Impilo ngengcebo noma uthando egcekeni? Ukwenza ukukhetha akulula. Futhi noma ngabe usuvele uzitholile, izifiso zakho kanye nezimiso zakho, impilo ibeka phezulu lezimanga zakho.

Indaba yothando nokulahleka okungalungiseki ngokumelene nokubuyela emuva kwempilo yezwe yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule. U-Era osemncane kanye noZina, ophefumulelwe amathemba aphezulu, ngokungafani nezeluleko zabazali babo, baya edolobheni iphupho labo. Bazohambisana kakhulu ngesandla, bakwazi ukwakha ubungane ngokweqiniso, bangcwabe abantu abangasho lutho nabakhohlisayo, basinde ezikhathini eziphakeme nezimbi. Bazokuqonda ukuthi into esemqoka empilweni ukugcina uthando nokukholwa kubantu kanye nethemba lokuhle. Noma kunganjani.

Izingwenya, izingulube zasendle kanye nezinkawu zabanga impi yabantu. Akekho owaziyo ukuthi ubayekise kanjani.

Izigidi zezingulube zasendle ziyathuthuka eYurophu, futhi akekho owazi ukuthi zingamiswa kanjani. ENdiya nase-Uganda, izinkawu zidla abantu abathathe amahlathi abo, futhi isiqhingi sase-East Timor asikwazi ukubhekana nokuhlasela kwezingwenya ezinamagazi, zibulale inqwaba yabantu. Kunempi phakathi kwabantu nezilwane, futhi inzuzo isekude kakhulu ngasohlangothini lwethu. ILenta.ru ishicilela imibiko evela emingceleni yayo.

Ngifuna ukwazi konke

Cishe uhlangane lapha indaba ethinta inhliziyo enjalo "ephathelene nenkawu yakho nomeluleki wayo okhulelwe."

Ake ngikutshele ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani.

Ukuhlonishwa kwalabo “oxhumana nabo okokuqala” - ingxoxo yabameli bezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane - kungokwalowo owayeyizimpimpi Washo nothisha bakhe, abashadikazi u-Allen noBeatrice Gardner. Ngaleso sikhathi kwase kwaziwa ukuthi izilwane sezikwazi ukucabanga: zingazixazulula izinkinga "engqondweni," okungukuthi, hhayi ngokuzama nangamaphutha kuphela, kepha nangokusungula izindlela ezintsha zokuziphatha.

Lokhu kufakazelwe yisazi sezengqondo saseJalimane uWolfgang Köhler, owenza ucwaningo lwakhe oludumile lobuhlakani be-chimpanzee ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Kokunye kokuhlolwa kwakhe, inkawu ngemuva kochungechunge lwemizamo engaphumelelanga yokuqongqotha ubhanana olulenga phezulu ngenduku noma ukuyithola, wagibela ebhokisini, wahlala phansi, “wacabanga”, wabe esukuma, ebeka amabhokisi ngaphezulu komunye, wakhwela phezu kwabo ngenduku futhi wehlela phansi ilitshe.

Kuliqiniso, bahlulekile ukuthola impumelelo ekhethekile ekukhulisweni kweGua, kepha uDonald waqala waba yikhanda: inkulumo yakhe yehlisa ijubane, kepha wafunda ukulingisa ngokuphelele ukukhala nemikhuba kaGua waze waqala ukuluma amagxolo ezihlahleni emva kwakhe. Abazali abethukile kufanele bayeke ukuhlolwa, uGua wathunyelwa e-zoo. Omunye umbhangqwana wezazi zezengqondo, lo mbhangqwana wamaHayes, ophakamise isichwensi sikaVicky, ngobunzima obukhulu bakwazile ukumfundisa ukukhuluma amagama ambalwa: “mama”, “baba”, “inkomishi”.

Kuphela ngo-1966, izazi zezokwelapha u-Allen no Beatrice Gardner, bebuka amafilimu ngo Vicki, babona ukuthi wayefuna futhi bekwazi ukuxhumana besebenzisa izimpawu: ngokwesibonelo, wayethanda ukushayela imoto futhi, ukuze axhumane nesifiso sakhe ebantwini, weza nomqondo wokubazisela izithombe izimoto ezazikhipha komagazini. Kwakungekona ukukhuluma okwenze ukuba ingakwazi ukukhuluma, kodwa ukwakheka kwengqimba. Bese kuthi-ke uGardner aqhamuke nomqondo wokufundisa ama-chimpane ulimi lwezandla olusetshenziswa yizithulu.

Waqala kanjalo-ke umsebenzi we "Washoe".

Washo nomndeni wakhe

Owesifazane wokuqala wesikhathi esizayo emhlabeni wez chimpanzee wayeyingane enezinyanga eziyi-10 eyabanjwa e-Afrika: ekuqaleni kwakumele isetshenziswe ocwaningweni lwasemkhathini - ngokusobala, wamane wazalelwa udumo.

AbakwaGardners bakhulisa uWasho njengengane yabo. Ubengakhumbuli nje kuphela isenzo nabazali bakhe abamthathayo abekhuluma naye, kodwa wabuye wabuza imibuzo, waphawula ngezenzo zakhe nangezenzo zothisha bakhe futhi naye wakhuluma nabo.

