Ngenxa yokuthi zonke izidalwa zinikezwe izitho zokuphefumula, sonke sithola esingakwazi ukuziphilela ngaphandle- komoya-mpilo. Kuzo zonke izilwane zasemhlabeni nabantu, lezi zitho zibizwa ngamaphaphu, ezithola inani eliphezulu lomoya-mpilo ovela emoyeni. Uhlelo lokuphefumula lwezinhlanzi luqukethe ama-gill, adonsela i-oksijini emzimbeni lapho lincane khona kunasemoyeni. Kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi ukwakheka komzimba kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezinikezwe kuhluke kakhulu kuzo zonke izidalwa zasemhlabeni zomgogodla. Hheyi, cabanga ngazo zonke izinhlaka zezinhlanzi, uhlelo lwazo lokuphefumula nezinye izitho ezibalulekile.
Kafushane ngezinhlanzi
Okokuqala, ake sizame ukuthola ukuthi hlobo luni lwezidalwa lezi, ukuthi kanjani nokuthi ziphila kanjani, ukuthi zinobudlelwano obunjani nabantu. Ngoba manje sesiqala isifundo sethu se-biology, isihloko esithi "Izinhlanzi zasolwandle". Lesi yisibalo esikhulu sezilwane ezihamba ngezinyawo ezihlala kuphela endaweni yasemanzini. Isici esibonakalayo ukuthi zonke izinhlanzi ziyi-maxillary, futhi futhi zinama-gill. Kufanele kwaziwe ukuthi lezi zinkomba zimpawu zohlobo ngalunye lwezinhlanzi, noma ngabe zingakanani kanye nesisindo. Empilweni yabantu, lesi siqhingi sidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho, ngoba iningi labameli bayo liyadliwa.
Kukholakala nokuthi izinhlanzi zazisondele ekuqaleni kokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Yizidalwa ezinjalo ezingaphila ngaphansi kwamanzi, kepha ezazingakabi nayo imihlathi, zazikade zingabodwa bomhlaba. Kusukela lapho, le nhlobo isidlulile, ezinye zazo zaphenduka izilwane, ezinye zahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi. Yiso sonke isifundo sebhayoloji. Isihloko esithi "Izinhlanzi zasolwandle. Ukuvakasha okufushane emlandweni" kuyabhekwa. Isayensi yezinhlanzi zasemanzini ibizwa ngokuthi yi-ichthyology. Manje ake sibheke esifundweni salezi zidalwa ngombono onobungcweti ngokwengeziwe.
Kuqinisekiswe yisazi
1) Izitho zokuphefumula zezinhlanzi zihlukaniswe ngamanzi (isikhumba sabo nezinsimbi zokuphefumula) nomoya (ukubhebhetheka kwesibindi, amathumbu, izitho zangaphezulu, futhi, isikhumba).
2) Ama-Amphibians abonakala ngokuphefumula ngosizo lwamaphaphu, ahlinzeka ngesisekelo sezinqubo zabo zokushintshana ngegesi nezitho ezingezelelwe (isikhumba kanye ne-mucous lining ye-oropharyngeal cavity).
3) Zinamaphaphu ngesimo sezikhwama, eziklanywa yinethiwekhi yemithambo yegazi, ngayinye ivula ngokuzimela emgodini we-laryngeal-tracheal cavity. Ukungena komoya emaphashini kutholakala ngokushintsha umthamo ophelele we-oropharyngeal patity ngokunciphisa phansi kwawo.
4) Isitho sokuphefumula esiyinhloko ngamaphaphu, akhiwe esiqwini somgogodla, osekelwa isibindi namathumbu avela ngaphansi, futhi anqunyelwe entanyeni evela phezulu.
5) Ukusuka emgodleni womlomo i-larynx iya phansi, idlulele kwi-trachea, edlula iguqukele kwi-bronchi enkulu, ephela emaphashini.
6) Kuthuthukiswe kangcono kunama-amphibians. Banendawo enkulu futhi bahlukaniswe kangcono. Indlela yokuphefumula ifaka phakathi kwesifuba nezicubu zokuphefumula nezokuphefumula. Kunzima ngezilwane ezihuquzelayo ukuba ziphefumule kahle lapho zihamba ngokushesha, ngoba zisebenzisa amaqembu afanayo emisipha ukukhipha umoya nokuhamba.
7) esifubeni. Ngezansi kukhawulelwe isibindi, isisu namathumbu. Ukusuka ngaphezulu - intambo nomgogodla womlomo.
8) Izitho zokuphefumula ezisezinyoni zifanekiselwa ukufakelwa kwamakhala, ezidlulela emithanjeni yamakhala, bese zingena kwi-larynx engenhla, bese zingena kwi-trachea, ehlukaniswe i-bronchi engena emaphashini.
9) Esikhundleni sokuhlukaniswa kwe-bronchi, kukhona i-larynx yesibili - uhlelo lokusebenza lwezinyoni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-bronchi enza ama-air sacs, adingekayo ukufeza indima yohlobo lwepompo elikhulisa inani lomoya emigwaqweni yomoya.
10) Izitho zokuphefumula zitholakala esifubeni, ngemuva kwe-keel. Ngaphezulu kukhawulelwe ekungeneni kwamakhala, nangaphansi - yizitho zangaphakathi.
11) Izilwane ezincelisayo zinesakhiwo sokuphefumula esithuthukisiwe kunazo zonke izilwane. Amaphaphu awo ahlukaniswe kakhulu, aqukethe inani elikhulu kakhulu lomoya-mpilo, ayakwazi ukwelulwa okukhulu kakhulu futhi anikele ekushintshanisaneni igesi okungcono kakhulu negazi. Imisipha yabo yokuphefumula ithuthukiswa kakhulu, futhi inesigaqa - umsipha owenzelwe ngqo ukuphefumula, ohlukanisa isisu sesisu esifubeni sesifuba. Ukuphefumula kanye nokuphefumula kungenzeka ngomlomo nangaphakathi ekhaleni.
12) Itholakala esifubeni, inezimbambo ne-sternum. Ukusuka ngenhla, kukhawulelwe ekungeneni komgogodla womlomo namakhala, futhi kusuka ngezansi - nge-diaphragm.
IMINYANGO YOKWELULA YOKUGULA
Izinhlobo ezimbili zokuphefumula ziimpawu zezinhlanzi: amanzi (ngosizo lwama-gill nesikhumba) nomoya (ngosizo lwesikhumba, amabele okubhukuda, amathumbu nezitho ze-suprajugal). Izitho zokuphefumula zezinhlanzi zihlukaniswe: 1) main (gill), 2) ezengeziwe (bonke abanye).
Izitho eziphambili zokuphefumula. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wama-gill ukushintshwa kwegesi (i-oxygen uptake kanye nokuvela kwesikhutha), baphinde bahlanganyele ekudleni kokudla kosawoti, secele ammonia ne-urea.
