Ingaphezulu le-lithosphere lifakwa emiphumeleni enamandla ye-anthropogenic:
ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, i-salinization, izimayini, ukungcoliswa kwemfucuza yezimboni neyabathengi, ukulimala kwemishini ebusweni, njll.
Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcoliswa kwenhlabathi - ungqimba olungaphezulu lwe-lithosphere, imi ngalendlela elandelayo:
1.Umnyango Wezindlu Nezinsiza kusebenza (udoti wasekhaya, imfucuza yokudla, ukwakhiwa kanye nokunye udoti),
2.Imfucuza Yezimboni: izinsimbi ezingezona ezokufika futhi ezisindayo, ama-cyanides, i-arsenic, i-beryllium, i-benzene ne-phenol (ekwakhiweni kwamapulasitiki kanye nethambo lokufakelwa), ama-phenols, i-methanol, i-turpentine (epulpiti nasembonini yamaphepha),
3.Ubunjiniyela bamandla okushisa: i-slag evela kumalahle avuthayo, umusi, isalfa oxides (emhlabathini),
4. Umanyolo nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane,
5. EzokuThutha - i-nitrogen ne-lead oxides, ama-hydrocarbons, abandakanyeka emjikelezweni wezinto, adedelwa ngamandla enhlabathini nasezimileni,
6. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimbiwa - imvelo yemvelo iyaphazamiseka, ingaphezulu lomhlaba liyaphazamiseka ngomshini, kuphakama imfucumfucu yamalahle kanye nokungcola kwenzeka, amashumi ezinkulungwane zamahektha omhlaba ovundile ayafa.
Izinto - ukungcola kwenhlabathi kuhlukaniswe ngamaqembu alandelayo:
- izinsimbi nezinhlanganisela zazo,
- Umanyolo kwezolimo,
- ukubulala izinambuzane kwezolimo.
Amasimbi nezinhlanganisela zawo.
Ngenkambiso yomsebenzi wokukhiqiza, umuntu uthuthukisa futhi ahlakaze izinqolobane zensimbi, zethusi, ukuhola, i-mercury nezinye izinsimbi ezigxile ekuqothulweni komhlaba, ezihlakazeka ngenxa yokufafazwa.
Amakhilomitha angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-4 000 ama-cubic kilometres amayini ngonyaka. amadwala aqukethe insimbi nokukhula kwaminyaka yonke okungu-3%.
Eminye imithombo yensimbi engena emhlabathini: ukugqokwa kwezakhiwo zensimbi eziqediwe, ukugqwala kwazo okuholela ekusakazeni kwe-10% yensimbi emhlabathini. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, lezi zinqubo esezikhona maphakathi nekhulu lama-21 zizoholela ekwandeni kokuqukethwe kwezinsimbi ezithile emhlabathini izikhathi eziyi-10-100 noma ngaphezulu.
Ngokwesilinganiso esilinganiselwe, amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-122 we-zinc, amathani ayinkulungwane ayi-89 womthofu, amathani ayinkulungwane ayi-12, i-1.5000 yamathani e-molybdenum, amathani angama-765 e-cobalt, amathani angama-30,5 we-mercury aphonswa minyaka yonke ebusweni bomhlaba.
Ngokuphikisana nomoya kanye ne-hydrosphere, izinqubo zokuzihlanza azenzeki ku-lithosphere, ama-tox akhula kancane kancane emhlabathini, aguqule ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, futhi aphazamise ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-lithosphere ne-biosphere. Ngokusho kwamaketanga we-trophic, angena izidalwa zezitshalo nezilwane, kanye nabantu, futhi abangela izifo ezibucayi ezahlukahlukene, ngisho nezofuzo.
Umanyolo nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane.
Njalo ngonyaka, amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-500 zomanyolo ahlukahlukene angena emikhakheni yeplanethi yethu. Usawoti wePotassium, ama-phosphates, ama-nitrate, ama-nitrites nezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo njengamanyolo womhlabathi akagcini nje ngokunciphisa ukunambitheka kwemikhiqizo yezolimo, kodwa futhi kubenza babe yingozi emzimbeni womuntu.
Ama-pesticides (ama-pesticides) asetshenziswa kwezolimo. Lezi izindlela zokuvikela izitshalo ezizuzisayo kukhula, ezifweni nasezinambuzaneni ezahlukahlukene, yize zivikela ukulondolozwa okungeziwe kokukodwa kokuthathu kwezitshalo, kepha kunobuthi futhi kuthinta kabi yonke imvelo yonke.
Amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ahlukahlukene afakwa minyaka yonke epulazini lomhlaba. Isikhali se-pesticides sibandakanya ukulungiswa okungaphezulu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu ngokusetshenziselwa amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene wamakhompiyutha angama-900 asetshenziswa empini yokulwa nezinambuzane ezinjengezikhonkwane nezinye izinambuzane, ezinye izihlahla zemvelo kanye nezihlahla, ukhula, amagciwane, isikhunta esidala izifo zesikhunta, njll.
Isisekelo se-pesticides sivame kakhulu ukuhlanganiswa kwe-organochlorine ne-organophosphorus, kanye nezinto ezihlanganisiwe ze-zebaki, ukuhola, i-arsenic ne-simenti yothuli.
Ngokusebenza ku-ecosystem, i-pesticides inqwabelana enhlabathini nasemizimbeni yamanzi, ingena kulayini wokudla bese igxila ekuxhumeni okuphezulu kwekhonkrithi le-trophic, kufaka phakathi abantu.
Muva nje, izibulala zinambuzane ziya ngokuya zathathelwa indawo izindlela zemvelo zokulawula izinambuzane kwezolimo, ezingabizi kakhulu izikhathi ezili-10 ukuya kwezingu-20 kunamakhemikhali. Lapho usebenzisa izindlela zemvelo, izidalwa ezihlaselayo ezifanele kanye namagciwane zingeniswa esimisweni semvelo esivimba inani lezinambuzane.
Kwesinye isikhathi izindlela zokulawula izinambuzane zemvelo kanye namakhemikhali zisetshenziswa ndawonye, zihlanganiswe.
Ukuziphatha nokubola kokungcola emhlabathini.
Ukuhlakazeka, ukusakazeka nokubola kwezakhi zamakhemikhali enhlabathini kuya ngezakhiwo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba zenhlabathi (ukwakheka ngomshini, isimo se-acid-base kanye nezimo ze-redox, njll.), Ezinye zezakhi ziba amafomu angavumelani nezitshalo, ezinye ziyaqongelela futhi zisetshenziswa yizinto eziphilayo, ezinye - I-soluble kalula futhi ihlanzwa ngamanzi enhlabathi.