"Izwi" lakhe lokuqala laliwuphawu lwe- “ngaphezulu!”: Ukukopela, ukwanga, ukuphatha noma ukwethula amagama amasha. Ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila kwakhe nabakwaGardners, uWasho wayenolwazi ngama-Amslens angama-30, ulimi lwaseMelika lwezithulu, eminyakeni emithathu yokuqala, izinhlamvu ezili-130. Efunda ulimi ngokulandelana okufanayo nengane, wafunda ukuhlanganisa izimpawu nemisho elula. Isibonelo, u-Washo wahlukumeza omunye wabaphenyi ukuba amnikeze ugwayi awubhemayo: izimpawu zithi "ngicela ungibheme", "bhema u-Washo", "masisha intuthu". Ekugcineni, umcwaningi wathi: "Buza ngentobeko," no-Washo ephendula wathi: "Ake unginike intuthu eshisayo." Kodwa-ke, akazange anikezwe ugwayi.

Kwavela ukuthi u-Washo wenza ukubumbana kube kubi kakhulu kunezingane ezincane eziqala kahle ukukhuluma ulimi. Isibonelo, enye yezimpawu zokuqala azifundile "zivulekile!" - Uqale wafaka isicelo lapho efuna ukuthi kuvulwe umnyango wekamelo, wabe eseqala ukuyisebenzisa ukuvula yonke iminyango, kwase kuba okokudonsa, iziqukathi, amabhodlela ekugcineni wavula ngisho nompompi wamanzi.

Inkawu isebenzise kahle izabizwana zomuntu uqobo, imibono yakudala neyikusasa (ngokuzayo yayithanda kakhulu amaholide, ngokwesibonelo, ngoKhisimusi, eyayiyithanda kakhulu), ukulandelana kwamagama kwimisho (ngokwesibonelo, yakuqonda kahle umehluko phakathi kokuthi “Uyangiklinya” kanye “Ngiyakukitaza” "). Kwesinye isikhathi u-Washo wayezama "ukukhuluma" hhayi nabantu kuphela, kepha nezinye izidalwa. Kwake kwathi lapho inja ixoshwa ngokukhonkotha ngemuva kwemoto eyayishayele kuyo, u-Washo, owayethukile ukuthi izinja zizokufa, esikhundleni sokucasha njengenjwayelo, weqa ngewindi waqala ukumoyizela wathi: “Inja, hamba!”

Ngaleso sikhathi, ezinye izinhlobo ezinzimpimpi ezisanda kuzalwa zilethwe elebhu likaGardner. Bafunda ngokushesha futhi ngokushesha baqala ukuxhumana nabanye ngolimi lwezandla. Futhi lapho kuzalwa ingane kaWasho, waqala ukufunda ukuthinta umzimba, engaboni abanye abantu, kodwa nezinye izinkawu. Ngaso leso sikhathi, abacwaningi baqaphele kaningi ukuthi uWasho "ubeka isandla sakhe" - elungisa isibonakaliso sokubonisa.

Ngo-Ephreli 1967, u-Washo waqala wasebenzisa i-compounds evela emagameni. Ucele "nginike amaswidi" futhi "uvuleke." Ngalesi sikhathi, chimpanzee yayiseminyakeni lapho izingane zabantu ziqala ukusebenzisa inhlanganisela yamagama amabili. Ukuqhathaniswa kwamakhono abantu nenkawu kwakuyindawo elandelayo yocwaningo. Kepha lesi sici silethele abakwaGardners enkingeni ethile. Iqiniso ngukuthi ekuqaleni abanye ososayensi abalibonanga ikhono likaWasho lokukhuluma. URoger Brown, uprofesa eHarvard University, eyaziwa ngocwaningo lwayo ngokuthuthuka kwenkulumo ezinganeni ezincane, wayekholelwa ukuthi uWasho akazange ngaso sonke isikhathi anamathele ngokuqinile ekulandelweni kwamagama afanele futhi, ngakho-ke, wayengakuqondi ukuxhumeka phakathi kwezigaba zamagama ezinikeze umusho incazelo ethile. UJakob Bronowski kanye nesazi sezilimi u-Ursula Bellugi bashicilele i-athikili egcizelela ukuthi uWashho akakwazi ukukhuluma, njengoba engabuzi imibuzo futhi engasebenzisi imisho engemihle. Ekugcineni, isazi sezilimi uNom Chomsky sisho ngokwezigaba ukuthi ubuchopho besimo sezulu esishintshiwe asishintshiwe ukuvumela isilwane ukuba sikhulume.

Ukucwaninga, okwamanje, kuveze imiphumela emisha ngokwengeziwe, ehlaziya futhi yabhekisisa ngokucophelela nedatha etholakalayo ekuthuthukiseni ukukhuluma ezinganeni. Futhi kungekudala abagxeki baphoqeleka ukuba bahoxise okunye ukuphikisana kwabo

URoger Brown uvumile ukuthi i-oda lamagama aligxeki. Kwezinye izilimi, ezinjengesiFinnish, akubalulekile njengesiNgisi. Ukuhleleka kwamagama emshweni akudlali indima enkulu olimini lwabantu abayizithulu nabayizimungulu. Futhi izingane ngokwazo zivame ukwephula ukuhleleka kwamagama, kodwa ... ziqondane ngokuphelele.

AbakwaGardner bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi izingane nezinkawu zisondele kakhulu mayelana nokuphendula imibuzo, ukuhlanganisa imisho yezinsuku ezimbili, ukusebenzisa amabizo, izenzi kanye neziphawulo, kanye nokuhleleka kwamagama emshweni. Zingaziwa ngemigomo yohlelo lolimi, izingane, njengezimpimpi, zifuna ukumiselela imisho ephelele ngegama elilodwa noma amabili.

Ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku kukhombisa ukuthi u-Washo ubuza imibuzo ngokukhululekile futhi esebenzisa imisho engemihle. Inkawu iyakwazi ukusebenzisa izimpawu "cha", "angikwazi", "zanele." U-Washo wabhekabheka wababona nje omagazini anemifanekiso, ebuza abantu: "Yini le?" Izitatimende zikaChomsky mayelana nekhono elilinganiselwe lobuchopho be-chimpanzee zimane nje zingaqinisekiswa: azisekho izindlela zokucacisa le nkinga. Muva nje, usosayensi waseMelika uNorman Geschwind waqala izivivinyo ngenhloso yokuthola ukuthi indawo esebuchosheni bucishe ifane naleyo elawula umsebenzi wokukhuluma kubantu.

Lapho abakwaGardners beqeda umsebenzi wabo noWasho ngonyaka ka-1970, wayesengcupheni yokuya kwesinye sezikhungo zama-biomedical "izivivinyo" futhi, uma engashona, khona-ke okungenani uchithe zonke izinsuku zakhe esitokisini esincane esedwa. Umsizi kaGardner, uRoger Fouts, owasungula i- “Monkey Farm”, lapho kuhlala khona “umndeni wakwa-Washo” - ikoloni lezinkawu "ezikhuluma" - wamsindisa, kwalandela ezinye izitshani eziqeqeshelwe elebhu.

Uprofesa weGorilla

Imiphumela yezifundo "zomndeni wakwa-Washo" ibonakala ingakholakali ngokuphelele, kepha ngama-70s amaqembu amaningi abaphenyi abazimele abasebenza nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinkawu ze-anthropoid baqinisekisa futhi bayayengeza le mininingwane. Mhlawumbe izinkawu ezingama-25 ezikhuluma kahle kunazo zonke kwakuyi-gorilla Coco, ehlala eduze neSan Francisco. UCoco unguprofesa wangempela: usebenzisa, ngokwesilinganiso esihlukile, kusuka kwabalingiswa abangama-500 kuye kwabayinkulungwane be-Amslena, uyakwazi ukuqonda cishe izinhlamvu ezingama-2000 namagama olimi lwesiNgisi, futhi, ukuxazulula izivivinyo, kukhombisa ubuhlakani obuhambisana nokujwayelekile komuntu waseMelika omdala.

Kodwa-ke, njengazo ezinye izinkawu "ezikhuluma", ukukhula okuyinhloko kwenkulumo nobuhlakani bakhe kwenzeka eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila kwakhe (njengomthetho, izinkawu ezinekhono zifinyelela ezingeni lengane eneminyaka emibili ekukhuleni kwenkulumo futhi, ngandlela thile, ingane eneminyaka emithathu). Ukukhula, ikakhulukazi bahlala njengezingane, basabela ebuntwaneni ezimweni zokuphila futhi bakhetha imidlalo kuzo zonke ezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa isikhathi. UCoco usadlala onodoli nezilwane zamathoyizi futhi akhulume nabo, enamahloni, lapho umuntu emthola kulo msebenzi.

UCoco uwathanda kakhulu amakati (wayenekati lakhe, elisanda kufa), uthanda ukudweba. Imidwebo kaCoco ingabukwa kuwebhusayithi yakhe ethi: http://www.koko.org/index.php, lapho ungathola khona nezindaba zakamuva ezivela empilweni ye-gorilla, esivele ingaphansi kwamashumi amane (ama-chimpanzee nama-gorilla angaphila iminyaka engaba ngu-45-50).

Manje ososayensi bafuna ukuthatha "amandla omuntu" kaCoco afike ezingeni elisha - bazomfundisa ukufunda.

Phakathi nesonto, abezindaba bavele ngokuhlukile ngesimo somculi wezwe laseRussia uNadezhda Babkina. Khumbula, lo mculi usesibhedlela unesifo samaphaphu. Kubikwa ukuthi isimo saseBabkina sesingcono, nokuthi uthuthwe wasuka emtholampilo wangasese wayiswa esibhedlela sezempi. Kuze kube sekupheleni, akucaci ukuthi umculi ukuqinisekisile yini i-coronavirus.

UMargarita Koroleva, umngani kaNadezhda Babkina: “Ngokwazi kwami, lezo zivivinyo ezenziwa uNadezhda Georgiaievna Babkina, zinikeze imiphumela emibi ebudlelwaneni.

Le ngxoxo inikezwe ngumngani kaBabkina uMargarita Koroleva, amahora ambalwa ngaphambi kokuthuthwa kwePeople's Artist esibhedlela samasosha. Umondli wezinkanyezi akazange afihle: odokotela basemtholampilo ozimele bayaqhubeka nokulwela impilo kaNadezhda Babkina, lapho lo mculi ebekwe khona ngo-Ephreli 1. Umngani weBabkina uhlala axhumana naye ngokuya kodokotela.

UMargarita Koroleva: "Sekuphele izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezimbili uNadezhda Babkina eqaphela. Ungu-oksijini, unqanyulwa komoya-mpilo, bese uxhunyaniswa kuwo. Uphefumula yedwa, futhi kuyadingeka nomoya-mpilo. Isimo sinzima impela. ”

Kepha ngoMsombuluko, amaphephandaba aphuma enezinkulumo ezikhuthazayo: "Isiguli samaphaphu uNadezhda Babkina siphume siphekepheke", "Isingoma uNadezhda Babkina siphume ngobunono sicele amazambane athosiwe ngamakhowe."

