egg shell, abavikele ekulimaleni ngokomzimba nemiphumela amakhemikhali imvelo. Izibungu molt amahlandla amane, ngokulandelana, ngemuva molt ngamunye badlulela esigabeni esilandelayo sokukhula, baphenduka izibungu zonyaka wesibili, wesithathu nowesine. Ukusuka ku-larva wesine we-instar, amafomu amancane akhula - owesilisa noma owesimame. Isikhathi esining impela, izibungu musa zifane ifomu omdala. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ama-nematologists akhuluma ngentuthuko ngokuguqulwa.

U-fig. 228. Nematode Aphelenchoides composticola: 1 - stylet, 2 - esophagus, 3 - bulb middle, 4 - gopha esophageal, 5 - nerve ring, 6 - ukuvula okuvulekile, 7 - amathumbu aphakathi, 8 - isisu sasemuva, 9 - anus, 10 - esibelethweni 11 - umamukeli Seme nesidoda, 12 - phambi kwesibeletho 13 - kwesibeletho ezingemuva 14 - zesifazane ukuvulwa zangasese

U-fig. 229. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Ontogenetic kanye ne-morphogenesis kuRabditis anomala: Mina - izibungu zonyaka wokuqala, II - izibungu zeminyaka yesibili, i-III - izibungu zonyaka wesithathu, IV - izibungu zonyaka wesine, V - insikazi endala, 1 - uhlelo lokuzala

Le yimibono ejwayelekile kakhulu mayelana nenhlangano yama-nematode. Ngezindlela eziningi, inhlangano yabo iyefana inhlangano gastrotrichs, kinorhyncha futhi rotifers. Kodwa-ke, ama-nematode ahluke kakhulu kunoma yikuphi ukumelwa kwalawa maqembu kulezi zici ezibalulekile ezilandelayo: ukwakheka komzimba, indlela yokuhamba, ukuntuleka kwe-protonephridia, ukungabi bikho kwe-epithelium ebusayo kunoma yiluphi uhlelo kanye nama-mobile tourniquets kunoma yiliphi amaseli, kufaka phakathi ukuzala, ngomehluko ocacile ocansini (abesilisa nabesifazane), okungajwayelekile okungenani kuma-gastrotrichs, inani elikhulu lezinhlobo kanye namaqembu abo, futhi kwaba nezimpawu zokuthi inqubekela phambili yezinto eziphilayo. Njengezinye amaqembu nematelmintov, nematodes kungekho zokuphefumula noma kwegazi.

Amasistimu we-nematode. Lokhu mhlawumbe "kungenye yezinkinga ezinzima kunazo zonke. AmaNematode angumhhala oqhubekayo wokukhula kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nohlobo olusanda kutholwa. Sinikeza isibonelo salokhu. Ngo-1949kwakukhona izinhlobo ezingama-200 zama-nematode kusukela ku-oda lwama-tylenchids, phakathi kwazo izitshalo eziningi zezitshalo. Umcwaningi waseMelika walezi zinhlwathi, uThorne (Thorne, 1949), waveza ukuthi le nombolo kungenzeka ukuthi ibiza u-5% wenani lezinhlobo ze-oda elibaliwe ezihlala emhlabathini nasezitshalweni. Ngo-1962, inani labo lafika ezinhlotsheni ezingama-800, isb., Kusukela ngo-1949 kuya ku-1961, izinhlobo ezingama-600 zama-tylenchids zatholakala kabusha.

Iningi lososayensi nematode ihlukaniswe yaba yiziqeshana ezimbili - okuwukuphela Adenophorea (Adenophorea) kanye ne-cclass c Abenzeli benkomfa (Secernentea).

Isisindo esikhulu adenophorea - Izakhamizi zaseBenthos zolwandle nezilwandle, eziningi (yize zimbalwa zazo) zihlala emhlabathini nasemanzini amasha. Kuwo, amaqembu ambalwa ayaziwa ukuthi avumelaniswa nokuqina kwezitho ezithweni zezitshalo nezilwane. Amakhonsathi, kunalokho, ahambisana kakhulu nobukhona bokuqina kwezicubu nezitho zezitshalo nezilwane.

Ake sihlale kwamanye amaqembu abaluleke kakhulu alezi ziqongo.

Habitat

Ama-Nematode ajulile. Ama-roundworms ajwayelana kalula nanoma iyiphi imvelo, ebanikeza ithuba lokuphila usawoti namanzi amasha, enhlabathini (inhlabathi), ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezifundeni ezinamakhaza.

I-Subclass of Adenophorea (Adenophorea)

Iningi adenophoreanjengoba kushiwo ngenhla, uhlala olwandle nasolwandle. Ezinye zazo zihlala emanzini amasha nasemhlabathini. Amanye amaqembu amelelwa yizinambuzane zezitshalo nezilwane.

Inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zama-genera ahlukahlukene nemindeni ye-adenophorea iholela ekubeni khona kwamahhala ezansi kwezindawo zokugcina, i.e., eBenthos. Lezi zi-nematode ejwayelekile, enenhlangano ephelele ngokuphelele nedala. Phakathi kwazo kunezindlela eziningi ezincane kakhulu, ubude bazo bomzimba bulingana nezingxenyana zamamilimitha. Le minutum engenhla yeTrichoderma ingeyalokhu kungaphansi komhlaba futhi iphila olwandle. Phakathi kwama-adenophorea kukhona nezindlela ezinkulu kakhulu. Ubude bawo abulinganiswa ngamamilimitha, kepha ngamasentimitha, kaningi ngamashumi amasentimitha. Kepha kusekhona abambalwa kubo. Inqwaba ye-adenophorea imelelwa amafomu amancane, afinyelela ubude obungu-1-5 mm.

Iziphi izimpawu eziphawulwa yi-adenophorea, abamele bayo abaningi abasebenza ngokukhululeka? Owokuqala ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwezinzwa. Umdwebo we-230 ukhombisa iziphetho ze-cephalic zezinhlobo eziningana, lapho ukuthuthukiswa okunamandla komqondo wokuthinta, okuthi ema-adenophorees asolwandle kuvame ukuba nesimo se-bristles eside, kubonakale ngokucacile. I-bristle ngayinye iqukethe isembozo esinqabile, eceleni kwe-axis etholakala kuyo izinzwa (ama-tango receptors). Kungaba khona ezine, eziyisithupha, eziyishumi, eziyishumi nambili tangoreceptors ezinjalo. Kaningi, i-tangoreceptor eyodwa itholakala ezinhlangothini zekhanda lekhanda - enye ngakwesokunene, enye ngakwesobunxele, ngaphezu kwalokho, kubhangqwana be-receptors - ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi kwekhanda naphansi. Sekukonke, ama-receptors ayisithupha. Kodwa-ke, le nombolo kwezinye izindlela ingahle inyuke iye kweshumi (uma ama-receptors amabili akhiwa ezinhlangothini zekhanda), noma ehla aze amane. Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-tangoreceptors ngendlela yama-bristles amade kuyinto efaneleke kahle kuma-adenophores wamahhala. Lokhu kungumphumela oqondile nokuzivumelanisa nobukhona bamahhala, ezimeni lapho i-nematode yasolwandle elihamba ngayo ishayisana namanye ama-invertebrates amaningi aphansi, kufaka phakathi i-nematode eyingozi.

U-fig. 230. Izitho zokuthinta ze-adenophorea

Ithebula 22. Nemertin Lineus longissimus

Kodwa-ke, ama-receptors amade amise okomhlotshana akhiwa kuphela ezinhlwini zekhanda, kuyilapho umbuthano ongaphakathi wama-receptors, ohlale usesimweni se-papillae noma setae omfushane kakhulu, ukhula ezindebeni. Lo umbuthano wama-receptors we-labial. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi ama-receptors ekhanda asekela i-nematode endaweni yangaphandle, ama-labial receptors - kwimithombo yokudla.

Into yesibili edonsela ukunakekela ukuba khona kwezitho zomzimba ezenziwe kahle kuma-adenophoreas amahhala - amphid. Umdwebo 225 ukhombisa ukuthi bangaba ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene.Ama-Nematode abona ngalezi zinhlaka amakhemikhali ezinto ezungezile futhi azishiya noma asondele kuwo. Izinhlobo eziningi zasolwandle nazo zinamehlo, aqukethe ingilazi yeso, evame ukufakwa imibala ehlukahlukene, kanye nelensi yecrystalline. Vele, la mehlo awaziboni izinto, kodwa asabela ekukhanyiseni. Noma kunjalo, amehlo kungenzeka ngokuhlukile kunokuba umthetho.

I-Stoma ku-adenophorea ihlukahlukene kakhulu ngesimo nomsebenzi. Imvamisa, incane, ihlelwe nje: ngesimo se-prism, ishubhu noma ingilazi, i-funnel, njll. Ngezindlela eziningi, ihlome ngezixhobo ezingemuva ezibukhali (ama-onkhs). Ngezinye izindlela, okokusebenza okusebenzayo kuyaselula. Lawa “amazinyo” kanye “nemihlathi”. I-esophagus ilula. Udonga lwesibeletho lwengxenye enkulu luqukethe ungqimba olulodwa lwamaseli amakhulu we-polygonal. I-rectum ivula ohlangothini lwe-ventral disc fissure anal. Isibonakaliso esibonakalayo se-adenophorea kufanele sibhekwe njengokuthuthuka kwesibeletho somlomo wesibeletho, esithathwa njenge-osmoregulatory - i-excretory Equipment. Kaningi lesi sitho, esifanekiselwa yisitokisi esisodwa, sibizwa nje induna exretory. Ine-duct, imvamisa ilele eceleni kwesisu somzimba, ngaphansi kwesophagus. Umsele uvuleka ukungena esiswini sobuchopho besisu. I-Iron ngokwayo ingaba ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene: i-tubular, emise okwenziwe ngethanga, yeseli. Ngaphezu kwalo mdali, obizwa nangokuthi i-glandical gland, ezinye izindlala zesikhumba zitholakala ku-adenophorea. Zibonakaliswa ngokuhlelwa okulandelana kwezindlala ze-lateral (paralateral) ezilele emigqeni (zivame ukubhanqwa) ngomzimba wonke. Lezi zindlala zinezimbotshana ezimfishane ezivula ngazo ngaphandle emasimini asemzimbeni. Lokhu kuwuphawu lwesimo se-adenophorea. Ekugcineni, iningi lazo, ngaphezu kwenhlabathi namanye amaqembu, kufaka phakathi izinhlaka, zinemisila emithathu elele ezingxenyeni zomsila, ivula ngaphandle iziteshi ezintathu eziphuma emsileni we-pret wokugcina ekugcineni komsila. Ngakho-ke, ama-adenophoreas, ikakhulukazi amafomu asolwandle amahhala, okufanele abhekwe njengama-nematode ajwayelekile, anenamba enkulu kakhulu yezindlala zesikhumba, noma, njengoba abakwa-nematologists besho, uhlelo lweglandular bulky luyinto eyenzeka kuzo. Ngokungangabazeki, yonke le ndlala iyadedelwa, okungukuthi, iveza ukucubungula kwabo ngaphandle. Abanye ochwepheshe, ngaphandle kwesizathu, babheka le ndlala njengengxenye yohlelo lokukhuphuka.

Izitho zangasese zenziwe ngababili (kufaka phakathi izinduna zangasese zowesilisa, noma izivivinyo), noma zodwa. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-adenophoreic cuticle ivunyelwe kalula ngosawoti oncibilikisiwe emanzini. I-Adenophorea ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili: chromadorid (Chromadorida) ne enoplid (Enoplida).

I-oda le-Chromadorida (Chromadorida)

Imvamisa amafomu amancane. Lolu phawu lubhekwa njengesici sabo sobuntu. Izinhlobo zezinhlobo chromadorid kanzima ukukhipha amandla. Eningi lama-chromadorid, amathuna amade angaphezulu nangaphansi atholakala ekhanda (bona i-Fig. 223). Izitho zezindebe ngendlela yama-papillas. Ku-stoma "amazinyo" abonakalayo (izitho zeselula) ne-onhi (izingalo ezihleliwe). I-esophagus imvamisa inesibazi ekugcineni kwasemuva. IBulbus ivame ukuba nembobo yangaphakathi, ayihlome ngezikhali zangaphakathi. Ezicubu ze-esophagus kukhona izindlala ezintathu zokugaya. Kunamaqanda amaningi noma amabili, kuvame eyodwa, kepha kukhona futhi izivivinyo ezimbili. Emadodeni, ngasohlangothini lwesisu somzimba, phambi kwe-anus, izitho ezijwayelekile kuma-chromadorid zivame ukuthuthukiswa, ngosizo lwalo owesilisa aziqondise lapho enza isikhundla sokuvulwa kowesifazane. Ama-spicule ngokuvamile ajikelelwa futhi aqondiswe isitho esikhethekile esisekelayo - isondo lokuqondisa . Izindlala ezintathu zomsila zitholakala emsileni, kuthi isishubhu esibonakala esisekupheleni komsila sisekupheleni komsila. Okuqukethwe yizindlala zigelezela olwandle noma emanzini amasha bese ziqala ukungena ku-cobweb. Kulezi zimo, i-chromadorida inamathela phansi ibheke phansi, izinamathele ohlangeni lwesihlabathi futhi inwebise umzimba wayo omncane ngokulandelana. Ama-chromadorid ajwayele ukuba namehlo - amnyama, abomvu, abe-ruby, owolintshi, i-violet, neminye imibala. I-cuticle chromadorid yakhiwe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.Imvamisa iqukethe izindandatho eziphindwayo kahle zobubanzi obuthile. Izindandatho zambozwa ngophawu, noma i-sclerotia, ezinobumba obuhlukahlukene, zifiphaza imisebe yesibonakhulu, njengamatshe ayigugu.

Lama-nematode adla kulwelwe lwasolwandle olungasolwandle, futhi eziningi zezinhlobo zawo ze-toothy zingezilwane ezidla ezinye.

U-fig. 231. Umsila wokuphela komzimba we-nematode Hypodontolaimus btitschlii. Kuboniswa umsila wesidoda: 1 - ama-spicule, ama-2 - amatekisi, ama-3 - izitho ezingeziwe, 4 - izicubu zesiponji, ama-5 - umsila wezinsini, 6 - isishubhu somsila wezindunu zomsila, 7 - isakhiwo se-cuticle

Amanye ama-chromadorid esikhathini esidlule sendawo yethu angena emanzini nomhlaba omusha. Phakathi kwama-chromadorid enhlabathi, umndeni kufanele unakwe plectid (Plectidae). Leli yiqembu elikhangayo lama-chromadorid amancane athole umthombo ocebile wokudla okunempilo emhlabathini - okuhlose ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo. Kulezi zinto ezibhekwayo, ngaphansi kwethonya lama-bacteria we-saprobiotic kanye nesikhunta se-saprophytic, izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokubola kwezinto ezingapholi ezingene ezingxenyeni zezidumbu zezitshalo ziyenzeka (izimpande ezisele, isiqu, amaqabunga afile, njll.). Ngaphansi kwethonya lama-enzyme ama-bacterius kanye nesikhunta, izinto ezi-insoluble ezingasebenzi kahle ziyephuka bese ziphenduka zibe yimikhiqizo encibilikayo (emanzini) yamaprotheni futhi ibe i-soluble carbohydrate (i-mono- ne-disaccharides) nezinye izinto ezilula. Imvelo ye-saprobiotic, ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlala igcwele amanzi, lapho le mikhiqizo ichithwa khona. Ama-Saprobios njalo aqukethe izigaxa eziminyene ze "izingcezu" ezisele zezicubu zezitshalo. Ekugcineni, kule ndawo kuhlala kukhona ama-saprobiotic bacteria amaningi, ama-spores we-saprophytic fungi, njll. Kule ndawo, ama-plectids athola imithombo yokudla okunempilo. Ngakho-ke, inhlangano yalezi chromadorid ye-saprobiotic ithwala izici zokuqina kobukhona be-saprobiotic. Ngaphandle kokungena imininingwane, siphawula ukuthi lezi zici zokuqina komzimba zivame ukuvezwa kakhulu enhlanganweni yethambo lomlomo wesibeletho kanye ne-esophagus yama-plectids. Umgogodla womlomo (i-stoma) unendlela yomshini obushelelezi noma isilinda, lapho isigaxa sokudla singena khona esophagus ngaphandle kokulibala. Isisu esiqinile se-esophagus sinikeza ukunyakaza kokugwinya okusheshayo. Emaphethelweni angasemuva kwesophagus kunenqwaba ekhethekile enjenge-anyanisi, noma isibabule, esinezinto zangaphakathi “ezinqenqemeni”, zokuchoboza inqwaba yokudla. Imvamisa, ama-plectids agwinya i-saprobiotic disritus nakho konke okukuqukethe: uketshezi olunemikhiqizo yokubola yezakhi ezingenhla ezincibilikisiwe kulo, kufaka phakathi amagciwane, njll.

Ukusuka kokushiwo ngenhla, kungabonakala ukuthi ama-plectids aguqulwa asetshenziselwa i-saprobiotic substrate - umthombo wokudla kwawo. Ama-chromadorides enhlabathi athola umthombo wokudla okondlayo kuleli qhezu elingaphansi, futhi lesi isizathu esiyiso sokuguquguquka kwawo empilweni endaweni ye-saprobiotic. Kodwa-ke, impilo kule ndawo akuyona ukuphela kwendlela yokuphila yama-plectids. Umuntu ngeke asho ngalezi zimpawu ezincane ukuthi zenziwe zashintshwa kuphela nendawo ye-saprobiotic. Bathathe kuphela igxathu lokuqala ekuthuthukiseni imvelo ye-saprobiotic, kepha baba ngabakhileyo kuyo. Kukhona inhlabathi eningi, ezungeze izimpande. Bangakwazi ukungena ngaphakathi kwezicubu zezimpande besebenzisa i-foci ehlukile yokuwohloka kwezituni zezitshalo eziphilayo. Amaphosta kungathi "ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo." Balahlekelwe yizici zemvelo zokhokho babo - ama-chromadorid asolwandle, baba amafomu omhlabathi, axhumanisa izimpilo zabo ne-saprobiotic foci, kepha kabangenanga endaweni ye-saprobiotic njengezakhamizi zayo ezingabalulekanga. Ama-plectid afana "nezivakashi zesikhashana" zale ndawo. Ngakho-ke, azitholakali kakhulu kuma-saprobios, futhi zivame kakhulu ezindaweni lapho inqubo ye-saprobiotic isezingeni zokuqala nezinganiselwe zokuthuthuka kwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho sizobona ukuthi ukunqotshwa ngokuphelele kwemvelo ye-saprobiotic kwenziwa elinye iqembu lama-nematode, esingakakwazi ukuzazi ngalo.

Iqembu le-Enoplida (Enoplida)

Ama-Nematode alo myalelo ahluke kakhulu kuma-chromadorid, futhi amaningi awo asithakazelela maqondana nokubaluleka kwawo kwezomnotho kazwelonke. Ngokungafani nama-chromadorids, i-cuticle kuma-enoplid abushelelezi, hhayi i-annular. Ikhanda, njengakuma-chromadorid, lithwele amabhulokhi amade amade kanye ne-labial papillae. Izitho zangasemuva, noma amphides, i.e. izitho zemizwa yamakhemikhali (i-olfactory), imvamisa inesimo samaphakeji anqobayo, enye ngakwesokudla nakwesobunxele. I-esophagus ifakwe uhlelo lokugaya ukudla. Izindlala ezintathu ezibulalayo ze-caudal zakhiwa emsileni, kepha azikho amashubhu ekugcineni komsila. Ama-enoplid amaningi alahlekelwa amakhanda asekhanda lawo athathelwa indawo yi-papillae (papillomas) Lokhu kujwayelekile ikakhulukazi okuvela enoplidi yenhlabathi kanye nabamele izinhlaka zale oda. Ukuvela kwamafomu wesinambuzane phakathi kwabamele lokhu kukhipha omunye umehluko ojwayelekile kuma-chromadorids.

Kunenqwaba yama-enoplid olwandle nasolwandle. Iningi lazo amafomu amancane, amanye afinyelela usayizi obalulekile, alinganiswa ngamasentimitha. Ama-enoplid asolwandle angabagcini benhlangano ejwayelekile yezindlela zalokhu kufakwa (bona i-Fig. 224). Abaningi babo bangabazingeli, behlome ngezixhobo ezinjengamazinyo abekwe emgodleni womlomo owaziwa njengama-onkhs. Abanye bahlome ngamazinyo ashukumisayo, asebenza njengemihlathi enamandla (bheka i-Fig. 224). Inhlabathi, amanzi ahlanzekile nezinye izinhlobo zihlome ngomkhonto onamandla ongakhipha kude. Umkhonto unamandla amakhulu wokufakelwa (ngokweqiniso, esikalini le-miccosm) futhi usebenza njengethuluzi lomhlaseli noma njengesitho esincelayo (bheka Fig. 227).

Ama-enoplid asolwandle, kanye nabamele inhlabathi namanzi amhlophe wale oda, ahlukahlukene ngokungafani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi kwama-enoplidi enhlabathi, kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye, izimuncagazi zezilwane nezitshalo ziyaziwa. Ngakho-ke, sizogxila emaqenjini enhlabathi nama-parasitic enoplids.

Enoplidae - izitha. Phakathi kwama-enoplidi kunezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezimelwe ngabazingeli abanamandla. Lezi ziluhlobo “lwamabhubesi” kanye “namahlosi” omhlaba we-nematode, abonakala nge-microscope kuphela.