Izinkinga zokungcola kwe-lithosphere - izinhlobo, imithombo, izixazululo
Isisekelo sezinto eziphilayo zonke - isikhala seplanethi yethu lapho impilo kungenzeka khona - yi-lithosphere. I-lithosphere igobolondo lomhlaba eliqinile, eliqukethe okubizwa ngokuthi yi-Earth crust kanye nengqimba ephezulu yengubo. Iningi lomhlaba lihlala olwandle, kanti amaphesenti angama-29,2 kuphela omhlaba abelwe umhlaba, okuyingxenye yawo okuhlala kuyo izinguzunga zeqhwa, amathafa nezindawo ezingatholakali nhlobo. Ngokwebhalansi, iphesenti yendawo umuntu angayihlala futhi ayisebenzise ayithandeki. Futhi njalo ngonyaka umhlaba ofanelekile ngokuphila uya ngokuya uncipha.
Indawo yonke yeplanethi engamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi eziyi-130, okungukuthi, cishe ama-86% omhlaba uwonke. Ngenxa yokungafanele nokusebenzisa ngokweqile, unyaka nonyaka ingxenye yendawo evundile iba engafaneleki ukuba ikhule noma yini kuwo. Isibonelo, kule khulu leminyaka eyedlule kuphela, amakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingama-20 omhlaba owake wasetshenziswa kwezolimo alahlekile.
Inhlabathi
Ingqimba ephezulu ye-lithosphere ibizwa ngokuthi inhlabathi, futhi ingenye yezinto eziyisisekelo ze-biosphere. Inhlabathi ingumthombo obalulekile nomthombo oyinhloko wokudla kubantu nasezilwaneni. Kwakhiwa ngenxa yezinqubo eziningi zemvelo, zamakhemikhali nezomzimba futhi zigcina ibhalansi imvelo.
Ukubhujiswa kwengqimba yenhlabathi ibizwa ngokuthi ukuguguleka. Kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya lezinqubo zemvelo ngokwemvelo noma ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuguguleka kwemvelo kuqhubeke kancane futhi kungokwemvelo kwakha ubuso boMhlaba, kepha umthelela we-anthropogenic enhlabathini ezimeni eziningi awunampilo kwaphela.
Inhlabathi yakha kancane, cishe amasentimitha ayi-0,5-2 eminyakeni eyikhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuze sithole ungqimba onamandla impela womhlaba ovundile, kufanele kudlule amakhulu eminyaka. Kunjalo-ke namandla enhlabathi okuzihlanza. Ngokungcola okukhulu kwamakhemikhali emzimbeni, amakhemikhali abhekene nale nqubo avele ayeke ukubhekana nakho, ngenxa yalokho indawo ethintekayo yomhlaba ilahleka unomphela.
Imithombo yokungcola
Yonke imithombo eyinhloko yokungcola kwe-lithosphere ingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu alandelayo:
- Izinsizakusebenza nezakhiwo zokuhlala - ukwakhiwa nokungcola kwasendlini, imfucuza yokudla, izinto zasendlini nezingubo ezingasebenzi - konke lokhu kulahlwa ekuchithekeni komhlaba, okube yinkinga enkulu yemizi enkulu. Njalo ngonyaka, ngokwesilinganiso, kukhiqizwa ithani lokungcola kumhlali ngamunye weplanethi, okunzima ukubola irabha nopulasitiki.
- Umkhakha - Imboni ikhiqiza imfucuza enkulu eqinile futhi ewuketshezi, eminingi yayo enobuthi, iyingozi kubantu nasemvelweni. Imfucumfucu ye-Metallurgy iqukethe usawoti omningi wezinsimbi ezisindayo, amakhompiyutha e-arsenic ne-cyanide akhiwa ngenxa yezinqubo zemishini yobunjiniyela, futhi lapho kukhiqizwa izinto zepulasitiki nezinye izinto ze-polymeric, izinto ezinobuthi ezinjenge-phenol, i-styrene ne-benzene zitholakala emvelweni.
- EzokuThutha - Izinjini zokuhlanganisa zangaphakathi - "inhliziyo" yanoma iyiphi imoto - ukukhishwa kokukhipha, isotolo kanye nama-hydrocarbon amaningi emoyeni, abese efakwa ebusweni bomhlaba nezitshalo, kuthi i-nitrogen, isibabule kanye ne-carbon oxides kuthululelwe emhlabathini yimvula ye-acid. .
- Ezolimo - Inani elikhulu lomanyolo wamaminerali kanye nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane yazo zonke izinhlobo nezindlela zokusebenza, ngaphandle kwesidingo sezolimo zanamuhla, kunomthelela omubi kakhulu emvelweni.
- Imfucumfucu enomsakazo - Izinto ezinemisebe nezinto zenuzi, ukusetshenziswa okunye kwalokhu akunakwenzeka. Ziqinile futhi ziluketshezi, lapho indlela yesitoreji sazo incike kuzo.
Imfucuza eqinile kaMasipala
Mhlawumbe enye yezinkinga ebhebhetheka futhi ibhebhetheka kakhulu yokungcoliswa komhlaba yinkinga yokungcola okuqinile komasipala. Ubuntu bukhiqiza inani elikhulu likadoti eliqongelela kulezi zintaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, udoti onjalo awugcini nje ngokwawo, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinto ezinobuthi ezivela emfucumfucwini ziqala ukungena emhlabathini nasemanzini angaphansi komhlaba, zinoshe umhlaba lowo amakhilomitha amaningi azungeze ukuchitheka komhlaba.
Indlela ejwayelekile yokulahla imfucuza eqinile kamasipala ngokusebenzisa ukushiswa, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye, le ndlela mhlawumbe yimbi kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokuvutha, kukhishwa intuthu enobuthi ye-caustic, izinhlayiya zazo bese zihlala emhlabathini ziyibulale. Futhi ngenxa yalokho, akusizi nje imvelo kuphela, kepha yenza kube kubi kakhulu.
Okuncono indlela yomzabalazo onale nkinga, okwamanje, yiqoqo elihlukile lodoti kanye nokusebenzisa kabusha izinto. Uhlobo ngalunye lodoti lunomjikelezo walo wokukhiqizwa okwedlulele, ongasivumeli nje kuphela ukusula iplanethi yokulahla imfuhlumfuhlu nayo, kodwa futhi nokusindisa kude nezinsizakusebenza ezingenamkhawulo zomhlaba wethu.