UMargarita Koroleva: "Hhayi, angazi ukuthi ngibuze yini, noma ngabe sesikude kakhulu. Uqale ukukhuluma kancane nabasebenzi, ngicabanga ukuthi unokudla okujwayelekile, ngesipuni, ngosizo. "

Kepha ngoLwesibili isimo saba sibi. Kubikwa ukuthi uNadezhda Babkina uthinte ngaphezu kwengxenye yamaphaphu akhe, futhi wangakwazi ukukhuluma.

UMargarita Koroleva: “Ngubani ozoza nokuthile okuzobhala komagazini. Ungakukholwa. Angiqiniseki ukuthi akayona i-coronavirus, ngakho-ke kunemiphumela emihle yamanga nemiphumela emibi yamanga, ukuxilonga kuzokhombisa impilo. Kulesi simo, inyumoniya ebambene. Sigcina izibhakela zethu ziqinisekisa ukuthi konke kuhamba kahle, ukuthi ukulungiswa kwahamba kahle kakhulu. "

Kepha i-pneumonia ebumbili nayo yatholakala ku-Alexander Vasiliev. Umlobi wezemfashini ukhulume noNadezhda Babkina ngosuku olwandulela ukulaliswa kwakhe esibhedlela futhi wayesaba ukuthi uzokugula, ngoba banomculi owodwa owenzelwe abantu ababili. Izinga lokushisa likaVasiliev lenyuke laba ngu-38, kwaqalwa ukukhwehlela. Uphuthunyiswe esibhedlela eKommunarka. Kepha umzimba wesazi semfashini waba namandla, uVasiliev walulama ngokushesha. ICoronavirus ayikaqinisekiswa.

Umngani weBabkina akazange asuse ngaphandle: umculi wezwe kunzima ukubekezelela ukugula okucindezelayo.

UMargarita Koroleva: “Ngikhuluma ngengcindezi ayenayo ngaphambi kosuku lokugubha. Ukuxineka kwangenelela ohlelweni lwempilo kaNadezhda Georgiaievna, ngeshwa, kwehlisa ukungazinzi kwakhe. Wayenamandla amakhulu, kepha walala okuncane. Ngenkathi isibuthakathaka, ake silinde. Odokotela bathi ngosuku azoyenza bazizwe ngalo, uzoxhumana. ”

Abezindaba babhale ukuthi uNadezhda Babkina ngokwakhe ufuna ukuthi athuthwe esibhedlela samasosha, lapho babeka khona uJoseph Kobzon noLydia ngezinyawo. Umqondisi wekhonsathi yaseBabkina, uSergei Gorokh, ukuphikile ukuthi lo mculi usesibhedlela sezempi.

USergey Gorokh: "Uphefumula yedwa ngosuku lwesithathu nezinkulumo."

Oxhumana naye: "Manje kunolwazi lokuthi udluliselwe esibhedlela samasosha. Yiqiniso lokhu?"

USergey Gorokh: "Ngiyacela, ufunde kuwebhusayithi yemidlalo yethu yeshashalazi. Konke kubhalwe lapho. ”

Kepha imininingwane esayithini yeBabkina Theatre ayikabuyekezwa kusukela ngo-Ephreli 7. Umndeni womculi wezwe nawo uthule.

UMargarita Koroleva“Yebo, njengazo zonke izihlobo, u-Evgeny Gor naye unolwazi, kepha akekho umuntu ofuna ukukucabanga manje. Odokotela benza yonke imizamo yokusiza ngangokunokwenzeka futhi ekugcineni benza konke ukuze uNadezhda Georgiaievna athole impilo. ”

Izilwane eziqeqeshiwe noma abafowethu engqondweni?

Noma kunjalo, iziphetho ezivela kulezi zifundo zazinenhlamba futhi zazingamukeleki ngokuphelele kubantu bomphakathi wesayensi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinkawu "ezikhuluma" zavele zaba impukane emgceni wokugcotshwa kokuqagela kwezazi zefilosofi nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo mayelana kwalasha phakathi komuntu onokwazi nezilwane ezinjenge-automata ezilawulwa ingqondo nemvelo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izazi zezilimi zahlasela: ngokomqondo kaNoam Chomsky obusa ezikhungweni zezilimi zaseMelika, ulimi luwukubonakaliswa kwekhono lofuzo elitholakala kubantu kuphela (ngendlela, lokuhlekisa enye yezinkawu "ezikhulayo" abayibiza ngoChimsky).

Ngokusho kwabagxeki, ukushukunyiswa kwezimpawu zezinkawu akuzona izimpawu ezinengqondo, kepha ukulingisa okulula kwabacwaningi, lapho kutholakala ukuthi “banesimo esihle” sokuziphatha ngenxa yokuqeqeshwa. Izilingo, zikhuluma nezinkawu, kuthiwa ngaso sonke isikhathi zibanikeza izinkomba, ngaphandle kokuzibona ngokwazo - ngezimo zobuso, amehlo, ukuqonda kanye nezinkawu akugxili emazwini abo, kodwa kulwazi olungelona olomlomo.

Izinkawu "ezikhulunywa" zifaniswa noClever Hans, umdubuli we-Orlov, ongumnikazi wakhe "afundise" ihhashi ukubala nokuphendula imibuzo. Ngemuva kwalokho kwavela ukuthi uHans wayevele asabele ngokunyakaza okucashile komqeqeshi wakhe.

