Tuna -uhlobo lokufunda esikoleni, olwe-carnivorous, lwezinhlanzi ezi-mackerel. Wadlala indima yezilwane ezihaha ngokugcotshwa ngezikhathi zokuqala: imidwebo yakudala, lapho okutholwe khona izinhlaka ze-tuna, yatholakala emihumeni yeSicily.

Isikhathi eside, njengesisetshenziswa sokudla, i-tuna yayiseceleni. Ngokuqala kwemfashini yezitsha zezinhlanzi zaseJapan, i-tuna iye yathandwa kuwo wonke amazwekazi. Ukukhishwa kwe-tuna sekukhule kaningi, sekuphenduke imboni enamandla.

Incazelo Nezici

Siyaxolisa ukuthi singabomndeni wama-mackerel. Ukubukeka kwabo kuyafana nokubonakala okujwayelekile kwama-mackerel. Ukwakheka okujwayelekile komzimba kanye nokulinganisa kubonisa izimfanelo zejubane eliphakeme kakhulu lenhlanzi. Izazi zebhayoloji zithi i-tuna ingahamba ngaphansi kwamanzi ngejubane elingamakhilomitha angama-75 ngehora noma amafindo angama-40,5. Kepha lokhu akuwona umkhawulo. Ekuphishekeleni isisulu, i-bluefin tuna ingasheshisela ku-90 km ngehora elimangalisayo.

Ukwakheka komzimba kufana ne-ellipse ende, ekhonjiswe emaphethelweni womabili. Isigaba sesiphambano siyindawo ejwayelekile ejwayelekile. Engxenyeni engenhla, amaphiko amabili alandela ngokulandelana. Eyokuqala yinde ngokwanele ngemisebe yehla ngobukhulu. Eyesibili imfushane, imude, igoqwe njengegwala. Womabili lamaphiko anemisebe enzima.

Isisulu esiyinhloko se-tuna yimali ye-caudal. Lingama-symmetrical, amabala anezikhala ezibanzi afana namaphiko endiza ehamba ngesivinini esikhulu. Ngasemuva nangaphansi komzimba kungokwakhiwa okungakhiwa. Lawa angamaphiko ongezelelweyo angenayo imisebe nolwelwesi. Zingaba yizicucu eziyisikhombisa kuya kweziyi-10.

Umbala we-tuna ubukeka kabi pelagic. Phezulu kumnyama, izinhlangothi zilula, ingxenye yesisu icishe imhlophe. I-gamut yombala ejwayelekile kanye nombala wamaphiko kuya ngendawo yokuhlala kanye nohlobo lwezinhlanzi. Igama elijwayelekile lezinhlobo eziningi ze-tuna lihlotshaniswa nombala womzimba, ubungako kanye nombala wamawele.

Ukuphefumula, i-tuna kumele iqhubeke ihamba. Swing yi-caudal fin, ukugoba okuguqukayo kwengxenye yangaphambi kwe-caudal, ngomshini wenza ngokungaphezulu kwimbobo ye-gill: ayavula. Amanzi ahamba ngomlomo ovulekile. Uhlanza amageza. Izicubu zomzimba zithatha umoya-mpilo emanzini bese zinika ama-capillaries. Ngenxa yalokho, i-tuna iyaphefumula. I-tuna eyemayo iyeka ukuphefumula ngokuzenzakalela.

I-tuna - inhlanzi enegazi efudumele. Banekhwalithi engavamile. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlanzi, azizidalwa ezigcwele igazi elibandayo ngokuphelele, ziyakwazi ukuphakamisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba wazo. Ekujuleni kwe-1 km, ulwandle lufudumala lufika ku-5 ° C kuphela. Imisipha nezitho zangaphakathi ze-bluefin tuna kuhlala kufudumele endaweni enjalo - ngenhla kuka-20 ° C.

Umzimba wezidalwa ezinegazi elifudumele noma elenza umuntu angakwazi ukugcina izinga lokushisa lemisipha nazo zonke izitho cishe njalo, ngaphandle kokushisa kwezwe langaphandle. Lezi zilwane zifaka zonke izilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni.

Ama-Pisces ayizidalwa ezinegazi elibandayo. Igazi labo ligobhozela kuma-capillaries, adlula gill futhi abahlanganyeli abaqondile ekushintshisaneni ngegesi, ukuphefumula kwe-gill. Igazi likhipha i-carbon dioxide engadingekile futhi ligcwele i-oksijini edingekayo ezindongeni zama-capillaries. Kuleli qophelo, igazi lincibilika ekushiseni kwamanzi.

Okusho ukuthi, izinhlanzi azigcini ukushisa okwenziwa ngumsebenzi wemisipha. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo kwe-tuna kulungise ukulahleka kokushisa okungenalutho. Uhlelo lokulethwa kwegazi lwalezinhlanzi lunezici. Okokuqala, ama-tuna anemikhumbi emincane eminingi. Okwesibili, imithambo emincane nemithambo yegazi yakha inethiwekhi ehlanganisiwe, eduze kwangempela. Bakha into efana ne-exchanger yokushisa.

Igazi leVenous, elifudumele ngemisipha yokusebenza, likwazi ukunikeza ukushisa kwalo ukuze kuphole igazi elihamba emithanjeni yemithambo yegazi. Lokho, futhi, kunikeza umzimba wezinhlanzi umoya-mpilo kanye nokushisa, okuqala ukusebenza ngamandla amakhulu. Izinga elijwayelekile lomzimba liyakhuphuka. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi i-tuna ibe ngumdobi ongenakuthengiswa kanye nomzingeli ophumelela kakhulu.

Iphayona lomshini wokugcina ukushisa komzimba (izicubu) e-tuna, umcwaningi waseJapan uKisinuye waphakamisa ukuthi kwakhiwe indawo ehlukile kulezi zinhlanzi. Ngemuva kokuxoxisana nokuphikisana, izazi zezinto eziphilayo azizange ziqale ukucekela phansi uhlelo olusunguliwe futhi zashiya i-tuna emndenini we-mackerel.

Ukudluliswa kokushisa okusebenzayo phakathi kwegazi le-venous ne-arterial kungenxa yokufakelwa kwama-capillaries. Lokhu kube nemiphumela emibi. Kwaletha izakhiwo eziningi eziwusizo ekudobeni inyama futhi kwenza umbala we-tuna wenyama wabomvu.

Izinhlobo ze-Tuna, ukuhleleka kwabo, izingqinamba zokuhleleka kwadala impikiswano phakathi kososayensi. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwalelikhulu leminyaka, ama-tuna nama-tuna asePacific ayefakwe ohlwini lwenhlanzi efanayo. Kwakunezinhlobo ezingama-7 kuphela kulolu hlobo lwentuthuko. Ngemuva kwenkulumompikiswano enkulu, lezi zinhlobo ezinikezwa zona zabelwa amazinga ezinhlobo ezizimele. Uhlobo lwe-tuna lwaqala ukuba nezinhlobo ezi-8.

• I-Thunnus thynnus yizinhlobo eziphakamayo. Ugqoka i-epithet "ejwayelekile". Ngokuvamile kubizwa ngokuthi i-bluu, i-bluefin tuna. Izinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu. Uma kukhonjiswa tuna esithombeni noma bakhuluma nge-tuna ngokuvamile kusho lolu hlobo oluthile.

Isisindo singadlula i-650 kg, kuqondile osayizi be-tuna ukusondela kumamaki angama-4.6 m. Uma abadobi bekwazi ukubamba inani elincane amahlandla ama-3, lokhu futhi kubhekwa njengempumelelo enkulu.

Izilwandle zasendaweni ezishisayo ziyindawo eyinhloko ye-bluefin tuna. E-Atlantic, ukusuka eMedithera kuya eGulf of Mexico, izinhlanzi ze-tuna zona, futhi abadobi bazama ukubamba le nhlanzi.