Izinsimbi ezisindayo
Izinsimbi ezisindayo, ngokuya ngencazelo, zibizwa ngezinsimbi ezinobukhulu obuphakeme kunensimbi, noma ngesisindo se-athomu ngaphezulu kwama-50. Ezinye zazo ngesimo sokulandela umkhondo ziyadingeka izinqubo eziningi zebhayoloji ezinhlotsheni eziphilayo (ngokwesibonelo, i-manganese, i-zinc, i-molybdenum, ingasaphathwa eyensimbi, nayo eye ngezincazelo ezithile iwela esigabeni sensimbi esindayo).
Ngobuningi, izinsimbi ezisindayo zinobuthi, futhi ngoba zivame ukuqongelela ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene, noma ngabe kungumhlabathi, izitshalo, noma umzimba womuntu, noma imithamo emincane kodwa ejwayelekile ingaholela emiphumeleni emibi. Ukufaka ubuthi kumuntu nge-mercury nomthofu kuholela ekulimaleni kwesistimu yezinzwa, i-cadmium - ekuphatheni i-anemia kanye nokubhujiswa kwamathambo, kanti ukweqisa kwethusi ne-zinc ezitshalweni kubangela ukwehla kokukhula futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuncipha kokukhiqiza.
Inani elikhulu lezinsimbi ezisindayo lingena emvelweni lihambisana nentuthu namanzi amdaka avela kumabhizinisi wezimboni, futhi umthombo oyinhloko wokuhola emkhathini ngothutho. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, okuyinhloko indlela yokulwa ngokungcoliswa kwemvelo yensimbi esindayo, lokhu ukufakwa kwezinhlelo zokuhlanza eziphambili kakhulu nezihlungi zezinhlayiya zokubamba.
Umanyolo wamaminerali kanye nama-pesticides
Ukwethulwa kwenani elikhulu lomanyolo wamaminerali, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-pesticides ahlukahlukene, kuyizingxenye ezibalulekile zezolimo, ngaphandle kwawo bekungeke kwenzeke ukufeza izinga lokukhiqiza esinalo manje. Kepha, kunjalo, ukulima okunamandla nokufuya izinkomo akudluli ngaphandle kwemiphumela yohlelo lwezinto eziphilayo. Izitshalo ezikhulayo ngaphandle “kokuphumula” komhlaba ziyawuqeda bese ziholela ekugugekeni nasekuchithweni, umanyolo omningi kakhulu wamaminerali uholela ekuqinisekiseni inhlabathi kanye nokwanda kobuningi bawo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuthinta kabi nezimo zenhlabathi. Lapho isisemhlabathini, ama-pesticides angaqongelela futhi afakwe ezinqubweni ezahlukahlukene ezenzeka enhlabathini nasezitshalweni. Ngakho-ke, angangena emzimbeni womuntu kanye nokudla, okuwukuthi, kugcwele ubuthi obukhulu.
Ngokwenhloso yesicelo, ama-pesticides asetshenziswa kwezolimo angahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amaningana:
- Ama-insecticides amakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukulawula izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene ezisongela impilo yezitshalo. Lesi sigaba se-pesticides sibandakanya i-chlorophos, karbofos, thiophos nabanye,
- Ama-herbicides, anjengemayini nama-triazines, asiza ukulwa nokhula,
- Ama-fungicides (ama-benzimidazoles, ama-morpholines, ama-dithiocarbamates, njll.) Asetshenziselwa ukulwa nezinhlobonhlobo ze "fungi",
- Amakhemikhali alawula ukukhula kwezitshalo, kanye nezinto ezingapholi kahle, ezikhuthaza ukuguga ngaphambi kwamaqabunga ezitshalo.
Izindlela zendabuko zokulima ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ama-pesticides kanye nomanyolo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngeke zinikeze isilinganiso esidingekayo sokuvunwa. Ngakho-ke, ukwenqatshwa kwalezi impumelelo zeSayensi akunakwenzeka. Kulokhu, umsebenzi njengamanje uyaqhubeka nokwakha isizukulwane esisha sezibulala-zinambuzane esizogcina ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwabandulelayo futhi sibe yingozi enkulu kumhlabathi nakubantu.
La makhambi abizwa ngokuthi yi-pesticides anobuthi bendawo, lapho ededelwa enhlabathini, abola abe izingxenye ezingenabungozi, ngokwesibonelo, isikhutha, amanzi nezinye izinto ezingakhi. Okubi kakhulu ngalawa makhemikhali izindleko eziphakeme zokuthuthuka kwabo, futhi ngenxa yalokho akuwona wonke amazwe angakwazi ukuwasebenzisa. Njengamanje, abaholi bangabizwa ngokuthi yiJapan, United States kanye namanye amazwe aseYurophu. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, izindleko zokuthuthukisa lezi zinambuzane zikhokhelwa ngokugcwele ngokwenyuka kwezithelo, kunciphisa umthelela omubi emhlabathini futhi kwandise isilinganiso sokuphila kwesilinganiso sabantu.
Kepha imanyolo yezimbiwa, ingashintshwa ngeye-organic, ngokwesibonelo, umquba, i-peat ne-humus. Ubunzima bukhona lokuthi badinga kakhulu ukwedlula amaminerali. Kodwa-ke, baba nomphumela onenzuzo ekwakhekeni kwe-humus, ungqimba oluvundile lomhlabathi, futhi umphumela wazo uhlala isikhathi eside.
Futhi, enye yezindlela zokuxazulula inkinga yokukhiqiza okuphansi kungaba ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kobuchwepheshe bokushintsha izakhi zofuzo. Ngaphandle kwesibalo esikhulu sezinganekwane ezihlobene nama-GMOs, akukho nocwaningo olwenziwe oluqinisekisile amahlebezi ngemiphumela yawo elimazayo emzimbeni womuntu. Kepha impumelelo yokusebenzisa izitshalo eziguqulwe ngofuzo kwezolimo iye yaqinisekiswa kaningi ekusebenzeni.
Imisebe
Imfucumfucu enobuthi ibhekisela ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo ezingeke zenzeke, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye ziqukethe isotopes ezinomsindo zezakhi zamakhemikhali. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi uphethiloli osetshenzisiwe ophuma kumagesi enuzi awukwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi udoti ngomqondo ophelele wegama, ngoba izindlela zokuqhubeka nokusebenza kwazo zinikezwa, ngenxa yalokho ukutholakala kwamafutha amasha enuzi kanye nemithombo ebalulekile ye-isotopic.