U-fig. 232. Mononch, 'single-izinyo' (UMononchus papillatus): 1 - papillae, 2 - umgogodla womlomo one-intshi enkulu, 3 - esophagus, 4 - indandatho yezinzwa, 5 - amathumbu anamaseli amakhulu, i-6 - ovary, 7 - neqanda, 8 - ukuvula isitho sangasese sowesifazane

Cabanga ngomunye wabamele abamele ama-enoplid angokwaluphi uhlobo izindela (Mononchus, Fig. 232). Igama elijwayelekile lihunyushelwa kwisiRussia lisho "odnozub". I-mononch, okuzoxoxwa ngayo, ibhekisa kuhlobo lweMononchus papillatus. Izinsikazi zalolu hlobo zifinyelela ubude obuyi-1,8 mm, abesilisa banciphile. Ekhanda le-mononch, ama-papillas e-pyramidal athuthukiswa, kuwo ngamunye okukhona izinzwa. Lawa ama-tangoreceptors abucayi. Ezinhlangothini zekhanda - elibunjiwe amphides (izitho zamakhemikhali) Izindebe zinikezwa ne-nerve papillae. Emaphethelweni angaphambili omzimba kulele ukuvula umlomo. Kuholela emgodini womlomo omkhulu, lapho okuvela khona ishiqu elikhulu nelibukhali, liqondiswe yipipsi ekujuleni kwes stoma. I-esophagus ende kunalokho inemisipha enamandla, yize ingenaso isibani. I-lumen ye-esophagus ifakwe ucezu olushubile. Umzimba omnyama uqinile kakhulu. Amathumbu aphakathi anamandla amakhulu, udonga lwawo luqukethe amaseli we-polygonal, amakhulu kakhulu. Abesifazane banama-ovari amabili. Amaqanda amakhulu kakhulu alala eyodwa ngasikhathi sinye esibelethweni sangasemva kanye nesibeletho sangaphambi kwesibeletho. Ama-ovari ama-dense atholakala ngaphambili nangemuva kokuvulwa kwabesifazane besitho sangasese. Abesilisa abavamile. Iphila uMononchus papillatus enhlabathini. Lesi sidlakela esinamandla. Embizeni yakhe, kwesinye isikhathi umuntu angathola izinsalela zezitho zomzimba obukhulu bamathumbu ahlukahlukene, ama-rotifers, njll. Kwatholakala nokuthi le mononch iyakwazi ukudla izibungu zezidumbu ezithile eziyingozi ezihlakulela izitshalo ezibalulekile zezolimo. Ngokubheka lokhu, ama-nematologists aba nesithakazelo kulokho okushiwo yi-mononch eqanjwe ekunciphiseni inani le-nematode elimaza izitshalo futhi libangele izifo ezithile ze-nematode kuzo. Ukuhlolwa kwaqala.Ukucacisa le ndaba, uSteiner noHeinley babeka izindela esikweni elikhethekile. Ngokwesiko, laba besayensi bakwazile ukugcina ama-monkhs aze afike kumaviki ayi-18. Kwavela ukuthi i-mononch igcwele kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukubonwa kwelinye lala "tiger" kwe-microworld kukhombisa ukuthi kungakapheli usuku elilodwa i-mononch idla izibungu eziyingozi ezingama-83 inyongo nematode (bheka ngezansi). Okunye ukubonwa kwemonki kubhekwe amasonto ayi-12, futhi kwavela ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi wayedle imidwebo engu-1332 yama-nematode ahlukahlukene!

Ukwenza kanjani lokho? Ubamba kanjani inyamazane yakhe? Kumele kuthiwe inyamazane ayikaze "isolwe" ukuthi imonki kabi kangakanani. Cabanga umcwaningi ehleli kwisibonakhulu futhi ebuka imonki. UMonh uyantanta emanzini ngaphansi kwesembozo. Ugoba umzimba wakhe uqine futhi kancane. Amanye ama-nematode abhukuda amzungezile, eshukumisa ikhanda nomsila wakhe. Abaningi babo bahlangana nomuntu ohlaselayo, bayithinte futhi bayicindezele. Ayikho imiphumela! UMonkh akababoni. Futhi kunjalo. Kepha omunye wolahlekile, ngeqiniso, ngengozi, wenza okuhlukile. Ehamba edlula indela, wathinta isidumbu sakhe wasifaka emlonyeni wakhe. Kulandelwa imininingwane esheshayo! Ngemuva kwakhe, engxenyeni ethile yomzuzwana, imisipha ye-mononchos esophagus yaqhuma ngokushesha, futhi, njengeflanzulu elinamandla, isisulu sakhangwa ngokushesha sangena esihlalweni esihlomile somphangi. Ngemuva kwalokhu, isisulu - i-nematode emuncanyana - sesivele sangena phakathi kolwelwesi lwesophagus sangena emgodini we-mononh. Lapha kugaywe, bese kuthi ngemuva kwesikhashana kube kuphela “izimpondo nemilenze” kuphela kuyo - esiswini somdlwenguli ungabona izinhlayiya zowesilisa ogwinyile, izindonga zomlomo wesisulu sesinye nezinye izinsalela.

Ukuqagelwa kwama-monkhs kuyasebenza kangangokuba ososayensi baqala ukucabanga ngamathuba okusebenzisa ukubekelwa umngcele inani le-nematode yesitshalo sokuhlanza.

Izindela ziginya inyamazane yazo. Amanye ama-enoplid adla ngokuhlaselwa ahlaba ngomkhonto ongabuyekayo, ofana nensangu ebukhali egobile. Bayakwazi ukubhoboza umzimba wezisulu zabo futhi bancele amajusi abo.

Ama-enoplidi ayizinhlayiyana zezitshalo. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zokulandelana kwama-enoplid, ngaphezu kwezilwane ezidla ezinye ezibhekwe ngenhla, izimuncagazi zezitshalo ziyaziwa. Lama enoplidi ahlome ngomkhonto omude. Eqinisweni, lo mkhonto awulutho ngaphandle nje kwezinyo eliphakeme elingahamba kude emlonyeni. UNeymode ugwaza ngomkhonto igobolondo yamaseli wezitshalo kanye namaswidi wesitshalo. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-nematode ngokwayo ihlala emhlabathini, futhi ukuphela kwekhanda lomzimba wayo kuphela okufakwa ngaphakathi kwezicubu zezimpande zezitshalo ezibucayi. Njengomthetho, lezi zi-nematode zihlala ezingxenyeni ezijulile zenhlabathi - ziphansi futhi zijule kakhulu kunelesi olungakhekiyo, ovame ukufinyelela kuma-25 cm. Iningi lalawa mathumbu lingelomndeni wakwaLongidoridae. Omunye wabamele lo mndeni yiXiphinema americanum. Le nematode enobuhlalu ifinyelela ku-3 mm ubude. Isisekelo somkhonto waso omude siqinisile, njengabo bonke abameleli balesi sakhi, futhi i-esophagus esekupheleni kwasemuva yandiswa. Umkhonto unesiteshi esingaphakathi, futhi ingaphezulu laso linqunywe ngokunganqikazi, njengesihlungo senaliti kwisesirinji yezokwelapha. Umzimba omude futhi omncane ufana nomzimba wenyoka. I-Xiphinema americanum, amaswidi amunca amaseli wezimpande zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, abangela ukubola okungathandeki kwezicubu zezitshalo nesifo se-nematode, esivezwe ekuvinjelweni okunamandla kwesitshalo.

Njengoba kwashiwo, le nematode ingena ezimpandeni zezitshalo, ngenkathi ihlala emhlabathini futhi ingacwilisiwe kuwo wonke izicubu zezitshalo, isb., Ingeqembu le-ecological of paralites zezitshalo zangaphandle (i-ectoparasites).

Amalungu okuqala omndeni angamalungu eqembu le-ectoparasitic nemat nemat. trichoride (Trichodoridae). Ngezindlela zalo mndeni, umkhonto ophakathi nendawo kungathi uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu. Izitho zemizwa yamakhemikhali zinesimo esihle kakhulu - amphides: zingama-bilobar ngalezi zindlela, futhi emgodini ongasemuva kukhona "izinzwa zokugcwala" ezilele kuwo ngesigaxa. I-esophagus ngemuva inwetshiwe kakhulu.Amaqanda amakhulu akhiwa kumashubhu wokuzala athuthukiswe kakhulu. I-Trichorusfuthi ama-xyphinesbafaka umkhonto wabo omude ezingxenyeni zezimpande, okwenza izinqubo ze-pathogenic ezimpandeni zezitshalo, kodwa, ngaphezu kwalokho, bethula amagciwane ngomkhonto wabo omude ezicutshini zezitshalo, okubangela izifo eziyingozi zegciwane.

Enoplidae - izimuncagazi zezilwane ezingenamsoco. Phakathi kwama-enoplid, noma kunjalo, hhayi kuphela izimuncagazi zezitshalo ezaziwayo, kodwa futhi namaqembu amelwe yizilwanyana eziyizilwane.

Umndeni omkhulu futhi ocebile wezinhlobo mermitid (I-Mermitidae) imelelwa yizinambuzane zama-crustaceans, izinambuzane zasemanzini nezisemhlabeni kanye namanye amaqembu ama-invertebrates. Ama-mermitids amadala, afinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha angama-50, aholela ekubeni khona kwamahhala, kuyilapho ukubumbana kungokwemvelo kuzibungu zalezi mathumbu. Ama-mermitids ane-cuticle enkulu ewugqinsi kaningi, imvamisa inhloko eyindilinga, ethwala ama-papillary tango receptors nomsila okhona oyindilinga noma omfishane. Amphidi amakhulu noma aphakathi nendawo ayabonakala ezinhlangothini zekhanda. Kwesinye isikhathi ziyancishiswa. Maphakathi kokuphela kwekhanda, njengazo zonke izimbotshana, kulele ukuvula umlomo okuholela esophagus, okuthi ingxenye enkulu idlule ngqo emathunjini amade. Ngeze ngeze safuna ukubheka amathumbu kuma-Mermitid, afanayo nalawo esiwabona kwamanye ama-nematode. Ukuba khona kwamakhosi kuholele entuthukweni kulezi zi-nematode zenhlangano eyingqayizivele ngokuphelele yamathumbu aphakathi. Ama-mermitids awunawo umgodi wamathumbu. Lokhu kuyabonakala ikakhulukazi lapho i-esophagus icishe ifinyelele emsileni. Konke kuqukethe ishubhu eliconsicular, izindonga zazo zihlanganisiwe (zenziwe densified), kanti ishubgus tube izungezwe yimigqa yamaseli e-plasma ane-nuclei enkulu. Leli ngamathumbu, empeleni elingenawo umgodi walo. Amaseli agcwele izakhamzimba zokugcina. I-anus ithuthukiswa ngokusobala emadodeni kuphela. Isebenza njengomgodi lapho ama-spicule anweba khona ngaphandle. Amaqanda amade, iziqongo zawo zilula, kanti okuseleyo kumnyama ngenxa yokuqongelela inani elikhulu le-yolk kumaseli wegciwane - amaqanda esikhathi esizayo. Amaqanda athuthukisiwe angena kuma-oviducts futhi ukusuka lapho angena esibelethweni semisipha. Amaqanda akhululwa ngaphandle - emanzini noma emhlabeni - ngenani lamakhulu ambalwa noma amakhulu. Ukuziphatha kwesibeletho kukaMermis kuthakazelisa kakhulu. Ukucwilisa komhlaba kushukumisa ukuphuma kwezinsikazi ebusweni bomhlaba. UMermitida ukhuphuka, njengenyoka, ungene esihlahleni, ilanga elithile lotshani, wenza ukunyakaza kwesihloko kube sekupheleni kwekhanda. Kulokhu, isibungu siphenduka nekhanda lize liphele ekukhanyeni. Lokhu kusabela kuchazwa ubukhona be-ocelli ku-Mermitids (genus Mermis, njll). Umphumela wokukhanyiswa yimisebe yelanga ukwabiwa kwamaqanda. EMermis, amaqanda embozwe ulwelwesi oluphethe izinqubo. Lezi zinqubo zihambisana negobolondo leqanda ngenkathi ilele esibelethweni. Lapho amaqanda ekhishwa ngaphandle, avele aqhamuke khona lapho bese esebenza njengethuluzi lokunamathisela amaqanda kuleyo ndawo engaphansi. Kwamanye ama-Mermitid, ukwahlukaniswa kwamaqanda nokungena kwawo emikhosini yama-Mermitid, lapho athela khona amandla esigabeni se-larval, kutholakala ngenye indlela. Izinambuzane zigwida amaqanda ama-Mermis ngokudla kwezitshalo. Lapho isinambuzane esesiphathisiwe, izibungu eziqhamuka eqandeni zivame ukungena emgodini womzimba waso, lapho zidla khona ngokungapheli ngokusebenzisa isibalo esikhethekile. Kamuva, izibungu zishiya umzimba wesinambuzane bese zidlulela empilweni ekhululekile enhlabathini noma emanzini (kuya ngohlobo nohlobo lwezinyobo zesikhumba). Lapho bethola impilo yokuzimela, baba nezitho zangasese. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ngemuva kokwethulwa kwama-mermitida amancane enhlabathini.

"Ukuphuma kwesibungu emzimbeni wesinambuzane," kubhala isazi esidumile saseSoviet. I-Filipiev, "iyabulala lesi sinambuzane, ibulawa ukukhathala okuphelele okubangelwa yimpilo yangaphambilini yesibungu, noma kusukela ekuthelelekeni ngamagciwane akhubazekile." Ukwehlulwa kwezinambuzane ngama-mermitid, njengomthetho, kufaka ukufa kwabo noma ukuthunyelwa, i.e.ukulimala kwezitho zabo zangasese nokulahleka kwekhono lokuzala. Ngakho-ke, ama-mermitid aphakathi kwama-nematode azuzisayo anciphisa inani lezinambuzane eziyingozi.

Enoplidae - Ama-parteites e-vertebral.

Iningi lama-enoplid likhululekile, amanye awo, njengoba sesibonile, angamapharayisitshalo (izimpande). Siphinde sajwayelana nezinhlobo ezimbalwa zeqembu ezimelelwa yizinambuzane zezinambuzane nezinye izitho zangasese. Manje cabanga ngama-enoplid parasitizing ezithweni zomthambo.

Masihlale ikakhulu komunye wabamele isithasiselo esijabulisayo dioctophimate (Dioctophymata). Sisho i-nematode enkulu kakhulu - isiqhwaga sangempela ngokuqhathaniswa namafomu wamahhala - umdwebo omkhulu (Dioctophyme renale). Le nematode iyingxenye yezinso nezinsimbi zomzimba zezilwane ezincelisayo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwale nematode kuyaqhubeka nokushintshwa kwezingosi ezimbili - ama-oligochaetes nezilwane ezincelisayo - izinja noma ezinye i-carnivores (Carnivora). Ukusuka eqandeni elibanjwe ezimweni ezivumayo (okuyinto, ikakhulukazi, eline-aeration eyanele), kuvela izibungu zonyaka wokuqala. Uma iqanda ligwinywe yi-oligochaetes Lumbriculus mosagatus, khona-ke kukhishwa izibungu kulo, elingena emathunjini asesiswini sale mpethu bese lingena emgudwini womzimba walo. Ukusuka lapha, izibungu zingena emgodini wesisu wegazi wama-oligochaetes, lapho sikhula khona bese sikhombisa kabili, bese-ke, isibungu sesigaba sesithathu. Isibungu esinjalo sesivele siyingozi kumuntu wesilwane esifuywayo, ngokwesibonelo, inja, okungukuthi, ingahlaseli, ekwazi ukukhula ezingxenyeni zezilwane ezincelisayo esikhungweni esikhulu sabantu abadala. Kepha kulokhu, kufanele kungene amathumbu enja.

Inja ingaginya ama-oligochaetes athinteka izibungu zepumba elikhulu, ngokwesibonelo, ngamanzi. Kulokhu, i-larva ye-giina enkulu yethulwa engxenyeni yesisu esiswini, okudala ukwakheka kwe-hematoma ngenxa yokulimala okulinganiselwe endaweni yokutholwa kwendawo yegciwane. Emasontweni amabili kamuva, izibungu zingena esibindini, zihamba kuso futhi zephula ubuqotho bezicubu zalesi sitho. Ekugcineni, izibungu zokuqothula okokugcina (i-3rd molt) futhi, esesimweni sesibungu sesine sangaphakathi, singena emgodini womzimba wesilwane esinyayo. Ukusuka lapha ungena ezinso, kaningi - ngakwesokudla, njengoba ngaphambili eqede owokugcina, owesine, umolt bese ephenduka isidalwa esidala.

U-fig. 233. Umdumo omkhulu (i-Dioctophyme renale)

I-parasite ibangela ukukhathala okujwayelekile inja. Ukuba yi-pelvis yezinso, kungadala ukopha. Umchamo kulezi zimo uba ligazi. Kanye nomchamo, amaqanda amaningi athunyelwa emvelweni - umthombo wezifo ezintsha (ukuhlasela).

Endabeni yalokhu kuhlasela ku-pelvis wezinso, izinja zibonisa i-nematode enkulu lapho ivulwa.

Abamele omunye isizinda - trichocephalate (Trichocephalata) - izinambuzane eziyingozi zezilwane ezincelisayo nabantu. Izinhlobo ezidume kakhulu ezihlobene umndeni we-trichocephalid (Trichocephalidae) kanye nohlobo lweTrichocephalus. Uhlobo luqukethe izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezibandakanyeka kwikholoni naku-cecum yezilwane eziningi - ku-roe deer, deer, gazelle, i-fallow deer, izimvu, amakamela, izinkomo nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo. Olunye uhlobo luphinde luhlakulele ebantwini, kukholoni. Le nhlobo yaziwa ngokuthi yi-Trichocephalus trichiuris, futhi kwezokwelapha ijwayele ukubizwa enamakhanda. Leli gama libangelwa ukuthi ukuphela kwangaphambi komzimba wesiswebhu kukhulu kangangokuba kubukeka ngathi izinwele. Ukuphela kwangemuva kukhulu kakhulu. Ubude besilisa bufika ku-30- 40 mm, kuthi izinsikazi zibe 35-50 mm (izinsikazi zawo wonke ama-nematode makhulu). Le nematode imhlophe, kwesinye isikhathi ine-tinge ebomvu. Ingxenye yomzimba omncane iqukethe kuphela amathumbu angaphandle, isb. I-stoma ne-esophagus. I-esophagus ihlome ngemigqa engu-1-2 yamaseli amakhulu e-glandular, kepha izicubu zayo azithuthukiswa kahle. Ngasemuva, ingxenye enkulu yomzimba amathumbu kanye nezitho zangasese zowesilisa noma sowesifazane. Abesifazane bane-ovary eyodwa kuphela, abesilisa bane-spicule eyodwa. Izinsikazi ziveza amaqanda wesiswebhu ejwayelekile kakhulu, ukuba khona kwaso endaweni yezinyawo zabantu kukhombisa ukutheleleka ngale nematode. IVlasoglav ayihlanganisi emgodini wekholoni yomuntu, kepha, njengoba kuvame ukushiwo izazi ze-helminthologists, “iyakhanyisa” ulwelwesi lwayo lwama-mucous, ingena ekhanda iphele kulo futhi idle ngokuchitheka kwegazi lomuntu. Lesi yisici esibonakalayo se-whipworm biology. Ngakho-ke, i-whipworm yisidala esivamile esiphila ngaphandle kwezindleko zamajusi omzimba okuhlala kuwo izitho zakhe.Amandla "okugudluza" ulwelwesi lwe-mucous lwekholoni luchazwa ubukhona bezinsini zegciwane lesophagus elichazwe ngenhla, elinomsebenzi wokufakelwa, okungukuthi, umsebenzi wethonya lamakhemikhali kuzicubu zomsizi ngosizo lwama-enzyme. Ama-enzymes ayi-protein eyinkimbinkimbi yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, ezikwazi ukudiliza amaprotheni ezilwane noma zemifino, aguqula ushukela ongafakwanga (ama-polysaccharides) abe i-soluble (i-mono- ne-disaccharides, njll.). Izinduna (esophagus) zama-nematode zicebile ngama-enzyme, futhi zinikeza amandla wesibungu "sokuqhafaza" izicubu zezilwane futhi sizisebenzise njengomthombo wamandla. Ngokukhanyisa izicubu, i-whipworm ihlangana negazi lowasekhaya, elinganeli nje ukondleka kweparasite kuphela, kodwa futhi nokusebenzisa kwayo okomoya oksijini ohambisana ne-hemoglobin yamangqamuzana abomvu egazi lomuntu.

U-fig. 234. Trichocephalus trichiurus

Umuntu ungenwa kanjani yisiswebhu? Noma, njengoba kuyisiko ukusho kwisayensi mayelana nezibungu ezinobuhlakani, noma igama le-science - helminthology), kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi ukuhlasela kwamathumbu omuntu ngesiswebhu kufinyeleleke kanjani? Kuyavela ukuthi umuntu ungenwa yibo ngokudla amanzi, lapho amaqanda e-whipworm angatholakala khona. Lokhu kwenzeka uma ukungcola komuntu kungena emanzini. Emanzini, ikakhulukazi lapho kufudumele, amaqanda akhula cishe enyangeni eyodwa noma kwengxenye. Ngaphakathi egobolondweni leqanda, ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, izibungu ziyakwazi ukuhlala kumagobolondo amaqanda izinyanga eziningana. Ngemuva kokuthi umuntu athathe amanzi amaningi aqukethe amaqanda we-parasite, ama-whipworms amancane (izibungu) aqhamuka emaqandeni asesibelethweni somuntu, akhula abe amafomu amadala lapho efika endaweni yawo evamile, i.e., emathunjini amakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, "bagwaza" i-mucosa yamathumbu.

Ukuxosha isiswebhu akuwona umsebenzi olula ngokunembile ngoba "kuyakhanyisa" ulwelwesi lwama-mucous bese lubamba endaweni yalo ngokuqinile. Iziguli zibekelwa ukwelashwa okukhethekile; impumelelo icatshangelwa ukuthi ingafinyelelwa lapho isihlalo sezintethe sesiyekile ukukhiqiza amaqanda. I-Whipworm ingaba imbangela yokuphazamiseka kokugaya ukudla, i-anemia, izehlakalo zezinzwa.

Elinye ilungu lomndeni wakwaTrichocephalidae liyingozi kakhulu - trichinella (Trichinella trichinella), ovame ukubizwa nge- "trichina." Le nematode ithole amakhono aphezulu kakhulu. Umjikelezo olula kakhulu nowokudala wokuthuthukiswa kwesiswebhu ungakhonjiswa ngefomula: "isitho sosokhaya - isitho samanzi asiphethe." I-Trichinella ilahlekelwe ngokuphelele ukunamathela kwayo kulolu hlelo; akunasigaba ekuthuthukisweni kwayo ingena kwimvelo yangaphandle (inhlabathi, amanzi, njll).

Umuntu utheleleka ngeTrichinella, njengomthetho, ngenxa yokudla ngokungaphekiwe futhi kuphekwe inyama yengulube ethintwe yileli gciwane. Kodwa kusho ukuthini lo mqondo - “kwanele” noma “akwanele” inyama ebilisiwe noma ethosiwe? Uma ucezu olukhulu lwenyama yengulube luphekwe noma luthosiwe noma i-ham libhemile, khona-ke “lungapheka”, bese udokotela we-helminthologist asitshele ukuthi i-ham “elungiselelwe” noma ucezu olukhulu lwenyama, uma iqukethe i-trichinella, iba ngumthombo oyingozi wesifo somuntu - izifo ezaziwa ngokuthi trichinosis.