Ema-cyclostomes, izitho zokuphefumula zifanekiselwa ngama-gill sacs (imvelaphi ye-endodermal), eyakhiwa ngenxa yokuhlukana kwe-pharynx. U-Lamprey unamabili ayisikhombisa ama-gill sacs ngokuvuleka okubili kokukodwa: ingaphandle nengaphakathi, okuholela ku-tube yokuphefumula futhi ikwazi ukuvala. Ishubhu yokuphefumula yakhiwa ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwe-pharynx yaba izingxenye ezimbili: ukuphefumula okuphansi nokugaya okuphezulu. I-tube igcina ngokungaboni, futhi ihlukaniswe nomgodi womlomo yi-valve ekhethekile. I-larrey larva ayinayo ishubhu lokuphefumula kanye nokuvuleka kwangaphakathi kwe-gill kuvuleka ngqo kwi-pharynx. Ekuxubeni okuningi, ukuvuleka kwe-gill yangaphandle ohlangothini ngalunye kuhlanganiswe nesiteshi esijwayelekile, esivula ngokungaphezulu kwe-gill sac yokugcina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvulwa kwamakhala emithanjeni kuxhuma ne-pharynx. Amanzi kuma-cyclostomes angena ngokuvula umlomo ukungena ku-pharynx noma ishubhu yokuphefumula (kubantu abadala, isibani kanye ne-myxinum), bese kungena kuma-gps sacs, lapho akhishwa khona. Lapho kunikwa amandla, kufakwa amanzi futhi akhishwe ngokuvuleka kwangaphandle kwe-gill. E-sludge efakiwe, amanzi angena emashekeni e-gill ngokuvula kwamakhala.
Emizimbeni yezinhlanzi, ukuphefumula kwenziwa ngenxa yenethiwekhi ethuthukisiwe yemithambo yegazi ekwi-yolk sac nasemugqeni wokugcina. Lapho i-yolk sac ivuselelwa, inani lemithambo yegazi emikhondweni emihle, ezinhlangothini nasekhanda liyanda. Kuzibungu zezinhlanzi ezithile, kuphakama amagemikhali angaphandle - ukuphuma kwesikhumba kufakwe emithanjeni yegazi (ukuphefumula kabili, izimpaphe eziningi, loach, njll.).
Izitho eziyinhloko zokuphefumula kwezinhlanzi zabantu abadala ziyi-gill (imvelaphi ye-ectodermal).
Iningi lezinhlanzi ezi-cartilaginous zinezindawo ezinhlanu zokuvuleka kwama gill (amanye ama-6-7) nenani elifanayo lama-gill arches. Akunasembozo se-gill, okuhlukile kunamakhanda aphelele (ama-chimera), lapho ama-gill slits embozwe yisibaya sesikhumba. Koshaka, izimbobo ze-gill zitholakala ezinhlangothini zekhanda, nakule misebe, ngaphansi komzimba.
I-gill ngayinye yezinhlanzi ezi-cartilaginous iqukethe: 1) i-gill arch, 2) ama-gill gals, 3) i-gill stamens.
I-septum ephakathi kwamazwe omhlaba isuka ohlangothini olungaphandle lwe-gill arch, i-gill lobes iyimboza kusukela ezinhlangothini ezimbili, kanti umphetho ongasemuva we-septum uhlala ukhululekile futhi umboza ukuvulwa kwangaphandle kwe gill. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-gill kusekelwa imisebe yokuxhaswa kwe-cartilaginous. Ama-gill stamens asendaweni engaphakathi ye-gch arch. Imithambo yegazi itholakala ngaphansi kwe-septum ye-patostostal: 1) ukulethwa kwe-gill artery okugeleza kuyo okugeleza kwegazi kwe-venous, 2) imithambo yegazi elisebenzayo enegazi elibuhlungu.
Ama-gill lobes akhiwe ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-septum enza uhhafu gill. Ngakho-ke, i-gill inezinhlobo ezimbili zama-gill ezitholakala ku-arch efanayo, futhi ukuhlanganiswa kwama-gill amabili abhekene ne-gill eyodwa kwakha i-branchial sac. Kuma-mane amane okuqala kwe-gill, kunezi-gill ezimbili, kuthi okokugcina, ama-gill lobes abekho, kepha esitsheni sokuqala se-gill kuserch ye-hyodic kukhona enye ingxenye ye-gill. Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlanzi ezinama-cartilaginous zinama-gill amane nohhafu.
Eenhlanzini ze-cartilaginous, amahlumela amelela igebe le-gill engajwayelekile angahlukaniswa njengezitho zokuphefumula. Zitholakala ngemuva kwamehlo futhi zixhumana ne-oropharyngeal patity. Kukhona ama-valve odongeni olungaphambili lwesifafazi, futhi odongeni lwangemuva kune gill yamanga enikeza igazi kwizitho zombono. Ama-Cartilaginous nama-sturgeon amahlumela akhona. Eenhlanzini ze-cartilaginous, ngokungafani nezinhlanzi zamathambo, amagebula awagcini ngokufihla imikhiqizo ye-nitrogen metabolism nosawoti.
Koshaka, lapho uphefumula, amanzi angena ngokuvula umlomo futhi aphume ngokusebenzisa amasango gill angaphandle. Ku-skates, amanzi angena emgodini we-oropharyngeal ngokusebenzisa ama-valve wokufafaza avulekile, futhi lapho ama-valves avale, aphuma ngokusebenzisa ama-gill slots.
Izinhlanzi zaseSturgeon ezisezinhlungwini zinama-part-gill partitions amafushane. Ukuncishiswa kwabo kuhlotshaniswa nokuvela kwesembozo se-gill, okuvela kulo ulwelwesi lwasekhaya, ukumboza amagilebhisi kusuka ngaphansi. Ama-Sturgeons (kanye nezinhlanzi ezinama-cartilaginous) anamabili ama-arches ama-branchial; kwi-arch yokugcina ye-branchial, efihliwe ngaphansi kwesikhumba, azikho izinhlayiya zempi. Umugqa ongaphambili we-gill lobes utholakala engaphakathi kwesembozo se-gill futhi usungula isigamu se-arch ye-hyodic (gercercill gill). Ama-Sturgeons, njengawo e-cartilaginous, anama-gill amane nohhafu. Ama-gill stamens atholakala emigqeni emibili ngaphezulu kwangaphakathi kwe-gch arch.
Izinhlanzi ze-Bony zinezinsimbi ezine zokubopha kanye nenani elifanayo lama-gills agcwele (ingemuva, elesihlanu, i-arch branchial ayinazo izilozi). I-gill ngayinye iqukethe ama-gill amabili, kepha ngenxa yobukhona besembozo se-gill esithuthukisiwe, i-gill septum incishisiwe ngokuphelele, futhi ama-gill lobes anamathela ngqo kwi-gch arch, ekhulisa indawo yokuphefumula yama-gill. Isisekelo se-gill yi-arch branchial arch, lapho kutholakala khona amacembe wesimo sobunxantathu. Ama-gill lobes ezinhlangothini zombili ambozwe ama-gill lobes (noma amafolda okuphefumula), lapho kwenzeka khona ukushintshanisa ngegesi. Phansi kwama-gill lobes kukhona amaseli e-chloride asusa usawoti emzimbeni. Imisebe ye-cartilaginous idlula emaphethelweni angaphakathi e-gbe lobe, lapho ifinyelela khona umthambo we-lobe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, umthambo we-lobe. Phansi kwamaphalishi we-branchial, ukuletha nokuqhuba imithambo ye-branchial pass. Ama-gill stamens asayizi ahlukahlukene nobukhulu abekwe endaweni engaphakathi ye-gch arch.