• I-Thunnus alalunga - itholakala kakhulu ngaphansi kwegama le-albacore noma i-tuna ende. Ulwandlekazi lwePacific, i-Indian kanye ne-Atlantic, indawo eshisayo yalawa olwandle iyindawo yokudoba yesikhathi eside ye-tuna. Amawele ama-albacores enza ukufuduka kwe-transoalongic efuna ukudla okungcono nokuzala kabusha.

Isisindo esikhulu se-albacore singamakhilogremu angama-60, ubude bomzimba abudluli kumamitha ayi-1.4. Ama-tuna omude omude ubanjwa ngenkuthalo olwandle lwe-Atlantic nolwePacific. Le nhlanzi ilwela ukuphakama ngokunambitheka phakathi kwe-tuna.

• I-Thunnus maccoyii - ngenxa yokunamathiselwa ezilwandle zaseningizimu, inegama le-aseningizimu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma i-bluefin eningizimu, noma i-tuna yase-Australia. Ngokwesisindo nosayizi wezimpawu, ithatha isikhundla esiphakathi kwe-tuna. Ikhula ibe ngu-2,5 m bese izuza isisindo esifinyelela kuma-260 kg.

Lokhu kutholakala i-tuna olwandle olufudumele engxenyeni eseningizimu yolwandle. Amanzi alezinhlanzi athela ogwini oluseningizimu ye-Afrika naseNew Zealand. Isendlalelo esikhulu samanzi, lapho inyakatho ye-tuna iphishekela inyamazane, ingaphezulu. Kepha izimbiza ezinde zamakhilomitha awubesabisi. Kube nezimo zokuthi i-tuna yase-Australia ihlale ekujuleni kwama-2774 m.

• I-Thunnus obesus - amasampula amakhulu anobubanzi beso nosayizi omuhle. I-tuna enamehlo amakhulu igama elijwayelekile kakhulu kule nhlanzi. Izinhlanzi ezinobude obungu-2,5 m nesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu 200 ziyimingcele emihle ngisho ne-tuna.

Akayi eLwandle iMedithera. Kulwandle lwePacific oluvulekile, kutholakale ulwandle lwase-Atlantic nolwamaNdiya. Ihlala eduze kobuso, ekujuleni okungama-300m. Inhlanzi ayivelakancane kakhulu, iyisihloko sokudoba.

• I-Thunnus orientalis - umbala nendawo yokuhlala yanikeza le nhlanzi igama elithi Pacific Bluefin. Hhayi nje kuphela ukuthi leli tuna linesixhumanisi kumbala womzimba ogqamile, ngakho-ke ukudideka kungenzeka.

• Ama-Thunnus albacares - ngenxa yombala wamaphiko, waqanjwa ngokuthi yi-yellowfin tuna. Izindawo ezishisayo nezithokomele ezishisayo zasolwandle ziyibanga lale tuna. I-Yellowfin tuna ayibekezeleli ukubanda kwamanzi kuno-18 ° C. Ama-Nomads enza angasho lutho, imvama mpo: kusuka ekujuleni okubandayo kuya endaweni efudumele.

• I-Thunnus atlanticus - umnyama emuva ne-Atlantic yanikeza le nhlobo igama elithi Atlantic, elimhlophe noma elimnyama. Lolu hlobo luphawuleka phakathi kwezinye ezinye ngezinga lokuvuthwa. Eminyakeni engu-2 ubudala, angakwazi ukukhiqiza inzalo; eneminyaka emi-5, i-tuna emnyama ibhekwa njengomdala.

• I-Thunnus tonggol - ngenxa yokuchwayisisa okucwengekile okubizwa ngokuthi yi-tuna enomsila omude. Leli yi-tuna engajulile. Usayizi omkhulu wolayini awudluli ku-1.45 m, isisindo esingama-36 kg ngumkhawulo.Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba asefudumeza amanzi oLwandle lwaseNdiya nolwePacific - uhla lwe-tuna olude olunomsila. Le nhlanzi ikhula kancane kunamanye ama-tuna.

Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi emndenini wama-mackerel kukhona inhlanzi, njenge-tuna - Le bonito noma i-bonito ye-Atlantic. Umndeni futhi uqukethe izinhlobo ezihlobene, ezifanayo hhayi nje ngemikhawulo yomzimba, kodwa negama. Abanye babo, ngokwesibonelo, i-tuna enemichilo, banenani elibaluleke kakhulu lokuhweba.

Indlela yokuphila kanye neHititat

Ama-tuna izinhlanzi zesikole. Isikhathi esiningi sichithwa endaweni ye-pelagic. Lokho wukuthi, abafuni ukudla ezansi futhi abakuqoqi ebusweni bamanzi. Kwikholomu yamanzi, imvamisa ihamba ngendiza emile. Inkomba yokunyakaza inquma izinga lokushisa kwamanzi. Izinhlanzi ze-tuna zithambekele ezingxenyeni zamanzi ezifudumele kuze kufinyelele ku-18-25 ° С.

Ukuzingela ezikoleni, ama-tunas athuthukise indlela elula futhi ephumelelayo. Ku-semicircle bazungeza isikole senhlanzi encane abazoyidla. Ngemuva kwalokho bahlasela ngokushesha. Ijubane lokuhlaselwa nokufakwa emanzini kwenhlanzi liphezulu kakhulu. Esikhathini esifushane, i-tuna idla isikole sonke sezinyamazane.

Ngekhulu le-19, abadobi baphawula ukusebenza kwe-tuna zhora. Wathola lezi zinhlanzi njengezimbangi zabo. Ngasogwini olusempumalanga Melika olugcwele izinhlanzi, ukudotshwa kwezinhlanzi kwakudotshwa ukuze kuvikeleke izinhlanzi. Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, inyama ye-tuna yayiyigugu elincane futhi yayivame ukuya lapho kukhiqizwa khona ukudla kwezilwane.

Incazelo ye-Tuna

Tuna (isithombe) kubhekiselwa kunhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke yomndeni wama-mackerel. Le nhlanzi idingeka kakhulu ngenxa y nenyama yayo engathandeki futhi enempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinambuzane eziku-tuna azivelwanga ngokweqile, okukuvumela ukuthi upheke kuwo izibiliboco eziningi ezingabilisiwe. Abanye abantu bafinyelela ku-3-4 m ubude kanye nama-500-600 kg wesisindo.

Yabanjwa ngonyaka ka-2012 ngumdobi ohlanekezela ogwini lwaseNew Zealand, okuyi-tuna enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni enesisindo esingama-335 kg.

Ngenxa yezimpawu zokwakheka kwezinto, impilo yalolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi ezi-mackerel ayinakwenzeka ngaphandle kokunyakaza okungapheli, kuzo ezivumelana ngokuphelele nezimo. I-Tuna ine-spindle-shape, enemisipha emikhulu yamuva, umzimba uncishiselwe emsileni. Isiqu somsila sifakelwe i-keel enkulu enesikhumba, i-back Fin inesakhiwo esihle se-sikola sokubhukuda okusheshayo nokude. Igazi ligcwele umoya-mpilo, futhi izinga lokushisa lomzimba lifudumele kakhulu kunamanzi, elibavumela ukuba bazizwe bekhululekile emachibini abandayo.

Inhlanzi isabalele ezindaweni ezishisayo neziseningizimu yePacific, ulwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic kanye nolwandle lwaseNdiya, kodwa futhi yenzeka ezindaweni ezibandayo ezishisayo: ihlala oMnyama, eJapan naseLwandle i-Azov. Ukutholwa kwe-Atlantic bluefin tuna kutholakala eLwandle iBarents.

Ama-tuna abhukuda omuhle kakhulu onamandla okushesha aze afike ku-90 km / h. Ekuphishekeleni ukudla, bayakwazi ukunqoba izikhala ezinkulu ngokushesha. I-tuna igcinwa ezingubeni ezinkulu. Umbala wenyama obomvu uchazwa ubukhona be-protein myoglobin, ekhiqizwa ngenkuthalo emisipha ngesikhathi sokuhamba "kwesivinini esikhulu".

Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-tuna izinhlanzi ezincane (isardine, i-mackerel, i-herring), ama-crustaceans kanye nama-mollusks. Amandla okuzala in tuna kwenzeka eneminyaka emithathu. Owesifazane omkhulu uyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda ayisigidi. Ukusakazeka kwenzeka emanzini afudumele e-subtropics ngoJuni-Julayi.

Izinhlobo ze-Tuna

Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-50 nezinhlobo ezingama-subspecies, kepha ezedume kakhulu kuzo ziningana:

• I-tuna evamile noma ebomvu ivame emanzini asenkabazwe oLwandlekazi i-Atlantic, eziLwandlekazi zaseCaribbean naseMedithera, ezifundeni ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga yoLwandlekazi i-Indian, naseGulf of Mexico. Ama-tuna abomvu awatholakali ezindaweni ezibandayo eziphakeme: ngasogwini lwaseGreenland naseLwandle iBarents. I-tuna enkulu kakhulu yalolu hlobo inesisindo esingama-684 kg, inobude obungu-4.58 m.
• Izimpaphe ze-Atlantic noma ezimnyama (aka black tuna) yisona esincane kunazo zonke phakathi kweshubhu. Izinhlobo zabantu abadala azikhuli ngaphezu kwemitha eyodwa futhi zithole isisindo esilinganiselwe esingu-20 kg.Isikhathi sokuphila salezinhlobo sisifushane kunazo zonke phakathi kwe-tuna - iminyaka engaba ngu-4-6. I-Atlantic tuna inezinhlangothi eziphuzi kanye ne-Fin fin nge-tint ephuzi. Lolu hlobo luthanda kuphela izilwandle ezifudumele zasentshonalanga ye-Atlantic (ukusuka ogwini lwaseBrazil kuye eCape Cod Cape).
• I-Bluefin tuna uhlobo olukhulu kunazo zonke. Ubude obukhulu yi-4.6 m, isisindo - 680 kg. Umzimba wayo obukhulu osesiphambanweni unesimo sombuthano. Isikali esikhulu emgqeni we-lateral sifana nohlobo lwegobolondo. Indawo yokuhlala kwe-bluefin tuna ibanzi kakhulu - kusuka kumanzi asezindaweni ezishisayo kuya emanzini olwandlekazi. I-Bluefin tuna inenani elikhulu kakhulu lokuhweba.
• I-Yellowfin tuna (aka yellow-tailed) ihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo, ngaphandle koLwandle iMedithera. Ubude obukhulu bungama-2.4 m, isisindo esikhulu singama-200 kg. Amaphisi wangemuva alezi zinhlanzi aphuzi ngombala okhanyayo. I-tuna endala enomsila ophuzi esiswini sesiliva inemivimbo engu-20 ibheke phezulu.
• I-Albacore, i-tuna emide noma emhlophe edumile yinyama ethambile nenamafutha kakhulu. I-long-tuna inesisindo esingama-20 kg. Kusatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezinolwandle ezishisayo nezishisayo zolwandle. Izinhlanzi ezimhlophe ze-tuna zibhekwa njengezibaluleke kakhulu.

I-yellowtail tuna

Lolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi (zibizwa nangokuthi i-yellowfin tuna) lubizwa kanjalo ngenxa yombala okhethekile wamachaphaza (athambile) nawama-anal. Babukeka bewolintshi-ophuzi kubo.

Abantu abakhulu kakhulu bangakhula babe ngamamitha amabili ubude futhi bathole isisindo esingu-130 kg. Inqubo yokukhula kwe-tuna uqobo iqinisa kakhulu, ngokwanda kobude be-50-60 cm ngonyaka.Ngaphezu kweminyaka emi-2, izinhlanzi zifinyelela isisindo sama-13 kg, ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4 - 60 kg.

I-tuna-tailed tuna ihlala kuphela emanzini afudumele, itholakala kuzo zonke izilwandle zomhlaba. Indawo yokusabalalisa ikhawulelwe umngcele ngeqondo lokushisa lamanzi angama-20. Lapho inkomba yehlela ku- + 18 ° С, lolu hlobo lwenhlanzi esifundeni esinjalo cishe alunakwenzeka. Bayibamba emanzini oLwandle iMedithera, futhi abantu bendawo bayibheka njenge-tuna yabo yaseMedithera futhi bapheka izitsha ezinhle kakhulu kuyo.

Abantu abadala bahlala kuphela olwandle, ezindaweni ezivulekile, ekujuleni kwamamitha ayisigidi nengxenye. Amancane agcina emaphaketheni, esondele njalo ebusweni nasosebeni. Ezindaweni ezishisayo, ama-tuna aphuziwe atholakala kuyo yonke indawo, kepha inani lawo lincike esimweni sokudla. Kunezinhlanzi eziningi emanzini lapho kuba khona umkhiqizo okhiqizayo wokudla kanye nokudla okuningi.

Ngaphakathi kobubanzi obufanayo, ama-tuna ahlala akha abantu abaningi abahlala ezindaweni ezithile zolwandle. Phakathi kwabo kukhona labo abahamba amabanga amade. Kukhona abanye abathanda amanzi endawo futhi axazulule impilo. Ama-Yellowfin tuna awenzi, njengabanye babafowabo (i-bluefin tuna, i-albacore) ukunyakaza kwePacific.

I-tuna enomsila ophuzi, kanye nesihlobo sayo, i-tuna, ayikhethi ekudleni, ayinakho okuthandayo. Inhlanzi idla yonke indawo nanoma yiziphi izinto eziphilayo ezihlangabezana nayo lapho ihamba khona. Lokhu kufakazelwa ukwakheka kokugcotshwa kokudla esiswini sabantu ababanjiwe, lapho kufinyelela khona izinhlanzi ezi-50 ezahlukahlukene zamaqembu ahlukene.

Ama-tuna amancane, okuphila kwawo kudlula ngaphandle komhlaba, azingela izinhlanzi eziningi, okuthi izingqimba zamanzi ezingaphezulu kwawo kube "yikhaya". Ezinkulu zithanda ukudla i-gempil, inhlanzi yenyanga, izinhlobo zezilwandle, indawo yazo ekujuleni okuphakathi.

Amandla okuba nezingane ngokuzalwa ophuzi-uthayela noma, njengoba zibizwa kanjalo phakathi kwabadobi abangochwepheshe, i-tuna ephuzi ivela kuphela lapho ikhula ngobude ngama-50 ... cm angama-60. Inani lamaqanda lihlukile kubantu abalinganayo abahlukahlukene. Ubuncane amayunithi acishe abe yisigidi, ubukhulu - amayunithi ayisigidi esingu-8.5. Isikhathi esivuthayo se-tuna ephuziwe ngotshani ezindaweni ezishisayo zonke izinkathi zonyaka, eduze kwemingcele yendawo yokuhlala ehlobo.

Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside

Zonke izinhlanzi ze-tuna zikhethe isu elilula lokusinda kulezi zinhlobo: zikhiqiza inani elikhulu le-caviar. Owesifazane oyedwa osekhulile angakhukhulula amaqanda afinyelela kwizigidi eziyi-10.I-tuna yase-Australia ingaletha amaqanda ayizigidi eziyi-15.

I-Tuna Sea Fishokhula sekwephuze kakhulu. Ezinye izinhlobo zifinyelela amandla okuzala izingane eminyakeni eyi-10 noma ngaphezulu. Isikhathi sokuphila kwalezi zinhlanzi naso asisincane, sifinyelela eminyakeni engama-35. Izazi zebhayoloji zithi i-tuna ephila isikhathi eside ingaphila iminyaka engama-50.

Izinhlanzi ezinempilo. Inyama yayo yaziswa kakhulu eJapan. Kuleli lizwe izindaba zibalelwa isibhakabhaka esiphakeme kakhulu intengo ye-tuna endalini yezitolo. Imidiya ibika ngezikhathi ezithile kumarekhodi entengo alandelayo. Inani lamadola angama-900-1000 aseMelika kg ngalinye le-tuna alibonakali limnandi njengamanje.