UTrichinella uhlala emsipha wengulube (naku "ham" we-pinal "ngomumo!" Kumakhompiyula kalamula. Uma umuntu edla ucezu lwenyama ene-trichinella evalekile, khona-ke esiswini izicubu zakhe zemisipha yenyama yengulube ziqhekeka ngaphansi kwethonya lejusi lesisu, futhi ngasikhathi sinye, i-caluleous capule iyancibilika ngaphansi kwethonya le-hydrochloric acid equkethwe kulo. U-Trichinella okhishwe ku-capsule ungena ezicutshini zamathumbu amancane futhi afike ngokushesha esimweni esivuthiwe. Kuphela ngamahora angama-48 ngemuva kokwethulwa kwezicubu zamathumbu, abesilisa bafaka izinsikazi, esizalweni sangasese lapho amaqanda noTrichinella abasha bekhula. Inzalo yowesifazane oyedwa ifinyelela ezinkulungwaneni ezimbili. I-trichinella encane iphuma obala kwesibeletho sowesifazane bese ingena ngqo ezicutshini zamathumbu, lapho kwakukhona khona izinsikazi.Izitha zeMicroscopic - uTrichinella omncane - manje ziwela emithanjeni ye-lymphatic yezindonga zamathumbu amancane omuntu bese zingena egazini lakhe. Isikhathi lapho isibalo esikhulu sezibungu zeTrichinella singena odongeni lwamathumbu omuntu sisuka kude nokungabi nandaba naye. Ngalesi sikhathi, esivame ukuqhubeka ngokushesha okukhulu, umuntu ukhuphuka emazingeni okushisa, ukuvuvukala kobuso futhi ikakhulukazi izinkophe zithuthuka, ukuguquguquka kwengqondo yegazi, njll. Uma kunama-trichinella amaningi, lesi sikhathi singabulala. Ake sithi lokhu akwenzekanga - indoda yasinda. Kodwa-ke, lesi sifo sasingakapheli. Izibungu zeTrichinella zingena emgudwini wegazi, njengomthetho, kwezicubu ezisebenza kakhulu bese zihlala lapha. Le nkathi yokungena emisipha nayo ingahambisana nezimo ezibuhlungu - ubuhlungu bemisipha, kwesinye isikhathi ukukhubazeka kwesikhashana kwamaqembu ahlukene wemisipha, njll. Kepha umuntu iminyaka eminingi uhlala eyisiphathi sikaTrichinella. Emisipha ezungeze izimuncagazi, kuqhamuka ikhebula elinakekela izingane. Lezi trichinella ezibiyelwe ngodonga emisipha yabantu ngokwemvelo zenzelwe ukufa.

U-fig. 235. I-Trichinella emisipha yengulube

Ezicubu zemisipha yezingulube ezifakwe yi-trichinella lapho kudliwa amagundane, inqubo efanayo yokuthuthukiswa kwe-trichinella yenzeka njengasezicubu zomzimba zomuntu, kepha "ukuphela" kwe-trichinella emisipha yezingulube kuhlukile. Umuntu upheka futhi adle ingulube. Ngakho-ke, ingulube ingumthombo oyinhloko wokutheleleka komuntu. trichinosis.

Ungaba kanjani? Ungazivikela kanjani ekuthelelekeni nge-trichinosis?

Amagundane atheleleka ngokudla ingulube ye-trichinosis, izingulube zigule nge-trichinosis ngokudla amagundane. Ngakho-ke, ukulwa namagundane, ukubhujiswa kwabo okubaluleke kakhulu emapulazini ezingulube kungenye yezinyathelo ezibalulekile zokulwa ne-trichinosis. Umuntu uvikelelwa yi-trichinosis ngumthetho, ngokuya ngokuthi akukho sidumbu sengulube esivunyelwe ukuthi sithengiswe size sihlolwe i-trichinosis. Ezimakethe nasezitolo bathengisa inyama yengulube nenyama yengulube ehlolwe i-trichinosis. Ngakho-ke, ukuthengwa kwengulube kufanele kwenziwe kuphela ngenethiwekhi yokuhweba yombuso noma izimakethe ezilawulwa isikhungo sezokwelapha sezilwane. Njalo lapho izingulube zizohlatshwa kumele ziye kohlolwa udokotela wezilwane.

Kwisazi sezilwane, iTrichinella futhi ihlala iyinto ethokozisayo yemvelo - isibonelo sokufinyeleleka okukude ekuqondeni kokuthuthukiswa kokuhlaselwa yisifo sokuqina kwezilwanyana. UTrichinella, owake waba ngumuntu, udlula kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula komzimba wakhe, futhi nokudlula kwabo - kusuka kuzibungu kuya esimweni sabadala nakwaqanda, (kusuka kowesifazane owakhulela odongeni lwamathumbu) kuya esimweni sabadala - kungahle kungangeni kumvelo yangaphandle. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuzivumelanisa nezinga lokufika kude kokuqina kwezithelo.

Isidumbu SaseSecernentea

Akukenzeki ukuthi ngijwayele isisulu siqala okwesibili. Adenophorea - Izinhlobo zamahhala zolwandle - ama-nematode ajwayelekile. Ukunqotshwa KwamaSeke ifaka amaqembu amaningi ama-nematode, inhlangano okuyiwona uphawu lokukhethekile.

Ngaphakathi i-chromadorid odaukungena emanzini amasha nenhlabathi iyakhula umndeni we-plectid (I-Plectidae), abameleli bayo bangene ku-saprobiotic foci, lapho ama-plegids athola "umkhiqizo ophelile" owenziwe ngomumo - umthombo ongabizi wokudla kwabo. Kwenze nini umndeni we-plectidakwaziwa, ngoba eqinisweni ama-nematode "awashiyanga" noma yimiphi imibhalo ye-paleontological. Kepha kunoma yikuphi, kufanele ukuthi avele lapho izidalwa zezitshalo sezivele zikhona nalapho ukuqoqwa kwezinto eziphilayo kuqalile enhlabathini. Lokhu empeleni inqubo endala kakhulu. Njenge-acad yaseSoviet evelele. V. I. Vernadsky (1926), "lapho sifunda kakhulu ngamakhemikhali omhlaba, kulapho sigculiseka khona ukuthi azikho izimo lapho bezingazimela khona empilweni. Futhi-ke," kuqhubeka u-Acad. "UVernadsky," kwagcina ngokuthi wonke umlando we-geological. "Siyazi cishe lapho amakhowe avela eMhlabeni, futhi lawo aphansi, ama-hyphomycetes. Cishe avele enkathini yeCarboniferous. Amagciwane avele ngaphambili kakhulu. Kepha i-saprobiotic foci, evela ekuwohlokeni kwezidumbu zezitshalo, yavela emhlabathini ngisho nalapho kukhula izimbali zomhlaba wasikhathi esiphakeme zeCarboniferous. Kungenzeka ukuthi ngokunembile ngalesi sikhathi, ngokubheka okungenhla, ukwakheka komndeni wama-plectids ekubukekeni kwawo kwanamuhla kuqala, isb., Ngezindlela zezimo eziguqulwe ezondlekeni ngenxa yemikhiqizo yokuqhekeka kwamaprotheni ne-solarle Sugars aqukethe i-saprobiotic foci. Ezindongeni, inqubo kungenzeka ukuthi yenzeke phambilini.

Sikhumbula lapha umndeni I-Plectidae ngoba isayensi yanamuhla isungule ukufana phakathi kwePlectidae, ngakolunye uhlangothi, namafomu umndeni Rhabditidae - ngakolunye. Isithakazelo kulolu daba sihlobene neqiniso lokuthi umndeni I-Rhabditidae akuyona eye-subenclass Adenophorea, esethule ngayo umfundi ngenhla, kodwa komunye isisulu samathumbu - ISecernentea. Ngakho-ke kuvela ukuthi lezi ezimbili umndeni - I-Plectidae neRhabditidae - hlanganisa ndawonye iziqongo ezimbili ezibizwa ngama-nematode ngobumbano, futhi lokhu kuqeda ukuqonda kwethu ngokuvela kwesigaba se-nematode.

Kepha umndeni I-Rhabditidae iyathakazelisa kakhulu futhi akunandaba nezindaba zokuvela kokuthuthukiswa kwesigaba se-nematode.

I-Saprobios. Yini i-saprobiotic medium? Okokuqala, lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi yezinto eziphilayo, inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yezinto eziphilayo ezihambisana nemjikelezo wezinto eziphilayo we-nitrogen, ikhabhoni kanye nezinto zamaminerali. Imijikelezo yalezi zinto ingenxa yomsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zihlanganisa izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zezinto eziphilayo ezibonisa izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo (amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, amafutha, i-pectin, i-fiber, njll), futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubuyisa imikhiqizo yokubola yalezi zinto enhlabathini njengomphumela wokuwohloka kokuqina kwezicubu zezitshalo nezilwane. Izinqubo zokwenziwa zihlala zihambisana nezinqubo zokubhujiswa, ukubola, futhi zombili lezi zinto, eziphathelene nezendabuko, izinhlangothi zezinqubo zokuphila zitholakala ngokuyinhloko emhlabathini njengento yezinto eziphilayo. Ukonakala kwezinto ezibonakalayo ezenzeka ngesikhathi sokubola kwezidumbu zezilwane nezitshalo, futhi kwakha isisekelo sezici zemvelo ye-saprobic. Emhlabathini, i-saprobiotic medium yenzeka ngendlela ye-saprobiotic foci yomuntu ngamunye. Ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokukhula kwezitshalo ezitshaliwe, umuntu angagcina ngokubheka lokho ngemuva kokuvuna izilimo. Ngakho-ke, ensimini ye-beetroot, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kwezimvula, umuntu angathola amaqabunga ebolile ebunjiwe, onomthelela wokuwohloka kwe-saprobiotic ubonakala kahle kakhulu ngaphansi kwamaqabunga abheke inhlabathi. Uma uthatha ithonsi lezinto zokubola (kusuka ephepheni) bese ulihlola ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, ungaqiniseka kalula ukuthi izidalwa ezineseli elilodwa ziyavela kuleli thonsi, kufaka phakathi amagciwane, isikhunta esiphansi, i-protozoa kanye nama-nematode amaningi ahamba ngamandla. Zonke lezi zinto eziphilayo zihlala ziqonde kakhulu, okungukuthi, zakha amaqembu atholakala kule ndawo ekhubazekile kuphela. Ngakho-ke, zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-saprophytic bacteria, isikhunta se-saprophytic, i-saprozoic nematode, njll. Zonke lezi zinto eziphilayo zidlala indima ezinqubweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zokubola kwezinto ezibonakalayo futhi zakha izinto ezisebenza njengendawo yesimo se-saprobic. Umsebenzi wabo uqinisekisa ukubuyela emhlabathini wezakhi lapho izicubu zezilwane nezitshalo zenziwe ngayo. Ngolimi lwe-biochemistry, le nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yokudala nokubhujiswa ivezwa imijikelezo yezinto ezibalulekile ezithintekayo ekwakhekeni nasekubotheni kwamakhemikhali e-organic asendaweni yezinto eziphilayo nokunquma wona kanye umqondo wokuphila.

Ngakho-ke, imvelo ye-saprobiotic inqubo yokuwohloka kwezinto eziphilayo, futhi kulokhu kubola, izidalwa ezithile eziguqulwe ngokuphila esimweni semvelo se-saprobiotic ziba nengxenye futhi zize zisinikeze ngokungenakuphikiswa, ngokuyinhloko amagciwane nesikhunta.Lezi zinto eziphilayo zifukamela ama-enzymes athile aqinisekisa ukwephulwa kwamakhompiyutha e-organic - amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, i-fiber, njll. - abe ngamakhompiyutha ayisisekelo.

Isici esibonakalayo semvelo ye-saprobiotic amandla ayo. Ihlala ikhona ekushintsheni nasekuguqukeni kwayo, isixhumanisi sokugcina sayo okungukukhiqizwa kwamaminerali wezinto eziphilayo - ukubuyiselwa kwezidumbu zangaphambili emhlabathini. Izinqubo ze-Saprobiotic zihlala zenzeka emhlabathini, futhi izidalwa eziphila kuwo, kufaka phakathi ama-nematode, abamba iqhaza ngandlela thile kulezi zinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokubumbana kwezinto eziphilayo. Lezi nematode ze-saprobiotic ziyimpande yawo wonke ama-mains, alesi siqhingi sonke.

Onke amaqembu amakhulu we-saprobiotic nematode angaw ukulamula I-Rhabditida. Kunamaqembu amaningi ahlukene kulesi sigcawu - kusuka ku-saprobiotic kuya kuma-parasites akhethekile. Phakathi kwabamele isisulu izinambuzane eziningi zezilwane, abantu nezitshalo - okuningi kakhulu kunangaphakathi subclass of adenophorea. Isizathu salokhu ukuthi, ngaphakathi kokuqothuka kwe-adenophorea, awukho umndeni owodwa ozohlobene kakhulu nemvelo ye-saprobiotic njengomndeni wama-rhabditid. Kuyiqiniso, umfundi wajwayelana nomndeni wama-plectids angawodensaresa. Kepha ama-plectids angumthombo wokuthuthukiswa kwama-rhabditids, hhayi amanye ama-adenophoreas.

Isibonakaliso sokuqala, esibonakala kakhulu sabamele umndeni we-rhabditid (Rhabditidae) - amasayizi amancane amafomu. Ubude bawo bomzimba bubalelwa ku-1 mm, futhi buvamisile. Isibonakaliso sesibili sangaphandle salezi zimpawu zesidrobotiki yisimo somzimba esicijile sazo: ekhanda nasemsileni, umzimba wama-rhabditids uvame ukuncishiswa, uphawuleke esigabeni esiphakathi. Inhloko, njengomthetho, ithwala i-papillae tactile tactile (papillas), hhayi ama-bristles, njengama-plectids. Amphid, noma izitho zomzimbazihlala zitholakala endizeni engaphambili yekhanda, i.e. ezindebeni. Umgodi womlomo unesimo sesilinda esidala. Engxenyeni ejulile yalesi silinda, kubonakala ukuthi ama-tubercles e-pharyngeal. Engxenyeni evulekile yomgodi womlomo, olele phakathi "kweshubhu" le-pharyngeal "engena ngaphakathi kwawo, iningi lomndeni we-rhabditid linama-denticles amancane abizwa ngama-onkhs.

Umgodi womlomo we-cylindrical of rhabditides ubushelelezi futhi ubanzi ngokwanele ukuba ungaphuthelwa kalula isigaxa se-saprobiotic substrate, esivame ukugwinywa ngama-rhabditides. Ngemuva kokudlula emgodini womlomo, inqwaba yokudla ingena kulamula we-esophagus. Izindonga zakhona zinemisipha futhi zivame ukuphatha ama-thickenings amabili, aziwa ngokuthi ama. Omunye wabo isilinganisonezinye emuva. I-bulb yangemuva iqinise izicubu nemishini ekhethekile yokuchotshozwa yangaphakathi, ebhoboza inhlama yokugwinya yokudla. I-esophagus ilandelwa yisisu esiphakathi, sidlulela esiswini sezinsini. Lesi sakamuva sivulwa ngaphandle yi-anus, ilele, njengawo wonke ama-nematode, ohlangothini olungena emzimbeni, ngaphansi komsila.

Izitho zangasese zesifazane zithuthukiswe kahle. Womabili la maqanda (kwesinye isikhathi abe munye) aqukethe inani elikhulu lamaseli we-germinal germ - i-ovogonyngenxa yokuthi amaqanda akhiwa kanjani. Abesilisa bane-testis eyodwa, i-vas eye deferens, elandelwa umsele we-ejaculatory ogeleza ungene esiswini ngemuva. Kuyo kulele izingcezu ezihlanganayo ezihlanganayo zowesilisa - ama-spicule. Isitho esiphawuleka kakhulu sowesilisa ngokungangabazeki ngumsila amaphiko omfundaze. Enye yazo ilele ngakwesokudla, kanti enye ngakwesobunxele, iqala ngandlela thile ngaphambili komsila futhi imvamisa ifinyelela esiphelweni sayo.

U-fig. 236. Amashubhu ocansi ama-Rerrditis aberrans: 1 - i-ovary, 2 - amaqanda

Lezi yizici ezisemqoka zenhlangano yama-rhabditids, ephindaphindwe ngokuhlukahluka okungafani kakhulu kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezingaphezu kuka-240 zalo mndeni. Akukhona ngamathuba ukuthi sigxile encazelweni yenhlangano yama-rhabditids. Umsebenzi okufanele siwuxazulule manje ukuzama ukuchaza ukuthi kungani izimpawu ezichazwe ngenhla zenziwa.

Kuyavela ukuthi zonke lezi zimpawu ezifakwe kuhlu zichazwa kalula futhi ngokwemvelo iqiniso lokuthi zihambisana ngokuphelele nezimpawu eziphambili zemvelo ye-saprobic. Okunye futhi okufanele kufakwe kwizici zalesi sikhathi esichazwe ngenhla: i-saprobiotic medium, njengomthetho, ayethunyelwa hhayi ngezindawo ezinkulu zenhlabathi, kepha imvamisa kakhulu yi-saprobiotic foci ehlukile. Ucezu ngalunye lwezinto eziphilayo eziwile phansi, iqabunga ngalinye, isiqu, njll., Kuba imbangela yokuthuthukiswa kokugxila okuncane kwe-saprobiotic. Emhlabathini, kungahle kube khona, futhi empeleni, inani elikhulu lezinto ezihlukanisiwe, ezihlukaniswe ngokuqondile ze-saprobiotic, futhi kuzo ngazinye, ngaphansi kwethonya lamagciwane kanye nesikhunta, inqubo ye-saprobiotic iyakhula ngokuyinhloko. Lapha, kuleli hlathi elincanyana, kwesinye isikhathi elihlosiwe, mhlawumbe izibungu ezincane ezimbalwa zama-rhabditids, ambozwe ngesikhumba esiminyene, aphumule enhlabathini. Balinde ukuvela kokugxila kwe-saprobiotic. Lapho ama-putrefactive, ama-bacteria we-saprophytic eqala umsebenzi wawo wokubhubhisa futhi lapho ukwakheka nokuthuthukiswa kokugxila kwe-saprobiotic enhlabathini kuqala, le nqubo iba yisisusa sokuthuthukisa izibungu ze-rhabditid. Ngokukhula ngokushesha, ama-rhabditid aguqulwa abe ngabesifazane nabesilisa, futhi impilo emfushane, eqala ngokushesha iqala.

Ngokombono wezinto eziphilayo, uma sisebenzisa isigama semidlalo, singasho ukuthi ama-rabditid angama-sprinters angokoqobo, kepha hhayi ngomqondo wejubane lokuhamba, kodwa ngomqondo wejubane elingafani nentuthuko.

Kunezinhlobo ezaziwayo zama-rhabditids, umjikelezo wokuthuthuka komuntu ngamunye okuthi - kusuka eqandeni kuya ekuzaleni komuntu wesifazane omdala - uqhubeka ngamahora ambalwa nje. Izinsuku cishe amahora ayi-12 noma angama-24 zivamile. Uma i-saprobiotic foci encane ihlala, yisho, izinsuku ezingama-20, phakathi nalesi sikhathi kuze kufike ku-10-15 izinhlobo zama-rhabditids zihamba kuwo, ezithatha indawo yazo cishe zonke izinsuku ezingama-2-3. Lokhu kuguqulwa okusheshayo kwezinhlobo kumangalisa ngokumangazayo. Umcwaningi waseJalimane uReiler (1928) wabona iphethini yokushintsha kwezinhlobo kokunye kokuhlolwa kwakhe. Ngosuku lwesithathu, izinkulungwane zabantu bebodwa beRhabditis inermis zazikulesi sakhi sesivivinyo se-saprobiotic, ukusuka kwabambalwa kuye kumakhulu weRhabditis elongata nezinye izinhlobo ezintathu. Ezinsukwini ezimbili kamuva, eyokuqala yalezi zinhlobo yafa, ezinye ezintathu zanda ngamakhophi ezinkulungwane. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezintathu, isithombe sashintsha futhi futhi enye yezinhlobo, ngaphambili eyayincane ngesibalo, yavela ngobuningi. Ngakho-ke, izinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili zazanele ukuthuthuka "kwe-miccosm" encane ehlelwe ngokuvivinya, enamawakawaka ezinkulungwane, kusukela ngenani elilinganiselwe lezibungu ezikhona ekusobeni kwenhlabathi esetshenziselwe ukuhlolwa. Ubuka lezi zinkulungwane zama-rhabditids ngaphansi kwesembozo, ungabona ukuthi iningi lalezi zilwane ezincane zisesimweni sokuhamba ngokungakhathali. Ngo-microscope omkhulu, kungabonakala ukuthi zivame ukusebenza kakhulu ngebhalabhasi eliphakathi le-esophagus kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo “zokuchoboza” zesibili, zenhliziyo, isibani nokugwinya inqwaba yokudla okuqukethe izinhlayiya ezincane ze-saprobios - i-saprobiotic detritus, amagciwane kanye nezinhlaka zokukhunta. Ngokwanda okuqinile, sithola ukuthi amakoloni wonke ama-saprobiotic bacteria ahlala emsileni we-rhabditide. Amathumbu avame ukugcwala, futhi uvame ukubona kuwo uquqaba lokudla olumnyama. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kudla kuqukethe amanzi amaningi, ukugcotshwa kwemikhiqizo yokuqhekeka kwamaprotheni, ushukela nezinye izinto okuchithwa kuwo kuphansi, futhi ama-rhabditides kufanele agwinye ukudla ngamandla ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi hhayi kuphela umsoco wawo, kepha futhi nokuthuthuka "kwamaqanda". Kepha owesilisa ngamunye, ongafinyeleli ku-1 mm ubude, unikela ngokuphila kwakhe, kukalwa ngezinsuku, aze afike kuma-250-300 amaqanda, lapho abesifazane nabesilisa abasha bekhula ngezinsuku ezi-1-2. Ukudla akunampilo, kudinga okuningi, ngakho-ke ama-rhabditid kumele aqhubeke ngokuhamba ukuze njalo abe nokudla eduze kwabo.Kungakho ama-rhabditids acishe njalo amunce ukudla futhi aqhubeke ngokuqhubekayo. Ngokukhuliswa okuncane kwesibonakhulu, insimu yokubheka ngokweqiniso ifilikisi - konke kuyindlela yamandla, ekunyakazeni okuvela ezilwaneni eziningi ezinenyoka ezincane! Lapha kukhona ukuguqulwa okusheshayo kokudla, ukuthathwa kokudla, imfucumfucu yokugcwala, ukukhula ngokushesha kwamaseli wegciwane le-germ, "amazinga we-" spriper "wentuthuko, ukufa nokuzalwa okusha. I-rhabditid yowesifazane ikukuhamba okuqhubekayo. Noma owesilisa ekufaka lokho, kusabamba ukudla futhi, kuqubuka nokuphithizela, kuqhubekela phambili noma eceleni kwendlela ngaphansi kwesembozo ekukhanyiseni kwemisebe yesibonakhulu (noma ebumnyameni). Kungakho owesilisa edinga amaphiko omfundaze. Ubamisa ngokuqina emzimbeni wowesifazane futhi enze umsebenzi wakhe obalulekile bonke ekuvumelaneni okufanayo komzimba!