Ngesikhathi sokuphefumula gill kwezinhlanzi zamathambo, amanzi angena emlonyeni kuya emphinjeni, adlula phakathi kwe-gill lobes, anikeze umoya-mpilo egazini, athole i-carbon dioxide futhi ashiye i-gill cavity. Ukuphefumula gill kungaba: 1) esebenzayo, amanzi afakwa emlonyeni ungene pharynx futhi awasha ama-gill lobes ngenxa yokuhamba kwesembozo se-gill (kuzo zonke izinhlanzi), 2) ukungena, izinhlanzi zokubhukuda ngemilomo yazo kanye nesembozo se-gill esivulekile, futhi ukuhamba kwamanzi kudalwa ukunyakaza kwezinhlanzi uqobo lwazo (ezinhlanzini eziphila emanzini ezinokuqukethwe komoya ophezulu).
Izitho zokuphefumula ezingeziwe. Ngenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izitho zokuphefumula ezingeziwe ziye zathuthuka ezinhlanzini zamathambo ezihlala emizimbeni yamanzi lapho kukhona khona umoya-mpilo.
Ukuphefumula kwesikhumba kuvame cishe kuzo zonke izinhlanzi. Ezinhlanzini zezidumbu zamanzi afudumele, cishe i-20% komoya ophefumulwayo engena esikhunjeni, kwesinye isikhathi leli nani lingakhuphuka lifinyelele ku-80% (carp, crucian carp, tench, catfish). Eenhlanzini ezihlala emizimbeni yamanzi enokuqukethwe komoya-mpilo omningi, ukuphefumula kwesikhumba akudluli i-10% yokusetshenziswa ngokuphelele komoya-mpilo. Amajaha, njengomthetho, uphefumula kakhulu esikhunjeni kunabantu abadala.
Ezinye izinhlobo zibonakala ngokuphefumula komoya, okwenziwa kusetshenziswa izitho ze-suprajugal, ezinesakhiwo esehlukile. Engxenyeni engenhla ye-pharynx, iningi lawo lakha amakamelo angenamachashaza (imithambo emikhulu), lapho ulwelwesi lwamafinyila lwakha amafulethi amaningi angena ngama-capillaries egazi (amahlokozi ezinyoka). In izinhlanzi ezinwabuzelayo (labyrinth), imigoqo yolwelwesi lwamafinyila isekelwa amapuleti wethambo elekhishwe ngokubhala kusuka ku-arch yokuqala ye-branchial (i-crawler, cockerels, gourami, macropode).
I-catary catfish, isitho esikhulu se-supraventral esingenamikhawulo esisendaweni engenhla nangemuva kwama-gill sishiya i-gill cavity. E-catfish gill, ezinye izitho zokuphefumula ezingeziwe ziyizikhwama ezimpumputhe ezinde ezisuka emgodini we-gill bese zinwebeka ngaphansi komgogodla ziye emsileni. Izinhlanzi ezinezitho ezi-suprajugal zizivumelanise nomoya ophefumula komoya futhi, ziphelelwa amandla okusukuma nokugwinya umoya eduze kobuso, zibulawa ukukhubazeka ngisho nasemanzini anomoya-mpilo.
Ezinye izinhlanzi zinokuphefumula kwamathumbu. Ingaphakathi lesisu alinamithambo yokugaya futhi livunyelwe yinethiwekhi eminyene yama-capillaries egazi, lapho kwenzeka khona ukushintshanisa ngegesi. Umoya ogwinyiwe ngomlomo udlulela emathunjini bese uphuma unus (loach) noma udonswa emuva nangaphandle ngomlomo (i-catfish eshisayo). Ezinhlanzini eziningi ezishisayo, isisu noma insalela ekhethekile yesisu egcwele umoya isetshenziselwa ukuphefumula umoya.
Isigaxa senhlanzi sokubhukuda naso sihilelekile ekushintshisaneni ngegesi. Ezinhlanzini eziphefumula kabili, yaguqulwa yaba ngamaphaphu angavamile, inesakhiwo samaselula futhi ixhumana ne-pharynx. Ngesikhathi sokuphefumula, umoya ungena emaphashini ngomlomo noma ukuvuleka kwamakhala. Phakathi kwezinhlanzi eziphefumula kabili kukhona i-one-lung (izinyo elinezimpondo) kanye namaphaphu amabili (protopter, lepidosiren). Kwelinye lamaphaphu, iphaphu lihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili futhi izinsika zithuthukiswa kahle, ngakho-ke zingakwazi ukuphefumula ngokulinganayo emaphashini nasegazini. Ku-bipulmonary, isinye sebhadi lokubhukuda sibhanqiwe, amagilezi asathuthuka. Lapho izinhlanzi zisemanzini, amaphaphu ayizitho zokuphefumula ezingeziwe, futhi nakumachibi awomile, lapho emba emhlabathini, amaphaphu aba yisitho esiyinhloko sokuphefumula.
Isigaxa sokubhukuda siyisitho esengeziwe sokuphefumula kwezinye izinhlanzi ezivulekile ze-bubble (mnogoper, amia, pike armored, characin). Lingena ngenethiwekhi eminyene yama-capillaries egazi, futhi amanye avela kuma-cellularity, okwandisa ingaphakathi elingaphakathi.
N.V. ILMAST. Isingeniso se-Ichthyology. Petrozavodsk, 2005
Uhlelo lokuphefumula lwezinhlanzi.
Isitho esiyinhloko sokuphefumula kwezinhlanzi kukhona gill. At izinhlanzi ezi-cartilaginous ama-gill slits aba nokuhlukaniswa, ngenxa yokuthi amagebula avuleka ngaphandle emigodini ehlukene. Lokhu kulula ukukubona ngokwesibonelo koshaka noma imisebe. Ezibondeni ezingaphambili nangemuva zalezi zihlukaniso kukhona gill amacembeembozwe ngenethiwekhi eminyene yemithambo yegazi.
Inhlanzi yeBony, ngokungafani ne-cartilaginous, inezimbobo zamathambo ezihamba kalula, futhi ukuhlukaniswa okuphakathi kwe-gill kuyancishiswa. Ama-gill lobes kulezinhlanzi atholakala ngababili kuma-gill arches.
Ukushintshaniswa kwegesi ngesikhathi sokuphefumula kwenzeka ngokubamba iqhaza kwemithambo yegazi kuma-gill lobes. Ngaphezu kwe-carbon dioxide, eminye imikhiqizo ye-metabolic, enjenge-ammonia ne-urea, nayo ingakhishwa ngokuphuma ku-gill. Amagilethi nawo abandakanyeka ekudlaleni kosawoti namanzi. At izinhlanzi eziphefumulayo isitho esengeziwe sokuphefumula ubhontshisi wokubhukuda. Isebenza njengephaphu.
I-bubble yokubhukuda - Lesi yisitho esitholakala cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, sakhiwa esiteji sokukhula embryonic futhi sisezingxenyeni ezingaphakathi komzimba wezinhlanzi. Ngokuya ngezici ze-bubble, ngikhona vula izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezi-bubble (i-bubble ixhumene nomphimbo impilo yonke) kanye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezivaliwe ze-bubble (ukuxhumana kwe-bubble ne-pharynx ngesikhathi senqubo yokuthuthuka kulahlekile). Ikhaya umsebenzi wesinye – hydrostatic. Ngosizo lwebhamuza, inhlanzi ingalungisa amandla ayo adonsileyo kanye nokujula kokuntywiliselwa.