Wonke umuntu uyazi ngobungozi bemisebe ye-radioactive, ngakho-ke kunakwa ngokukhethekile ekulahlekelweni kwalesi sigaba semfucuza. Izigaba eziphambili zokulawulwa kokulahlwa kukadoti okubonakalayo ziboniswa kahle ku-Mt. 1.
Kuyabonakala ukuthi noma ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwesibili, kusasele inani elikhulu lezinto zokwakha ezidinga ukubekwa ndawo ndawo.Okwamanje, inqubo yokulahla imfucumfucu yenuzi ukuphela kwendlela.
Imfucumfucu yenuzi ihlukaniswe yaba yi-solid and liquid. Ngokuya ngezinga lomsebenzi wabo kanye nesimo sezwe sabo esihlanganayo, izindlela ezidingekayo zokulahla kwazo ziyaguquka. Izindawo zokungcwaba eziphambili yizimayini zangaphambili kanye nezindawo zokugcina ezakhiwe ngokukhethekile lapho isotopes ezinomsakazo zingagcina zifikile esimweni esizinzile, esingenabungozi futhi zingaphinde zenziwe kabusha njengodoti ojwayelekile.
Ingxenye encane yomphezulu womhlaba, eyabelwe umhlaba, ivezwa njalo emiphumeleni elimazayo evela kubantu. Ukuqala cishe izinqubo ezingenakuphikiswa zokubhujiswa kwenhlabathi, abantu kuyaqabukela bacabange ukuthi, uma belahlekelwe lo mthombo, isintu ngeke sibe nethuba lokusinda. Impela, uma inhlabathi iyeka ukuvundela ngokwanele noma, ngenxa yomthelela wethonya, izitshalo ezikhulele kuzo azikufanele ukudla, kancane kancane ubuntu buzophela.
Izindaba ezimnandi ukuthi isikhathi sokuhlangana kwabathengi nemvelo sesizophela, abantu abaningi bacabanga ngesimo semvelo futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, abantu abaningi ngokwengeziwe bakulungele ngempela ukwenza okuthile ukuxazulula lezi zinkinga. Kuhle lapho izinhlinzeko zokuvikela iplanethi yethu zibekwe ezingeni likahulumeni, kepha lokhu akwanele uma abantu ngokwabo bengakafinyeleli ezingeni elanele lokuqaphela kulokhu. Ngakho-ke, okokuqala, ngamunye wethu kufanele aziqalele ngokwakhe. Ubuntu busenethuba lokubuyisa lokho obekuchithile.
Ungcoliswa kanjani
Ingqimba ephezulu ye-lithosphere - inhlabathi - ihlaselwa ukungcola okukhulu kakhulu. Impilo yezitshalo, izilwane kanye nabantu incike emhlabathini wenhlabathi evundile. Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcoliswa kwe-lithosphere yile:
- udoti wasendlini
- Ezolimo,
- imfucuza yezimboni.
Kusungulwa ukuthi umuntu ngamunye, ngokwesilinganiso, kukhona cishe ithoni kadoti ohlukahlukene. Ingxenye yayo udoti ongasoze wafika. Izindawo zokuhlala ziqoqa udoti ekulahleni komhlaba. Ungayilahla kanjani kusuka lapho kusenenkinga engaxazululiwe. Imfucumfucu evuthayo iholela ekukhishweni kwenani elikhulu lezinto ezinobuthi. Ukugcwala komhlaba kungukungcola kwenhlabathi namanzi aphansi komhlaba.
U-fig. 1. Ukushiswa komhlaba - umthombo wokungcola kwe-lithosphere
Okunobuthi kakhulu udoti kusuka ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene:
- metallological- usawoti wezinsimbi ezisindayo,
- isakhiwo somshini- ama-cyanides,
- ezokukhiqiza amapulasitiki - phenol ne-benzene,
- ukukhiqizwa kwenjoloba - Ama-polymer clots, uthuli.
Inkinga enkulu ukulahlwa kwamathayi amadala nezinye izingxenye zenjoloba. Lezi zinto empeleni aziboli, kepha zikhanyise kalula ngokwakhiwa kwentuthu.
Umhlabathi omkhulu ongcolisayo yi-oyili nezinto eziphuma kuyo. Ayinamanzi futhi lapho ishaya inhlabathi imboza inhlabathi, iyenze inamathele. Kulezi zindawo, zonke izitshalo ziyafa.
Ezolimo zingcolisa i-lithosphere ngokunezela umanyolo wamaminerali kanye nama-pesticides enhlabathini. Cishe amathani ayisigidi wemithi yokubulala izinambuzane akhiqizwa minyaka yonke emhlabeni. Zonke ziwela emhlabathini. Lokhu kuholela hhayi ekungcolisweni kwayo kuphela, kepha futhi nasekuwohlokeni kwekhwalithi yezitshalo ezitshaliwe. Kumanyolo wamaminerali, ayingozi kakhulu yi-nitrate ne-phosphate.
Umthombo oyingozi kakhulu wokungcola ukulahlwa kukadoti ogcwele i-radioactive. Ezitshalweni zenuzi, cishe u-98% kaphethiloli ulahlwa njengodoti. Bangcwatshwe phansi emhlabathini ezitsheni zensimbi.
U-fig. Ukulahlwa kwemfucuza erediyo uhlobo oluyingozi kakhulu lokungcola.
Imiphumela engaba khona
I-lithosphere ihlanze kancane. Le nqubo ihamba kancane kunokungcoliswa kwayo. Ngakho-ke, imiphumela yokungcoliswa kwe-lithosphere ikhula ngokushesha okukhulu futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ingalungiswa. Umthamo wenhlabathi evundile uyehla kancane kancane, okusho ukuthi ezolimo zizoncipha. Ukungcoliswa kwamahlathi nezilwandle kuzoholela ekuqothulweni kwezilwane nezinhlanzi.
Yini engenziwa
Yiziphi izindlela zokuxazulula inkinga yezemvelo? Okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukunciphisa inani lemfucuza kanye nezimboni. Isixazululo sesibili ukubhujiswa okungenangqondo kokungcola.