Njengoba ubona, yonke inhlangano yama-rhabditid ihlangabezana nemibandela yendawo ye-saprobiotic. Le ndlela iyadlula, ngoba kuyo, ngaphansi kwethonya lamaqembu ahlukahlukene we-saprobiotic bacteria, ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nezimpawu zamakhemikhali ze-saprobios ziyaguquka nsuku zonke. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwama-rhabditids. Futhi yingakho mncane kakhulu - amasayizi amancane enza lula inkinga yokuthuthuka okusheshayo. Ama-Rabditid adinga ukudla ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngoba ukudla kunempilo, kuyadingeka ukuqongelela isizukulwane esikhulu esihlinzeka ngekusasa, okungukuthi, impilo yama-larvae ahlala emhlabathini ngokulindela ukuvela kokugxila okusha kwe-saprobiotic lapho lolu shintsho oludala lwezizukulwane luqala. Yonke inhlangano yama-rhabditids ingaphansi kwale mfuneko yendawo ye-saprobiotic.

I-cameraman ingenza isithombe esimangalisa, idweba la mandla angenakuphela wempilo yama-rhabditids nezinhlangano zabo, iguqulwe kuyo yonke imininingwane kwi-extravaganza esheshayo yokuphila kwangempela!

Lezi ngama-rhabditids. Ngokulalela isigqi sokubuna kwezinto eziphilayo, babamba iqhaza enqubweni enkulu yokubuyisa inhlabathi enayithrojini, isikhutha, isibabule nezinye izinto zamakhemikhali. Ngaphansi "kokuqondisa" kwamakhemikhali amakhulu emvelo - amagciwane asendaweni yemvelo ye-saprobiotic futhi ngosizo lwesikhunta esiphansi - abanikazi bama-enzyme anamandla, ama-saprobiotic rhabditides abamba iqhaza ezinqubweni zamaminerali wokugcina wezinto eziphilayo, azibuyisele emhlabathini futhi ngaleyo ndlela ube ngomunye wemithombo yezizukulwane ezintsha ezingenakubalwa. Ngakho-ke izinto ezifile, ngokubola, ziba yitshe eliya empilweni entsha.

Obunjani ubuhle nokuthi buyini ithemba lokuphila kulo mjikelezo wokudala wezinto!

Njengamanje, kungenzeka ngokuqiniseka ukucabanga ukuthi ama-rhabditids avela kuma-plectids asendulo. Isici esikhulu ekwakhiweni kwama-rhabditids kwakuyindawo yama-saprobiotic, lapho ama-rhabditid athola khona izimfanelo zawo zenhlangano ngenxa yokuqokwa kwemvelo okwatholwa nguCharles Darwin (bheka uC. Darwin, The Origin of Species noma uK. A. Timiryazev, uCharles Darwin kanye nezimfundiso zakhe) uhlangabezana ngokugcwele nezimo ze-saprobios.

AmaRabidit adlale indima enkulu ekudalekeni kweqembu lama-nematode, lapho umuntu aphoqwa ukuba abhekane nakho ngokungathí sina.

Izimpawu ze-nematode kubantu

Eqinisweni, izimpawu ze-nematodoses azicacanga, okungukuthi, ngokwesithombe esibonisa, akunakwenzeka ukubona ubukhona bezimungulu zomzimba womzimba womuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-nematodoses avame ukwenzeka ngaphandle kwezimpawu zangaphandle, eziqinisa kakhulu ukwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi.

Ama-parodeite wesidoda wabantu angadala ukungasebenzi kahle emzimbeni. Yiziphi "amasignali ezexwayiso" ngesimo sezimpawu ezingabonakala nge-nematodoses:

• Ukwanda ngezikhathi ezithile lokushisa komzimba. Imvamisa, izinga lokushisa lingaphansi kwemvelo futhi alidluli kuma-38 degrees. Kwezinye izimo, umkhuhlane ungafinyelela ngaphezu kwama-39 degrees, kepha lokhu akuvamile ukubonwa. Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa luhlobo "lwesiginali" mayelana nokusebenza kohlelo lokuvikela imvelo lomzimba. Ngamanye amagama, amasosha ethu omzimba asebenze futhi azama ngamandla ukulwa nezindlela zokuphila eziyingozi,
• Ubuhlungu bekhanda bungabangelwa ukulimazeka kwama-nerve receptors ebuchwephesheni be-nematode noma bungakhula ngenxa yokudakwa
• Isicanucanu / ukuhlanza / isiyezi / ukulahleka kancane kokudla - zonke lezi zigameko zingumphumela wokudakwa okuphezulu komzimba. Ama-Nematode ezinqubweni zokukhishwa kwezinto zawo umzimba ezihlukanisa njengeziyingozi,

• Ukuvela kokuphendula okuhlukahlukene komzimba kungukuphendula komzimba ezintweni ezinobuthi ezikhishwe yizinambuzane. Ama-immunoglobulins athile (amasosha omzimba) wesigaba se-IgE akhiqizwa, abamba iqhaza ekugcineni ekukhishweni kwe-histamine (umlamuleli wokuphendula kokungezwani komzimba) ne-serotonin engena egazini, elibizwa nangokuthi "i-hormone yenjabulo",
• Izinkinga ezivela ku-epidermis (izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-rashes, i-eczema, i-dermatitis, ukuguga okusheshayo kwesikhumba, i-pigmentation, njll.) Zingumphumela wokuqalwa komsebenzi we-excretory wesikhumba, ngoba isibindi singasakwazi ukubekezelela ubuthi obulethwe yi-nematode,
• Ukwanda kokucasuka kwemizwa / ukudangala / ukukhathala / ubuthakathaka obujwayelekile / ukungazinzi ngokomzwelo / ukuphazamiseka kwesigqi esijwayelekile sokulala. Lezi zimpawu zivela ngenxa yobuthi obucasulayo bohlelo lwezinzwa ngokuhambisana nokuntuleka kwezakhi zomzimba,
• Ukwehla (ukuvimbela) kohlelo lokuvikela imvelo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, izifo ezithathelwanayo ezivame kakhulu noma ukwanda kwezifo ezingamahlalakhona. Ukucindezelwa kwamasosha omzimba kuvela ngokuhlanganiswa kwenqwaba yezidakamizwa emzimbeni nokushoda okukhulu kwezakhi ezibalulekile zomzimba. Ngaphezulu kwalokhu, amasosha omzimba alwa njalo namagciwane,

• Ubuhlungu esiswini. Kwezinye izimo, ubuhlungu bungageleza esifundeni se-lumbar noma kwezinye izitho (njengehlombe noma ingalo). Ubuhlungu besisu bubangelwa ukulimala kwemishini okwenziwa yizitho zomzimba zangaphakathi nezicubu zamathumbu,
• Khuphula ushukela,
• Ukuqhakaza nokwanda kwegesi / ukucasuka kwamathumbu - umphumela wokuphazamiseka kwamathumbu emathunjini kanye nokukhishwa yizikelemu zokuhlanza okukhona kwezinto ezithile okuvusa inqubo yokuvuvukala yendawo,
• Izinkinga ze-Stool (ukuqunjelwa kanye nesifo sohudo). Ukuqunjelwa kungahle kudalwe yimodosis enkulu. Ngamanye amagama, kungaba nezikelemu eziningi eziyindilinga eziyizidlakudla ezingakwazi ukuvimba ukukhanya kwekholoni. Ukuhudula kungumphumela wokungasebenzi kahle kwendlela yokugaya ukudla, ukumuncwa kabi kwezakhi zomzimba, izinqubo zokuvuvukala zasendaweni,
• I-anemia ingumphumela wokuntuleka kwensimbi emzimbeni, ovame ukubonwa nge-ascariasis,

• Ukwanda kwesifiso sokudla / isisindo - ukusabela okuvikelayo komzimba ekuntuleni kwezinto ezidingekayo zomkhondo,
• Ukuba khona kwe-mucus noma kwegazi ezindunwini, futhi ukuba khona kwezikelemu ngokwazo kungenzeka. Igazi livela njengomphumela we-microdamage kulwelu lwama-mucous emathunjini. I-Mucus ingumphumela wokungasebenzi kahle kwento yamathumbu esiswini, kepha ama-nematode asezindundwini ngokwawo angumphumela wokuqongelela kwawo okukhulu amathumbu,
• Ubuhlungu emisipha nasekuhlanganeni kungenzeka ngezizathu ezahlukahlukene. Enye yazo ukuthutha kwezibungu, ngoba ngasikhathi sinye kungalimaza izicubu namalunga,
• Ukulunywa njalo e-anus, kubi kakhulu kusihlwa / ebusuku (lolu phawu luqondene ne-enterobiosis). Kubonakala njengesizathu sokubeka amaqanda ngowesifazane. Ukulungisa amaqanda, izibungu zabesifazane zakha into ethile enamathela ecasulayo isikhumba,

Kwezinye izimo, izinhlungu endaweni yesifuba, ubunzima bokuphefumula, ukuphefumula, ukukhwehlela, nokuningi kungabonakala.

Izindlela nezindlela zokwelashwa

Njengoba sesithole izimpawu ezibonisa ukuba khona kwesibungu emzimbeni, kuyadingeka ukubonana nochwepheshe ukuthola isiqiniseko sokuxilongwa nokwelashwa okudingekayo.

Odokotela banquma imishanguzo futhi babala umthamo osuselwa kwesisindo sesiguli. Imvamisa, lapho uthatha izidakamizwa ze-anthelmintic, udinga ukwazi kahle umthamo.

Imvamisa, ukwelashwa kwe-oxygen kusetshenziselwa ukulwa namagciwane. Ukwelapha kuqukethe ngokujova i-oksijini emsulwa esigabeni samathumbu. Amanye ama-parasites afa ngale ndlela yokwelashwa futhi aphuma nemikhiqizo yokungcola.

Ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kokulungiswa kwe-ruminator kusuka kumatato - i-magnesium sulfate, usawoti we-glauber noma izitshalo eziqukethe ukwakheka kwabo (i-cassia holly, rhubarb).

Umuthi wesibungu uvame ukushintshwa ngokupheka okuvamile emithini yendabuko. Kunezitshalo eziningi ezinempahla ye-anthelmintic. Bayingxenye yokuthosa nezinongo.

Izindlela zokupheka ezisebenzayo zisebenzisa uBogorodskaya utshani, umhlonyane, izimbali ezingama-tansy.

Garlic kanye anyanisi kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukulwa nematode ayindilinga. Ujinja unempahla ye-anthelmintic - izimpande zawo ezintsha, ama-tincture kanye nomkhiqizo ocutshunguliwe.

Izikwele zama-rhabditids (Rhabditida)

AmaRabithi, ukuzivumelanisa nokuphila endaweni ye-saprobiotic futhi waba yingxenye yomjikelezo wezinto eziphilayo ngaphansi kwethonya eliqhakazile lama-bacterius we-saprophytic kanye nesikhunta, kwaba ngumthombo wokuvela kokuvela kwendawo yonke iRhabditida futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, isisulu (Secernentea). Ukuqina kwezinhlobo zemindeni a i-rabditid esimweni se-saprobiotic esivele siholele abamele umndeni we-rhabditid uqobo ekutholeni kwezimpawu zomzimba ezivumelanisa ukuguquka ukuba khona njengabahlali bezitho zezilwane, futhi ikakhulukazi amathumbu abo. Icatshangelwe i-Acad. K. I. Skryabin (1946), ukuthi ukungena kwama-rhabditides emathunjini ezilwane kwakuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekwakhiweni kwama-zooparasitic wagxila, kuthembeke ngokuphelele. Isiqephu esilandelayo esithandekayo sesayensi siyaziwa. Izinyosi zazihlala ogwini olude lwechibi futhi zibambekile emanzini. Ngamanzi, bagwinya ama-rhabditides bukhoma. AmaRabidid awafanga amathumbu ezinyosi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, babehlala kuyo yaze yabangela nokuqubuka kokulimazeka kwekati lezinyosi. Leli cala kanye nama-rhabditids abambe iqhaza kulo babhaliswa eK.I. Scriabin All-Union Science Science Institute of Helminthology. URabditididi uziphathe kuleli cala njengezitho zobulwanyana "ezikhulelwe". Ziyaziwa futhi zichaziwe yizinhlobo zama-rhabditides atholakale kubantu futhi akwazi ukuba khona emathunjini akhe, futhi ikakhulukazi esiswini esikhulu. Amanye ama-rhabditids atholakele ezindlini zabantu. Yize lezi zinhlobo zingakabi yizinambuzane “ezingokoqobo”, ngokusobala ziyakwazi ukuhlala kwikholoni lomuntu isikhashana, futhi lokhu, kunjalo, kuchazwa iqiniso lokuthi izinqubo zenzeka kwikholoni efana ncamashi ne-saprobiotic.

Ngaphakathi i-detachment rhabditidesazi manje, ikakhulukazi, esibonelweni umndeni Rhabditidae, kunamaqembu afana namalungu alo mndeni.

Umndeni IStrongyloididae imelelwa ngama-nematode angawokuzalwa ama-hermaphrodites noma awezinhlobo zezinsikazi zawo ezinamantombazanyana, noma ama-parthenogenetic, ukuzala kabusha. Kuwo lo mndeni, uhlobo luyaziwa, ekukhuleni komuntu ngamunye lapho izizukulwane ezimbili zihlanganiswe khona - esisodwa sokuphila ngokukhululeka, esinye yisinambuzane. Umjikelezo wokuthuthuka uhlanganisa izizukulwane zombili. Ake siqale ngenye yazo - i-parasitic.

Ebantwini, izinsikazi ezi-parthenogenetic zingavela njengezinambuzane kulwelwesi lwama-mucous lwe-duodenum kanye namathumbu amancane. Lokhu kubizwa ngamathumbu, noma i-solidyloid, nematode, eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Stron gyloides stercoralis. Kubonakala ngosayizi omncane, i-esophagus ende, kanye nomsila we-conical. Ukuvulwa kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane kususelwa emuva, eduze ne-anus. Esikhathini amaqanda amabili, amaqanda akhiwa asethuthukile ngokuyinhlanganisela, isb., Ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwabesilisa. Amaqanda la aqhamile kanti izinhlobo ezimbili zemibungu zingakhula kuzo. Ezinye zalezi zibungu, ezisele emhlabathini, zomol bese ziphenduka izibungu “ezinamandla amakhulu” (ezine-esophagus elincanyana kakhulu).Lezi izibungu ngamanzi okuphuza noma ngokusebenzisa isikhumba zingene emzimbeni womuntu futhi ziphinde zikhule zibe yizinsikazi ze-hermaphroditic ezihola ubukhona be-parasitic. Ezinye izibungu ezine-rhabditoid esophagus zikhula ngohlobo lwe-heterogony, isb. Zinikeza izinsikazi nezinsikazi ezisemhlabathini, ngemuva kokufakwa kokukhulelwa ngabesilisa besifazane, izibungu zethulwe, kulokhu futhi zingena emzimbeni womuntu ngomlomo noma ngesikhumba. Ekugcineni zingena mucosa we-duodenum kanye namathumbu amancane. Ngakho-ke, le nematode inezizukulwane ezimbili - i-parasitic and free. Ukuba khona kwengxenye yesibungu se-rhabditoid esophagus kubonisa ukusondela kwe-phylogenetic yeStrongyloididae nama-rhabditids. Ukuba khona kwezizukulwane ezimbili - i-parasitic and free - kukhombisa ukusondela kwama-rhabditids aphilayo. I-Strongyloididae ingesinye sezinyathelo zokuqala ekwakhiweni kwe-parasitism ngaphakathi isisulu.

U-fig. 237. Strongyloides stercoralis

Umndeni I-Oxeuridae iyisigaba sakamuva nesibaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwesifo sokuqina kwezithelo. Isibonelo, cabanga ngebhayoloji yesimungulu esaziwa kabanzi sekoloni lomuntu ne-cecum - Enterobius vermicularis. Le nematode yaziwa ngokuthi izikhonkwaneimpela umzimba wakhe ukhonjiswe emsileni. Kodwa-ke, kukhona ukuvuvukala okungatheni emaphethelweni angaphambili omzimba ancishisiwe. Ukuvula umlomo kuholela ku-stoma emincane, kudlule ku-esophagus, kufakwe isibani. Kukhona amaqanda amabili kwabesifazane futhi eyodwa testis emadodeni. Umsila wabesifazane ukhonjwa ngokuqinile. I-Pinworm parasitic ngokungafani nalokhu. Le nematode ibanga ukucasuka nokuvuvukala kolwelwesi lwe-mucous lekoloni, kuphinde kuvezwe iqhaza elithile ekuthuthukisweni kokuvuvukala kwesithasiselo se-cecum (appendicitis). Amathumbu abantu, le parasite ayibangeli monakalo omkhulu (ngaphandle kwalokho, i-appendicitis). I-Pinworm idla okuqukethwe yikholoni, futhi, ngokusobala, imbaza yamagciwane ikholoni idlala indima enkulu ekudleni kwayo. Okungenani kuyaziwa ukuthi uma umuntu onegciwane lesipinworm uzothatha amaphilisi amabili e-biomycin ekuseni noma kusihlwa izinsuku ezimbili noma ezintathu zilandelana, khona-ke ama-pinworms azofa. Ukusebenza kwesenzo, ngokusobala, kuyafana nokuthi i-biomycin inegalelo ekubhujisweni komoya wamagciwane wekolon, futhi lokhu kunciphisa imithombo yokudla nezikhonkwane. Lokhu kuhlolwa kukhombisa ukubaluleka kwezitshalo ezibulala amagciwane ekudleni komzimba wepinworm. Umphumela ofanayo ungatholakala uma amabhaktheriya ebhujiswa yi-biomycin kusiko le-putrefactive lama-rhabditides. Ngakho-ke, ama-pinworms, ayisigaba esidala kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwe-parasitism, ngokomzimba asondelene nama-rhabditids. Umqondo oyinhloko owatholwa ngumuntu kusukela ekubeni khona kwamakhandlela emathunjini akhe awusiwo kangako ekuphazamisekeni komgudu wamathumbu njengakwezinye izici ze-pinworm biology. Kusihlwa, izinsikazi ziphuma ngethambo lomuntu futhi zibangele ukulunywa yi-perineum. Ezinganeni, lokhu kuluma kufaka ukuskena. Amaqanda ama-pinworms ahlala ngaphansi kwezipikili, akhipha i-anus yomuntu futhi abeke amaqanda esikhunjeni sakhe. Amaqanda we-parasite kufanele ahlale isikhashana emoyeni, ngoba umoya-mpilo osemoyeni uyisimo esisemqoka ongavusa ukukhula kwawo. Ngeminwe, amaqanda angena kalula emlonyeni wengane. Ukusuka lapha, amaqanda anez izibungu angena emathunjini futhi, lapho esefinyelele ekholoni, abuye abe yizikhonkwane ezindala. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukutheleleka kungahlala isikhathi eside impela, hhayi ezinganeni kuphela kodwa nakubantu abadala. Ama-Pinworms angatheleleka ngokuthintana nomuntu othintwe yile nematode, uma ungalandeli imithetho yenhlanzeko. Amaqanda wePinworm angathwala ukudla komuntu izimpukane, Amantshontsho ePrussia njll. Ungawagwinya ngisho nothuli uma kukhona amaqanda ale nematode phansi. Uma ukutheleleka kutholakala, bonana nodokotela.Njengoba ukuphuma kwezikhonkwane kuphuma ezintuthwaneni kusihlwa, lapho umuntu esezolala noma eselala, ukuze kugwemeke ukuzithela ngokweqile, kubalulekile ukugqoka izikhindi ebusuku ukuvikela amaqanda we-pinworm ukuthi angaweli eshidini. Futhi ekuseni, amagwala kudingeka ukuthi afakwe ngensimbi eshisayo ukubulala amaqanda. Lezi zinyathelo kumele zisetshenziswe ngaphambi kokulashwa nangesikhathi ukwelashwa, kuze kuthi lapho kuhlaziywa ukunyakaza kwamathumbu amaqanda kukhombisa ukuthi akusekho.

Isikelemu somuntu (Ascaris lumbricoides). Okubi kakhulu futhi kubi kakhulu ngesinye isifo somuntu, okungukuthi, okuhlobene nokuhlaselwa kwamathumbu emathunjini akhe omzimba womuntu. Isipinyo esisanda kuhlolwa sifinyelela ku-hedgehog eyi-1 ubude (abesifazane). I-Ascaris iyi-nematode efinyelela osayizi abakhulu kakhulu: insikazi ifinyelela ku-20-40 cm ubude, kuthi owesilisa abe ngu-15-25 cm ngobubanzi obuyi-6 no-3 mm, ngokulandelana. Lokhu sekuyisidididi, ikakhulukazi uma kuqhathaniswa nama-rhabditids amancane. Ukuvulwa komlomo wesikelezo kuzungezwe "izindebe" ezintathu. Ekupheleni kwesithathu sokuqala somzimba ominyene, kubonakala "ibhanti" Ngasohlangothini lwangaphandle lwale “bhanti” kukhona ukuvuleka kowesifazane sangasese (kwabesifazane). Leli bhande lingumbala olula womzimba futhi lisebenza njengokwesekela owesilisa ngesikhathi sokufakwa kowesifazane. Umzimba osuka ekhanda uye phakathi uyanda futhi uphinda ubhekise emsileni. Umsila umfushane kakhulu, kanti emadodeni ugobe uhlangothi lwangaphakathi. I-cuticle emboza umzimba we-ascaris iminyene. Imisipha iqinile, kepha ukunyakaza kuhamba kancane. Owesifazane ovulekile ukhombisa i-truncheon iDemo esophagus, amathumbu aphakathi nendawo acwecile kanye nesisu sesinqe esifushane esivula ngaphandle yi-anus. Kepha isici esivelele kunazo zonke enhlanganweni yama-roundworms abesifazane yizitho zangasese. Ukuvulwa kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane esisehlangothini lwe-ventral le "bhande" kuholela kushubhu lesitho sangasese sangasese (sangasese), elixhunywe kwisibeletho emibili - kwesokunxele nesobunxele. Isibeletho kancane kancane singena bese singena kuma-oviducts, wona-ke, abe ama-ovari amade futhi acashile. Amashubhu endabuko ka-Ascaris afinyelela ubude obude, amahlandla amaningi adlula ubude bomzimba. Kumathumbu aphila ngokukhululeka, amaqanda awafinyeleli ubude obunjalo futhi ahlala emfushane kunobude bomzimba ogcwele noma anciphise kancane kuwo. Udokotela wezilwane odumile waseJalimane uLeuckart (1876) wabhala lokhu okulandelayo maqondana nobude bamashubhu ocansi athi: "Kowesifazane oyedwa abangama-280 mm ngamunye, ishubhu ngalinye locansi lifinyelela ku-1500 mm, futhi bobabili bebephindwe kayishumi nobude bomzimba wonke." Lokhu kuthuthukiswa okunamandla kwensiza yokuzala kungukuzivumelanisa nobukhona besimungumungwane, okuhambisana nobuchopho obukhulu bomsundululu womuntu. Owesifazane ngamunye phakathi nosuku ukhipha amaqanda acishe abe ngama-200. Inchazelo yemvelo yalokhu kuzala "kwezinkanyezi" ukuthi isendleleni yentuthuko - ukusuka endaweni yangaphandle iya emzimbeni womuntu - kunezinto eziningi eziholela engxenyeni enkulu yenzalo iye ekufeni, futhi inzalo enkulu kakhulu kuphela "engaqinisekisa" ukuqhubeka kwempilo yezinhlobo.