Ukuphefumula njengenqubo
Cishe konke okuphila emhlabeni “kuboshelwe” komoya-mpilo: le gesi enikeza impilo ihilelekile kumzimba wezinto eziningi eziphilayo. Yebo, kukhona amabhaktheriya e-anaerobic, isikhunta ne-algae, kepha awafani kuphela nomthetho oyisisekelo.
Izinhlanzi ziphefumula ngendlela efanayo, zidonsa umoya-mpilo kuphela ikakhulukazi emanzini, hhayi emoyeni. Amanzi olwandle nasolwandle agcwele umoya-mpilo ngokugqamile, kepha ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ahlanzekile kanye nokuhanjiswa kwawo kunezinkinga. Amanzi angaba igesi elinikeza impilo ngenxa:
- ukukhuphuka okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa,
- ehlisa izinga kumanani abucayi,
- ukugqagqana nenethiwekhi enamandla yeqhwa ngokuncipha kwesikhala samahhala,
- ukubola izitshalo ngaphansi kweqhwa,
- khuphula ukuqoqwa kwezinto eziphilayo,
- imisebenzi yabantu.
Noma ngabe yisiphi isizathu sokuncipha kokuhlushwa i-oksijini, izinhlanzi zinezinketho ezimbili: kungaba ukuzivumelanisa, noma ukuphela. Kungakho imvelo inikeze izinhlanzi eziningi zesimanje amandla okubekezela, yehlise umetabolism futhi inciphise isidingo se-oxygen kwabanye, kwesinye isikhathi isikhathi esihle kakhulu.
Kungani izinhlanzi gill
Impela uyazi ukuthi ama-gill ayisitho esiyinhloko sokuphefumula. Akukho okuhlukile kulo mthetho: azikho izinhlanzi ngaphandle kwama-gill (kahle, cishe, kepha ngaphezulu kwalokho kamuva). Kepha ithuluzi labo lihlukile kakhulu: kwesinye isikhathi lezi zitho ezibunjiwe zikhumbuza wonke umuntu ngamagciwane adumile e-crucian carp noma i-carp.
- ibhony - ikamu
- i-cartilaginous - i-lamellar,
- ama-cyclostomes yi-sacciform.
Amagilebhisi ezinhlanzi ezinjengebhony ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okungukuthi, iningi labakhileyo bezidumbu zamanzi esaziwa ngathi. Zinomshini oyinkimbinkimbi nokusebenza okungaqhathaniswa nalokhu: amandla okuthola kufinyelela ku-30% i-oksijini encibilikisiwe evela kumanzi irekhodi elingafinyeleleki emaphashini ezincelisayo (njengoba lisebenza emoyeni, kunjalo).
Isakhiwo se-gill senhlanzi ye-bony
Izinsimbi zezinhlanzi ezi-bony ziyinkimbinkimbi impela. Imvamisa ziqukethe:
- Imigwaqo yaseBranchial. Lezi zakhiwo ezingama-arched ezinamachaphaza ngenethiwekhi yama-capillaries. Enguqulo yakudala, kukhona ama-arcs ayishumi, amahlanu ohlangothini ngalunye (ezine zivame ukuthuthukiswa, eyodwa irudimentary).
- Ama-petals. Akhiwe e-arch ngayinye ye-branchial kusuka ngaphandle ngemigqa emibili. Ekhonkolweni ngalinye eliyinhloko kunama-petals amaningi amancane amancane. Zisezingeni eliphakeme elibhekele konke i-gesi ne-salt-salt metabolism.
- Ama-Stamens. Lezi zitho ezincanyana zimboza ama-arcs kusuka ngaphakathi futhi zisebenza njengesihlungi, zivikela izinto ezibucayi gill kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlayiya.
- Inethiwekhi ehlanganisiwe yemikhumbi. Iqala nge-aorta futhi iphetha ngesisindo sama-capillaries athambile kunawo wonke, ububanzi bawo mncane kakhulu kangangokuba buqhathaniswa ngosayizi ne-erythrocyte. Ngenkambiso yokuphefumula, baletha igazi “elisetshenzisiwe”, eligcwele i-carbon dioxide nemikhiqizo yokubola, eziphelweni bese bezikhipha, bephethe izinhlanzi esezigcwele umoya-mpilo emzimbeni wonke.
- Isembozo se-gill. Lezi zinhlaka eziqinile zamathambo azenzi kuphela umsebenzi wokuzivikela: zidlala indima yama-valves anjalo, zinikeza amandla athile okugeleza kwamanzi ngesikhathi sokuphefumula. Ngendlela, ukuhleleka kwabo kuphawuleka kakhulu: kuvela ukuthi unganquma ngokunembile iminyaka yezinhlanzi ezivela kula mathambo. Zimbozwe ngemidwebo nangezimbali, njengezindandatho zokukhula kwesihlahla!
Kuzo zonke izinhlanzi ezi-bony, umlomo uxhumeke kwizithako ze gill. Ekuphefumulekeni, inhlanzi ivula umlomo wayo, “ipompa” amanzi kwizimbotshana ezivuvukele kakhulu (izibambo zivaliwe ngokuqinile ngalesi sikhathi). Ama-petals ngokusebenzisa ama-capillaries asusa imikhiqizo ye-oxygenation imvelo futhi ithuthukisa igazi nge-oxygen. Ekuphefumuleni, umlomo uvala, izivalo zivulekile, amakhethini ancipha ngandlela thile, imikhiqizo yokubola ingena emvelweni.
Ukuphefumula kwezinhlwayi
Izinhlanzi zeCartilaginous, oshaka kanye nama-stingrays, anezinto zokusebenza ezihlukile ngokuyisisekelo. Koshaka abaningi, luwuchungechunge lwamapuleti lapho amanzi angena khona ngokuvuleka okungathi yimifantu. Ama-gill Cover awekho emthethweni, ngakho-ke, oshaka abakwazi ukuphefumula ngenkuthalo ngokushayela amanzi ngamathuluzi we gill.
Ukuphefumula okwenziwa nje kuphela kunikezwa ngesikhathi sokunyakaza, lapho amagilebhisi avulekile ahlanzwa ngamanzi (ngenhlanhla, olwandle lunothile komoya-mpilo). Ngakho-ke, umhlaseli waphoqeleka ukuba ahambe njalo, ngisho nalapho elele (izindlela ezithi izicholoologists zisaphikisana), ngaphandle kwalokho kuzomane kube ngokwanele. Inqubo yokuphefumula ibuye yenziwe lula ngamafafaza akhethekile atholakala ngemuva kwamehlo nokunikeza amanzi ahlanzekile ezigilini.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukuphefumula okuvela nje futhi izinti ziyinhlanzi encane, okuvame kakhulu ukuziqinisa imizimba yoshaka. Kukhona lawo makhono e-tuna nase-mackerel, yize eneziphepho ze-gill zilungile.