- Namuhla, kuhlaziywa imfucuza yasendlini ukuthi ichithwe ngokushisa ngaphezulu kwensimbi ebunjiwe. Kukholelwa ukuthi ukukhishwa kwezinto ezinobuthi kuze kufike ezingeni elincane. Isixazululo sokulahlwa kwamathayi enjoloba ukuphindaphinda kwabo.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kokubulala izinambuzane okunobuthi kanye nomanyolo wamaminerali kuyaqhubeka.
- Imfucumfucu enobuthi ayilahlwa, kepha igcinwe ezitsheni ezikhethekile ngendlela ye-nitric acid liquid. Ngemuva kokuthi isitsha sesiphelelwe yisikhathi, uketshezi olunemisebe lubekwa okusha.
- Yonke imfucuza okungenzeka iphinde isebenze.
- Indaba yokudlulisela zonke izitshalo ekukhiqizweni okungadoti iyabhekwa.
Wonke umuntu angasiza ekunciphiseni ukungcoliswa kwe-lithosphere. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kwanele ukubeka udoti ezitsheni ezikhethekile.
U-fig. 3. Izitsha ezikhethekile zezinhlobo ezahlukene zodoti
Yini esiyifundile?
Kulesi sihloko, sihlole kafushane izindlela eziphambili zokungcola kwe-lithosphere. Zonke zihlobene nomsebenzi wezomnotho wesintu - lokhu kungukulima kanye nezimboni. Njengoba i-lithosphere ingakwazi ukuzihlanza, izinga lokungcola okunjalo lizoholela emiphumeleni engenakuphikwa.
Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcoliswa kwe-lithosphere
Inkomba yesimo se-lithosphere incike emsebenzini womnotho womuntu. Umthelela wayo endleleni i-lithosphere esebenzisa ngayo izinsiza ishintsha ubuso boMhlaba futhi ingadala izinqubo ezingenakuphikwa. Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcola ifaka:
- imfucuza yasendlini neyezimboni,
- Ezolimo,
- izimayini,
- ukuthutha.
Amabhizinisi okusebenza nezakhiwo zokuhlala
Lesi sigaba semithombo yokungcola sifaka:
- imfucuza yendlu neyokwakha,
- imfucuza yokudla,
- izinto zasendlini ezingasasebenzi,
- imfucuza yezimboni neyentengiso,
- udoti engadini yasemgwaqweni.
Ngokusho kocwaningo, ukwakhiwa kukadoti oqinile kamasipala (MSW) wedolobha kufaka phakathi:
- iphepha — 41%,
- imfucuza yokudla — 21%,
- ingilazi — 12%,
- insimbi — 10%,
- ukhuni namapulasitiki - 5% lilinye
- isikhumba nerabha — 3%.
Nsuku zonke, emhlabeni jikelele, amathani emfucumfucu alahlwa emfucumfucwini nasemafulethini, lapho agcinwa khona, abangele ukungcoliswa kwe-lithosphere.
Ezolimo
Ngenxa yenhlangano yezolimo engenangqondo, amahektha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili zomhlaba awadumazeki (indawo ephindwe kabili yensimu yaseYurophu). Ukungcoliswa kwenhlabathi kubangelwa:
- Umanyolo omningi,
- ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane namakhemikhali,
- imfucuza yezolimo.
Ngesikhathi somsebenzi wezinto zokuhlwitha, zingcolile ngophethiloli namafutha.
EzokuThutha
Ukungcola kwe-lithosphere ngezimoto kwenzeka ngenxa yokuphuma kwegesi (ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwezinjini zokugibela zangaphakathi) kwezinto eziyingozi:
- isobho,
- ukuhola,
- ama-hydrocarbons,
- oksidi we-nitrogen, isibabule nekhabhoni.
Ngenxa yokuxhashazwa kwamathayi enjoloba, ama-biphenyls, i-benzapyrene, i-chromium, nomthofu kuyakhululwa. Izakhi zihlala ebusweni bomhlaba bese ziwela emhlabathini.
Umkhakha
Ngenqubo yokusebenza yezimboni ezahlukahlukene, i-lithosphere itheleleke ngezinto ezinobuthi:
- usawoti wezinsimbi ezisindayo (i-metallurgy),
- izinhlanganisela ze-beryllium, i-arsenic, i-cyanides (ubunjiniyela),
- imfucumfucu yemfucumfucu kanye nezenjoloba, umusi (ukukhiqiza irabha),
- isitayela, i-benzene, ama-phenols (ukukhiqiza amapulasitiki)
- imvuthuluka yama-polymers, ama-catalysts omdaka (ukukhiqizwa kwama-rubber okwenziwa).
Ingozi ukulahlwa kwemfucuza okuvela embonini yenuzi nezinto ezikhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokucolisiswa kawoyela.
Izimayini nokuxabana
Izimayini zidinga ukunakwa okukhethekile. Izimayini zihambisana nokwakhiwa kwemfucuza equkethe izinto ezingcolisa i-lithosphere. It:
- amalahle, i-ore, uthuli lwedwala,
- i-nitrogen dioxide,
- i-carbon monoxide,
- amagesi anokuthambisa,
- ukukhipha ikhabhoni.
Izimbiwa ziholela ekuxhumeni kwenhlabathi nge-slag, umlotha, isigaxa, imfucumfucu yedwala. Ukukhishwa kwamaminerali ku-machries kwenziwa ikakhulukazi ngendlela evulekile futhi kuhambisana nokwakhiwa kothuli kanye negesi.
Imiphumela eyinhloko
Inqubo yokuzihlanza ye-lithosphere ihamba kancane kunokungcola. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukukhula kwemiphumela yokungcola kwenzeka ngokushesha futhi kungaholela ekuphindukeni kwabo.
Kwezolimo, ukungcoliswa kwe-lithosphere kuholela emiphumeleni elandelayo:
- ukuncipha kokukhiqizwa komhlaba nokuvunda kwenhlabathi,
- ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi,
- salinization,
- ukugcwala kwamanzi.
Ukungcola kwamabhizinisi wezimboni kuholela kokuqukethwe kwenhlabathi etholakala ebangeni lamashumi amakhilomitha ambalwa:
- izinsimbi ezisindayo,
- isibabule sihlanganiswa,
- izinto ezinobuthi.
Izimbiwa ziholela ekushintsheni kwezindawo zemvelo, ukwakheka kwama-strings, imisila, imfucumfucu, izinqwaba. Umphumela wezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba ukwakhiwa kwama-crater, izindunduma, izinyembezi, ukuqhekeka komhlaba. Ingaphezulu lomhlaba lihlala, kukhona ukuvela okungalindelekile kwamanzi asemhlabeni ayingozi. Indlela evulekile yokumbiwa kwezimayini ezintabeni ihambisana nokwakhiwa kwezikhukhula zodaka, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, ukuguguleka komhlaba, kanye nokukhula kokuguguleka komhlaba.