Enye yezinhloso zikaRambo bekuwukukhuthaza izinkawu ngezimpendulo ezifanele kancane ngangokunokwenzeka. Izinkawu ezindala uSavage Rambo abesebenza naye azange akhombise amathalente akhethekile futhi kumenze wangabaza kakhulu.Kepha ngesinye isikhathi, umntwana uKanzi - indodana yenye yalezi zinkawu, owayehlala eqaqa umama wakhe - ngokuzumayo waqala ukuyiphendula ngokwakhe. Kuze kube yilowo mzuzu, akekho umuntu owayemfundise noma yini, abaphenyi abamnakanga kangako, kodwa wamphendula kakhulu.

Ngokushesha kwavela ukuthi naye wafunda ukuziqonda ngesiNgisi nje kuphela, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho wakhombisa ithalente elikhulu emidlalweni yama-computer. Kancane kancane, ngenxa yempumelelo kaKanzi nodadewabo uBonbonishy, ​​akubanga nalutho lokungabaza uSavage Rambo, futhi waqala ukukhombisa umhlaba wesayensi ukuthi izitshimane zakhe “ezikhulayo” zazazi izilimi ezintathu (i-yerveli, i-amslen kanye namagama angama-2000 esiNgisi), zaziqonda izincazelo zamagama no syntax yemisho, okwazi ukwenza okujwayelekile nokwesafaniso, bekhuluma bodwa futhi bafunda komunye nomunye.

Ngokuya kososayensi, izinkawu zivame ukuqagela izinhloso zesipika, zingakuqondi nakancane ukuqonda kwamagama. Ingathi umuntu ubukele i-opera yesepha enomsindo we-TV icishiwe. Ngemuva kwakho konke, incazelo isazocaca. URambo ukuqinisekisile lokhu kubukwa ngokwenza isivivinyo, qhathanisa ukuqonda kweziphakamiso zikaKanzi oneminyaka engu-8 nentombazane engu-Ali eneminyaka engu-2 ubudala. Ukuhlolwa kwaqhubeka ngoMeyi 1988 kuya kuFebhuwari 1989. Kuma-600 izabelo zomlomo, uKansi wenze ama-80%, kwathi u-Ali - 60%. Isibonelo, "faka ipuleti ku microwave", "thatha ibhakede ungene emgwaqweni", "faka ulamula ku-Coca-Cola", "faka izinaliti zikaphayini esikhwameni", njll. Ukuziphatha okumangalisa kangaka kwezilimi zezinkawu kuphakamisa umbuzo osobala, yize unemibuzo ephikisayo: Kungenzeka yini ukuthi ucabangele ukuthi ulimi lukaWashoho, isiKanzi nesiCoco lusondelene nolimi lwengane eneminyaka emibili, noma ingabe lolo “lwimi” oluhlukile ngokuphelele, olufana nolwabantu?

Ucwaningo lweSavage Rambo bekunzima kakhulu ukuphikisana nalo. Labo abathanda ukwahlukaniswa komuntu bangasho nje ukuthi, noma kunjalo, ulimi olusetshenziswa yizinkawu lusekude kakhulu nolomuntu. Njengasekuhlekiseni: “Ingulube ingene enkundleni yemidlalo yesekethe futhi yadlalela ucezwana lwesidlawuzane ku-violin. Wonke umuntu ushaya ihlombe ngenhliziyo yonke, futhi yisibukeli esisodwa kuphela esingashayi ihlombe, sibabaza ngokunganaki esiteji. "Awungithandanga?" - ubuza umakhelwane wakhe. "Cha, akukubi, kepha hhayi ku-Oistrakh."

Emhlabeni wezilwane: isiko, imfundo, imizwelo

"Izilwane azazi." Lo mqondo uyithemba lokugcina lokuqinisekisa isikhundla somuntu phakathi kwezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, usinikeza ilungelo lokuzigcina esitokisini, sisetshenziselwe ukuhlolwa futhi sakhe amafektri ukukhiqizwa "kwenyama ebukhoma".

Kepha emuva maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili, kwavela isimilo - isayensi yokuziphatha kwezilwane. Futhi ukubonwa kwezazi zokuziphatha kuvumela ukubukwa okuhluke ngokuphelele kumakhono wemilingo yezilwane.

Kwavela ukuthi ama-apile (anjengezindlovu namahlengethwa) ayazi, okungenani ngezinga lomzimba: ayazibona esibukweni. Ubuningi bemizwelo eboniswe yibo bunothile kakhulu. Isibonelo, ngokuya ngokubona kwesazi sezokuziphatha uPenny Patterson, ama-gorilla uthando kanye nokuzonda, ekhala futhi ahleke, bayaziqhenya nokujabha, uzwela nomhawu ... Olunye ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe izazi zesayensi yaseBrithani eNyuvesi yaseSt Andrews lukhombisile nokuthi amahlengethwa anohlobo lokuhlala njalo amagama komunye nomunye.

Lokhu akusasewona umqondo, kepha kuyikhono lesiko elidluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwavela ucwaningo olwengeziwe lwesiko lezinkawu, futhi igama elithi “isiko” lisebenzisa lapho ngaphandle kwezingcaphuno.

Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kuka-Evgeny Panov, "izinga eliphakeme lokuthuthuka komsebenzi wezikhali zezinkawu ze-anthropoid zikhombisa ikhono lazo lokuhlela ngokulandelana kwezenzo ezilandelanayo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuholeli ekuqhamukeni kwesiko lezinto ezibonakalayo elikhulayo. ”

Kepha mhlawumbe izinkawu azidingi nje? Khumbula ukuphazamiseka kukaDouglas Adams: "Umuntu wayehlala ekholelwa ukuthi uhlakaniphile kunamhlengethwa, ngoba uzuze okuningi: wasungula isondo, New York, izimpi, nokunye, ngenkathi amahlengethwa enza kanjalo nje, ejabulisa, ewa emanzini. AmaDolphins, nawo abelokhu ekholelwa ukuthi ahlakaniphile kunabantu - ngenxa yalesi sizathu. ”

Yebo, ubuchopho benkawu e-humanoid bunesisindo esiphindwe kathathu kunesethu, kepha lokhu akusenzi umehluko phakathi kwezinye izidalwa eziphilayo: amahlengethwa, imikhomo, izindlovu zinobuchopho obukhulu kunobethu. Abaphenyi banqume ukungalinganisi ivolumu yobuchopho, kepha isilinganiso sesisindo sobuchopho nesisindo somzimba. Kepha nazi izinhlanhla ezimbi - amagundane abeletha phambi kwethu kulesi silinganiso.

Ngemuva kwalokho abakwaGardners basebenze nama chimpanzee amathathu. UMoye (ngesiSwahili igama lakhe lisho ukuthi "munye") uneminyaka eyisithupha, uTatu ("amathathu") unyaka wesine, uNne ("amane") ngowesilisa, uneminyaka emibili nesigamu. U-Washo kungekudala ngaphambi kokuqala kwalesi sigaba kukhishwe ekuhlolweni. Onke amashimpanzi afika epulazini kungakadluli usuku lwesine ngemuva kokuzalwa. Kusukela ekuqaleni, baphila ngaphansi kombuso oqinile, onesayensi. Isilwane ngasinye sinendawo yaso yokuhlala - igumbi lokulala, indawo yemidlalo, indlu yokugezela kanye nendawo yokudlela. Izisebenzi ezintathu zisebenza nesilwane ngasinye. Emakilasini ahlelwe ngokuqinile, asheshe afundise ama-chimpanzee ASL. Othisha bajwayele ukuyisebenzisa - omunye wabasebenzi uyisithulu yena uqobo, abanye bayizingane zabazali abayizithulu. Phambi kwezilwane, bonke abasebenzi epulazini baxhumana kuphela ne-ASL, ngakho-ke, chimpanzee awuke uzwe ukukhuluma kwabantu.

Usuku lokusebenza kwepulazi luqala ngehora lesikhombisa ekuseni, lapho ongqongqoshe bevusa amashimpanzi. “Isibonakaliso sosuku” sinqunywa nsuku zonke - uphawu olusha othisha abazama ukulufaka empilweni yansuku zonke yezilwane ezifuywayo, kudala izimo zemvelo ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze baphinde basebenzise amagama abo. Ngemuva kwendlu yangasese yasekuseni eyisibopho, ibhulakufesi ifaka phakathi kwezinye izinto, ingilazi yobisi olufudumele. Futhi ngenkathi bedla, iitshimpanzi zijwayele ukuzimela: zona ngokwazo kufanele zibophe i-bib futhi zidle ngaphandle kosizo lwangaphandle. Ngemuva kokudla, kufanele uhlambe amazinyo akho bese uxubha izinwele zakho.

Uma kungekho ukushisa, chimpanzee ahamba ngezingubo okufanele azigqoke ngokwazo. Benza imibhede futhi bahlanza. Njengomthetho, izinkawu ziyakwazi ukusula uketshezi oluchithekile, ukugeza izitsha, nokwenza eminye imisebenzi. Konke lokhu kunomthelela omuhle kulwazi lolimi futhi kugwema ukonakala.

Amakilasi aphathwa ngaphambi nangemva kwasemini. Isigamu sehora - ukuqeqeshwa ekusebenziseni izibonakaliso, nelinye ihora - ukubuka umagazini okubonisiwe, izincwadi. Imidlalo ebizwa nge- "pedagogical" ibakhuthaza ukuthi badwebe, bakhethe izinto emgqeni othile, bazijabulise ngama-cubes, bafundiswa ukufaka intambo ngenalithi ngisho nokuthunga. Kutholakale ukuthi imfene inaka okwanele imizuzu engamashumi amathathu. Futhi ukuze ugweme ukweqisa, kuthunyelwa ukulala kabili ngesikhathi sosuku. Cishe eziyisikhombisa kusihlwa bayageza futhi bahle ubuthongo ezembathweni ezinde, ezilula, ukuze ijazi lome kahle.

Ngale ndlela yokuphila, uMoyo wazakhela isilulumagama sabalingiswa abayi-150, kanti iTatu ingaphezulu kuka-60. Kanye ngesonto, bonke abacwaningi bahlangana ukuzoxoxa ngemiphumela, kubandakanya nokuvela kwabalingiswa kusuka kuhlelo lwe-chimpanzee. Kwamanye amasonto, kuze kube yizenzo ezi-19 zokuxhumana phakathi kwezilwane eziqoshwe kusetshenziswa i-ASL. Iningi lazo lize kulezi zibonakaliso "hambani niyodlala" noma "yizani ukuzokothisa" (amashimpanzi akuthanda kakhulu ukukhishwa). Kwenzeka ukuthi uMoyo, ngokuzigibelisa ngokuzithandela leT tattoo ngokwakhe, wanikeza isibonakaliso "lapha", ekhomba emuva kwakhe lapho kwakufanele akhuphukele khona uTatoo. UMoyo waqoka uNne igama elithi “ingane”, wamqamba wamnika isiphuzo ebhodleleni lakhe, kanti yena uNne uqobo, ngenxa yezizathu ezaziwa nguye yedwa, ubiza amakhukhi kaMoya.