Kancane mayelana nama-cyclostomes
Akunakwenzeka ukubiza uCyclostomata nenhlanzi - izazi zezinto eziphilayo zibahlukanisa esigabeni esihlukile. Phakathi kwazo, okokukhanyisa izibani kanye nama-mixins adume kakhulu. Lawa ama-vertebrates akudala kakhulu wemvelaphi yakudala, ikakhulukazi parasitic kwabanye abamele i-ichthyofauna. Izixhobo zabo zomlomo zingenayo imihlathi, kodwa zigcwele ngamazinyo abukhali, okuvumela ukugedla amazinyo kwesikhumba 'sabanikazi' abakhona.
Amathuluzi okuphefumula ama-cyclostomes amelelwa yizikhwama ezikhethekile. Isibonelo, ku-lamprey efanayo kusenezibuko eziyisikhombisa zezikhwama zokuphefumula, ngasinye sazo sifakwe ukuvuleka okubili (okwangaphakathi kuholela kuthhubhu lokuphefumula, elingaphandle lingene emvelweni). Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi u-lamprey aphefumule ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo: ayizwa indlala komoya-mpilo, imbelwe wangcwatshwa esihlabathini noma anamathele "kumnikazi".
Izinsizakalo Zokuphefumula
Njengomthetho, imvelo "ishumeka" ezinhlanzini nasezinhlafunweni zokuphefumula. Futhi lapho izimo zokuphila zingazithokozeli kangako, yilapho izitho ezisizayo ziba lula kanjalo umthwalo wazo.
Kwatholakala ukuthi inhlanzi eziningi zifaka amageja ngamaphiko. Kuyiqiniso, badlala umsebenzi osizayo, kepha ukubaluleka kwawo akunakuqhathaniswa. Ukuhamba kwamaphiko kufaka isandla ekugelezeni okushesha kwamanzi nasekuhlanjulisweni kwama-gill, okubaluleke kakhulu emanzini angenawo umoya-mpilo ezindaweni zokugcina ezincane.
Iqiniso ngukuthi amagebuli asebenza kuphela emanzini: ahluleka ukudonsa umoya-mpilo emoyeni. Emhlabeni, ayoma futhi anamathele ndawonye, okuholela ekufeni komuntu. Izembozo ezi gill kakhulu ezinamakhono ziyakwazi ukuvimba okuqukethwe okubucayi, inhlanzi izophila isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwamanzi. Kungakho i-herring, i-carp yesiliva, i-trout ifa ngokushesha, futhi i-carp, i-carp, noma i-crucian carp ingalala otshanini obumanzi amahora amaningi noma izinsuku ngaphandle kokulimaza impilo yabo.
Ukuze ngandlela thile ivumele inhlanzi ukuthi iphile ngezikhathi ezinzima, imvelo yazinika amandla okubekelela, kwesinye isikhathi kuyamangalisa.
Ake sidwebe kancane kusuka kusihloko senhlanzi bese sikhumbula ama-pores esikhunjeni sethu. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, engakhanyiswanga kakhulu, amakhulu eminyaka, ngesinye isikhathi abantu bebambozwa ngopende ukuze babanikeze umfanekiso ofanekisela (ubushiqela bamandla okuwukuthi, yini okufanele bayenze). Uma upende ushiywe esikhumbeni amahora amaningi, bese ugezwa, lokho ngeke kudala ingozi ekhethekile empilweni. Kepha uma ubamba okugcwele kugcwele ubuthi izinsuku eziningana, umuntu kungenzeka afe: uzolulama futhi aqede ngasikhathi sinye. Manje yilapho sesazi ukuthi isikhumba kumele siphefumule!
Iphethini efanayo ibonwa ezinhlanzini - zingaphezulu noma zincishiswa kakhulu ngokuphefumula kwesikhumba. Vele, ngeke uthole i-oxygen eningi esikhunjeni, kepha udinga ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi umzimba wenqwaba yezinhlanzi emoyeni ulisebenzisa kaningi ngaphansi. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ezimweni eziningi, yisikhumba esimanzi kuphela esingaphefumula kubamele be-ichthyofauna.
ISturgeon enhlokodolobha ibilokhu iyinhlonipho, kepha ubuchwepheshe beqhwa buvele muva nje. Phambilini, ama-sturgeon amakhulu alethwa enhlokodolobha ngensimbi yamabhisidi e-tarpaulin, kanye ne-sterlet encane - kubhasikidi ogcwele moss omanzi. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-tamponi agcwele utshwala obunamandla ayefakwa emilonyeni ye-sturgeon, ngenxa yalokho inhlanzi yayimangalisa futhi ibekezelele uhambo oluthatha izinsuku eziningana kahle.
I-bubble yokubhukuda
Mhlawumbe izinhlanzi azinaso isitho esisebenza ngaphezu kwebhashi lokubhukuda. Lesi yisitho sokulingana, nesizunguli, esivumela ukukhulisa ama-acoustic namanye amasiginali, nohlobo lwe- "life buoy", oluvumela inhlanzi ukuthi ihlale endaweni ekhethiwe yamanzi, ngaphandle kokwenza umzamo omncane.
Cishe bonke abameleli be-ichthyofauna abahlala ezitolo zethu bayakwazi ukumpompa futhi baphume nomoya kulesisitho, kepha ezinye izinhlanzi zize zifunde nokuphefumula! Umoya we-Atmospheric uyagwinywa, ungawuhambisi nje kuphela kumagalari, kodwa futhi nesibhukuda sokubhukuda, ngabaningi bezidumbu zamanzi (bake bezwa "i-carp" kanye ne-carp emathokheni?), Kepha lesi sitho senza umsebenzi ophefumulayo wokuphefumula okungapheli kuphela, esizokhuluma ngakho. ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi umsebenzi oyisisekelo webanga lokubhukuda ezinhlotsheni zangaphambi kokuphefumula wawuphefumula ngokunembile, futhi lapho kuphela, ngokubukeka kwenhlanzi enamanzi amaningi, waguqulwa waba yi-hydrostatic.
Amathumbu
Yebo, uzwe ngakwesokudla: kunezinhlanzi ezingaginya umoya futhi zidlule emgudwini wokugaya ukudla ukuze ucebise umzimba ngomoya-mpilo. Isibonelo esivelele kunazo zonke sale nto yinto esetshenziswa ngayo yileso sikhathi, i-catfish yohlobo lweCorydoras.
Kulokhu, asikwazi nje ukusho loach esibaziyo: amathumbu akhe adlala indima ebalulekile yokuphefumula. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, i-loach iphefumula ngama-gill, kepha ngokushoda komoya-mpilo, kubandakanya nesitho esisizayo. Igwinya umoya osemkhathini, idlule esiswini namathumbu, ixhumeke ngenethiwekhi eminyene yama-capillaries, bese ikhipha i-anus.
Okungabonakali? Kepha kuyasebenziseka: le nhlanzi encane ingaphefumula umoya osemkhathini ngokusebenzisa ungqimba lwesilika, ilinde imvula noma amanzi aphezulu ezindaweni ezilungele futhi eziphephile.
Maze
Isitho esikhethekile sokuphefumula esibizwa nge- “labyrinth” sivumela abanye abameleli be-ichthyofauna ukuba baphefumule cishe umoya wasemkhathini. Lesi sitho sibhangqiwe, sibekwe ngaphezulu kwama-gill. Lapho inhaling, umoya wesibhakabhaka ungena emagumbini we-labyrinth, omanzi nemithambo yegazi, futhi ucebisa igazi nomoya-mpilo.