Ukulahlwa kokulahlwa komhlaba ezindala
Inkinga enkulu kakhulu ukulahlwa kokulahlwa komhlaba ezindala. Indlela esetshenziswa kakhulu yokungcwaba (izindawo zokungcwaba). Ugarliki udonswa phansi futhi ungcwatshwe emhlabathini noma ufafazwe ungqimba lomhlabathi. Izinkinga ezinkulu ezenzeka ngesikhathi kwakhiwa izindawo zokungcwaba:
- Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi asemhlabeni kanye nokuvuvukala kwezakhi zomzimba,
- subsidence,
- ukwakhiwa kwe-methane.
Indlela yesimanje ethembisayo yokuvala izinxephezelo ezindala ukubuyiselwa kabusha. Kuqukethe izigaba ezimbili:
- Ezobuchwepheshe (kufakwa kumthamo ongaphezulu komhlaba wokugcwaliswa kwenhlabathi nokubumba umzimba wawo, ukuqoqa kanye nokunciphisa igesi nokuhlunga, ukumboza ukufakwa kwenhlabathi ngesikrini esivikelayo).
- Okuphilayo (ukulungiswa kwenhlabathi nokutshala).
Ukuchitheka kabusha kwemfucuza efanelekile nokuchitheka kabusha kwendlu
Ohulumeni bamazwe athuthukile bacabanga ngokulwa nemfucuza yasendlini ngokwesimo sokuvikelwa kwemvelo besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bemvelo. Lezi izindlela zokulawula imfucuza ezinezinzuzo zezomnotho, kufaka phakathi ukwenziwa kabusha kanye nokwenza umanyolo wedoti.
Izindlela zanamuhla zokulungisa imfucumfucu yasendlini zifaka:
- Indlela yokuhlunga kwangaphambili ye-MSW. Izithako ezitshalweni zihlukaniswe izingxenyana (insimbi, ingilazi, iphepha, amapulasitiki, amathambo) zisebenzisa ama-automated conveyors noma ngesandla, bese zisebenza ngokwahlukile.
- Ukugcwaliswa komhlaba ngobunono. Kuqukethe ukuthola i-biogas kusuka kudoti oqinile kamasipala ngokusetshenziswa kwawo okulandelayo njengophethiloli. Udoti umbozwe ungqimba lomhlabathi, ngokubekwa kwamapayipi wokufaka umoya omncane kanye neziqukathi zokuqoqa i-biogas ngobukhulu bawo.
- Indlela Eqinile Yokungena Kokungcola. Ubuchwepheshe obuvame kakhulu obusetshenziswa yinsinerators emazweni amaningi bubeka ukushiswa kuma-grates.
- I-Pyrolysis. Inkomba ethembisa kakhulu. Umnyombo wale ndlela ukushintshwa kwamakhemikhali okungaphendukezeki kwemfucuza yendlu ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa eliphansi noma eliphakeme ngaphandle kwe-oxygen. Kusetshenziswa i-pyrolysis enamazinga okushisa aphansi, imfucuza (ebunjiwe ngokwentekenteke) engaphindeki (amathayela, uwoyela asetshenzisiwe, amapulasitiki, udaka). Ukulondolozwa kukadoti ongaphansi komhlaba ngemuva kwe-pyrolysis enjalo akulimazi imvelo, ngoba azikho izinto ezisebenzayo kuzo. Kwi-pyrolysis ephezulu yokushisa, i-gasization kadoti yenziwa ukukhiqiza umusi, amanzi ashisayo kanye nogesi.
- I-biothermal composting. I-Biomass ngokufinyelela komoya-mpilo ekufakweni okhethekile iphenduka umquba, isetshenziswa kwezolimo noma njenge-biofuel embonini yamandla.
- Ukucutshungulwa kwemfucumfucu evuthayo. Le nqubo yenzeka nge-reactionor evaliwe ngokukhishwa komkhiqizo - igesi evuthayo. Imfucumfucu isetshenziswa ngendlela yepulasitiki, amagxolo, amaqabunga, sawdust, iphepha, amakhadibhodi, imikhiqizo eqinile engaxhunyiwe ekuqhutshweni kwezimoto, izindwangu, irabha nezinto zokwakha amagwebu. Igesi ephumayo isetshenziselwa izimboni ezihlobene, ithengiswe, kanye nokukhiqizwa kukagesi nokushisa.
- Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha i-Organic Rotting Waste. Sebenzisa ingxenyeni ye-organic kadoti eqinile etholakala ngenqubo yokuhlela udoti, izitshalo zokulungisa imfucuza namapulazi. Le nqubo iqukethe ukucubungula imfucuza kwe-anaerobic kukhiqize umquba kanye ne-methane, esetshenziselwa umsebenzi wezolimo nezolimo.
- Ukwenza kabusha izimoto ezindala. Imigqa yokuxosha iyasetshenziswa, efaka ukusetshenziswa kwezingxenye ezithile.
- Ukulahlwa kwemfucuza yezokwelapha. Ubuchwepheshe buhilela ukucubungula imfucuza yaselebhu, isirinji, imigaqa, umuthi, iziqalo, izinaliti, izinto zomzimba, izinsimbi zensimbi, iziqukathi zezokwelapha, amalambu, ingilazi. Le yinqubo evaliwe, kufaka phakathi ukuchoboza nokukhipha imfucuza ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kwayo kube yimiganu noma uthuli olomile.
Ingxenye yezinto eziphilayo
I-lithosphere igobolondo elingaphandle lamatshe oMhlaba, elinokuqhekeka nesembozo esinzima sendwangu ephezulu. Ifinyelela kumakhilomitha ayi-100 phakathi nendawo yeplanethi futhi ihlukaniswe ngamabhulokhi ahlukile abizwa ngokuthi amapuleti e-tectonic. Lokhu ingxenye ebalulekile ye-biology idlala izindima ezimbili ezibalulekile ekusakazeni izinto:
- uwukuphela komthombo wama-metabolites amaningi wamaminerali wazo zonke izidalwa zasemhlabeni nezasemanzini,
- yakha ingxenye eyinhlabathi yenhlabathi, ebukeka ngayo ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni.