U-fig. 238. I-Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis)

U-Ascaris udlala esiswini esincane somuntu. Kodwa-ke, inzalo ayinikezwanga ubukhona besifazane emathunjini amancane omgcini. Abesilisa bafaka umquba amaqanda, kepha banganikeli ukukhula kwabo, njengoba kunjalo ezilwaneni eziphila mahhala. Ukuze iqanda lingene ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhula, kumele lingene imvelo yangaphandle, ngoba lidinga umoya-mpilo. Njengoba isendaweni engaphandle, amaqanda cishe ezinsukwini eziyi-9 kuya ku-13 akhula aze afike esigabeni sezibungu zesibili.

Emalungeni amaqanda, izibungu zithola molt wokuqala. Ngemuva kwalokho ukukhula kuyayeka futhi kungaqhubeki emuva uma iqanda elinezibungu zesibili ezisekela lingangeni emzimbeni womuntu. Iqanda kufanele ligwinye. Ukutheleleka kwenzeka ngendlela efanayo naleyo eyangenwa ngayo ngama-pinworms - ngokudla, ngezandla ezingcolile, ngenxa yokuluma kwezipikili, amaqanda angalethwa izimpukane, noma amantshontsho, noma ngenxa yokuphatha ngokunganaki, ngokungathandeki kokudla. Iqanda le-ascaris elingena emlonyeni womuntu futhi liqukethe i-larva yesibili-ye-instar ithola isikhuthazo esisha sokuthuthuka.Esiswini esincane somuntu, izibungu ziyakhululwa egobolondeni leqanda futhi kusukela manje baqale indlela yabo eyinkimbinkimbi yokuthuthuka. Okokuqala, zingena ngaphakathi kolwelwesi lwe-mucous lwesibeletho esincane, bese-ke - kungena emithanjeni yegazi.

Ake siphawule ukuthi eminyakeni edlule kuye kwaba nokungabaza ezincwadini zesayensi zokuthi ingabe i-Ascaris nezihlobo zayo zingabophiko lwasolwandle nokuthi konke umhlonyane (isizinda Ascaridata) hambisa ku iqembu adenophorea. Mahhala adenophorea- Amafomu athanda umoya-mpilo. Njengoba sesiphawulile, kuma-zooparasitic adenophoreas, ukuthambekela “kokuthunga” kutholakala ngezinga elikhulu, ngaleyo ndlela kuthintane nemithambo yegazi futhi, ngakho-ke, ne-oksijini yegazi. Mhlawumbe indlela yezikelemu zezikelemu ngokusebenzisa izicubu zomuntu, ezihambisana negazi lomzimba wethu, zingabhekwa njengomphumela wobudlelwano bomlando ne-adenophorea yamahhala? Manje lolu daba alukakaxazululwa ngokuphelele.

Ngokuhamba kwegazi, izibungu ze-Ascaris zingena esibindini, zisuka esibindini ziye enhliziyweni, ezihambelana nokujikeleza kwegazi. Ukusuka ekungeneni kwenhliziyo kwesokudla, izibungu zingena emaphashini. Emaphashini, izibungu zisheshe zihlaliswe kuma-capillaries, zivame ukudala ukuqhuma kwazo futhi kuphume ukopha. Ngokuzayo, indlela yezibungu iyashintsha. Ukusuka kuma-capillaries wezicubu zamaphaphu, izibungu zingena kwi-bronchi, zazo zingene kwi-trachea, futhi zisuka kwi-trachea ziye kwi-pharynx. Manje indlela eya esophagus nokusuka lapho iye emathunjini (ngesisu) ivulekile. Lesi yisigaba sokugcina sohambo olude. Esikhunjeni esincane, izibungu ziqedela ukukhula kwazo bese ziphenduka izinsikazi nabesilisa abadala. Kuqala umjikelezo omusha wokuthuthuka.

U-fig. 239 Human Ascaris (Ascaris lumbricoides): ngakwesobunxele kungowesimame, ngakwesokunxele kungowesilisa, ngezansi kuneqanda

Ngeshwa, i-roundworm ingesinye sezifo ezivame kakhulu kubantu. Ukutheleleka ngale nematode kungafinyelela osayizi abahlaba umxhwele. Ukwembulwa kwesikelembu esisuka emathunjini kanye nokunyakaza kwamathumbu kuyinto engathandeki, kwesinye isikhathi etholakele eyethusayo. Kodwa le ndaba ikude nomuzwa wemvelo wokunyanyeka, noma ukwesaba, noma ukukhathazeka umuntu abhekana nakho, futhi akuvamile ukuthi abe yizingane. Ezimweni eziningi, lesi sifo esidalwa yizikelemu, ikakhulukazi uma kunenqwaba yaso emathunjini amancane, sithola umlingiswa onzima futhi oyingozi empilweni yomuntu nasempilweni. Ama-roundworms anesici esibonakala kakhulu sokuziphatha - athambekele ekungeneni emiseleni emincane nasemaphaseji. Kunezimo ezaziwayo zokungena kwe-roundworm ezindungeni ze-bile zesibindi. Kwesinye isikhathi izikelemu zingena esiswini, bese kuthi, ngenxa yokuhlanza, zikhuphukele emphinjeni, futhi zisuke lapha ziye emacansini angaphambili nomgodi wezinzwa. Amacala aphindaphindwayo okuvela kwezinhlwayi eziphilayo noma ezifile ngokusebenzisa ikhala ayaziwa. UDkt .Brown uthi: "Lokhu kubhekisa ecaleni elibikwe ngu-Albrecht, ngokusho ukuthi umhlonyane ususwe ekhaleni lentombazane eneminyaka eyishumi. Ukusuka nasopharynx," kusho uBrown, "izikeleza zingangena ngethambo le-Eustachian futhi ukusuka lapho liye endlebeni ephakathi." Okuyingozi kakhulu amacala okungena kwe-roundworm ku-larynx kanye ne-trachea, ngoba kulezi zimo kungenzeka ngisho nokuqubuka kwesibindi okubulalayo. Ama-roundworms angangena ezithweni zomchamo. Amacala wokugcotshwa kwezindonga zamathumbu amancane ngokungena okulandelayo emgodini womzimba, okubandakanya i-peritonitis, isb. Ukuvuvukala kwe-peritoneum, kuchaziwe.

Kusukela kulokhu okungenhla, kuyacaca ukuthi le nematode akufanele ivunyelwe ukungena kwizitho zomzimba zomuntu. Futhi uma izikelemu zingene emathunjini omuntu, kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuwasusa, okungukuthi, ukwenza okhethekile amazolo - ukususwa noma ukuxoshwa kwalesi sifo esiswini samathumbu amancane omuntu.

Okungcono kakhulu wukuqinisekisa ukuthi izikeleza azikwazi ukungena amathumbu ethu. Isinyathelo sokuvimbela esibaluleke kakhulu ukugcina izandla nomzimba zihlanzekile, kanye nombhede nombhede, uma umuntu esevele ethelelekile, ukugwema ukuzitholela ngokwakho ukutheleleka kweziguli nge-ascariasis. Okubaluleke kakhulu yizindlela zokuthathwa kwezinyathelo ezithathwa maqondana nokutheleleka kokutheleleka ngemikhiqizo.

Kukhona amacala aziwayo amaqanda e-Ascaris aphilayo ngaphezulu kwamakhekhe neminye imikhiqizo yokudla enendawo emanzi. Ngokweqiniso, akukubi neze ukupheka isinkwa esifudumele ngaphambi kokudla ku-burner yegesi. Ungadli imifino engageziwe, efana izaqathi, ulethisi, ukhukhamba, njll, ngoba amaqanda e-ascaris angalethwa emhlabathini nangaphezulu kwawo.

Ukuze ungabandakanyi lesi sifo ngezifo ze-helminth, kufaka phakathi i-ascariasis, kubalulekile ukulwa nomkhuba omubi wabanye abantu ukuluma izinzipho zabo.

I-Ascaridosis ihlala ikhona lapho ihlobo lide futhi lifudumele, ngezikhathi lapho kunomswakama omningi emhlabathini.

Kuyingozi ukudla imifino kusuka ezakhiweni zasengadini ngazinye, njengoba kusenomkhuba wokufaka umanyolo ngenhlabathi yokumbiwa komuntu. Kulezi zimo, amaqanda e-Ascaris athela inhlabathi nezitshalo. Ukusetshenziswa kwemifino engahlanzwa kusuka kumasayithi anjalo ahlala kugcwele imiphumela. Kudingeka silule umkhuba ojwayelekile wokudla emgwaqweni, esitimeleni, emotweni yetramu, njll. Akukho siqiniseko ngokumelene nokutheleleka kwezifo kulezi zimo nge-roundworm, namanye ama-nematode namanye ama-helminths, kufaka phakathi abulalayo, njenge-echinococcus noma alveococcus.

Ngakho-ke, imodi yempilo yokuhlanzeka, isimo sengqondo esiqondayo ezindabeni zokuziphatha kwesiko siyisitha esikhulu seminyundu nezinye izikelemu zokuhlanza.

Abamele imindeni ye-ascaris kungathinti abantu kuphela. Eduze komuntu ingulube imbungu ukushaya izingulube, ngenkathi kukhulu isivalo sehhashi (I-Parascaris equorum) yisidalwa esivamile sehhashi lasekhaya. Onke la mafomu asebenza ku umndeni Ascaridae. Asondele kuye umndeni I-Ascaridiidae ene-genus ejwayelekile i-Ascaridia iqukethe inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinhlobo zamathumbu athinta amathumbu wezinyoni, ikakhulukazi umhlaba. Emnothweni wezwe, i-Ascaridia galli iyisidalwa esibalulekile sezinkukhu. Leli gciwane liyingozi ikakhulukazi ezilwaneni ezincane.

Uchwepheshe weSoviet owaziwayo kuma-roundworms A. A. Mozgovoi ukhombisa ukuthi "i-ascaridosis. Imvamisa iqhubeka ngendlela yama-epizootic ngokufa okukhulu." I-ascaridosis yezinkukhu inciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda, izinkukhu, uma zingafi, bese zisala ngemuva ekukhuleni. Empini yokulwa ne-ascariasis yenkukhu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukunikeza izinyoni ngamavithamini akhulisa ukumelana nomzimba wazo ekuhlaselweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kudingeka izindlela ezikhethekile ukuvikela lesi sifo esiyingozi. Amapulazi agcina izinkukhu zihlanzekile: imfucumfucu ibulawa amagciwane, izinyoni zondliwa kusuka kwabapheki abakhethekile, abaphuzayo kumele bahlanzwe njalo ngonyaka, konke okusungulwayo kwamakheli enkukhu - abaphuzayo, abondli, kanye nezakhiwo ngokwazo zihlanzelwe ngokuphelele, ziphathwa 3- 5% isixazululo se-carbolic acid, njll. Konke lokhu kuyadingeka ukunqoba lesi sifo futhi kuvikele ukusakazeka kwaso, okusongela ukulahleka okukhulu ngenani lezinkukhu.

Isendlalelo seStrongilata

A nematode kusuka umndeni I-Strongylid (Strongylidae) - Strongylus vulgaris. Lezi yizidlakudla eziphuzi ezinkulu, izinsikazi zazo zifinyelela ubude obungu-20-21 mm (abesilisa - ama-14-16 mm). Ingxenye yangaphambili ye-stoma ithwala "umqhele" we-petals - ngaphandle nangaphakathi. I-stoma inkulu, i-goblet. Abesilisa banesici esinezimpawu ezintathu zomzimba. Izinsikazi zale maqanda amakhulu ama-nematode secrete angena endaweni yangaphandle kanye nokuphuma kwamahhashi (kanye nembongolo ne-zebra). Izibungu zonyaka wokuqala zishiya amaqanda ngosuku lokuqala. Ikhula ngokushesha okukhulu: vele ngosuku lwesibili ibhekana ne-molt yokuqala, iba izibungu zonyaka wesibili. Ngemuva kwesonto, kulandela umolt wesibili, lapho izibungu zifinyelela eminyakeni yesithathu. Lezi izibungu, ngokungazikhululeli ezikhunjeni zazo, ziba namandla ezimweni zangaphandle ngasikhathi sinye ezihlaselayo, i.e. ezithinta izilwane. Amahhashi, izimbongolo nezimbila, ezigwinya izibungu ezinjalo ngamanzi, ziba nesifo segciwane.Emahhashini, izibungu zalesi Strongilida zihlakazeka kumanyikwe, okufaka ku-catarrh enzima, imiphumela yako engadala ukufa kwesilwane. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuvikela ihhashi kulesi sifo ukuhlanzeka kokubhukuda nokuphakela, kanye nokuhlanza okufika ngesikhathi, isb., Ukuxoshwa kwendawo yokuhlanza udokotela wezilwane onguchwepheshe.

U-fig. 240. Delofondia vulgaris

I-parasite yomuntu eyingozi kakhulu nayo ingeyozindawo ezinamandla - duodenal crankhead (Ancylostoma duodenale). I-nematode ifinyelela ku-8-18 mm ubude futhi ihlala emathunjini amancane omuntu. Igama - krivogolovka - lichazwa iqiniso lokuthi ukuvulwa komlomo walesi sitshalo kuguqukele engxenyeni yesisu yomzimba. Umgodi omkhulu womlomo uhlome nge-onkhs ebukhali (amazinyo ahleliwe) athinta ulwelwesi lwama-mucous lwesisu esincane somuntu. Amanxeba okuchapha kungenye yemiphumela yezimpi eziyizigaxa emathunjini omuntu. I-Krivogolovka yande emazweni amaningi. E-USSR, waziwa eCaucasus. Izinsikazi ezindala, zigaqa amathumbu amancane omuntu, amaqanda acashile aphuma kanye nesihlalo somuntu. Ama-larvae ane-rhabditoid esophagus. Emhlabathini, aqala ngokuphila indlela yama-saprobionts afana nama-rhabditids. Ngemuva kwalokho bayeka umsoco we-saprobiotic bese baphenduka izibungu "ezinamandla", okuthi ngemuva kokuncibilika zingene esigabeni sesithathu sokuthuthuka. Izibungu ezinjalo, ngokuba sezisenhlabathini, zihlasela ezinye, i.e., ezikwazi ukungena emzimbeni womuntu. Umzuzu obucayi kakhulu ku-biology yalezi zibungu kufanele ubhekwe njengokungena egazini lomuntu ngokusebenzisa isikhumba (indlela yokuhlasela). Izibungu zekhanda elingena emzimbeni zingena ohlelweni lomzimba womuntu bese zingena ngokuqondile kwi-atrium efanelekile kanye ne-ventricle efanelekile yenhliziyo. Kamuva, ngokusebenzisa umthambo we-pulmonary artery, izibungu zingena emaphashini omuntu. I-hemoptysis kungenzeka ngalesi sikhathi. Ukusuka emaphashini, ama-nematode angena kwi-pharynx futhi ukusuka lapho angena emathunjini omuntu, ikakhulukazi ku-duodenum, lapho ikhanda le-cranial lifinyelela kumuntu omdala, ovuthiwe bese liqala ukukhipha amaqanda.

U-fig. 241. Ukuphela kwekhanda le-duodenal curved ikhanda (Ancylostoma duodenale). Amazinyo amakhulu ayabonakala emgodini womlomo.

Kuyacaca ukuthi ukuba khona kwesihlakala emzimbeni womuntu akuhlali ngaphandle kwemiphumela. Isazi u-EN. Pavlovsky sibhala, "Kubantu abaningi, kubuhlungu izinhlungu emgodini wesisu, okubi kakhulu nengcindezi. Lemizwa ebuhlungu ibuthakathaka lapho kudliwa izinto ezinjengomhlaba noma ushokoledi kuma-hookworms. . P.) kuvame ukuba nokuhlanekezelwa kokunambitheka, futhi basizwa ngokwemvelo isidingo sokudla umhlaba (i-geophagy), esingafakwa nomthelela wokulinganisa womhlaba kubuhlungu emgodini wesisu. " Umbhali uyaqhubeka, "Kuyenzeka," ukugabha kwenqwaba enamanzi, i-mucous noma i-bile. Ukuhudula kuvame kakhulu kunokuqunjelwa. Kungaba negazi esihlalweni. Kunomkhuhlane owenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile ngomkhuhlane ongafika ku-38-39 ° С. " Esikhathini esizayo, ukuqubuka kwe-anemia, ubuthakathaka, isiyezi, ukuqina komzimba kungabonakala. Umphumela obulalayo awukhishwe.

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukutheleleka kungenzeka, ngokwesibonelo, ngokuxhumana kwesikhumba esingenalutho ngomhlabathi. Ngakho-ke ukuxhumeka kwe-hookworm (njengoba isifo sibizwa kanjalo) ngomsebenzi wokumba, abalimi, abavukuzi, njll.

Ubunzima balesi sifo buchaza isidingo sokulwa nalesi sifo esiyingozi kanye nokwelashwa okukhethekile ezimweni zezifo. Ukusakazeka okugcwele kwesibalo sabantu bezindawo lapho kutholakala khona i-hookworm yisixhumanisi esibaluleke kakhulu ekulweni nalesi sifo.

Umndeni kaNitchat (Filariata). Lo mndeni uhlanganisa ne-nematode, lapho ezweni lethu kubhujiswe ngokuphelele. Lesi ngesinye sezibonelo ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu zokuthi kungenzeka ukubhujiswa okuphelele noma okuyingxenye kwama-nematode e-parasitic kusekelwe olwazini olunembile lwe-biology yabo kanye nemijikelezo yokuthuthuka. Sisho i-parasite efinyelela kubude be-120 cm ngobubanzi bomzimba we-1,0-1.7 mm. Le yi-rishta, noma iDracunculus medinensis.Lesi ngesinye sezifo eziyingozi kakhulu zabantu. Owesifazane osekhulile uhlwanyela emithanjeni ye-lymphatic, izindlala ze-lymph, nezicubu ezingaphansi, ikakhulukazi imilenze yomuntu. Lesi sifo siqala ngokulunywa ezindaweni ezithile zesikhumba, futhi kulezi zindawo kuqina ukuzwakala. Kamuva, kuvela isilonda, kusuka ekujuleni kwalo, ngokuqhuma kanye nokulimala kwesikhumba, ukuvuvukala komzimba we-rishta kungaphuma. Ngesilonda, i-nematode ifaka izinqolobane zezibungu. Kamuva, ngokuya ngendawo ye-rishta, ubuhlungu obuhlangene bungabonakala. Ukutheleleka kwesibili, amathumba, nokunye kuyenzeka. Umuntu ungenwa kanjani yi-rishta? Uma amaqanda e-rishta awela emanzini, kuvela izibungu kuwo. Kodwa-ke, into efanayo iyenzeka enhlabathini enomswakama. Emanzini, izibungu azihlali isikhathi eside, cishe izinsuku ezintathu. Ngalesi sikhathi, bangena emzimbeni we-Copepod encane - iziphepho. Izinhlobo eziningana zama-cyclops ziyaziwa, futhi zonke zazo (ama-Cyclops coronatus, C. quadricornis, uC. Oitonoides, uC. Vicinus, uC uljanini) angaba yizingosi eziphakathi kwezihlakala ze-rishta. Ama-cyclops aginya lezi zibungu futhi atheleleke. Ukusuka esiswini se-cyclops, izibungu zingena emzimbeni we-crustaceans. Lapha, i-molt, iyaqhubeka nokukhula kwazo izinyanga ezi-1 - 1.5, futhi, njengoba isele emzimbeni wama-crustaceans, ithatha ukwakheka kuma-microfilariae ajwayelekile. Uma umuntu, kanye namanzi okuphuza, egwinya i-crustacean enegciwane, izidumbu ziyogcina zingene ezicutshini ezingaphansi, bese kuthi kuqhamuke isifo esibizwa ngegama le-parasite dracunculiasis.

I-Rishta isabalele kakhulu. Waziwa e-Iran, e-India, ogwini loLwandle Olubomvu, ogwini lweNayile, e-Asia nase-Afrika. Umuntu usenesikhathi eside esazi isifo esidalwa yi-rishta. IGalen (131-201 BC) eyaziwa ngokuthi i-anatomist isivele iveze isifo esidalwa yilesi sifo. URishta wayaziwa ngababhali abangama-Arabhu kanye namaJuda asendulo asuka ogwini loLwandle Olubomvu, ayebiza nge-patodeic nematode ende eyisisekelo ngokuthi "inyoka yomlilo."

Ukuwukuphela kwekhambi ezinsukwini zakudala kwakuwukukhipha i-rishta ngokufaka isibungu eside enduku. Le ndlela yaziwa isikhathi eside kakhulu.

E-USSR, i-dracunculiasis yaqedwa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezinyathelo ezihleliwe. Babeneqiniso lokuthi baqale ngokuhlwesa bonke abantu nge-dracunculiasis. Sebeqedile nge-rishta yabantu abadala kubantu, bathatha iziphepho. Kulokhu, amadamu okugcina (izindlu) abekwe ngaphansi kokudonsa amanzi ngokulandelana. Imisebe yelanga yacekela phansi zonke iziphepho. Ngemuva kwalokho amachibi (izindlu) alungiswa, kwavalwa izikhala phakathi kwezindawo ngazinye zokuthelwa kwezindlu ngo usimende, kwathi kwakhiwa uhlelo lwamanzi edolobheni (iBukhara). Abantu benqatshelwe ngokuqinile ukuthi baphuze amanzi aluhlaza ezindaweni zokugcina ngaphandle kwesihlungi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, bekunconywa ukuthi kuphuzwe amanzi kuma-dummies, ekhaleni lawo lalimbozwe ngenduku ebunjiwe, ukuze iziphepho ezazisasele emachibini zingagwinywe ngumuntu. Ngakho-ke, kwathathwa izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukutheleleka okungenzeka nezindlela zokwelapha abantu abagulayo. Iqoqo elilodwa lezinyathelo ezisetshenziswa uhulumeni waseSoviet ngesisekelo sedatha yesayensi lenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuqeda i-dracunculiasis ngaphakathi kwezwe lethu. Kwakuyimpumelelo enhle yesayensi yaseSoviet yezikelemu zezihlwayi - ama-helminth, aziwa ngaphansi kwegama elijwayelekile helminthology. Lesi sibonelo sibonisa ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ukutadisha ngokunembile ukuthuthukiswa kwama-helminth (izibungu zeparastic). Ocwaningweni oluqondile lwesayensi lwe-helminths nokukhula kwabo, imfundiso ye ukucekelwa phansi helminths - ukuqothulwa kwabo kusuka empilweni nasekuphileni kwabantu baseSoviet.

Leli iphupho eliyigugu le-acid yaseSoviet eyedlula zonke. K. I. Scriabin.