Izakhamizi zezindawo zethu zokugcina azikwazi ukuziqhayisa ngokuba khona kwalo mzimba (ngaphandle, mhlawumbe kwekhanda lenyoka), kepha izinhlanzi eziningi zasemanzini zingaphefumula ngokuqondile nge-labyrinth. Imfihlo isendaweni yokuthi lezi zinhlanzi ngokwemvelo zihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo, lapho ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile amanzi ampofu komoya-mpilo, futhi nesomiso akuyona into engjwayelekile.
I-gourami efanayo ngezikhathi ezithile inyukela ebusweni bamanzi ukugwinya umoya. Ngendlela, uma ubaphuca ithuba elinjalo, bamane bangenele, okusho ukuthi, amagilebhisi kuleli cala ahlanganyela umsebenzi wokuphefumula nge-maze, kodwa ungawasebenzisi.
I-Lungfish
Kunezinhlanzi ezingadonsa ngokulingana ngokulinganayo i-oxygen kusuka emanzini nasemoyeni. Lapha bangabizwa kufanele ngokuthi ngabanqobi beqiniso ekusindeni, ongeke ukwesabise ngezimo ezinzima kakhulu.
Ukuphefumula - omunye wabameli bakudala be-ichthyofauna. Isikhathi eside babethathwa njengabanyamalala, futhi eminyakeni engaba ngu-150 edlule, abachwepheshe be-ichthy bathola ukutholakala okushaqisayo: ezifundeni ezomile zase-Afrika nase-Australia, abantu abaphefumulayo baphila futhi bazizwa bejabule!
Iqiniso ngukuthi ngaphezu kwama-gill, ama -phefumels nawo anesitho esisebenza ngokufana namaphaphu ethu. Kufakazelwa ukuthi yathuthukiswa kusuka ebhandeni lokubhukuda futhi yathola isakhiwo seselula kanye nenethiwekhi yama-capillaries ngesikhathi sokuvela kwemvelo. Ezinye izifundiswa zikholelwa ukuthi kwakuyinhlanzi ephefumula kabili ebilindele ukuthi kudedelwe izilwane emhlabeni.
Lapho ichibi loma, i-protopterus yase-Afrika igxumela ku-sludge, okuthi lapho yomile, yakhe ikhukhunathi eminyene izungeze umzimba wayo. Lapho, i-protopterus hibernates, umoya osemkhathini ophefumulayo umoya ngokuvula isivalo, futhi ungalala iminyaka eminingana ngale ndlela. Lapho nje amanzi esechithe i-cocoon, i-protopterus izovuka futhi iqale ukuhola impilo efana nenhlanzi. Kepha izinyo elinezimpondo (isifunda sase-Australia) libhekene nesomiso ezindlini zokuphephela, liphefumula umoya wasemkhathini kuphela - kunomoya-mpilo omncane kakhulu ezihlahleni ezinjalo.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
Awukhathele yini ukuzibuza? Bese amanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo wesinambuzane:
- Mud Jumper. Awungeke ukwazi ukubiza umuntu ongajwayezi ngombono wokufunda wegama, kodwa futhi usetha amarekhodi okungahlali emanzini. Lesi simangaliso esingajwayelekile sichitha isikhathi esiningi sokuphila kwaso emhlabeni, kusendaweni enomswakama yemihlume. Ngendlela, ugxuma impela impela futhi ugibela ngisho nezimpande zezihlahla efuna izinambuzane, azondla ngazo ikakhulukazi (amaphini angaphambili aguqulwe aba amalunga akhule kahle). Ngasikhathi sinye, le nhlanzi iphefumula phezu kobuso bonke besikhumba, kanti nomsila udlala indima enkulu enqubweni yomoya. Emvelweni wasemanzini, ushintsha indlela evamile yokuphefumula.
- Crucian. I-crucian ejwayelekile iyakwazi ukusinda ezimeni ezinzima kakhulu. Isakhi sakhe singamachibi akhula ngokwedlulele, lapho ukushoda komoya-mpilo kuyinto evamile. Uphefumule kahle isikhumba, futhi uyakwazi ukugwinya umoya osemkhathini. Ungakukholwa: emachibini okucima ukoma ngezikhathi ezithile zaseKazakhstan, kutholakala izazi zokuphila eziphila emhlabeni ezazikade zihlala kusilika isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka!
- Isilayidi se-Perch. Phambi kwethu kungenye enye inhlanzi eyisimangaliso, isimilo se-ichthyofauna yaseNingizimu Asia - uphayinaphu noma okhilimu. Lokhu bakubiza ngokuthi i-perch kuphela ngenxa yokufana okubonakalayo nenhlanzi ehambisanayo - ama-slider akha ukwakheka okuhlukile. Ngakho-ke, i-labyrinth esheleni isebenza kahle kangangokuba inika amandla okuhlala izinsuku eziningana ngaphandle kwento yamanzi, ekuzingeleni izibungu nezinambuzane. Kukholakala ukuthi uphayinaphu uyakwazi ngisho ukugibela izihlahla (kukhona ubufakazi bokuzibonela), kepha abagxeki bakholelwa ukuthi izinyoni ezidla inyama ziyawuthwala lapho.
- I-Eel. Esinye isimangaliso esivela emhlabeni we-ichthyofauna yi-eel. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi le nhlanzi ibukeka njengenyoka, iyakwazi nokuphefumula umoya wasemkhathini, ikhasa ngokuphelele phakathi kwezinyoka ngendlela yenyoka ngokuphelele. U-Eel uphoqelelwa yisinambuzane esizalanayo: kufanele ahambe izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ukusuka emizimbeni yamanzi yaseYurophu ukuya olwandle iSargasso, ngoba igcwele lapho kuphela. U-Eel uhamba ngezwe ikakhulu ebusuku nasekuseni kakhulu, eceleni kotshani obunamazolo, ngaphandle kwamanzi amahora ambalwa, okuhlinzekwa ukuphefumula kwesikhumba okuthuthuke kakhulu.
- Arapaima. Phambi kwethu kunenhlanzi enkulu enamanzi amasha (ihlala e-Amazon), ebaluleke ngokwayo. Kepha okuphambili, enye. Iqiniso ukuthi ama-arapaims amancane kuphela aphefumula ngama-gill ngenyanga yokuqala yokuphila. Abantu abadala basebenzisela le njongo bladder yokubhukuda, enesakhiwo esihle kakhulu nesakhiwo se-porous futhi i-analogue yamaphaphu. Ama-arapaims amancane ayaphoqeleka ukuba aqhamuke ngemuva kokuphefumula komoya njalo ngemizuzu engama-2-3, abantu abadala - kanye njalo emizuzwini engama-6 kuya kwayi-10. Uma ubaphuca leli thuba, bazominyanisa, kube sengathi ngokuzwakalayo lokhu akuzwakali esicelweni sokudoba.
Lokhu kushicilelwa kuqukethe izici eziphawuleka kakhulu zokuphefumula kwabamele abahlukahlukene be-ichthyofauna, kepha empeleni kukhona okuningi. Umhlaba wezinhlanzi umangalisa ngokwedlulele futhi waziwa kuwo ukuze ufundisise wona kuphela ngokubuka okuvela emzimbeni!