Lesi sizukulwane sezimpimpi, njengoba kukhonjiswa ngokuqhathanisa, kwakudonswa phansi iWasho kwezentuthuko, ngoba babeqale ukujwayelana nolimi lwe-ASL phambilini futhi babesendaweni enhle “evuselelayo” kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala.

Amandla okuguqulwa kwezinkawu ezingama-anthropoid aphenywe ngempumelelo e-United States nangezinhlelo zokunye ukuhlola.

Kepha isivivinyo esenziwe nge-chimpanzee eColumbia University of New York, sisanda kuphazamiseka. Izizathu eziholela ekubumbeni kukaprofesa wezengqondo uHerb Terrace zidale impikiswano enkulu phakathi kozakwabo.

Eminyakeni emine eyedlule, uTreace wethule ucwaningo lapho uNim Chimpanzee (igama lakhe eliphelele linguNim Chimsky - uthinta isazi sezilimi zaseMelika uNom Chomsky) naye ofundiswa i-ASL. UNim walwazi kahle nolimi lwezandla ngenkuthalo njengamanye ama-“geeks”, futhi waze welula isandla sakhe kubafundisi ukuze ambonise izimpawu ezintsha. Udlule ngempumelelo esigabeni “sezingane” sokuthuthuka kolimi, wasungula izimpawu ezintsha, futhi wafunda ... ukukhohlisa nokukloloda. Ngaphandle kwakho konke lokhu, uTreace wafika esiphethweni sokuthi amashimpanzi awakwazi ukwakha imisho kahle. Ekuhlolweni kwakhe, uTerrace akazange anake ukuthi silwelwa kanjani isilulumagama sikaNim, kodwa kugrama yezitatimende zakhe. Yena, enza inhlanganisela yamagama amabili, wahlanganisa amagama ngokunenjongo. Amanye amagama, isibonelo, “ngaphezulu”, ahlala avela endaweni yokuqala naye, abanye, isibonelo, “mina”, “mina”, kwesibili. UNim wabona ukuthi amabinzana athi “nginikeze” nokuthi “nginike” awakhiwa ngendlela efanayo. Kepha futhi, ngokusho kukaTerrace, akazange ahambe. Futhi nakhu umehluko ekusetshenzisweni kwamakhono okukhuluma phakathi kwezingane ezincane namachimpane asanda kuqala

Okokuqala, uma izingulule zakha inhlanganisela yezimpawu zamagama ezintathu noma ngaphezulu, khona-ke izici zesithathu nezilandelayo kuphela ezimweni ezingavamile ziqukethe imininingwane eyengeziwe, ziphinda ziphindaphinde isenzo esivele sisetshenzisiwe, noma zengeza igama kwisabizwana somuntu - - "play (with) me Nim ( om) ”Kwimisho engama-21 eyakhiwe kabili ayila, munye kuphela obengenakuphinda. Olimini lwezingane, ukuphindaphinda okunjalo, ngokusho kwezilimi, cishe akunakubonwa.

Umehluko wesibili yilokho izazi zezilimi ezibiza ubude obujwayelekile besisho. Izingane zisebenzisa, ukuguga, imisho emide futhi eyinkimbinkimbi. Eminyakeni emibili, ubude obujwayelekile bemisho abanayo icishe ifane namaNim - amagama ayi-1.5 (noma uphawu), kepha eminyakeni emibili elandelayo, ubude bemisho kaNimis bakhula kancane, ngenkathi bezingane (bobabili abayizithulu nabanempilo) ) iyanda kakhulu.

Futhi ama-semantics kaNeem ayehlukile kunawezingane. Wayengafinyeleleki ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwencazelo ye-semantic yesibonakaliso kanye nendlela yokusebenzisa kwayo. Ubudlelwano bezikhundla phakathi, ngokwesibonelo, into edliwayo nesenzo esivumelanayo seNim babungekho - akabonanga mehluko phakathi "kokudla nati" nokuthi "yidla nati." Kulandela lokho, uTerrace uphikisana nokuthi, iz chimpanzee ayiqondi ukuthi zithini.

Ekugcineni, uTerrace wenza ucwaningo olunzulu lwamafilimu athatha "izingxoxo" zikaNim nomuntu, waqhathanisa le miphumela nokucwaninga kwezingxoxo phakathi kwezingane nabazali. Izingane ziqala ukukuqonda kusenesikhathi ukuthi ingxoxo luhlobo lomdlalo lapho abahlanganyeli bezishintsha njalo izindima: owokuqala uzothi, bese omunye. Ingane ayiphazamisi umphikisi noma ikhulume kanyekanye naye. ENim, cishe ngamaphesenti angama-50 wamacala, izitatimende ziphazamise inkulumo yomngeneleli.