Ezitolo zezinhlanzi zaseRussia, amanani entengo ye-tuna alungile. Isibonelo, isitaki se-tuna singathengwa ngama-ruble ayi-150. Igram elingamakhulu amabili egamu ye-tuna ekheniwe akunzima ukuyithengela ama-ruble angama-250 noma ngaphezulu, kuya ngohlobo lwe-tuna kanye nezwe lokukhiqiza.

Isikhathi eside se-tuna

Izinhlanzi ezinjalo zibizwa nangokuthi ama-albacores. Ihluka kwezinye izinhlobo ezinamaphiko asesifubeni, ezinobukhulu obukhulu.

Ungahlangana nabantu abavela kule zinhlobo ezilwandle, ezindaweni zabo zamahhala. Ukwethembisa kakhulu kule ndawo kuphakathi kwamanani wamashumi amane. Ezingxenyeni ezisogwini zezindikimba zamanzi zivame kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwebanga, izinhlanzi ezineminyaka engu-2 ... kuphela. Futhi ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu kuphela, uma zishiswa ngokwanele yilanga. Izinhlanzi zibekezelela kuphela usawoti ovela emanzini olwandle. Babekezelela ukuguquguquka kokushisa ngokuqiniseka ebangeni + 12 ° С ... + 23 ° С). Ngaso leso sikhathi, ngesilinganiso esiphansi sikasawoti, i-tuna yamanzi amnandi yinto engenangqondo engatholakali ndawo emhlabeni.

Eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila, izinhlanzi zisendlaleleni zamanzi ezingaphezulu. Lapho befika ekuvuthweni, u-150 ... ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-200 "baya" ezindaweni ezishisayo zomhlaba.

Inhlanzi "ekhule kahle" yafudumeza amanzi kancane futhi ihlala lapho, ithela ikakhulu abahlali (ama-crustaceans, izinhlanzi, ama-squid) ezihlala ezingxenyeni zamanzi eduze kobuso bezidumbu zamanzi. Ezindaweni ezishisayo, izakhamuzi zasolwandle ezijulile zikhona ekudleni kwakhe (ulwandle lwasolwandle, ama-hempils, amanye ama-cephalopods).

I-tuna enomsila omude ifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4 ... engu-5 yokuphila. Ngasikhathi sinye, isimo sakhe sivezwa cishe ngamamitha (90 cm) nobude obungu-45 kg. Ukusakazeka ezindaweni ezishisayo kwenzeka entwasahlobo nasehlobo, emingceleni yendawo. Abesifazane bazalela amaqanda afinyelela ezigidini ezi-2,5.

Inhlanzi ibonakala ngokufuduka okuhlala njalo, nangamabanga amabanga amade. Isibonelo, ePacific, lokhu kuyabonakala phakathi kweJapan ngasogwini lwaseMelika ngasendleleni efanayo.

Namuhla, i-tuna enomsila omude ingaphansi kokuvikelwa kweNcwadi Ebomvu yaphesheya.

I-tuna emnyama

Lolu hlobo lincane kunazo zonke phakathi kwezaziwayo. Imvamisa ngobude ayidluli isigamu samamitha no-3 kg wesisindo. Yize kungasabonwa ngamehlo abantu abathatha imitha ubude nesisindo esingu-21 kg.

Indawo yendawo yokudoba emnyama ilinganiselwe kakhulu, okuyenza ivelele phakathi kwabafowabo. Itholakala kuphela e-Atlantic, nasengxenyeni yayo esentshonalanga. Le ndawo yindawo enamanzi eningizimu yeRio de Janeiro nasenyakatho neMassachusetts. Impilo yonke, ukhetha izindawo eziseduze-komhlaba lapho amanzi ehlanzekile futhi efudumele.

Umzimba wezinhlanzi useduze ne-oval ukuma. Yona, kanye nomsila (inephrofayli le-crescent), ivumela i-tuna emnyama ukuba ihambe ngejubane eliphakeme kakhulu. Umzimba wezinhlanzi esiswini upendiwe umhlophe, ezinhlangothini zesiliva, umbala wangemuva ungaba mnyama, uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ube maphakathi no-hue. Ezinhlangothini kukhona futhi umucu lapho imingcele ifiphele kanye nombala ophuzi wegolide. Ububanzi ekhanda futhi bumfishane emsileni. Ngezansi (isigaba sokugcina somsila-nangaphezulu) nangaphezulu (isigaba somsila we-dorsal fin), umzimba unamaphrotheni amancane.

Le tuna yasendle ivuthwa ngokushesha kwezocansi kunazo zonke izihlobo zayo - ngeminyaka emi-2. Ukusakazeka kwenzeka ezindaweni ezihlukile ngezindlela ezihlukile - Ephreli-Novemba. Amasheya avela ngokushesha futhi ngokushesha aqale impilo yokuzimela.Zihudula ngentando yamanje kwikholamu yamanzi, cishe ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-50. Izinhlanzi zikhula ngokushesha futhi zithathwa njengezineminyaka emi-5 ubudala.

Ekudleni kwama-amphipods amnyama we-tuna, crab, shrimp, squid, izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuncane, bona uqobo bavame ukuba inyamazane kwezinye izinhlanzi ezihlala olwandle: i-tuna enemicu, ikotini enkulu, nomhlanga oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Ama-tuna amnyama ayabizwa ngabangabalingisi futhi abhekwa njengendondo eyamukelekile.

Ukudoba

Izinhlanzi ze-tuna ebanjwe ngezinjongo zokuhweba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uyisihloko sezemidlalo, ukudoba ama-trophy. Ukudoba ama-tuna wezezimboni kwenziwe intuthuko enhle. Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, ukuhlelwa kabusha kwemikhumbi yokudoba i-tuna kwenzeka.

Eminyakeni yama-80s, amatilosi anamandla aqala ukwakhiwa, egxile kuphela ekudobeni i-tuna. Ithuluzi eliyinhloko lale mikhumbi yizinsika zezikhwama, ezihlukaniswe ngamathuba okujula kwamamitha amaningi nekhono lokuphakamisa umhlambi omncane we-tuna ngaphakathi ngasikhathi sinye.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu ze-tuna zitholakala ngokudoba kusetshenziswa amade. Lokhu kungukulwa okubunjiwe, hhayi okwenziwe ngobuhlakani. Esikhathini esingengakanani esidlule, i-hook tackle yayisetshenziswa kuphela emabhizinisini amancane, angama-artisanal. Manje sekwakhiwa imikhumbi ekhethekile - imikhumbi emide.

Amathayi - izintambo (imigqa) ezimbalwa ezakhiwe zibheke phezulu lapho kutholakala khona izingwegwe ezinezingwegwe. Izicucu zenyama yezinhlanzi zisetshenziswa njengezithiyo zemvelo. Imvamisa kubiza isixha sezintambo ezinemibala noma abanye abalingisi bezisulu. Ukuphiswa kwemhlambi we-tuna kusiza kakhulu imisebenzi yabadobi.

Kunenkinga enkulu lapho kubanjwa i-tuna - lezi zinhlanzi zikhula sekwephuzile. Ezinye izinhlobo zidinga ukuhlala iminyaka eyi-10 ngaphambi kokuba zikhiqize inzalo ye-tuna. Izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke zibeka imikhawulo ekubanjweni kwe-tuna young.

Emazweni amaningi, bezama ukonga imfuyo ye-tuna futhi bathole imali, abantu abasha abavunyelwe ngaphansi kommese. Zilethwa emapulazini ezinhlanzi ezisogwini, lapho izinhlanzi zikhuliselwa ebudaleni. Kukhona inhlanganisela yemizamo yemvelo neyezezimboni yokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlanzi.

Umdweshu we-tuna

Lolu hlobo (aka skipjack), ngokungafani nezihlobo zalo, lunemivimbo emide emide etholakala emzimbeni. Zinombala wesiliva esiswini sazo; i-ash blue isondele emuva ngemuva kwazo. Inhlanzi ephakathi kwe-tuna ehlala ehlala olwandle oluvulekile yiyona encane kunazo zonke. Akuvamile ukuba ubambe imitha ngosayizi futhi ube nesisindo esingu-25 kg. Amanani "ajwayelekile" okubanjiswa angu-5 ... 3 kg no-60 ... 50 cm.