Isakhiwo senhlanzi
Ngokuvamile, singasho ukuthi umzimba wezinhlanzi ngamunye uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu - inhloko, isiqu nomsila. Ikhanda liphela esifundeni sama-gill (ekuqaleni noma ekupheleni kwawo - kuya ngesibalo esikhulu). Isiqu siphela emgqeni we-anus kubo bonke abamele balesi sigaba sabahlali basolwandle. Umsila yingxenye elula yomzimba, equkethe induku noqhafu.
Ukwakheka komzimba kuncike kakhulu ezimweni zokuphila. Izinhlanzi ezihlala kwikholamu lamanzi eliphakathi (usalimoni, ushaka) zinesimo sethoshi, ngokuvamisile ukwakheka okushisayo. Izakhamizi ezifanayo zasolwandle ezintantayo ngaphezulu phansi zinomumo othambile. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-flounder, izimpungushe zasolwandle nezinye izinhlanzi eziphoqelelwa ukubhukuda phakathi kwezitshalo noma amatshe. Bathola izinhlaka ezingaqondakali kalula ezihlobene kakhulu nezinyoka. Isibonelo, i-eel ingumnikazi womzimba ophakeme kakhulu.
Inhlanzi yamakhadi ebhizinisi - amaphiko ayo
Akunakwenzeka ukucabanga ngesakhiwo senhlanzi ngaphandle kwama-fins. Izithombe, ezethulwa ngisho nasezincwadini zezingane, ngokuqinisekile zisikhombisa le ngxenye yomzimba wabahlali basolwandle. Yini?
Ngakho-ke, amaphiko abhangqiwe futhi angaphethwe. Okubhanqiwe nesisu, okufana nokuhamba ngokuhambisana, kungashiwo ukuthi kubhangqiwe. Ezingavuthiwe zivezwa ngendlela yomsila, ama-dorsal fins (kusuka kokunye kuya kokuthathu), kanye ne-anal namafutha, atholakala ngemuva kwe-dorsal ngokushesha. Amaphiko ngokwawo enziwe ngemisebe enzima nethambile. Kususelwa kunani lalawa misebe ukubalwa ifomula, esetshenziselwa ukuthola uhlobo oluthile lwenhlanzi. Indawo indawo yefa inqunywa ngohlamvu lwesiLatini (A - anal, P - pectoral, V - isisu). Ngokulandelayo, izinombolo zamaRoma zibonisa inani lemisebe enzima, ne-Arabhu - ethambile.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanzi
Namuhla, ngokomhlangano, zonke izinhlanzi zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili - i-cartilage nethambo. Iqembu lokuqala lifaka izakhamizi zasolwandle ezinjalo, okuyi-skeleton yayo equkethe ama-cartilage ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Lokhu akusho ukuthi nakancane ukuthi isidalwa esinjalo sithambile futhi asikwazi ukuhamba. Kwabameleli abaningi be-superclass, i-cartilage hardens, nobuningi bayo buba njengamathambo. Isigaba sesibili yinhlanzi ethambo. I-Biology njengesayensi ithi le superclass kwakuyisiqalo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kwake kwathi ohlakeni lwayo kwakukhona inhlanzi ende ye-cysterae, engaphenduki, lapho zonke izilwane ezincelisayo zomhlaba wasungulwa. Okulandelayo, sizohlola kabanzi ukwakheka komzimba wezinhlanzi kulezi zinhlobo.
I-Cartilage
Ngokuyinhloko, ukwakheka kwezinhlanzi ezi-cartilaginous akuyona into eyinkimbinkimbi futhi engajwayelekile. Lesi skeleton esivamile, esiqukethe i-cartilage enzima kakhulu futhi eqinile. Isakhiwo ngasinye sigcwele usawoti we-calcium, ngenxa yokuthi amandla avela ku-cartilage. Imisindo igcina isimo sayo impilo yonke, ngenkathi incishiswa kancane. Isigaxa sixhumeke emihlathini, ngenxa yalokho ithambo lezinhlanzi linesakhiwo esiphelele. Amawele nawo ahlanganiswe kuwo - i-caudal, isisu esibhanqiwe kanye ne-pectoral. Imihlathi itholakala ohlangothini lwe-skralton lwamathambo, futhi ngaphezu kwayo kukhona emakhaleni amabili. Isikhuhlu se-cartilaginous kanye ne-musse corset yale nhlanzi imbozwe ngaphandle ngezikali ezicijile ezibizwa ngokuthi yi-placoid. Siqukethe i-dentin, ekwakhekeni kwayo ifana namazinyo ajwayelekile kuzo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo zomhlaba.
Uphefumula kanjani
Uhlelo lokuphefumula lwama-cartilaginous superclass amelwe ikakhulu yi-gill slits. Zibalelwa ku-5 kuya ku-7 ngazimbili emzimbeni. I-oksijini isatshalaliswa ezingxenyeni zangaphakathi sibonga i-valve eyindilinga enwebeka kuyo yonke inyama yezinhlanzi. Isici esibonakalayo sayo yonke i-cartilage ukuthi abanaso isigaxa sokubhukuda. Kungakho baphoqelelwa ukuthi bahlale benyakaza, ukuze bangashona phansi. Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi umzimba wezinhlanzi ezi-cartilaginous, ezihlala yi-emanzini ase-usawoti ziqukethe inani elincane lalolu usawoti. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi egazini lalesi sibhebhetheki kukhona i-urea eningi, equkethe ikakhulu i-nitrogen.
Bone
Manje sizobheka ukuthi kunjani isikhumba senhlanzi okuyiwo ozibonele njengamathambo, bese sithola ukuthi abanye abamele lesi sigaba sabantu basibona siphi.
Ngakho-ke, lo mthambo wethulwa ngesimo sekhanda, isiqu (akhona ngokwehlukana, ngokungafani necala elidlule), kanye nezinyawo ezibunjiwe nezingavuthiwe. Ibhokisi le-cranial lihlukaniswe iminyango emibili - i-cerebral ne-visceral. Eyesibili ifaka imigede yomhlathi ne-hyoid, okuyizinto eziyinhloko zezinto ezisetshenziselwa imihlathi. Futhi emthanjeni wezinhlanzi zamathambo kukhona ama-gill arches, enzelwe ukubamba amathuluzi we-gill. Ngokuqondene nemisipha yale nhlobo yezinhlanzi, zonke zinesakhiwo esiyingxenye, futhi ezithuthukisiwe kunazo zonke zazo umhlathi, i-fin kanye ne-branchial.
Imishini yokuphefumula yezithambo zolwandle olwandle
Ngokunokwenzeka, sekuvele kucace kuwo wonke umuntu ukuthi uhlelo lokuphefumula lwe-superclass yezinhlanzi ze-bony ngokuyinhloko luqukethe ama-gill. Akhiwe emaphethelweni omdweshu wezempi. Ama-gill slits nawo ayingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlanzi ezinjalo. Zimbozwa ngesembozo segama elifanayo, elenzelwe ukuthi inhlanzi ikwazi ukuphefumula ngisho nasendaweni engenamandla (ngokungafani nenhlokomo). Amanye amalungu e-superclass yamathambo angaphefumula ngesikhumba. Kepha labo abahlala ngqo ngaphansi kwamanzi, futhi ngasikhathi sinye abaze bacwilisa ngokujulile, kunalokho, babamba umoya ngezigubhu zabo ezivela emkhathini, hhayi endaweni yasemanzini.