Kunezindlela ezintathu zokugcina ingxoxo ngemuva kokuthi umlingani eseqedile ukukhuluma: ungaphinda futhi ubeke enye, ungaphinda ukuthole okushilo bese ungeza okuthile okungokwakho, futhi ekugcineni, ungasho okuthile okusha Izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emibili ubudala ziphindaphinde abazali bazo kuze kube ngamaphesenti angama-20 ezitatimende zabo . Ngonyaka olandelayo, isabelo sokuphindaphinda sehle saya kumaphesenti amabili. UNime, nokho, kuwo wonke unyaka wesithathu wokuphila kwakhe walingisa amaphesenti angama-40 wemisho yothisha bakhe. Izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emibili ubudala zisekela amagama omdlwenguli ngamaphesenti angama-20, futhi lapho eseneminyaka emithathu, ngaleyo ndlela asekela uhhafu wezingxoxo. Ukungezwa kukaNim akuzange kweqe amaphesenti ayi-10

Phakathi kwenkawu nomuntu

Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ukuthi yonke indawo lapho sibheka khona “ukufana” engqondweni nasolimini lwethu, asikwazi ukucabanga okunye. Izinkawu "ezikhulayo" ziyizidalwa ezihluke ngokuphelele kunezihlobo zazo zemvelo, "izinkawu eziyiziphukuphuku," njengoba kuchazwa uWasho. Kepha abaze babe ngabantu, okungenani emehlweni abantu uqobo.

U-Washo waqanjwa ngemuva kwendawo eNevada lapho kwakuhlala khona abakwaGardners. Ngemuva kwalokho kwavela ukuthi olimini lwesizwe samaNdiya esihlala kule ndawo, "wosho" kusho umuntu. U-Washo ngokwakhe wayezibheka njengendoda. "Ungumuntu ofana nami nawe," kusho uthisha wakhe uPenny Patterson ngoCoco wakhe. Ocwaningweni lokwehlukanisa izithombe izigaba ezimbili - "abantu" kanye "nezilwane" - uVicki, owayazi amagama amathathu kuphela, wasifaka ngesibindi isithombe sakhe eqenjini "labantu" (njengazo zonke ezinye izinkawu "ezikhuluma" okwenziwe lo msebenzi ) Ngokuqiniseka nangokuzetheza wabeka isithombe sikababa wakhe "owayengakhulumi" eqenjini "lezilwane" kanye nezithombe zamahhashi nezindlovu.

Ngokusobala, izazi zezilimi kanye nezazi zebhayoloji azinampendulo enengqondo yalo mbuzo. Futhi isizathu esiyisisekelo sokungaboni ngaso linye ukuthi azikabikho izincazelo nemicabango esunguliwe.ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi ingane nenkawu ibona ulimi lwabantu ngezindlela ezihlukile akunamibandela. Kepha "ukukhuluma" izinkawu kuhlukanisa okungokoqobo ngendlela efanayo nabantu. Bahlukanisa izehlakalo zangempela ngezigaba ezifanayo nabantu. Isibonelo, ngesibonakaliso "sengane", zonke izinkawu eziqeqeshiwe zazibonisa izingane, imidlwane, nonodoli. U-Washo wenza isenzo "sezinja" zombili lapho ehlangana nezinja, futhi lapho ezwa inja ikhonkotha, nalapho ibona izithombe zayo - kungakhathalekile ukuthi iyini inzalo. Izingane zenza into efanayo. UGorilla Coco, ubona indandatho emunweni kaPenny, "uthe": "umgexo womunwe." Futhi isishimpanzi u-Washo wabiza i-swan ngokuthi "amanzi enyoni." Kuyini lokhu uma kungenjalo ulimi lwengane? Naye, lapho ebona indiza, uthi "uvemvane." Futhi, isoka likaCoco, uGorilla Michael, owafunda ulimi lwezandla esemncane kakhulu, wakhombisa izimangaliso zokusebenzisa ubuhlakani! Unxuse imiqondo engaqondakali njengeyakudala, yamanje neyizayo.

Wake wathi lapho esemncane futhi ehlala ehlathini, abazingeli babulala umama wakhe. Ngokungafani nabantu, izinkawu "ezikhulumayo" zayixazulula inkinga "yokuhlonza" ulimi lwazo kudala: ngombono wazo, zingabantu. Futhi njengoba ulimi luphawu oluhlukile lomuntu, kusho ukuthi bona uqobo “baba ngabantu”. Lesi siphetho siqinisekiswe kaningi. Isibonelo, u-Uosho, ngaphandle kokungabaza, wazibeka ezihlangwini zomuntu, futhi wabiza ezinye izingulule "izidalwa ezimnyama". UCoco wazithatha njengendoda. Lapho behlongoza ukuhlukanisa izithombe zezilwane ezithombeni zabantu, wasibeka ngesibindi isithombe sakhe ezithombeni zabantu. Kepha isithombe sikayise wakhe onenwele nqunu sinamathiselwe kunqwaba yakhe yezindlovu, amahhashi nezinja.

Sihlangana kanjani nalezi zidalwa? Ifilimu ekhazimulayo yaseSoviet ethi "The Adventures of Electronics" yayinenkinga efanayo: kubantu abadala, i-Electronics iyirobhothi ekhuluma, futhi ungayikhanyisa noma uyivule, kodwa izingane zibona ngokucacile: lo ngumuntu, ngaphezu kwewele lakhe iSyroezhkin.

Namuhla, abameli bamalungelo ezilwane babonwa njengabantu abaxakile. Kepha mhlawumbe kusasa konke kuzoshintsha, ngoba esikhathini esithile izigqila noma abamele ezinye izinhlanga bezingabhekwa njengabantu.