Ama-tuna anjalo ahlala kuphela kungqimba lwamanzi futhi olwandle kuphela. Kwesinye isikhathi kubanjwa kude nolwandle, kepha lokhu kungenzeka kuphela eduzane nezixhobo zamakhorali. Indawo yendawo yoLwandlekazi iPacific, ezindaweni zalo ezingaphansi kwendawo ezishisayo. Ibuye ihlale olwandle olunamanzi afudumele (+ 17 ° С ... + 28 ° С).

Ukhetha ukuba semaphaketheni, kwesinye isikhathi ahlangane ezikoleni ezifika kumashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu. Esikoleni, imvamisa izinhlanzi zeminyaka efanayo nesimo somzimba ziyakwazi ukuhamba ngokushesha ngokulinganayo (isivinini sifinyelela ku-45 km / h). Ngaphezu kwemihlambi “emsulwa”, exubene nokwakhiwa kwezinhlanzi (i-yellowfin tuna, amahlengethwa) azivamile.

Njengama-congener amaningi, ama-tuna anemigqa enza ukufuduka okuphambili kwesizini. Ziphawuleka ikakhulukazi ngasogwini lwaseJapan. Ehlobo, kunenqwaba yezinhlanzi kwesinye isikhathi ezifika eziQhingini ZaseKuril, eningizimu yazo, ngalesi sikhathi, kukhona ne-tuna enamehlo amakhulu, ehlala endaweni enkulu (ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-200) futhi ifinyelela ku-2.36 m ubude.

Izinhlanzi zikwazi ukukhula ngemuva kokuphila iminyaka emi-2 ..., lapho imizimba yazo iba ngamasentimitha angama-40. Ukuzala kwezinhlanzi kuhlobene ngqo nokugcina. Isibonelo, izinsikazi ezinobude obungamasentimitha angama-40 ziphenduka izingcezu eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-200. amaqanda, ama-75 cm - ukuya kuma-2 million ama-pcs. Izindawo ezihlakazekile zihlangana ngokuphelele nezindawo lapho ukusabalala kwe-tuna futhi kutholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezishisayo.

Lenhlobo idla izakhamizi zezindawo ezinamazwi angajwayelekile. Ukudla kwabo kuvame ukufaka izinhlanzi ezincane, ama-crustaceans, ama-squid. Kuhlanganisa nezilwane ezahlukahlukene ezingaphezu kuka-180.Isethi ethile iyahluka endaweni ngayinye.

I-Mackerel Tuna

Izinhlanzi zalolu hlobo zincanyana kunazo zonke kulabo abahlala eduze nolwandle. Kuyinhlanzi epipelagic, ihlala olwandle olufudumele olwandle lwePacific, Indian, Atlantic sea.

Umbala womzimba ngemuva unombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi ucishe umnyama ekhanda. Izinhlangothi zimnyama ngemivimbo emnyama yewavy. Isisu simhlophe. Amaphiko we-ventral kanye ne-pectoral anemibala ehlukene: amnyama ngaphakathi nangobubende ngaphandle. Ngokuphambene, ubude obufushane bamaphinifa we-pectoral kanye nokungabikho kwe-bladder yokubhukuda.

Ikhula ibe ngu-40 ... 30 cm futhi izuza kuphela ama-5 ... we-2,5 kg wesisindo. Kwesinye isikhathi ubude bungamasentimitha angama-58.

Ukudla kwalezi zinhlanzi kufaka i-plankton nezinhlanzi ezincane (ama-anchovies, ama-atherin, njll.). Ama-tuna uqobo avame ukuba yisisulu sabangane bawo abakhulu.

Ukuthomba kwenzeka lapho ubude bomzimba bufinyelela ku-35 ... cm.Ukuzala kwezinsikazi kungama-200 000 amaqanda ... amaqanda ayizigidi eziyi-1,4, ngokuya ngobude bama-30 ... 44.2 cm.Izinhlanzi ziqhakaza unyaka wonke: Januwari-Ephreli olwandle lwePacific Ocean (ingxenye engasempumalanga) , Agasti-Ephreli e-Indian Ocean (ingxenye eseningizimu).

Ama-mackerel tuna athambekele ekufudukeni okwandisiwe emanzini olwandle.

I-Atlantic Tuna

I-Atlantic tuna yenhlanzi egqamile, esheshayo futhi enkulu kunayo yonke. Inegazi elifudumele, elivamile kakhulu ezinhlanzini. Kuhlala amanzi ase-Iceland, iGulf of Mexico. Kubonakala emanzini atshisayo oLwandle iMedithera, lapho kuqhuma khona. Le nhlobo yayihlala phambilini oLwandle Olumnyama, kepha manje lesi sizwe sesihleli emlandweni.

Izinhlanzi zinomzimba owakhiwe, omiswe njengotshani obizwa nge-aerodynamic futhi uvumela inhlanzi ukuba ihambe ngokushesha futhi isikhathi eside. Umbala wangemuva ubunjiwe ngensimbi luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngaphezulu, isisu simhlophe-ngesiliva, sinephunga elimhlophe.

Ukudla kwe-tuna yase-Atlantic: i-zooplankton, ama-crustaceans, ama-eels, ama-squids. Isifiso senhlanzi asaneliseki, ngakho-ke zivame ukukhula ngamamitha amabili ubude futhi zithole isisindo sethoni. Kukhona abantu abanezimpawu ezihehayo. Isibonelo, kukholelwa ukuthi i-tuna enkulu kunazo zonke ye-Atlantic yabanjwa emanzini eduze naseNova Scotia. "Udonsa" ngamakhilogremu angama-680.

Izinzuzo zenyama

I-tuna ngumkhiqizo oyingqayizivele lapho izimfanelo eziwusizo zezinhlanzi zihlanganiswa nezakhiwo ezinempilo zokunambitha nokunambitha. Kunamavithamini amaningi ne-phosphorus kule nhlanzi yasolwandle okuthi ubuholi bamanyuvesi aseMelika wethule izitsha ze-tuna kwimenyu ebophezelayo yamakamelo okudlela, ukuze kugcinwe umsebenzi wengqondo wabafundi nothisha. Izazi zezempilo zaseFrance ziqhathanisa inyama yale nhlanzi ne-veal encane ngezinga le-hemoglobin nokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni. Kepha ngokungafani nenyama yenkomo, amaprotheni i-tuna ecebe kakhulu kuwo amunwa ngokushesha futhi cishe ngokuphelele (ngama-95%) womzimba. Ososayensi baseDashi baqinisekisile iqiniso lokuthi ukudla ama-30 g kuphela ale nhlanzi ngosuku kungavimba ngempumelelo izifo eziningi zenhliziyo, ngenxa yokuqukethwe okwandayo kwenkimbinkimbi yemvelo yama-acid aqukethe ama-omega-3 no-6. kunciphisa ngempumelelo izinga le- "sinister" amino acid - i-homocysteine, eqongelela ubudala emzimbeni futhi ilimaze izindonga zemithambo yegazi.

AmaJapan - abathengi abaphambili bale nhlanzi, isiqinisekiso esisobala kakhulu sekhono le-tuna lokugcina impilo yentsha nokwelula impilo.

Inani lokudla okunempilo nokuqukethwe kwekhalori

Ngaphandle kokuqukethwe kwamarekhodi, i-tuna yinhlanzi esidliwayo. Ngokuya ngezinhlobo, inani lokudla lisukela ku-110 laya ku-150 kcal.

• Amaprotheni - 23.3-24.4 g,
• Amafutha - 4.6-4.8 g,
• Ama-carbohydrate - 0 g,
• Ash - 1,2-1.7 g.

Uhlobo lwekhalori oluphansi kunazo zonke yi-yellowfin (110 kcal). Noma uthosiwe, inkomba yamandla ayidluli ku-140 kcal. Okuqukethwe kwekhalori kwe-tuna ekheniwe emafutheni kukhuphukela ku-198 kcal.