Ukuyalelwa. Imvu ikhwehlela ngokukhwehlela okomile, okukhohlisayo. Kamuva, ukukhwehlela kuya ngokuya kukhula, kuba nzima futhi kube nzima. Emlonyeni nasemakhaleni ezimvu, kukhipha umphuzi oluhlaza okotshani ngezikhathi ezithile. Ekugcineni, isilwane siyafa. Imbangela yalokhu kufa yi-nematode eyaziwa kwisayensi njenge-Dictyocaulus filaria. Umzimba omhlophe wale nematode ufinyelela ku-30-80 mm ubude emadodeni kanye no-50-112 mm kwezinsikazi ezinobukhulu bomzimba obungu-0,35-0,59 mm.Abesilisa bane-bursa.

Ama-Nematode aqala ukuvuvukala emhlanjini we-bronchi kanye ne-trachea yemvu, imvamisa ezixineni ezinkulu, okudala ukulimala kolwelwesi lwama-mucous kanye nokubonakaliswa kwangaphandle kwesifo esichazwe ngenhla dictyocauliasis.

Kwi-bronchi futhi ngokwengxenye kwi-trachea, izinambuzane zabantu abadala zibeka amaqanda amaningi. Amaqanda acwecwa yimvu emlonyeni. Amaqanda angena emvelweni yangaphandle kuphela, izibungu ziphuma kuzo lapha. Iningi lamaqanda lingena emathunjini ezimvu. Lapha futhi kuvela izibungu emaqandeni. Ziyakhula, ziba yiselula kakhulu futhi, njengoba sezithole amathumbu esilwane ziya edlelo, zithola inani lezibungu ezihlaselayo, i.e., ezikwazi ukuba khona kwezifo zomzimba emzimbeni wemvu. Izibungu ezingabonakali ziyingozi enkulu. Zisebenza njengomthombo wokutheleleka kwezimvu nge-dictiocaulosis. Lapho nje izibungu ezinjalo, kanye nedlelo, zingena emgodini womlomo wezimvu, ukuthuthukiswa okuthe xaxa kwegciwane kuqala. Emathuneni ezimvu, izibungu zemolve, zilahla isikhumba esisele ngemuva kwe-molt yesibili (eyokuqala yayiseqanda), bese ingena emikhunjini yezimvu ye-lymphatic. Embhedeni wale mikhumbi, izibungu zingena enhliziyweni, zisuke lapho zingene emaphashini ezimvu. Kudabula imithambo yegazi emincane yamaphaphu, izibungu zingena nge-bronchi. Umphumela wokutheleleka kuya ngesilinganiso sokuhlaselwa kwezimvu. Uma kukukhulu, ukufa kwesilwane kungumphumela ojwayelekile wesifo.

I-Dictiocauliasis yisishayo sokufuthwa kwezimvu, ngakho-ke kulwa umzabalazo ongaqondile ngalesi sifo sezimvu, lapho, ngaphezu kwempatho ekhethekile yezimvu, umbuso wamadlelo wezimvu ubaluleke kakhulu. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi izibungu ze-diktiocaulus ziqala ukuhlasela ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-6-7, izimvu zigcinwa kuleli dlelo isikhathi esingadluli ezinsukwini ezinhlanu, bese zigcotshwa edlelo elisha, lapho nazo zidlela khona izinsuku ezingadluli ezinhlanu, zidlulela kumasayithi amasha. Njengomphumela wokunyakaza okunjalo okuhleliwe kwezimvu, kuvela okulandelayo: izibungu ze-diktiocaulus zikhula emathunjini ezimvu, kuthi lapho zifika lapho kanye nokugcotshwa kwezilwane, zifinyelele esiteji sokuhlasela, kepha zingamtholi umnikazi, i.e., imvu (sezivele zithuthelwe edlelo elihlanzekile) . "Ibala lempi" - idlelo - lishiywa yizimvu ngesikhathi, bese izibungu ezisele ze-dictiocaulus ziyafa. Kucace bha ukuthi lo mcimbi onobungqabavu ungenzeka kuphela ezimeni zamapulazi amakhulu e-Motherland yethu kanye namadlelo awo amakhulu.

Ezinye izilwane, kufaka nezinkomo, nazo zihlushwa yi-dictyocaulosis, kepha uhlobo oluhlukile ngumgomo osebenzayo kuleli cala.

Isistimu yokugaya i-Roundworm

Ama-Nematode, noma abeke nje, ama-roundworms, ngokungafani nezihlobo zawo, anikezwe ngethambo. Amathumbu adlula kuwo wonke umzimba we-helminth, athathe isimo seshubhu eqondile. Ukudla kuqala kungena umphimbo (ingxenye yokuqala yamathumbu), emelelwa izindonga zemisipha.

Ukudla okuyinhloko kwama-parasites yi-algae, ama-bacteria, izinhlayiya zokubola kwe-organic - ngokuya ngendawo. Izimuncagazi ezihlaselayo emgodleni womlomo zinamazinyo akhethekile - ama-cuticles. Ama-nematode afanayo adla kuqoqo lezitshalo, izilwane, nabantu.

Imishini yokuphefumula

Njengomthetho, ukuphefumula ngama-roundworms kwenzeka kuwo wonke umzimba, ngoba akukho hlelo lokujikeleza kokuhlinzekwa kwegazi. Ngokufanelekile, asikho isidingo sokudluliselwa kwe-oksijini kuzo zonke izitho zomzimba. Amandla atholakala ekudleni akhishwa ngokuqhekeka kwe-glycogen, into ephilayo.

I-Neodeological kadi ye-nematode

Uhlelo lokuhlinzekwa ngezinzwa lulula, kepha luyasebenza futhi luyindandatho yezinzwa yepheriopharyngeal enamagatsha amaningi ezinzwa avela kulo, lapho kudluliselwa khona izifiso. Ezimbili zazo: i-dorsal kanye nesisu, zinesakhiwo esijulile futhi zidlula ezingxenyeni ze-hypodermal zezingxenye ezihambisanayo zepherishi. Ama-Jumpers axhuma iziphetho zezinzwa ohlelweni olulodwa.

Izitho zokuthinta kanye nokuqonda kwamakhemikhali kukhule kahle. Izitho ezinomsindo kuma-nematode azikho.

Umjikelezo Wempilo we-Nematode

Ama-roundworms ngesikhathi sikhona abhekana nezigaba ezinhlanu zokukhula: ezine zazo zingama-larval nomdala oyedwa. Zonke izinguquko zihlotshaniswa nokushintshwa kwemvelo noma ukufuduka kusuka kumgcini owodwa kuya kwesinye.

Ama-parasites aphilayo ngokukhululeka ngaphansi kwethonya lendlala engaguquki angaletha izibungu, ezibizwa ngokuthi izibungu ze-Dauer.

I-Biohelminths

Ama-biohelminths ayizinhlobo zezinambuzane ezithuthuka kuphela lapho kukhona abathwali abaphakathi, futhi isigaba sezikelemu zalolu hlobo uqobo lubhekwa njengento encane. Isimo sezulu esifanelekile sokuthuthukiswa kwama-biohelminths yi-subtropics and tropical. Ungowomndeni I-Fil-lariodea futhi ziyimbangela yezifo - filariasis.

Abathwali abahamba phambili ngabantu, ama-anthropoid nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo. Ama-biohelminths ahanjiswa yizinambuzane ezahlukahlukene eziunca igazi.

Indawo yokuhlala yabantu abadala (philariae) yizicubu zangaphakathi, lapho izibungu (microfilariae) zingena khona nge-lymph negazi. Emzimbeni we-transmitter, i-parasite iba ngokulandelayo: ngemuva kokulunywa yisinambuzane, i-microfillaria ifika esiswini, bese isibungu sidlulela ezicutshini zemisipha, lapho sifinyelela esigabeni sokuhlaselwa, bese siye ku-proboscis. Ngakho-ke, lesi sinambuzane ngokushesha sisebenza njengotwali kanye nesithwali.

Ama-Filarias angena egazini kuphela lapho ophethe esebenza kakhulu. Endabeni yomiyane, lesi yisikhathi sasebusuku nobusuku. Kuma-Horseflies - ekuseni nakusihlwa Lapho udlulisa i-phillaria ngama-midges noma ama-midges, ukuphuma kwawo akunaso isikhathi esithile, futhi kuncike kuphela kumswakama.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-roundworms

1. I-Wuchereria banctofti: kubantu nasezinkalweni, kugxile emithanjeni yegazi nama-lymph node. Kuholela ekumeni kwegazi kanye ne-lymph. Futhi kuyimbangela ye-elephantiasis kanye ne-allergies. Isithwali esiyinhloko umiyane.
2. Brugia malayi: abanikazi bokugcina bangabantu, ezinye izinhlobo zezinkawu, nomndeni wekati. I-pathogenicity kanye nokuhlushwa kuyafana I-Wuchereria banctofti. Futhi kuthwalwa omiyane.
3. I-Oncocerca volvulus: idluliselwa ngama-midges, futhi ophethe i-helminth ungumuntu. Kuhlanganiswe emzimbeni ngaphansi kwesikhumba sekhanda, isifuba, izingalo nemilenze. Ikhuthaza ukwakheka kwamaqhubu abuhlungu. Ukugxila endaweni yezitho zombono - kungadala ubumpumputhe.
4. Loa loa: okwenziwe ngaphansi kwesikhumba nolwelwesi lwama-mucous kubantu nasezinkomeni, kwakha amaqhubu abuhlungu namathumba. Iphathwe ngamahhashi.
5. Mansonella: kugxila emzimbeni wesithwali, okungabantu, kungqimba lwamafutha angaphansi, imiyalezo yesisu nangaphansi kolwelwesi lwama-serous. Iphathwe ngokuluma imijondolo.

Kuyafaneleka futhi ukusho izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zama-roundworms.

Iqembu leTylenchidae

Umhlaba wama-ejenti we-parasitic agents ohlanganisa izitho zabantu nezilwane uhlukile futhi ufaka inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zama-nematode. Asinalo ithuba lapha lokuqhubeka nokuchaza la ma-helminth. Kusalokhu kuthatha isikhathi eside kwabanye abamele abalawuli bezimali, kuhunyushwe ekuvuseleleni ezingxenyeni zezitshalo. Onke lamathumbu, anesibalo esiphelele sezinhlobo eziyi-1000, angawazo iqembu tylenchid (Tulenchidae).

Isiqu Sematat okungokwalabo umndeni UTylenchidae nohlobo Ditylenchus. Masihlale encazelweni ye-stode nematode ethelela igalikhi no-anyanisi. Ukukhetha kwethu kunqunywa ngumonakalo omkhulu obangelwa yile nematode izilimo ze-anyanisi emapulazini ezwe lethu. Ku-storages, ukulahleka kungafinyelela ama-40-60% ama-bulbs agcinwe, lawo wokugcina athinteka yi-anyode stem nematode bese efa ngenxa yokubola okubabayo.

I-stode nematode okukhulunywa ngayo ibizwa nge-Ditylenchus dipsaci. Lolu hlobo lungelunombolo lwezinhlobo zama-polytypic, i.e. ezinokuguquguquka okubanzi kwemvelo, noma i-valency.Lokhu kuvezwa, ikakhulukazi, eqinisweni lokuthi i-Ditylenchus dipsaci inika inani elikhulu lezinhlanga zemvelo eziguqiselwe ekuhlakazweni kwezitshalo eziningi.Ngakho-ke, umjaho we-anyanisi ungathela amandla hhayi kuphela ezicutshini zika-anyanisi nesweli, kodwa futhi nangobhontshisi, i-buckwheat, isipinashi, ifolishi beet, lwesinaphi, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi nezinye izitshalo.

Ngabe iditylench idla kanjani? Okokuqala, kuye, njengabo bonke abanye abamele i-tylenchid oda, ukuguqulwa komgodi womlomo kube isikhali esincane abukhali - isitayela, kuyisici. E-Ditylenchus dipsaci, isitayela sifinyelela ku-11 mm ubude. Umphetho ongaphambili wesitayela unqunywe ngokungabonakali bese ukhonjwa, njengenaliti yesirinji yezokwelapha. Ekupheleni ngemuva, isitayela sithwala "amakhanda" amathathu. Izixha ezintathu zemisipha zinamathiselwe kulezi "zinhloko", izinhlangothi eziphikisanayo zazo ezixhunyaniswe ezigabeni ezintathu zesisekelo se-basal. Lawa basal septa akha isisekelo sesitayela sekhanda lekhanda, eliyisiphetho sangaphambili somzimba we-lithylench. Izinyanda ezintathu zemisipha yezitayela zakha ezintathu protractoranamandla amakhulu we-motor futhi akwazi ukulahla ngokushesha isitayela ngomlomo omncane ovulekile ngaphandle. UDitylench “uphendula” ngokoqobo ngesitayela sakhe, azihlabe ngomgodi omfishane egobolondweni olubuthaka noluncane. Isitayela, noma kunjalo, asisebenzisi kuphela njengesitho "esiphumelelayo", kepha futhi njengesitho lapho i-Ditylench ingena khona iseli elincibilikile lesiteshi salo sangaphakathi. Yonke le ndlela eqondile nehambisekayo inezinto ezinobukhulu obukhulu. Ngeke kube yiphutha uma sithi phambi kwethu kungumsebenzi wobucwebe obuhle kunabo bonke! Lesi isikhali seDitylench nanoma yimuphi omunye umuntu omele ama-nematode kusuka iqembu tylenchid . Igama lale yunithi, iTylenchida, lahlanganiswa yi-English nematologist Bastian ngo-1865 ngokuhlanganisa amagama amabili esiGreek: tylos - ummbila ("amakhanda" wesitayela) nama-enchos - inaliti. Ukucaciswa kwesitayela kudlulela ku-lumen ye-esophagus, okuthi ekuqaleni, okungukuthi, eduze kwesitayela, ibe nobubanzi obufana nokucaciswa kwestayela.

I-esophagus ihlukaniswe iminyango emithathu: umzimba, isthmus (isthmus) kanye isibazi senhliziyo. I-Corpus yona ihlukaniswe engxenyeni engaphambili, noma i-corpus, kanye ne-back - i-metacorpus, enwetshiwe kuma-tylenchids amaningi, kufaka phakathi i-anyanisi dilenchus, ebhalini eliphakathi.

Ukuze siqonde okushiwo umsebenzi wokuqobeka (ukubhoboza) wefashini, masihlale phezu kwemisebenzi yalesi sibabule. I-metacorpal bulb ifakwe izicubu futhi iyakwazi ukunyakaza kokuncela kokuthwala, eqinisweni, eguqula isitayela hhayi nje ukubhoboza, kodwa futhi nesitho esincelayo. Ngakho-ke, isitayela se-tylenchid sinenani lesitho sokubhoboza futhi ngesimo esirhaba singafaniswa neendlela zokubhoboza ezinye izinambuzane (ama-aphid, omiyane, izimbungulu, njll.).

Kodwa-ke, isitayela sinokugcwalisa umsebenzi waso kuphela uma futhi lapho isiphuzo sayo sokubhoboza sicwiliswa kuketshezi, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ku-ketshezi olunokubonisa okuphansi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, umsebenzi wakhe uzoba nzima noma ungaphumeleli. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akwanele ukunamathisela isitayela enkulwini ebonakalayo njenge-plasma yeseli lesitshalo. Kuyadingeka ukuncibilikisa le plasma. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kufanele ube nemishini ekwazi ukwenza lo msebenzi. Futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi kuyadingeka ukuvula iseli leseli lesitshalo libe yimikhiqizo encibilikisiwe emanzini. Lo msebenzi wenziwa yizindlala ezintathu ezilele ku-bulb yenhliziyo. Okubaluleke kakhulu umgogodla womgogodla, okuthi kuwo i-ditylenchus kube ne-duct ende exretory egeleza ku-lumen ye-esophagus ngemuva kwesitayela. I-excretion yaleli gland igeleza phakathi kwe-duct ye-excretory, igeleze ngaphakathi kwe-stylet patity futhi ifakwe ku-plasma yeseli lesitshalo. Isenzo salokhu kukhipha inyongo komgogodla sicishe sisheshe leso sikhathi: sichitha noma siguqule izakhi ze-plasma zeseli lesitshalo nakho konke okuqukethwe, futhi ezintweni ezithile ezisuka kumaprotheni nama-polysaccharides (phakathi kwezinye izinto, esingeke sikhulume ngakho lapha). Amaprotheyini aqhekeke phansi abe yizinto ezilula, ezincibilikayo, ama-polysaccharides aguqulwa abe ama- mono- kanye nama-disaccharides, nawo ancibilikiswa emanzini. Lokhu, empeleni, kuyisisekelo senqubo yokuthathwa kwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi njengamaprotheni nama-polysaccharides.Ukuziletha ezintweni ezincibilikayo futhi ezingamanzi kalula kuguqula lezi zinto ezilula zibe izinto umzimba wesilwane, kufaka phakathi izidalwa ze-microscopic phytoparasitic nematode zethu, ezikwazi ukudonsa. Lokhu kusebenza nakwezinye izinto zomdalo ovela e-organic, umhlaba wezitshalo ocebile kakhulu kuwo - amafutha, izicucu, amagobolondo e-pectin "anamathela ndawonye" okutshala amaseli abe izicubu zetomu elilodwa nokwakheka, kunjengokungathi, ngendwangu lapho iphethini yezicubu zezinto eziphilayo ihlanganiswa ngemvelo uqobo lwayo. I-Ditylench namanye ama-tylenchids ngezindlela ezihlukile futhi ngamazinga ahlukahlukene abhubhisa lezi zinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezinto eziphilayo, azilethe ekugayekeni okuthe xaxa futhi ikakhulukazi, futhi ikakhulukazi emizimbeni encibilikayo.

U-fig. 242. I-anyanisi-garlic ditylench (Ditylenchus dipsaci): 1 - isitayela, 2 - esophagus, 3 - i-bulb ephakathi, i-4 - i-esophagus gland, i-5 - indandatho ye-nerve, i-6 - i-duct ye-excretory, i-7 - amathumbu aphakathi, u-8 - u-anus, 9 - esibelethweni

Yini isisekelo saleli khono elimangalisayo le “mibungu” yethu encane? Isayensi inika impendulo ecacile ejwayelekile yalo mbuzo: kulokhu kuguqulwa kwezakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi zamaseli wezitshalo eziphilayo nezicubu zibe yizinto ezincibilikayo nezokugaya ukudla, ama-enzyme atholwe ama-thylenechids emithanjeni emithathu ye-esophagus efakwe noma ehlotshaniswa ne-esophagus ayasinda. Izindlala secrete fluid. Umgogodla umgogodla ngokusobala uy inani eliholayo. I-excreta yakhe, equkethe ama-enzyme, igeleza kungaphansi kwesitayela noma i-lumen yomkhakha ongaphandle we-metacorpal bulb. Ukusuka lapha, i-excreta ebilisiwe ingena emgodini wobumba bese ingena esitokisini sesitshalo. Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi, ingxenye esondele kakhulu ye-plasma yeseli, iphathwa ngethonsi le-enzymatic excretion, iyancibilika futhi idonswe embuthweni we-esophagus ngamandla ancelayo we-metacorpal bulb. Kodwa-ke, isitayela ngokwaso “siyamunca”, ngoba sidlala indima ye-microcapillary ngamandla amakhulu ancelayo. Ngakho-ke, eqinisweni, ukugaya okungaphandle kwangaphandle kutholakala kuma-tylenchids. Isendalo isilungile, ihlanjululwe futhi. igaywe ngisho nangaphandle kwe-nematode, kwehla umsoco emathunjini aphakathi. Ngakho-ke la ma-phodoparasitic nematode ayondla.

I-anyanisi Ditylench, noma umjaho we-anyanisi (Ditylenchus dipsaci), unamandla okudla ngokwahlukile. Le nematode ayinamathelisi isitayela kumaseli wesibani. Kwephula kuphela ubuqotho bezicubu ngesitayela futhi sisebenza nge-enzyme yaso kumagobolondo e-pectin amaseli ezitshalo. Amagobolondo ayaqhibilika bese izicubu ze-bulb zithola lokho okuthiwa maceration, isb., ivela ibe amaseli angaxhunyanwanga zombili manje. Okuqukethwe kwawo kukhipha inyongo yangaphandle, ibe yisidlanzana samanzi esinezakhi ezincibilikisiwe kuso, sikhishwe ngukungafani kwamaseli. Lesi sixazululo siphinde sondle i-nematode. I-Maceration ivumela i-nematode ukuthi ingene ijule ngaphakathi kwezicubu ze-bulb futhi ikubhubhise kancane kancane, idle ngemikhiqizo yokuwohloka kwemvelo yezinto eziphilayo.

Kodwa-ke, i-nematode ayidli nje kuphela, kodwa futhi iqala ukukhiqiza amaqanda. Ukusuka emaqanda lapha, kulomaphakathi ovuthiwe, kuzalwa izibungu. Ngisho eqandeni, izibungu zeminyaka yokuqala molt. Baphuma kumagobolondo amaqanda, baphenduka imvelo yezicubu ze-anyanisi ezixubile kanye nezihlobo zabo ezindala. Ngemuva kokuncibilikisa kumagobolondo amaqanda, baba izibungu zesibili. Ngemuva kwalokho baphinde banciphe badlulele eminyakeni yesithathu. Kamuva, kwenzeka i-molt yesithathu bese izibungu zifinyelela eminyakeni yesine. Ngemuva kwe-molt yesine, ama-nematode aphenduka amafomu amadala. Yonke le ntuthuko ithatha izinsuku eziyi-10-12. Iyaqhubeka, ngakho-ke, ngokushesha okukhulu, yize incanyana ngokungenakuqhathaniswa kunaleyo yama-rhabditids. Ukuthuthuka kushesha ngokwanele ukuze emaqanda angama-250 umuntu oyedwa wesifazane awanikeza empilweni yakhe, kukhule inzalo enkulu. Yonke le nzalo - futhi lesi yisici esibonisa i-ditylenchus - ayishiyi isibani lapho intuthuko yaqala khona.Ngokuphambene nalokho, ezicutshini zayo imigqa yezizukulwane ezilandelanayo ikhula, futhi njengoba isikhathi sokuphila se-lithylench sikhulu (okungenani unyaka), ama-nematode amaningi aqongelela izicubu ze-bulb ngesikhathi ihlala emhlabathini bese igcinwa. Ngakho-ke, kwelinye i-clove likagalikhi, amakhophi angama-7186 ama-ditylench abalwa kanye!