Inhlabathi yakheka ngenxa yokubhujiswa kwamadwala ngaphansi kwethonya lamanzi nezinto zasemkhathini.
Kamuva, izinto eziphilayo zinomthelela, ukubola kwazo okwenza izingxenyana ze-organic ngaphansi komqondo ojwayelekile we-humus. Lesi sakamuva, sihlangana namadwala asendleleni, sakha inhlabathi. Umphumela wokuphela kuncike ezicini eziningi, kufaka phakathi imisebenzi yabantu.
Izingqinamba ezibalulekile zemvelo
Ukungcoliswa komhlaba kuwukudonswa kokungcola okuqinile noma okuwuketshezi emhlabeni noma ngaphansi komhlaba, okubangela ukonakala komhlaba kanye namanzi aphansi komhlaba. Ngenxa yalokhu, umthelela onjalo emvelweni ubeka usongo empilweni yomphakathi futhi ubangela ezinye izinkinga. Imithombo yokungcola kwe-lithosphere ifaka:
- Imfucuza eqinile kaMasipala kufaka ingilazi, izindwangu, izinsimbi kanye nepulasitiki.
- Ukwakha nokudiliza okuholela emfuleni oyingozi. Lokhu kungafaka ukhonkolo ukhonkolo, i-asphalt nezinye izinto zokufaka ezisetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zomsebenzi.
- Udoti ovela ezakhiweni zezimboni, imfucumfucu eyingozi kakhulu eyizinto eziyingozi. Amabhizinisi anjalo afaka izindawo zokuhlanza i-oyili, izinsimbi zamaphepha, amashabhu wokusebenzela, abahlanza abomile, njll.
Ukulahlwa yidolobha nezimboni
Ngeshwa, inkinga yokulahlwa komhlaba kwemfucuza yasekhaya neyezimboni ixazululwa kuphela emazweni athuthukile kakhulu.Kuwo wonke umhlaba, babuthana ezindaweni ezinkudlwana, baba yimithombo yezifo, iphunga elibi, izinkulisa zamagundane nezinambuzane.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ukwanda kwenhlabathi engaphansi kokuchitheka komhlaba. Lapho likhulu, liba nengozi izingozi ezihambisana nokungcola. Isibonelo, ukwakheka kwesihlahlana nesihlabathi kuyizinto ezinhle, okuvumela ukuhamba kwamanzi ukuthi kuthwale kalula izinto ezinobungozi ezincibilikisiwe zingene emanzini aphansi komhlaba. Izinhlabathi zobumba zihlala zingatholakali kahle, futhi izinhlayiya zokungcola zingena emzimbeni wamanzi angaphezulu.
Izici ezibalulekile zokungcola okuyingozi zibandakanya ubuthi, ukuvutha amalangabi, ukwenziwa kabusha kwezakhiwo nezinto ezonakalisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kufaka phakathi i-radioactive ne-pathogenic compounds. Zingakwazi ukulahlwa njalo, ngakho-ke ukungcwaba kusetshenziswa ngaphansi komhlaba. Yize kulezi zimo kusetshenziswa izimo ezikahle zokuma komhlaba kanye namazinga wokuvikelwa adingekayo, kuhlala kunethuba lokudangala nokungena emanzini aphansi komhlaba.
Ukucekelwa phansi kwenhlabathi
Izimbangela eziphambili zokungcola kwe-lithosphere zifaka ukonakaliswa komhlaba. Kuzo zonke izifunda zomhlaba, lesi sihloko sinakwa kakhulu yizinhlangano zezemvelo. Inkinga iwumphumela we:
- ukuqina kwezolimo,
- izindlela zokunisela ezingalungile,
- ukugawulwa kwamahlathi,
- ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile komanyolo, ama-pesticides nama-herbicides.
Umphumela wokusetshenziswa komhlaba okungenangqondo ukuchitheka kwehlathi. Le nkinga yanda kakhulu ngenxa yokwanda kwenani labantu kanye nokwanda kwesibalo semfuyo emazweni wesithathu. Isibonelo, eNdiya, cishe amahektha omhlaba angaba yizigidi ezingama-300 asesimweni sokuwohloka okuphezulu, kanti amahektha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1,2 (indawo eyi-10% yendawo yezwe) athathwa njengongenanciphiso. Ukuchithwa kwehlathi lapha kungenxa yokuqothulwa kwamahlathi namadlelo angalawulwa.
Lezi zimo ziwuphawu lwezinto ezibuye zome. Isici esingesihle esengeziwe ukuguguleka komoya. Ngenxa yalokhu, izindawo eziwugwadule nezingwadule ziyavela esizeni sezinye izifunda ezivundile. Inqubo ingancishiswa ngokuchelela kusuka emithonjeni nasemithonjeni, okunika ukuxolelwa kwesikhashana, kepha kunciphisa izinga lamanzi aphansi komhlaba futhi kube nomthelela ekukhulekeleni ungqimba lomhlabathi ongaphezulu.
Imiphumela eminye ifaka ukunwetshwa kwendawo ethintekile kanye nokubhujiswa ngokuphelele kwe-humus evundile. Ngemiphumela yenhlekelele enjalo ingabhekana kuphela nomsebenzi weminyaka eminingi yokuvuselela, edinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu. Kepha ezimweni eziningi, ukwephulwa kubuye kungalungiseki.
Akuyona ingozi enkulu kangako ukuguguleka, lapho ungqimba lomhlaba oluwusizo lugezwa yimifudlana yamanzi noma kukhiqizwe. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1992, le ndaba yaba yisihloko seNgqungquthela Yomhlaba wonke eRio de Janeiro, lapho kwaxoxwa khona ngezindlela zokongiwa kwemithombo yomhlabathi, futhi njengamanje iqondiswa yiKhomishini Yezizwe Yezentuthuko Ezinzile. Izinhlobo zokuguguleka zetafula..
Amanzi | Umoya |
Flush kanye nokuvinjelwa kwengqimba evundile | Ukubeka ungqimba oluvundile ngesivunguvungu sothuli |
Ukwakhiwa kweRavine | Yehla umkhathi |
Skidding yamazwe atshalwe nomhlaba omuhle | Imigwaqo emikhulu kanye nojantshi bezitimela |
Ukwehla kokuzala | Ukwephulwa kokuhamba kwezithuthi zomoya |
Ukulahleka komhlaba okuhlekayo | Umonakalo wesilimo |
Ukunciphiswa | Ukwephulwa kombuso wamanzi wemifula |
Imiphumela kulwelwesi lwama-mucous kanye nohlelo lokuphefumula lomuntu |
Amanzi amdaka
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, inkinga yamanzi angcolile isibe sibi kakhulu, ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi zokwenziwa kanye nemithi elwa namagciwane emizini kukhule kakhulu. Amathangi e-septic asetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwendle enza iqhaza elikhulu ekungcoleni komhlaba. Amazwe ahlangana kakhulu ahlushwa yimiphumela yokungcola kwezimboni nezolimo.