Ukudla kwezinhlanzi ze-tuna

Ukwakhiwa okubalulekile nokunambitheka okuhle nokuqukethwe okune-khalori ephansi kuvumela i-tuna ukuba ibe "yinkosi" yezinhlelo eziningi zokudla zokupholisa nokunciphisa umzimba.Inhlanzi nemifino kuhlanganiswe kahle kakhulu: ukhukhamba, ulethisi, utamatisi, ukhipha izingulube, iklabishi le-Peking, i-bell pepper. Esikhundleni se imayonnaise, izazi zezempilo zitusa ukudla okulula kwe-tuna kanye nama-saladi ngamafutha omnqumo. Ukuze uthole isaladi lokudla okwenziwe ngamakhambi, kungcono ukusebenzisa i-Tuna ekheniwe kushukela wakho.

Ungapheka kanjani i-tuna: zokupheka zokupheka

Abapheki baseJapan bathi ungayipheka le nhlanzi cishe ngaphandle kokuchitha. Ama-broths amahle kakhulu kanye nesobho kungaphekwa kusuka ekhanda, okunye okufakwayo nezinsephe, izinhlanzi ezinkulu zezinhlanzi zinambitheka kakhulu ngendlela ethosiwe futhi ebhakwe, i-tuna ne-sushi edumile ilungiselelwe kusuka esiswini sezinhlanzi ezintsha nezinamafutha.

Ngeshwa, i-tuna entsha iyindawo etholakalayo, ngakho-ke ikhethelo kwizakhamizi zakithi eziningi iyindlela ebiza kakhulu yokufaka le nhlanzi enempilo futhi emnandi ekudleni. Ngenhlanhla, i-tuna ekheniwe cishe ayilahlekelwa yizindawo ezibalulekile zezinhlanzi zemvelo, futhi izindlela eziningi ezithokozisayo ezivela ku-tuna ekheniwe zikuvumela ukuthi ujabulele izitsha ezahlukahlukene nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Ophaya, amasaladi, ama-meatballs, ama-soufflés kanye no-pastry okusemathinini balungiswa endabeni yemizuzu.

Isaladi leNicoise nge-tuna (iklasikhi)

Le isaladi ithandwa ngokuyisimanga eFrance. Kubukeka, njengase- "Mecca yaseCongo", izwe elikhiqiza futhi lihehe imikhiqizo emisha yemvelo, kungavela isaladi, izingxenye eziphambili zazo ezingama-canned tuna kanye namaqanda abilisiwe? Kodwa-ke, isaladi leNicoise likumenyu yenqwaba yezindawo zokudlela zaseFrance.

Thatha isidlo esingajulile. Beka phansi phansi kwayo kahle ngamahlamvu ulethisi adwengulwe izingcezu eziningana. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngokulandelana okungahleliwe, faka izingxenye ezinkulu zikatamatisi ezivuthiwe (izingcezu ezi-3-4), ama-anchovies (amashini ama-6-8), u-anyanisi oluhlaza, i-basil (amaqabunga ama-5-7), amaqanda, uthathe izingcezu ezi-4 (izingcezu ezi-3), i-tuna ekheniwe ihlanganiswe yaba yimicu emikhulu (1 jar). Kwisoso: hlanganisa u-40 ml wamafutha omnqumo, isipuni esisodwa sikagalikhi osikiwe, usawoti, 1.5 tsp. uviniga weviniga.

Ama-cutlets

Ukuze ulungiselele ama-cutlets ayi-10, hlanganisa imbiza eyodwa yezinhlanzi ujusi wakho (ujusi kufanele ukhishwe), 1 inkomishi yelayisi ebilisiwe kahle, uhhafu wengilazi kafulawa kakolweni, isipuni se-imayonnaise, iqanda elilodwa, usawoti, u-50 g we ushizi we-grated, isipuni sikashukela esisodwa esikhulu clove sikagalikhi oqoshiwe. Ukushushuluza kuyadingeka ukuze uxove kahle futhi wakhe ama-cutlets ayi-10.

Fry patties kuze kube yilapho kwakheka ukugcwala okujabulisayo ezinhlangothini zombili.

Ibhayoloji

Ngenxa ye-endothermia, zonke izinhlobo ze-tuna ziyakwazi ukugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba eliphakeme zihlobene nemvelo. Umphumela uhlinzekwa yinkimbinkimbi yemithambo yegazi ebizwa ngokuthi yi-lat. Rete mirabile - "inethiwekhi emangalisayo." Lokhu kuluka okuqinile kwemithambo nemithambo yegazi egijima eceleni kwezinhlangothi zomzimba wezinhlanzi. Ikuvumela ukuthi ugcine ukushisa ngokufudumeza igazi elibandayo elenziwa ngenxa ye-venous, umsebenzi ofudumele wemisipha negazi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lezicubu, ubuchopho, izitho zangaphakathi kanye namehlo, okuvumela ukuthi i-tuna ibhukude ngejubane elikhulu, yehlise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla futhi iwavumele ukuthi aphilele ebangeni elikhulu lezimo zemvelo kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlanzi. Ngokokuqala ngqa lesi sici se-physiology of tuna sichazwe udokotela wezengqondo waseJapan uK. Kisinuye. Waze wabeka phambili isiphakamiso sokuthi ahlukanise i-tuna abe yiqembu elihlukile ngokusekelwe kwi-morphology.

Ngokungafani nezinhlanzi eziningi ezinenyama emhlophe, izicubu zomsipha we-tuna zinemibala ehlukahlukene ebomvu ukusuka kumbala opinki kuya kokubomvu okumnyama. Lo mbala unamathiselwe imisipha ye-myotomal yi-myoglobin ebopha umoya-mpilo, etholakala kwinyama ye-tuna ngenani elikhulu kakhulu uma uqhathanisa nenyama yezinye izinhlanzi. Igazi elinothile oksijini linikeza izicubu amandla awengeziwe. Ingaphezulu le-gill stamens in tuna liphindwe ka-7-9 ukwedlula lelo le-rainow trout.

Ama-tuna ahamba njalo. Lapho bema, ukuphefumula kwabo kunzima, ngoba i-gill isimboza ivulekile ngokuhambisana nokunyakaza komzimba kwesokunxele nangakwesokudla. Amanzi ngomlomo ovulekile adlulela emgodini we-gill kuphela ekuhambeni. Lezi zokubhukuda ezinhle kakhulu (njenge-mackerel, i-bonito, i -firefish kanye ne-marlin) zinomsebenzi omkhulu we-locomotor njenge-caudal fin, ngenkathi umzimba omfushane owoluliwe uhlala ungashukumi.

Kwababhukudi abanamandla, njengamahlengethwa kanye ne-tuna, ukuhamba kwe-cavitation kungaba yingozi ngoba kubeka umkhawulo wejubane labo eliphezulu. Ngisho nokukwazi ukubhukuda ngokushesha, amahlengethwa kufanele anciphise ijubane ngoba ama-bubble we-cavitation akhiwa emsileni abangela izinhlungu. Futhi nge-tuna, i-cavitation yehlisa isivinini, kepha ngenxa yezizathu ezithile. Ngokungafani namahlengethwa, izinhlanzi azizwa zinamabhamuza, ngoba ama-bony awo anganayo i-nerve endings. Noma kunjalo, ama-bubble we-cavitation azungeze imichilo yawo adala ifilimu yamandla, futhi inani elithile lamandla lichithwa ekubandeni kwe-cavitation - lezi zinto zinciphisa isivinini esiphezulu. Ku-tuna sathola iminonjana ethandwayo yomonakalo we-cavitation.

Iresiphi ye-tuna ethosiwe

Ukuze uzwe ukunambitheka okuyingqayizivele kwe-tuna, kubalulekile ukuthi ungayomile lapho uyithosa, ngaphandle kwalokho esikhundleni sobuhlakani ungathola ucezu lwenhlanzi olungenakuphela nolukhuni ngenxa yalokho. Umqondo wokuthosa amasheya ahlukanisiwe aqandisiwe khona lapho ngomkhumbi futhi ancitshisiwe ngaphambi kokupheka.