Isakhiwo sama-gill
Amagilebhisi - isitho esiyingqayizivele ebesikade sikhona ngaphambili kuzo zonke izidalwa zamanzi zokuqala ezazihlala eMhlabeni. Kuyo kunenqubo yokushintshiselana ngegesi phakathi kwe-hydraulic medium nomzimba osebenza kuwo. Izinhlayiya zezinhlanzi zesikhathi sethu azihlukile kakhulu kunalezo ezibulala amagilebhisi ezazikhona kubantu bokuqala bomhlaba wethu.
Njengomthetho, zivezwa ngendlela yamapuleti amabili afanayo, angena ngenethiwekhi eminyene kakhulu yemithambo yegazi. Ingxenye ebalulekile yama-gill yi-coelomic fluid. Nguyena owenza inqubo yokushintshanisa ngegesi phakathi kwendawo yasemanzini nezinto eziphilayo. Qaphela ukuthi le ncazelo yohlelo lokuphefumula ayitholakali nje kuphela ekudobeni, kepha izakhamizi eziningi zasolwandle nezilwandle ezingezona ezomvelo. Kepha mayelana nokuthi yizona ngqo lezo zitho zokuphefumula ezisemzimbeni wezinhlanzi ezikhethekile ngokwazo, ziyafunda.
Ziphi izinsiza
Uhlelo lokuphefumula lwezinhlanzi lugxilwe kakhulu emphinjeni. Kulapho lapho kutholakala khona imigwaqo yempi yabantu, lapho kugxilwa khona izitho zokushintshana ngegesi zegama elifanayo. Zethulwe ngohlobo lwamaphalishi, ezivumela umoya kanye nokunye okuwuketshezi okubalulekile okungaphakathi kwenhlanzi ngayinye ukuthi kudlule. Ezindaweni ezithile, i-pharynx ihlatshwa ama-gill slits. Kungenxa yazo lapho kudlula umoya-mpilo ongena emlonyeni wezinhlanzi ngamanzi ozigwinyayo.
Iqiniso elibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uma liqhathaniswa nosayizi womzimba wabahlali basolwandle abaningi, izihlambi zabo zikhulu kakhulu kubo. Kulokhu, izinkinga nge-osmolarity ye-plasma yegazi ziphakama ezintweni zazo. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlanzi zihlala ziphuza amanzi olwandle futhi zikhulule ngokusebenzisa ama-gill slits, ngaleyo ndlela zisheshise izinqubo ezahlukahlukene ze-metabolic. Inokungaguquguquki okuphansi kunegazi, ngakho-ke ihlinzeka ngama-gill kanye nezinye izitho zangaphakathi nge-oksijini ngokushesha nangokunempilo.
Inqubo yokuphefumula
Lapho inhlanzi isanda kuzalwa, cishe wonke umzimba uyaphefumula. Isitho ngasinye, kufaka phakathi igobolondo elingaphandle, singena ngemithambo yegazi, ngoba i-oksijini, esemanzini olwandle, ingena emzimbeni njalo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngamunye walaba bantu uqala ukuthuthukisa ukuphefumula gill, ngoba gill kanye nazo zonke izitho eziseduze nabo ifakwe inethiwekhi enkulu yemithambo yegazi. Futhi-ke ubumnandi buqala. Inqubo yokuphefumula yenhlanzi ngayinye incike ezicini zayo zokuthambekela, ngakho-ke ku-ichthyology kuyisiko ukuyihlukanisa ngezigaba ezimbili - ukuphefumula okusebenzayo kanye nokungena ngaphakathi. Uma konke kucace ngokusebenzayo (inhlanzi iphefumula “ngokujwayelekile”), iqoqa umoya-mpilo ezibuyeni futhi ikuphatha njengomuntu), sizozama ukubhekana nalokhu okunolwazi ngokuningiliziwe.
Ukuphefumula okungapheli nokuthi kuncike kuphi
Lolu hlobo lokuphefumula luyingqayizivele kuphela kubahlali bemikhumbi yolwandle nolwandle. Njengoba sishilo ngenhla, oshaka, kanye nabanye abameleli be-cartilaginous superclass, ngeke babe ngaphandle kokuhamba isikhathi eside, ngoba abanaso isigaxa sokubhukuda. Kunesinye futhi isizathu salokhu, okuwukuthi, lokhuphefumula nje. Lapho inhlanzi ibhukuda ngejubane elikhulu, ivula umlomo wayo, bese amanzi efika lapho. Ukusondela ku-trachea kanye nama-gill, i-oksijini ihlukaniswa uketshezi, okunakekela isitho somuntu ohlala olwandle eshesha ngokushesha. Kungakho isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokunyakaza izinhlanzi zizincisha amandla okuphefumula ngaphandle kokuchitha noma yimuphi umzamo namandla kukho. Sengiphetha, siphawula ukuthi oshaka kanye nabo bonke abamele ama-mackerel bangabakhileyo kwabanesivinini esikhulu samanzi kasawoti.
Imisipha eyinhloko yezinhlanzi
Elula kakhulu ukwakheka kwenhliziyo yezinhlanzi, okuyinto, esiyiphawulayo, kuwo wonke umlando wobukhona balesi sigaba sezilwane, empeleni azizange zivele. Ngakho-ke, lesi sitho sinamagumbi amabili. Simelelwa yiphampu eyodwa eyinhloko, efaka amagumbi amabili - i-atrium ne-ventricle. Inhliziyo yenhlanzi ipompa igazi elibuhlungu kuphela. Ngokuyinhloko, uhlelo lokujikeleza kulezi zinhlobo zempilo yasolwandle lunohlelo oluvaliwe. Igazi lijikeleza kuwo wonke ama-capillaries we-gill, bese lihlangana emithanjeni, bese lisuka laphaya liphinde liwelele kuma-capillaries amancane, asevele enikezela izitho zangaphakathi ezisele. Ngemuva kwalokho, igazi "elichithekile" liqoqwa emithanjeni (kukhona amabili kuwo enhlanzini - i-hepatic ne-cardiac), ukusuka lapho kuya ngqo enhliziyweni.
Isiphetho
Ngakho-ke isifundo sethu esifushane ku-biology sesiphelile. Ingqimba yezinhlanzi, njengoba kwenzeka, iyathakazelisa kakhulu, iyathakazelisa futhi ilula. Umzimba walabahlali basolwandle ubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ungawucwaninga, ngoba kunenkolelo yokuthi bangabahlali bokuqala bomhlaba wethu, ngamunye wabo uyisihluthulelo sendalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulula kakhulu ukutadisha ukwakheka nokusebenza kwento yezinhlanzi kunenye. Futhi osayizi balaba bantu be-stochia yamanzi bamukeleka kakhulu ukuthi bacatshangelwe ngokuningiliziwe, futhi ngasikhathi sinye, zonke izinhlelo nezinhlaka zilula futhi zitholakala ngisho nasezinganeni ezifunda isikole.