Uma usika i-anyanisi noma i-clove kagalikhi ibe yizicucu ezincane bese uyicwilisa efulethini elinamanzi lapho izolala khona kugridi yensimbi, khona-ke ngisho nange iso elilula, noma okungcono, ngaphansi kwengilazi ekhulisa kabili, ungabona isithombe esishaya okokuqala lapho usibona. Izinkulungwane zama-ditylenchas ziqala ukuvela ezingxenyeni ze-anyanisi noma zikagalikhi ngemuva kwemizuzu embalwa, zingene kancane entanyeni yelihleko. Beqeda, bangena kwishubhu yerabha ebekwe emqaleni wethanga. Ukusuka lapho, ngokusabalalisa imilenze ye-clamp, ungakhetha lokhu kumiswa kwamatomato kushubhu elingena esikhundleni. Ukubheka ukulungiswa kwalezi zimpawu ngaphansi kwesembozo kuzosinika ithuba lokuzijwayela ngenhlangano ye-ditylench. Sibona zonke izici ezijwayelekile zalesi silwane semicroscopic, izinsikazi zazo ezingaphezulu kwe-1 mm ubude: isitayela, abavikeli baso, i-bulb esophageal, iphakethe elinamandla lezindlala ngemuva kwe-esophagus, izitho zangasese, iziponji kanye namaphiko e-bursal kowesilisa esifundeni somsila. Kwabesifazane, isitho esikhethekile siyabonakala ku-oviduct indlala yangaphambi kwembeswaokuqukethe imigqa emine yamaseli ayindilinga. Kukholelwa ukuthi lo mbala ufihla i-excreta, ekhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kolunye lwezaqatha zeqanda. Ngokubakhona kwalesi gland, kulula ukubona ubulukhuni.

To stem nematode, noma ditylenhamfuthi ingeye-potity ditylench, efana kakhulu nale echazwe ngaphambili. I-Dietilench amazambane ingesinye sezifo eziyingozi kakhulu zezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane, esidala ukulahleka okukhulu ekhaya.

Amathambo amade. Phakathi kwamafomu i-tylenchid ama-nematode ayingozi ngokwedlulele ayaziwa inyongo nematode - Meloidogyne. Abesifazane kulezi zimpawu zinomzimba ovuvukayo, abesilisa banciphile. Umphetho ongaphakathi nangaphandle ngandlela thile ongaphandle komzimba wowesifazane uphethe ikhanda elincane elihlotshiswe ngesitayela. Emuva kokuvuvukala komzimba kulele amathumbu amakhulu namashubhu amabili wokuzala akhiqiza inqwaba yamaqanda - ngaphezu kwenkulungwane kokuba khona kwezinyanga ezimbili zowesifazane. Izibungu zamathumbu enyongo, lapho ushiya ulwelwesi lweqanda, ungene emhlabathini bese ungena ezimpandeni zezinhlobo zezitshalo eziningi. Imvamisa, izibungu zingena emgogodleni eduze kwesiqu. Ziqhubekela phambili bese zizinza endaweni, ziguqula ukuphela kwekhanda kube yingxenye yemithambo yempande. Kusuka kulo mzuzu, ukuhamba kwe-larval kuyaphela. Ziba izilwane ezihlala phansi, noma ezixakile. Intuthuko iqala, idlula ochungechungeni lwezibungu ezine nesigaba esisodwa sabadala. Njengoba sikhula, ububanzi bomzimba bozibungu bukhuphuka futhi buba ngowesifazane omdala noma owesilisa oshisayo. Abesilisa bavame ukuvela ngokungajwayelekile futhi ikakhulukazi ngezimo zokuya ngokuya ziba zimbi.

Ngenkathi intuthuko iqhubeka, ngaphansi kwethonya lama-encyclopedia (ama-enzyme) ama-nematode, ushintsho olukhulu esimweni sokuphila sezakhi zamangqamuzana kwezicubu zezimpande luyenzeka, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, lezo ezisondele ekugcineni kwekhanda lezibungu ezikhulayo. Amaseli akhuphuka ngosayizi futhi alahlekelwa amandla awo okuhlukanisa, naphezu kokuthi i-nucleus yamaseli anjalo ihlukaniswa kaninginingi. Ngakho-ke, amaseli amakhulu wamazwe amaningi, abizwa isiqhwaga. Ngokubambisana, kukhona ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwamaseli azungeze i-nematode, kanye nokuthuthuka kwesimila sezimpande, esinesimo esiyindilinga futhi esaziwa ngokuthi yenyongo, yingakho igama elithi "gall nematode." Ama-Gauls anjengebuhlalu aphonsa izimpande ezithintekile yi-nematode yenyongo. Lapha kuyadingeka ukukhuluma ngakolunye uhlangothi lokwakheka kwenyongo. Iqiniso ngukuthi inyongo yakheka njengoba intokazi ikhula, ifakwe ngaphakathi kwezicubu zayo. Ngokungathi kunjalo, inyongo iyibhokisi lepilisi le-nematode inyongo, "inqaba" yayo, ukuvikelwa kwayo, imvelo lapho ihlala khona, ikhula futhi inikeze inzalo.Empilweni yowesifazane osefinyelele esimweni esivuthiwe, kufika isikhathi esibaluleke kakhulu - ukulungiselela ukwehlukaniswa kwamaqanda. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-fibrous mass iqala ukuvela ngaphandle kwezindlala ze-anal, ezinqwabelana ngezingxenye ezisekupheleni kwasemzimbeni wesifazane. Isisindo esinefibrous sanda ngenxa yokuqhuma kwesigqi yazo zonke izingxenye zayo ezintsha. Cishe njalo ngemizuzwana eyi-10, kudedelwa ithonsi elisha lokuphuma kokukhipha i-fibrous. Lapho yonke indawo yesibeletho sowesifazane sangasese imbozwe ngenqwaba yemisipha, amaqanda aqala ukubonakala kuyo. Ngale ndlela kwakhiwa isikhwama samaqanda, noma ooteka.

Lapho kuvela izibungu ngamaqanda, ukuphela kwazo kungahluka. Ingxenye yama-larva asondele kakhulu ngaphandle kwangaphandle kwamaqabunga enyongo emhlabathini futhi ithela izimpande ezintsha. Abanye bahlala enyindini, bahlala kuyo noma eduze kwayo. Ngakho-ke, inyongo iya ngokuya ikhula. U-Arises inyongo eyinkimbinkimbi, noma singall. I-Singalla ingafinyelela osayizi abakhulu kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi ifinyelela ku-2-3 cm ubukhulu. Ukusuka kumabhayi anjalo, izibungu eziningi zingahlukaniswa zibe ithala elinamanzi.

U-fig. 243. nematode: A - ezintathu zezinso zenyongo (1) ezingxenyeni zezimpande zikhukhamba, 2 - iseli elikhulu, 3 - i-nuclei yamaseli amakhulu. B - ichopho lempande yesitshalo likhukhamba. Izibungu ze-nematode ezingena emzimbeni zingena kwezicubu zezimpande

Isiphetho seGauls ngaso sonke isikhathi siyafana. Ekuqaleni zimhlophe, zinobuso obumanzi be-opalescent. Kamuva, izinqubo ziqala kuzo. necrosis - indlela lesi sitshalo esiqala ngayo ukubakhona kwezinambuzane ezingxenyeni zezimpande. Lapho-ke inyongo iya ngokuya iba nsundu. Izinqubo ze-Necrotic kuzo zidonsela amabhaktheriya enhlabathi abulala amagciwane. Ngemuva kwamagciwane nezinqubo zokubola okubangelwa yizo, ama-rhabditides e-saprobiotic asevele esazi ukuthi angena kulokho kubola. Ngenxa yalokhu, zombili inyongo nezindawo zohlelo oluthintekayo lwezimpande ziyachithwa. Isitshalo mhlawumbe sicindezelwe futhi asivezi izithelo, noma sifa ngokuphelele. Ezingadini zokugcina izithombo, ngenxa yokuvela kabusha kwezimpawu zenyongo, enkulu umthamo we-ndode, umphumela lapho ezimweni eziningi ukubhujiswa okufika kuma-40-60% ezitshalo zezitshalo eziphambili zalamapulazi (ikhukhamba). Lawa ama-nematode enyongo, athinta amakhulu ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo, kufaka phakathi abamba ukushisa, ingadi, ikhabe, izithelo nobuchwepheshe.

Ukulwa nalezi zi-nematode kunzima kakhulu futhi kuyabiza. Kuze kube manje, azikho izindlela ezithembekile zokulawula ezitholakele ezingakuqinisekisa ngokuphelele ukuqothulwa kwezidakamizwa zenyongo, yize kube nempumelelo ekusetshenzisweni kwezidakamizwa ezahlukahlukene ze-anti-nematode, ezaziwa ngaphansi kwegama elijwayelekile nematicides. Banganciphisa ukulahleka futhi banikeze ipulazi ukuphumula, yize kudingeka ukuthi umhlaba ubeke kaningi ekwelashweni ngamakhemikhali, kuphindaphindwa lokhu kubiza ngokweqile “kwamakhemikhali” wezindawo zomhlabathi ezingasebenzi kahle, okungukuthi, ngezikhathi ezikhulayo eziningana.

Okuthakazelisa kakhulu kungokokuqala enhlanganweni yayo yenhlangano enamathela enhlabathi umndeni Cephalobidae. I-cuticle yabo ecwebezelayo iqukethe izindandatho ezinkulu, ezihlotshiswe ngokungatheni ngamalambu amachashazi acwebezelayo. Kodwa-ke, kunakwa ngokukhethekile enhlanganweni yenhloko: ihlome ngezinto ezihlotshisiwe zegatsha, ezazibizwa ngokuthi ama-probol. Proboles bakha izinsiza eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngosizo lapho i-nematode idiliza imfucumfucu ebolile, esebenza njengomthombo wokudla kwe-Cephalobidae. Iningi lalezi zimpawu ziyakwazi ukungena ezimpandeni. Ngakho-ke, abanye ososayensi babheka leli qembu lama-nematode njengezilwane eziqale indlela yokufunda kahle izicubu zezitshalo zisebenzisa izikhali zazo zokuqala.

U-fig. 244. Abamele inhlabathi uCephalobidae: A - Acrobeles complexus, B - inhloko ye-Acrobes ciliatus, C - inhloko ye-Acrobeles ctenocephalus, D - inhloko ye-Acrobeles ornatus. Izikhala ezakhiwe kahle ziyabonakala.

Ngokungezelela kuma-phytoparasitic nematode ashiwo ngenhla, ezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zidala umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo. Ucwaningo lwalezi zimpawu (i-tylenchid) bathembisana phytohelminthologists - Abamele isayensi esencane futhi esanda ukukhula - phytohelminthology, noma i-phytonematology, njengoba le science ibizwa emazweni amaningi.

Isiphetho

Kunzima ukuphendula umbuzo lapho engekho khona ama-nematode. Yebo, kunjalo, abekho eziphethwini ezishisayo. Kodwa-ke, emizimbeni yamanzi enamazinga okushisa angaba ngu-40 ° C, ayaziwa. Ama-Nematode ahlala kuzo zonke izindawo lapho kungenzeka khona impilo. Bekungeke kube ukweqisa ukusho ukuthi i-biology iyonke iyindawo yokuphila ye-nematode. Emhlabathini, ngokuya ngenani lama-nematode, iqembu elibusayo lezinto ezinhlobonhlobo zomhlaba. Ngaphansi kwezilwandle nolwandle "kunamachashaza" ane nematode. Azikho izilwane ezinjalo ezinemilando eminingi ezithweni okungatholakalanga ukuthi izidumbu zazo zitholakala kuzo. Ama-Nematode aqala ukubulala izinambuzane. Zitholakala ezingxenyeni zama-cestode. Ngokungangabazeki, umuntu uzomangala ngezitshalo lapho bekungeke kube ne-nematode eyodwa. Ama-Nematode namaqanda abo ayaziwa ukuthuthwa ngomoya ngomoya. Zijabulile. Alikho elinye iqembu lezilwane 'elingazigabisayo' ngokwanda okumangalisa kangaka. Indima ye-nematode emvelweni ngokungangabazeki inkulu kakhulu. Kungaba ngenye indlela uma wonke umhlabathi ungenwe yibo, uma kwesinye isikhathi isitshalo ngasinye kungenzeka sihlangane nabo, uma iba yizingxenye zezilwane cishe zonke, uma behlasela izitshalo zethu, uma zingena yonke indawo? Lokhu kwanda kwe-nematode kuyinto ethakazelisa kakhulu yomlando wabo, impilo yabo.

Ukutadisha izimfihlo zempumelelo eyinqayizivele yama-nematode - lezi izilwane ezincane kakhulu - kungenye yezinkinga ezibalulekile ze-zoology yesimanje kanye nawo wonke umnotho wezwe.

Izitho zokugaya

Uhlelo lokugaya ama-roundworms lunesakhiwo esithuthuka ngokwengeziwe. Ama-roundworms ahlukahluka kuma-flatworms ngokubakhona kwe-anus. Baphinde bahlukanise i-hindgut.

Indlela yokugaya ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu: phambili, maphakathi kanye emuva. Ukudla kudonswa ngomlomo, kungena emphinjeni kanye nase-esophagus. Ukugaya kwesigaxa sokudla kwenzeka engxenyeni ephakathi, kuthi ngemuva kokufakwa kwezakhi zomzimba, izinsalela zisuswe.

Ukuhamba kokudla manje kwenziwa endaweni eyodwa kuphela, okunomthelela ekugayeni okungcono.

Uhlelo lokugaya lwesikelesi

Ukuqhathanisa ama-annelids nama-roundworms, ukufana kwawo nokwehluka

Futhi, ama-roundworms kwimijikelezo yempilo yabo ajwayele ukusebenzisa ibamba eliphakathi ekuthuthukiseni okugcwele. Ama-ringworms awona uphawu. Ama-Annelids ahlukahluka kumazungezo ngokubakhona kohlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi oluvaliwe, olumelelwa yimithambo yesisu nomgogodla.

Ukuqhathaniswa kwezibungu ezisicaba nezindilinga, ukufana kwazo nokungafani

Indlela yokuphila kanye nokudla kwama-roundworms

Indawo yendawo yama-roundworms ihluke kakhulu. Bahlala ekujuleni kolwandle, bahlala emanzini acwebile, enhlabathini, ezinye izinhlobo ziphila impilo yokuhlanzeka, zibangela izifo ezinqala kubantu nasezilwaneni.

Umsoco wama-nematode uncike kwendlela yokuphila, amanye adla ama-algae kanye nama-bacteria, amanye adla ngomzimba womsingathi, futhi kunezinhlobo zezilwane ezidliwayo.

Ukubaluleka kwemvelo nempilo yomuntu

Ama-roundworms ayingxenye ebalulekile yamaketanga wokudla. Abantu abaphilayo ngokukhululeka bamunca ama-bacterium, ama-protozoa, futhi uqobo baba ukudla kwezinhlanzi nama-crustaceans.

Izinhlobo ezihlala emhlabeni zidla ngokubola kwezinto eziphilayo, ngaleyo ndlela zibambe iqhaza ekwakhekeni komhlaba.

Ama-nematode amaningi aphila impilo yokuhlakulela, adale ukulimala kwezolimo. Ama-roundworms, ama-pinworms asebenzisa izilwane, izinambuzane, izinyoni njengabagcini abakhulu noma abaphakathi. Iba imbangela yezifo ezimbi kakhulu nokufa kwezinto eziphilayo.

Ama-roundworms angathela isikhunta nezitshalo, anciphise isivuno esikhulu. Ama-Nematode angena ohlelweni lwezimpande futhi aholele ekufeni kwethanga, ngaleyo ndlela evimba ukukhula kwezitshalo. Okusanhlamvu nemifino (u-anyanisi, amazambane, ama-nematode kakolweni) kuvame ukutheleleka ngaleli gciwane.

Nematodoses

Ama-parasites esintu, okuluhlobo lwewormworm, abangela ama-nematodoses - izifo ezinzima ze-helminth. Amagciwane aphambili yi-Ascarididae (ascariasis), Trichinella spiralis (trichinosis), Enterobius vermicularis (Enterobiosis).

Roundworm ikhula esiswini esincane. Amaqanda angena emzimbeni womuntu ngemifino noma izithelo engahlanzwa. Kuqhamuke izibungu kubo, ezingena odongeni lwamathumbu, zingene egazini zingene kwezicubu zamaphaphu. Ngemuva kwalokho izibungu zilindelwe ku-oropharynx bese zigwinywa futhi. I-larva, engena emathunjini, ikhula ibe ngumuntu omdala futhi iholele ekukhuleni kwe-ascariasis.

Amaphinifa - Parasites 5-10mm ngosayizi. Ihleli emathunjini amakhulu, isitsha sithinta izingane. Izikhonkwane zabesifazane ziphuma ezintuthwaneni zibeke amaqanda lapho. Lokhu kuhambisana nokulunywa kanzima. Ingane iwela izindawo ezigwinya futhi amaqanda awela ngaphansi kwezipikili. Ngakho-ke ngezandla ezigezwe kabi kukhona ukutheleleka kabusha.

Ayikho into eyingozi yegciwane trichinella. Kuvame kakhulu emapulazini azalela izingulube. Inyama yezilwane ethintwe yiTrichinella iqukethe ama-cysts. Uma umuntu edla ukudla okungenwe yileli gciwane, ama-cysts angena esiswini futhi ngaphansi kwethonya lejusi yokugaya ukudla, igobolondo lawo liyancibilika. Amagciwane angena emathunjini amancane futhi avuthwe ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, insikazi iqala ukukhiqiza izibungu ezisatshalaliswa kuwo wonke umzimba, kepha zinezimpande zemisipha ethambile kuphela.

Uhlelo lokugaya

Isistimu yokugaya ama-roundworms ifana ne-tube ngokusebenzisa. Iqala ngomlomo wesibeletho, idlulela emgodini wesibeletho, bese ingena engaphandle kwangaphakathi, maphakathi bese iphetha ngesisu sangasemuva, esivula engxenyeni engemuva yomzimba ukusuka ohlangothini lwesisu. Ngama-oda amaningi we-parasitic, amathumbu aguqulwa abe yi-trophosome ngaphandle kwe-lumen. Ukuvulwa komlomo kungokugcina noma kungashintshelwa kakhulu uhlangothi lwe-ventral noma dorsal. Umlomo uzungezwe yizindebe futhi uholela emqubeni womsipha. I-pharynx ine-lumerals enonxantathu, ikhula ngokuthambeka kwemicu yemisipha enemisebe, futhi isetshenziselwa ukuncela ukudla. Inesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi emaqenjini amaningi ama-nematode okudla nokuhlanza anezikhali ezahlukahlukene. I-pharynx ivuleka ingene ngaphakathi emathunjini aphakathi emvelaphi ye-endodermal. Isistimu yokugaya iphetha ngesisu sezinsini, ivula izinsikazi nge-anus, nakuzo owesilisa ngokuvulwa kwe-cloaca. Ama-Nematode adla ikakhulukazi ngama-bacterium, i-algae, ne-detritus, phakathi kwawo kukhona izilwane ezidla ezinye, eziningi zazo ziyizidalwa zezilwane, isikhunta nezitshalo.

Uhlelo lokuxolisa

Kucatshangwa ukuthi izitho eziyinhloko zohlelo lwe-excretory lwe-nematode yi-unicellular (noma ngaphansi kaningi i-glandical glandical noma i-multicellular), noma amaseli we-intracellular canal (ukuvuselelwa kabusha) namaseli amakhulu we-pseudo-cellocyte. URenetta unomzimba oqinile futhi unomgqa ocashile, uvula ngaphandle ngopholi oguqukayo. Amaseli we-Pseudo-cell awanayo ducts - ahlukanisa futhi asebenzise imikhiqizo ye-metabolic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ammonia ingadedelwa emzimbeni we-nematode ngokufakwa ngodonga lomzimba.

Uhlelo lokuzala

Iningi lama-nematode linobucwebe obuhlukile bangaphandle be-dimorphism kanye ne-dioecious, kepha i-hermaphrodites nayo iyaziwa. Ama-Nematode abeka amaqanda, kuvame kakhulu ukuba yi-viviparous. Ukusuka kumaqanda avundisiwe, izibungu. Lokhu kwenzeka endaweni yangaphandle noma ngisho nasendleleni yokuzala yowesifazane (ukukhiqizwa kweqanda). Emadodeni, ukuphela kwasemuva komzimba kugoqwe ngasohlangothini lwesisu futhi kunezixhobo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuphatheka. Indima yokugcinwa kwabesifazane ngesikhathi sokuqanjwa idlalwa yizinhlobonhlobo zezitho zokuphelelisa kanye (ngama-rhabditid nematode) bursa. Ama-sperm angeniswa kusetshenziswa ama-spicule anwebeka kusukela ekuvulekeni kwengubo. Izitho zangasese zangaphakathi kwinguqulo yangempela zibhangqiwe futhi zinesakhiwo sebhubhu. Abesifazane baneqoqo elilodwa noma amabili amaqanda, ama-oviducts kanye nesibeletho, isitho sangasese sowesifazane ngaso sonke isikhathi siyiso kuphela. Abesilisa banesivivinyo esisodwa noma ezimbili nge-vas deferens kanye nomsele we-ejaculatory ongakhokhelwa. Izidoda ze-Nematode zinesakhiwo esihlukahluka ngokwedlulele, azinayo i-flagella futhi ine-amoeboid (kodwa hhayi i-actin) motility.

Umjikelezo wentuthuko

Ukuthuthukiswa kwenzeka ngaphandle kwe-metamorphosis. Esimweni esejwayelekile kakhulu, kunezigaba ezi-4 zentsha nomuntu omdala kumjikelezo wempilo. Ushintsho phakathi kwezigaba lwenziwa phakathi kwezixhumanisi, inani lezigaba zamahhala lingancishiswa. Ngo nematab rhabditid, okuthiwa. Isigaba se-Dauer yisigaba sesithathu sentsha esiguquliwe esidlala indima futhi sakha izimo ezingezinhle zezemvelo.

I-taxonomy kanye ne-taxonomy

Ibhendi yaqala ukukhonjwa nguKarl Asmund Rudolfi ngo-1808 ngaphansi kwegama Nematoidea (isi-Greek čῆμα, gen. Igama - - "intambo" ne-εἶδoς - "ukubuka"). Leli qembu lahlukaniswa njengomndeni kamuva. AmaNematode IBurmistrom ngonyaka we-1837 nokuthi u-oda kanjani Nematoda K. M. Ukushona ngo-1861.