Hlanganisa enkomishini ngezingxenye ezilinganayo usawoti, upelepele omnyama nobomvu. Hlikihla izingcezu zenhlanzi kahle ngale nhlanganisela ebabayo, bese uyigoqa kufulawa ocolekile, bese uyi-semolina. Ukwenza isinkwa esinjalo ngokuphelele kuzogcina ijusi eliyigugu le-tunyatina. Fry steak emafutheni isikhathi esingekho ngaphezulu kwemizuzu emi-2 ohlangothini ngalunye. Umaphakathi wesiteki kufanele uhlale umswakama omncane futhi upinki. Khonza i-tuna ethosiwe ngososo we-salsa noma i-tartar ngesitsha esiseceleni kwanoma imiphi imifino nengilazi yewayini elihle.

Ukusebenzisana kwabantu

Sekuyisikhathi eside ama-tuna ahlala futhi eyisisekelo sokudoba. Abadobi baseJapan bavimbela ama-tuna ase-Pacific bluefin ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-5,000 edlule. Ukwahlulela amathambo atholakala ngenkathi kubhulwa, eziqhingini zaseMelika nasogwini olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga yePacific Ocean, abantu babamba izinhlobo ezifanayo ezikhathini zasendulo. Imidwebo yaleli dwala yalezi zinhlanzi yatholakala emihumeni yaseSicily. I-Tuna, eyayidlula minyaka yonke eStrait of Gibraltar, yabanjwa kulo lonke uLwandle iMedithera. KwiBosphorus basebenzise amagama ahlukene angama-30 ukusho le nhlanzi. Babekhonjiswa ngezinhlamvu zemali zamaGreek nezamaCelt.

Kusukela ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, futhi empeleni kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, ukudotshwa kwezinhlanzi ze-tuna bekuzingelwe emazweni amaningi emhlabeni jikelele. Ezokudoba zazingezikhathi ezithile, ezendawo futhi ikakhulukazi ezazisogwini; ama-tuna abanjwa ezindaweni ezithile kuphela emjikelezweni wawo wokuphila. Isibonelo, olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean eNorway, ama-tuna atholakala ngoxhaka bezikhwama, abanjwa eBay of Biscay ngamathuluzi okuloba, futhi izicupho zabekwa eStrait of Gibraltar nasogwini lwaseNyakatho Afrika.

Ukudoba kwezentengiso

Ukudoba kwe-tuna endaweni yezimboni bekukhula ngenkuthalo kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20. Ngeminyaka yama-1980s, ukudalwa kwezinsimbi ezinkulu zomgwaqo ezinkulu zomkhumbi nemikhumbi emide kunikeze umfutho omusha ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yezokudoba. Imisele yasolwandle inhlanzi idonsa ekujuleni okufika ku-200 m ngoxhaka lwezikhwama, nemikhumbi emide ye-mine tuna tuna isebenzisa tiers olwandle olujulile. Ngogwayi lwesikhwama, inqwaba ye-yellowfin ne-tuna enemigqa iyambiwa. Ukubamba kufriziwe ngendlela ye-brine emathangini kumazinga okushisa −25 ... −30 ° C. Izidumbu ezifakwe iqhwa zisetshenziswa ku-canning.

Ama-tuna amakhulu - ama-albacore nama-eyeed amakhulu azingelwa emahlathini. Ukubanjwa kufakwa ngaphansi kwe-nitrogen yokuqothulwa kweqondo lokushisa kwe-−60 ° C. Izidumbu ezigcolile nezineqhwa ziyasetshenziswa ebhizinisini lokudlela nasekwenziweni kokudla okulula.

Ama-tuna amaningi atholakala ngemikhangu yezikhwama. Ukubanjwa konyaka we-tuna olwandle ngamathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezine. Amathani angaphezu kuka-2,5 ezigidi we-tuna akhiqizwa ngabasebenza ngokugcwala izikhwama ezinkulu.

Ukudotshwa kwe-Longline for tuna kwakuyindawo yonke ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Le ndlela yokubiza engabizi kakhulu ekuvumela ukuthi uthengise izinhlanzi ngenani eliphakeme. Isibalo esikhulu semikhumbi emide singabaseJapan, eTaiwan, China, Indonesia naseSpain.

Isikhwama Somhlaba Wonke Sokuthuthukiswa Okuzinzile Kwemithombo Yezinto Eziphila Emanzini ru en Ngo-2009, walungiselela umbiko ophelele wesayensi ngesimo semithombo yezwe ye-tuna, evuselelwa njalo. Ngokusho kombiko, izinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokudoba nokuthengisa ama-amateur ukudotshwa kwe-yellowfin, amehlo anamehlo amakhulu, ajwayelekile, iPacific eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-Australia kanye ne-tuna enemigqa.

Umbiko uthi:

Phakathi kweminyaka yama-1940 kuya maphakathi no-1960s, ukubanjwa minyaka yonke kwezinhlobo ezinhlanu zokuhweba ze-tuna kwakhuphuka kusuka kumathani angama-300,000 kuya kumathani ayisigidi, ukudoba kwakuhlotshwa kakhulu. Ngokwakhiwa kwezinsimbi zesikhwama semikhwama, njengamanje okuyizimpahla zokudoba ezivelele, kule minyaka embalwa edlule, inani lama-ekubambeni selikhule laya kumathani ayizigidi ezine ngonyaka. Ama-68% we-tuna avunwa kuLwandlekazi lwePacific, ama-22% oLwandlekazi i-Indian kanti amanye ayi-10% asele e-Atlantic naseLwandle iMedithera. Ama-striped tuna enza cishe ama-60% ekubanjweni okuphelele, alandelwe yi-yellowfin (24%), iso-eyed (10%), inenwele ende (5%) ne-tuna ejwayelekile. Amaphesenti angama-62 e-tuna athungathwa ngoxhaxha bezikhwama, 14% ngama-longlines, u-11% ngamagiya okuloba kanti amanye ayi-3% ezinye izindlela ezahlukahlukene.

Inani eliphelele lokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi yiwo wonke amazwe oLwandlekazi i-Indian (amathani ayinkulungwane, ngokusho Indian Ocean Tuna CommissionDisemba 2011)

Izinhlobo ze-Tuna	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
Feather ophuzi	338	362	464	530	497	417	316	325	276	299
Amehlo amakhulu	121	141	130	138	123	118	124	107	103	71
Imigqa	456	526	515	483	543	625	477	459	456	428
Izimpaphe ezinde	44	35	26	32	32	30	44	47	40	44

Izinhlobo eziphambili ze-tuna (bona ithebula elingezansi) zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwe-tuna kanye nezinhlobo ezifana ne-tuna ngokubuka kwezomnotho. Ukuhweba nokusetshenziswa kwenziwa kuwo wonke umhlaba. Ngo-2010, ukudotshwa kwabo kwaba cishe ngamathani ayizigidi ezine, okufanekisela cishe ama-66% ekubanjweni okuphelele kwawo wonke ama-tuna kanye nezinhlobo ezifanayo ne-tuna. Ngonyaka we-2010, ama-70,5% ekubanjweni okuphelele kwezinhlobo eziphambili ze-tuna atholakala kuLwandle iPacific, u-19,5% oLwandlekazi i-Indian kanye ne-10,0% olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean kanye nolwandle iMedithera.

Umnikelo olinganiselwa wezinhlobo ezinkulu ze-tuna zokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi ekubambeni kwazo ngokuphelele ngonyaka we-2010

Ukubuka kwe-tuna	Yabelana ekubanjweni okuphelele ngonyaka we-2010
Isikhathi eside se-tuna	5,9
I-tuna ejwayelekile	ngaphansi kuka-1%
I-tuna enamehlo amakhulu	8,2 %
I-Pacific bluefin tuna	ngaphansi kuka-1%
I-tuna yase-Australia	ngaphansi kuka-1%
Umdweshu we-tuna	58,1 %
I-Yellowfin tuna	26,8 %

Ngo-2006, uhulumeni wase-Australia wamemezela ukuthi iJapan idoba ngokungemthetho i-tuna yase-Australia, ibamba minyaka yonke ukusuka kumathani ayi-12,000 kuya kwangama-20,000 esikhundleni samathani ayizi-6,000 okuvunyelwene ngawo, izindleko zokukhiqiza ezidlula imingcele emisiwe zilinganiselwa ku- $ 2 bhiliyoni [ ziphi zona? ]. Ukudoba ngokweqile kulimaza kakhulu inani labantu. Ngokusho kweWorld Wildlife Fund "izinhlwathi ezingenangqondo zaseJapan zomthombo ofunwa kanjalo zibeka engcupheni yokuqothulwa uma imboni yezokudoba ingavumi ukuthola izilinganiso ezibucayi."