Izakhi eziyingozi eziyinhloko zokungena kwamanzi emzimbeni wamanzi ngemuva kokunisela amasimu zinambuzane ezibulala izinambuzane. Kungamakhemikhali enzelwe asetshenziselwa ukulawula izinambuzane, futhi ahlukaniswa njengama-insecticides, ama-molluscicides, njll. I-Herbicides isetshenziselwa ukubulala ukhula, kanti nama-fungicides asetshenziselwa ukutheleleka ngefungus.
Zonke lezi zinto zingabuye zihlelwe ngamaqembu ngesisekelo sezenzo zawo njengama-fumigants, oxhumana nabo kanye nobuthi bezinhlelo, okuthengiswayo kanye nokulawulwa kokukhula. Bafinyelela inhlabathi ngokufafaza, emva kwalokho bahlanza ngokuphuma kwezulu. Imithi yokubulala izinambuzane esetshenziselwa ukucubungula izilimo ingafinyelela umkhathi bese iwela emachibini.
Abaningi babo, ngisho nangomphumela omfushane, bagcina izakhiwo zabo isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa kanye nomanyolo kuyisidingo sokuqala sokuba khona kwezolimo zanamuhla.
Amahlathi amahlathi
Amahlathi enza umsebenzi obalulekile wokwakhiwa kwenhlabathi nokugcinwa kwawo. Amahlathi abo avimba ukuguguleka komhlaba, izikhukhula, ukufakwa kwezinhlabathi, futhi futhi kuyinto eyakha isimo sezulu. Ezifundeni eziningi zeplanethi, badlala indima ebalulekile ekusekelweni kwempilo, ibhalansi yemvelo nokuzinza.
Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi sekuyinto yomhlaba wonke, okubangelwa isidingo eselokhu sikhula sokhuni, izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingumboni zamakhemikhali, izindwangu nezamaphepha. Indima ebalulekile idlalwa ngokwanda kwendawo yezidingo zezimboni zokukhiqiza kanye nezolimo.
Izindawo ezisehlathini ezisondelene nezindawo zokuhlala, ngenxa yokuwa nokushiswa kwamadlelo, zonakala ngokushesha kunalezo ezisezindaweni ezikude.
Amakhulu amaningi eminyaka, lo mthombo wawungenxa yesizathu esithile uthathwa njengongabizi ongabizi kanye nomholo ongenamkhawulo. Ngenxa yalokhu, amanye amazwe aphoqeleka ukuba abuyiselwe emahlathini.
Izimayini
Inqubo yezokumbiwa phansi ingaholela ekwakhekeni kwemithambo emikhulu engaphansi kobuso bomhlaba. Lokhu kuholela ekuweni ngomonakalo ungqimba oluvundile. Izinkinga zekota zakhiwa ngokuthuthukiswa kwamakhono, ngenxa yalokho izikhala ezinkulu zincishwa inhlabathi. Esimweni esihle kakhulu, zidwetshiwe ngobuciko, kepha, njengomthetho, zizikhukhumeza ngokweqile.
Inkinga enkulu kule ndawo yokusebenza komuntu wukumbiwa kwe-uranium, igolide, usawoti, uwoyela, amalahle. Hhayi kuphela inhlabathi ihlupheka, kepha yonke imvelo iyonke ihlupheka, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi lezo zindawo zisebenzise izindlela zemvelo eziphelele.
Izinyathelo Zokuphathwa Kwemvelo
Isintu esinamandla sithinta imvelo, kulapho kufanele sicabange khona ngokulondolozwa kwayo. Isibonelo, ubuchwepheshe besimanje benza kube nokwenzeka ukuphinda bavuselele noma yikuphi ukungcola kwasendlini ngaphandle kokulimaza imvelo. Amazwe amaningi ahlinzeka ngezimali ukubhekana nemiphumela yokungcola kwe-lithosphere. Izindlela zokuvimbela ezithinta imvelo zifaka:
- Ukulahlwa kokulahlwa komhlaba ezindala kanye nokulawulwa kokuthathwa kwendle kokucoceka kuya ngokuya kugxilwa kakhulu ngumphakathi, futhi ubuchwepheshe besimanje buvumela ukwakhiwa kwama-incinerators edolobheni. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokuhamba futhi kuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwemvelo kwamadlelo angaphansi komhlaba.
- Ukulima umhlaba wokulima emithambekeni emnene kwenziwa ezindaweni ezingamakhompiyutha kuya lapho kuqonde khona ithambeka. Lokhu kusiza ukugcina amandla engqimba evundile ngesikhathi semvula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni isembozo senhlabathi, ngoba siyibopha ngezimpande, ukuvimbela ukuvuvukala.
- Imifino iyindlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokwenza isimo sezulu. Ukuhlukanisa amasimu amabhande amahlathi kuthanda ukongiwa kwenhlabathi futhi kusize ukugcina umswakama ngemuva kokuqedwa yiqhwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izihlahla ezitshalwe emigwaqweni emikhulu nojantshi zivimbela ukuwa kweqhwa ebusika.
- Ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo futhi okukholekayo komanyolo wokwenziwa, izindlela zokulawula ukhula nokulawula izinambuzane.
- Ukwenza ukubuyiselwa kwamahlathi endaweni yemililo nokuqothulwa kwamahlathi.
- Ukuvuselelwa kwenhlabathi ethintwa ukungcoliswa kwemisebe noma izimayini.
- Yehlisa ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezingonakalisi.
- Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha izinsiza.
- Ukudalwa kokulondolozwa, izindawo zemvelo zokulondolozwa kanye namapaki endalo.
Noma yiliphi izwe emhlabeni ngendlela yalo libhekana nezinkinga zemvelo futhi lifune izixazululo. Ukungcoliswa kwe-lithosphere sekuyisikhathi eside sekuyekile ukuba usongo lwendawo, futhi izixwayiso zososayensi abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene ngemiphumela yokulawulwa kwezemvelo okungenangqondo ziyagcwaliseka ngezinga elishaqisayo.