Isimo se-taxonomic kanye nenqubo ehlelekile yamaqembu athile we-nematode (amakilasi, izisekelo ezingezansi, ama-oda) kuyaxoxwa ngakho. Isibonelo, ngokuya ngezigaba ezithile ezindala, isigaba esikhulu kunazo zonke seChromadorea sathathwa ngevolumu emincane (ngaphandle kuka-Ascaridida, Spirurida, Tylenchida) futhi safakwa esigabeni se-oda seChromadorida Chitwood, yango-1933 ekuhlanganiseni okuyisisekelo okuhlanganisiwe kwe-nematode. Adenophoreanoma i-aphasmidia (Adenophorea, Aphasmidia Chitwood et Chitwood, 1933). Ukwehlukaniswa kwamathumbu kube yizinqe ezimbili okokuqala ngeminyaka yo-1930 kwaqiniswa nguB. Chitwood (Chitwood B., 1933, 1937). Kodwa-ke, igama lakhe ehlongozwayo uPhasmidia Chitwood et Chitwood, ngo-1933 lavele lathathwa ngegama elidala elifanayo lomunye wemiyalo yezinambuzane. Emisebenzini eminingi yekhulu le-XX, i-nematodologists isebenzise amagama alandelayo angaphansi:

• I-Subclass Adenophorea Linstow, ngo-1905 (noma i-Aphasmidia Chitwood et Chitwood, 1933) ngama-oda uChromadorida (kamuva wahlukaniswa ama-oda Araeolaimida, Desmodorida, Desmoscolecida, Monhysterida) no-Enoplida (Dorylaimida, Mermithida, Muspiceal, Trichida)
• I-Subclass Secernentea Linstow, i-1905 (noma i-Phasmidia Chitwood et Chitwood, 1933) kwasekuqaleni kunemiyalo emibili kuphela i-Rhabditida kanye ne-Spirurida (ke yahlukaniswa i-Aphelenchida, Ascaridida, Camallanida, Diplogasterida, Rhabdiasida, Rhabditida, Spirurida, Strongylida)

Ukuqanjwa kwalombono wakudala we-taxonomy of nematode (ikakhulukazi i-Adenophorea) kuqinisekiswe ngokwengeziwe ngezifundo ezintsha zofuzo kanye nama-molekyuli. Kwamanye amasistimu wakamuva, lapho onke ama-nematode ebhekwa khona esigabeni sekilasi, iziqeshana ezi-3 ziyahlukaniswa (Malakhov, 1986).

Ukuhlukaniswa kwanamuhla

Ngokusho kwedatha yango-2011, uhlobo lwama-nematode luhlanganisa izigaba ezi-3, ama-oda angama-31, imindeni engama-267, izinhlobo ezingama-2829 kanye nezinhlobo ezingama-24 732, kanti ne-fossil taxa emelwe ezinhlotsheni ezi-2 zezinhlobo eziyi-10, kunezinhlobo ezingama-7 kanye nezinhlobo eziyi-7 ezaziwa kuphela ezweni lembumbulu (phambilini ukulinganisa kuvezwe kusuka ezinkulungwaneni eziyi-15 kuye kwezingama-80, kanti izinhlobonhlobo zangempela zama-nematode - kucatshangelwa amathemba okuchaza izinhlobo ezintsha - kulinganiselwa ezigidini eziyisigidi esisodwa).

Uhlobo kuhlanganisa amakilasi amathathu oda 30:

Izifo zezitshalo zeNematode

Izifo ze-Nematode zezitshalo (i-herbaceous, i-bushy, izihlahlana) zibangela izakhi eziyingozi zokudla izitshalo. Ziningi zasendle futhi izitshalo kutshalwa. Imvamisa, izimpawu zangaphandle ze-nematode kwezilonda zezitshalo zibonakaliswa ukwehla kwezinga lokuvela kwezithombo, ukukhula nokukhula kwezithombo, ukuqhakaza okubuthaka, okuyingxenye (kwesinye isikhathi esibalulekile) ukufa kwezitshalo zisencane, noma ukwehla noma ukufa kwezitshalo. Ngenqubo yokondla, ama-nematode aphula ubuqotho bezimpande, ngaleyo ndlela enza kube lula ukungena kwesikhunta se-pathogenic, amabhaktheriya kanye namagciwane kulesi sitshalo. Ukwethulwa nematodes izimpande zezitshalo ngokuvamile kubangela ezinzima uhlelo amagatsha impande kanye otgnivanie esihle izimpande (beetroot, amazambane, oat Heterodera), kumiswa galls tabobunjwa (nezimpande-ifindo nematodes ku izimpande yemifino kanye nezitshalo zezimboni), mabhamuza pointy - "uqhwaku" (ugritsa - Lat. I-Anguina radicicola - ezimpandeni zamabele asendle), izilonda, okuholela ekufeni kwezimpande. I-stem nematode ibanga ukuqina kwe-fusiform kweziqu, ukwakhiwa ngaphansi kweqabunga leqabunga kanye nokushintshwa kwalo, kuma-sitrobheli asendle: ukuqhakaza kwamaqabunga ama-petioles, amakhaladi kanye nokuqothuka kweqabunga leqabunga, ukwakheka kwezindawo ezithambile ezimnyama engxenyeni ye-tubers yamazambane, ukuqhekeka phansi nokukhulula izicubu zezitshalo ezinhle.

Izifo womuntu

Emvelweni kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingama-45 zezikelemu ezithinta abantu futhi zingabaphatheli bezifo ezimbi kakhulu. Izifo ezinjalo zeqembu lama-nematodoses. ukusazi ngokunembile isifo esikuphethe futhi uhlobo amagciwane ukuthi sekungene aphethe, kungaba azimisele ngesikhathi ucwaningo lwabo kanye cwaningo laboratory.

Izindlela zokuthola izikelemu emzimbeni

• Ukungalandelwa kwemithetho yenhlanzeko yomuntu siqu, ukudla imifino nezithelo ezingcolile, ukudla okungalungiselelwe kahle nokuphuza amanzi anegciwane kungumthombo wokutheleleka kwe-helminth.
• Imininingwane izinambuzane kungaba umthombo ukutheleleka ngesikhumba.

Lapho utheleleke nge-nematode yabantu, kuvela lezi zimpawu ezilandelayo:

• Isitulo esingasebenzi kahle
• Ukucanuzela kwenhliziyo nokuhlanza reflex,
• Ukuntuleka kwesifiso sokudla
• Imibuthano emnyama ivela ngaphansi kwamehlo,
• Ukungakhululeki (ukulunywa) esifundeni kuvulwa bendunu.

Ukutheleleka ngesilwane

Ama-Nematode angathinta zonke izitho nezicubu zesilwane. Ukutheleleka lula:

• Izimo zesimo sezulu (izindawo zezikelemu),
• Ukuba khona kwe-helminth host phakathi
• Imigomo ezifuywayo avunyelwe,
• Ukuntuleka kwezindlela zokuvimbela.

Ngaphandle kokubheka imithetho yokuhlanzeka eyisisekelo, abantu bangatheleleka ngama-nematode kusuka emakati, izinja, nezinye izilwane.

Ukutheleleka izitshalo

Ama-parasites atholakala endaweni yezicubu zezitshalo nasemhlabathini. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-roundworms, athinta izilwane zasendle nezolimo, zibangela ama-nematodose yonke indawo ezitshalweni. Zonke isitshalo izimuncagazi ezincane ezingamasentimitha angaba ngu-2 mm. Ama-nematode ezitshalo ahlukaniswe amaqabunga, izimpande, isiqu. Kepha ku-agronomy ne-horticulture nazo zihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezihlukile, ngoba izikelemu eziningi zithinta izinhlobo zezitshalo ngazinye, ngokwesibonelo: chrysanthemum nematode (Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi), sitrobheli nematode (A. fragariae), beet nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt).

Ethandwa kakhulu kukhona lezi zinhlobo nematodes:

• Strawberry Nematode -Ithinta izicubu zesitrobheli, ezenziwe ngeziqu, amaqabunga, okuholela ekukhuleni kwesitshalo okungampofu. Amagciwane lisakazeka ngokusebenzisa umhlaba, ukhula izitshalo onegciwane. Kunconywa ukususa ama-sitrobheli athelelekile enhlabathini bese ushisa, ufafaze umhlaba nge-bleach bese ususa ngokucophelela yonke imifino kule sayithi.
• I-anyanisi negalikhi ithelele ekunqandeni nematode, ezimweni ezingandile, kuthinta ezinye izitshalo. Izibungu zifana nentambo ngokubukeka, azikho ngaphezu kuka-1.5 mm ubude.
• izitshalo eziningi eziyizigaxa uhlushwa anyanisi nematode, isibungu sidla ujusi, okuholela ekomeni nasekufeni.
• Amathambo amade (kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-60) ezingadla cishe zonke izilimo zemifino. Ngokubukeka, isibungu sifana nethanga, ikhanda lomzimba liyakhonjwa. Umuntu ngamunye wesifazane uyakwazi ukubekela amaqanda afinyelela ku-2000, ahlanganiswe ndawonye empandeni, afana namaconsi amnyama. Izimbali eziqhakazelayo ziyavela ezitshalweni ezinegciwane. Ama-parasites athinta ukuvuthwa kwesitshalo, enza ukuthi kube nzima, lokhu kuholela ekushwabeni nasekufeni.
• IGolide Potato Nematode (I-Globodera rostochiensis) ithanda ukwenziwa endaweni yama-rhizomes amazambane notamatisi, lapho kukhula khona isibungu esikhulile. Ama-Worms asakazwa ngomhlaba, umoya, amanzi kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinegciwane. Ukukhonjwa kwe-potode nematato kusongela ukwahlukanisa indawo yonke yokutheleleka.

Izinambuzane zezitshalo ziphephe ngokuphelele kubantu.

Roundworm

U-Ascaris (Ascaris lumbricoides) - ungumenzeli obangelwa yi-ascariridosis ezinganeni nakubantu abadala, isifo esikhona cishe yonke indawo. I-Ascaris yi-geohelminth enkulu ngokwanele, izinsikazi zazo ezikhula zize zifinyelele kuma-40 cm, kanti ezamadoda ziya kufinyelela ku-20 cm. Umzimba wesigaqa sowenziwe ngesimo esisekupheleni kwawo, kuthi kowesilisa ujijeke ngendlela yesipelesi kuya emgodleni wesisu.

I-Ascaris uhlobo lwe-geohelminth ehlala futhi idla cishe kuphela emzimbeni womuntu. Amaqanda angaphansi komanyolo ayakhishwa kuwo kanye namanyala nokuqhubeka kokusinda, kudingeka abe semhlabathini. Ukuvuthwa kwegciwane kuqala kumswakama ophezulu, ukuba khona kwe-oxygen okuphoqelekile kanye nokushisa okuzinzile (24-25 ° C) kumaviki ayi-2. Ngokumelana kwabo, bayakwazi ukugcina imisebenzi ebalulekile iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-6.

Imvamisa, ukutheleleka kwe-Ascaris kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa imifino nezithelo ezingageziswanga kahle, lapho amaqanda ekhona. Amathumbu, kuqhuma izibungu, okwenza indlela enzima kakhulu yokufuduka idlula ngomzimba wayo. Okungukuthi, ingena odongeni lwamathumbu, futhi ingena ngokushesha emithanjeni yokujikeleza kwe-pulmonary, ngemuva kokudlula kwesibindi, iya ngakwesokudla kwe-atrium nasesiswini, bese ingena emaphashini, bese ingena ku-alveoli bese iyama kwi-bronchi ne-trachea.

Ukuba khona kwesihlwathi kuyamcasula umuntu okhipha ukukhwehlela kumuntu, okungaphonsa i-roundworm emphinjeni, umuntu ophinde amgwinye nezindlala ze-salivary. Ngemuva kokungena kwesibili emathunjini, izinambuzane ziba umuntu ovuthiwe, onamandla okuzala futhi azohlala lapho isikhathi esingangonyaka.

Inani lama-roundworms ngasikhathi sinye kumuntu angafinyelela kumakhulu noma izinkulungwane, ngoba umuntu oyedwa omdala angakhiqiza amaqanda angama-240000 ngosuku.

Imiphumela ye-pathogenic ye-roundworm emzimbeni

Ukudakwa kwe-Parasite kuboniswa yizimpawu ezilandelayo:

• jikelele malaise
• ubuqili
• kwehlise inkumbulo nezinye izimpawu.

Ukunobuthi ngenani elikhulu lama-geohelminths kuholela ekuvinjelweni kwamathumbu, i-appendicitis, ukuvaleka kwama-ducts we-bile (ukuthuthukiswa kwe-jaundice), kanye nokwakheka kwamathumba we-hepatic. Kunamacala angawodwa wokuqongelela kwezifo ezindlebeni, umphimbo, isibindi nenhliziyo.

Isikhonkwane

I-Pinworm yi-ejenti ebangela i-enterobiosis, isifo esingasakazeka yonke indawo, kepha ivame ukubonwa emaqenjini phakathi kwezingane, ngakho-ke inegama laso.

I-Pinworm isibungu esincane esimhlophe, abantu besifazane abadala abakhula bafinyelela ku-10 mm, nabesilisa ukuya ku-5 mm. Isimo somzimba we-pinworm siqondile, sinephoyinti elikhomba. Emadodeni, ichopho ijijeke ibe yindilinga. Amaqanda anombala, abonakali, anomumo o-oval, uthambile kusuka komunye umkhawulo, futhi ubukhulu bamaqanda we-pinworm awudluli kuma-microns angama-50.

I-parasite evuthiwe ihlala ezingxenyeni ezingezansi zesisu esincane futhi idle into yayo yokugcwalisa. Ukuguqulwa komnikazi akwenzeki. Izinsikazi ebusuku ziphuma ku-anus bese zishiya amaqanda avuthiwe emikhondweni ye-anus, ifinyelela ku-15,000 ngasikhathi, bese ziyafa, inqubo yokubekela amaqanda imvamisa ihambisana nokuhaywa okungathandeki ku-anus.

Ngokumangazayo, amaqanda abekiwe avuthwa ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa kuphela. Izingane ezingenwe yizinambuzane zihlanganisa izindawo zazo ezikhathazayo ephusheni, yingakho kunenqwaba yamaqanda ngaphansi kwamazipho. Ukusuka ezandleni badlulela emgodini womlomo noma basakaze kuzo zonke izingubo nokulala.Ngemuva kokugwinya, amaqanda athunyelwa emathunjini amancane, lapho angena khona ngokushesha kumuntu ovuthiwe. Isikhathi eside sokuphila komuntu omdala sithatha izinsuku ezingama-56 kuye kwezingama-58. Uma kungalesi sikhathi sokuhlaselwa okungekho okuphindaphindwayo, konke kuphela ngokululama okugcwele.

Imiphumela yePathogenic ye-pinworm emzimbeni wezingane

Ukulunywa okubangelwa izinambuzane kuholela ezinkingeni zokulala, izingane ziba ngolaka kakhulu, isimo sazo ngokubanzi siba sibi. Ukufakwa kwe-pinworm ku-appendix kubangela ukuvuvukala kwayo, noma ngamanye amazwi, ukuvuvukala kwe-appendicitis (futhi kuvame ukuthuthukiswa kwayo nge-ascariasis). Ngenxa yendawo yama-pinworms ezindongeni zamathumbu amancane, kunokuphulwa kobuqotho bayo nokuvuvukala okujwayelekile. Ngokuncipha kwenani lokudla okungenayo, ukufa kwesimungumungwane akwenzeki, njengoba kunjalo ngamanye ama-tapeworms, ngoba ama-pinworms adinga inani elincane lokudla lomsebenzi obalulekile, ngenxa yobukhulu bawo.

I-Vlasoglav

Isiswebhu somuntu luhlobo lwe-helminth olubangela isifo sokulimaza - i-trichocephalosis, ebhekwa njengejwayelekile. Njengomthetho, i-whipworm ihlala emathunjini aphansi futhi abanzi aphezulu.

UVlasoglav angaba khona emzimbeni womuntu, kuyilapho engenakho ukushintshwa kwabanikazi, futhi inqubo yentuthuko yenziwa ngaphandle kokufuduka. Ukuze i-helminth ithuthukiswe futhi, idinga ukuphuma ngaphandle emaqanda ayo inezindunduma zabantu. Ukuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe kwesiswebhu kuya ngesilinganiso sokushisa kwenhlabathi kanye nenhlabathi yomswakama. Uma kunezinga lokushisa elilungile, ngemuva kwamaviki amathathu, amaqanda we-whipworm alungele ukukhiqizwa okuthe xaxa emhlabathini.

Ukutheleleka kwe-Whipworm kubantu, njengakulezo zikhathi eziningi zezifo ze-helminth, kwenzeka ngemifino engageziwe, izithelo namajikijolo. Futhi kwezinye izimo, ukuphuza amanzi kungadala ukutheleleka.

I-parasite ingaba emathunjini isikhathi eside, futhi igazi lomuntu liyinsiza yokusinda kwalo. Ngaphezu kwegazi, izimuncagazi azisadli lutho, ngokulandelana, inqubo yokwelashwa kwesiswebhu iveza ubunzima obuthile. Amagciwane agxuma odongeni lwesibeletho sangaphambili, ngaleyo ndlela abangele ukuvuvukala, aphula ubuqotho besibeletho. Kukhona ubuthi bomzimba womuntu obuhlobene ngokuqondile nomsebenzi we-parasite.

Izimpawu zobukhona bakhe zingafaka ikhanda, ukukhathala, ukozela nokucasuka. Ngokuphathelene nokwephulwa kokusebenza kwamathumbu, kubuhlungu izinhlungu zesisu, kanti futhi ezinye izindlela ezinamandla kungenzeka. Njengoba igazi lisebenza njengethuluzi lokusinda kulesimungulu, i-anemia ingavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-Dysbiosis iyakhula. Ngokutheleleka ngobuningi, izinqubo zokuvuvukala ziyavela esithasiselweni.

Trichinella

I-Trichinella yi-ejenti ebangela i-trichinosis. Lesi sifo saziwa kuwo wonke amazwekazi kunoma yisiphi isimo sezulu. Emzimbeni womuntu, izibungu zeTrichinella zitholakala emisipha ethambile, emathunjini.

Ukutheleleka ngeTrichinella kungenzeka uma udla inyama yezilwane etheleleke nge-trichinosis. Noma ukucubungula okwenziwe nge-Culic ngeke kuhlale kuwonga umkhiqizo wokudla kusuka kuyi-parasite.

Izinga lokutheleleka kuncike kwinani lezibungu emzimbeni, kwezinye izikhathi, ukukhula kwesifo kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-45, kanti nezimpawu ngokwazo zingase zingabonakali. I-parasite ingathinta ngomshini imicu, okusho ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukusebenza kwemisipha kungonakala.

I-Hookworm

I-hookworm noma i-crankhead yaseMelika luhlobo lwesibungu sokuhlanza esidala isifo esifana ne-hookworm. Umuntu omdala uyisidalwa esincane esiphinki esiyindilinga. Ubukhulu be-hookworm emele cishe buyi-1-1.2 cm.Zinezinkomishi zokuphuza emlonyeni, ezisetshenziselwa ukunamathisela ezindongeni zesisu. Ama-parasites asakazeke ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo zezindawo ezishisayo. Zitholakala emazweni anjenge-Australia, South Asia.

Izindawo ezizalanayo zokufuya ama-hookworms yinhlabathi evundile yomswakama yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemvelaphi yamalongwe, lapho izibungu zithuthukiswa ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa. Zingahlala emhlabathini izinyanga ezimbalwa. Izibungu ze-Hookworm zingena emzimbeni womuntu ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene:

• ngokusebenzisa imifino nezithelo ezingcolile,
• ngenxa yezandla ezingaziphathi kahle ngemuva kokuthinta umhlabathi,
• esikhunjeni, lapho uhamba nezinyawo ungafakwa endaweni yotshani ethelelekile.

Imvamisa, abavukuzi, izingane ezincane, abalandeli bezokuzijabulisa ezweni kanye nabahlali basehlobo bathinteka kakhulu yi-hookworm.

Esigabeni sokuqala sokutheleleka, izibungu ze-hookworm zingena ohlelweni lokujikeleza, bese zingena kwi-bronchi, bese zisuka lapho zithunyelwa pharynx futhi ngqo ukuze zikhule futhi zikhiqize kabusha emathunjini.

I-Ankylostoma ingaphila emzimbeni womuntu kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-15.

Kwezinye izimo, ukulimala kwenzeka ohlelweni oluphambili lwezinzwa, olukhonjiswa ngesiyezi nobuhlungu ematempelini. Kubangela ukungezwani komzimba nokubomvu kwesikhumba.

Ukususa ama-hookworms, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kuthiwa. Ukwelashwa kwenzeka ngokuzimela ngaphansi kokuholwa ngudokotela okusobala, ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu zesiguli sibekwe esimweni sesibhedlela. Yonke imithi esetshenziswa ekwelashweni izidakamizwa ze-antiparasite:

I-Rishta

I-Rishta noma i-Guinean worm - iyi-parasite, imele ama-roundworms, atholakala kakhulu emizimbeni yamanzi ase-Asia, abathwali bangama-crustaceans amancane, kanye nemizimba yamanzi ethelelekile. Izibungu zesilisa ziyakwazi ukufinyelela kubude obu-4 cm, izinsikazi zikhulu ngokubonakalayo - zifinyelela kumasentimitha angama-120 futhi ziyehluka esikhathini eside sokuphila. Naphezu kobude bawo obuhlaba umxhwele, izibungu ezimhlophe ezingamasentimitha ububanzi zingama-2 mm kuphela.

Indlela yomlomo yokutheleleka iba khona ngokufakwa kwezibungu, kanye nemikhiqizo esevele igcwele ngabo.

Lapho usesemathunjini, i-parasite yathunyelwa kuhlelo lwe-lymphatic, lapho ikhula khona futhi iphindaphindeke. Owesilisa ushona ngemuva kwesenzo sokuphelisa. Owesifazane ube eseba ngaphansi kwesikhumba futhi abonwe. Indawo okuyo ungqimba olungaphansi lwezingalo, imilenze, intamo ngisho nezitho zangasese. Endaweni yekhanda, akuvamile. Imiphumela ejwayelekileko ye-parasite emzimbeni:

• amabhulukwe amakhulu we-purulent, lapho uvame ukubona imbangela yesifo, i-rishta,
• Ubuhlungu obukhulu nokulunywa okungabekezeleleki,
• ubuthi begazi
• gangrene nge ukutheleleka isikhathi eside yisibungu.

Ukuba khona komzimba wangaphandle emzimbeni kunganqunywa ngokuzimela. Ukuzizwa ungafanele kuyisikhathi sokuvakashela uchwepheshe futhi uhlolwe lapho kudingeka.

Imithi ayanele ukubhubhisa i-rishta. Ukuphela kwendlela ephumelelayo yokususa i-parasite ukuhlinzwa. Usayizi omkhulu wesibungu uwenza ube nzima umsebenzi ngandlela thile, ngoba ukulimaza umzimba wawo kungaholela emiphumeleni yobuthi nokudla ubuthi emzimbeni.

Ukuvimbela Isifo Samagciwane

Ukuze ugweme noma yikuphi ukudonswa yizikelemu, izimuncagazi kanye nezibungu, kubalulekile ukubhekisisa njalo imithetho yezenhlanzeko:

• ngaphambi kokudla, qiniseka ukuyicubungula ngomzimba,
• gcina umzimba uhlanzekile
• Gwema ukuthintana isikhathi eside nenhlabathi.
• kwezithombe zepikiniki nokuhamba kwezwe, sebenzisa izicathulo,
• phuza amanzi akhethekile ahlanziwe.

Ngezibonakaliso zokuqala ezingaba khona zokutheleleka nge-helminth, ngokushesha thintana ne-ambulensi noma ngqo nodokotela ofanele. Hlola njalo futhi ubuke umzimba wakho.