Eminyakeni yamuva, endalini evulekile ebanjiswe emakethe yaseTsukiji Tokyo, amanani entengo e-tuna afinyelele phezulu, abonisa isidingo semakethe. NgoDisemba 30, 2012 eJapan, kwaqoshwa irekhodi lentengo yenhlanzi eyodwa. Ngesikhathi sendali, ama-222 kg ePacific Bluefin tuna athengiswa ngemali eyizigidi eziyi-155.4 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-760), kuyilapho intengo ngekhilogremu eyodwa yayingama-6243 USD.

NgoNovemba 2011, umdobi waseMassachusetts wabamba inetha le-tuna enesisindo esingama-400 kg. Ngenxa yemithetho nemikhawulo yokudoba ama-tuna e-United States, abaphathi be-federal bathumba izinhlanzi ngoba zazingabanjwa zisebenzisa induku noma i-reel.Phakathi bamba, ethola ukulimala kanye lathengiswa esingaphansi $ 5,000.

Abadobi baseRussia baqala ukudoba ama-tuna ngeminyaka yo-1980 futhi babamba ama-tuna kuwo wonke olwandle kuze kube maphakathi nawo-1990. Okulandelayo ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwezokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi olwandle lwaseRussia, inani lezikebhe ze-tunel linciphile ukusuka ema-30 kuye kwangama-7 amayunithi. Ngo-1990, zonke Russian ezinkulu-tonnage tunseil seiners kwathengiswa izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe. Imishubhe eyisikhombisa esezingeni eliphakathi nendawo yase Russian yaqhubeka nokudoba oLwandlekazi i-Atlantic. E-Russia, ukusetshenziswa kwe-tuna akubaluleki uma kuqhathaniswa ne-USA kanye namazwe ase-Europe, kepha kunomkhuba ongaphezulu. Izimboni zase-Russian canning zisebenzisa izinto zokusetshenziswa ezivela ezinkampanini zangaphandle. tuna okusemathinini izimpahla Iningi kudliwe Russia akhiqizwa mpumalanga ye-Asia.

Izilwane zasolwandle

Inani elikhulayo le-tuna esezingeni eliphakeme likhula ngamakhono futhi lenzelwe ngamapeni. EMedithera, tuna Simila Croatia, Greece, Turkey, Italy, iLibhiya, Malta, Spain naseKhupro. I ububanzi ezinkanjini sogu lolwandle kuba 50-90 amamitha, ivolumu ifinyelela 230.000 m 3. Isibonelo, eTurkey, ukusuka maphakathi noMeyi kuya maphakathi no-June, imikhumbi ekhethekile ithola imihlambi ye-tuna nomuntu othola inhlanzi, izungeze inetha bese iwahambisa epulazini eliseKaraburun Bay, Izmir. Imisebenzi yezikhungo ezikhulayo ze-tuna ingaphansi kokulawulwa kombuso. I-Tuna iphahlwe ngama-squids, ama-sardine, i-herring kanye ne-mackerel. Isimo sabo iyahlolwa by abatshuzi. Ngemuva konyaka, ngaphansi kweminyaka emi-2, inhlanzi iyacutshungulwa, iqandiswe bese ithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.

IJapan ihola ucwaningo lwasemanzini. Ngo-1979, ngokokuqala ngqa ephethwe ukuzalela tuna besekuthunjweni. Ngo-2002, kwaqedwa umjikelezo ophelele wokuzala, futhi ngonyaka ka-2007 isizukulwane sesithathu sesivele samukelwe. Amafutha athunjiweyo ayathengiswa ukuze kutshalwe emapulazini ezinhlanzi. Izindleko zikaFry cishe zingamadola angamashumi amahlanu.

Iphrojekthi idaliwe ukudala aquaculture esimeme futhi engabizi tuna ezivamile ITRansDOTT. Enye yezinhloso zephrojekthi ukwenziwa kabusha kwe-tuna ekudingisweni. Kwakunokwenzeka ukuthola gazinga iphila besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe of imiphumela hormone ku abadala. Ukuze aquaculture ukuba umnotho, okuphakelayo kumele kube isitshalo-based mass ukukhulisa. Inkampani yaseNorway I-Tunatech athuthukise ukudla okhethekile okwenziwe ngegogo, kepha kuze kube manje, ama-tuna athunjiwe athole isisindo esingcono lapho kuxutshwa nokudla okuhlanganiswe nokudla okuphathelene nokudla kanye nenhlanzi efile. Ubuzimu kukhinyabeza ukutshala tuna basekuthunjweni - ngabanye ezinkulu udle gazinga, futhi zeselula elisheshayo izinhlanzi ona ngokwabo ngokushaya ezindongeni amathangi. Ukulawulwa kwama-parasite kumele kuhlonishwe ukuze kungabi sengozini kubantu basendle, kanye nokuxazulula inkinga yokulahlwa kwemfucuza okuphephile kwezinhlanzi.

Ukudla

Emazweni amaningi, tuna izinhlanzi iyisibiliboco. Ilungiselelwe ngendlela ehlukile, idliwe iluhlaza futhi ikheniwe. I-tuna iguqula inyama ekhanyayo nebumnyama. Uma kuqhathaniswa nenyama elula ethathwe enhlanzini efanayo, onsundu iyabekeka, ayinamafutha amancane futhi inamanzi amaningi, okungukuthi, ngokuvamile kubi kunokukhanya, kepha iqukethe insimbi eningi (kuze kufike ku-11 mg nge-1 kg).

Umsoco, izinzuzo kanye efanele ibe kuhlu lokuhlukumezeka

18-20%). Cishe akunamafutha enyameni yakhe (

0.5%) ne-cholesterol. Iqukethe ngamavithamini A, D no E, i-omega-3 unsaturated okunamafutha acid, selenium, i-sodium ne-potassium. Ukusetshenziswa njalo kwale nhlanzi kwehlisa ama-triglycerides egazini. Okuqukethwe kwekhalori kwe-tuna ekheniwe kungama-198 kcal, kanti okuqukethwe ngamaprotheni kungama-29.13%.

I-Mercury inganqwabelana izicubu zenhlanzi ezinkulu ezidla ngokuphila isikhathi eside. Tuna nabo bayajabula. Kukhona i-mercury ethe xaxa enyameni emnyama; ama-tuna anamehlo amakhulu aqongelela i-mercury ngokuqinile kune-tuna eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, enemichilo futhi emide.Kukhona i-mercury eningi kuma-steaks kunokudla okusemathinini. Abesifazane beminyaka yokuzala nezingane abanconywa ukuthi badle izinhlanzi ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-zebus, okubandakanya izinhlobo ezithile ze-tuna, ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ngenyanga.

Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ngonyaka we-2008 lufakazele ukuthi ukugcotshwa kwe-mercury enyameni ye-tuna ekhuliswe ngokungemthetho kuhlobene nokuqukethwe kwe-lipid - okuphezulu kokuhlushwa kwe-lipid ezicutshini ezidliwayo, kwehlisa okuqukethwe kwe-zeb.

I-histamine inganqwabelana ngenyama ye-tuna phakathi nesikhathi ukusuka ekubambeni kuye ekuqandeni, ikakhulukazi lapho igcinwa ngaphandle kokupholisa, kanye nokwephula isitoreji nobuchwepheshe bethanga. Ezicubu ezimnyama ze-mackerel, ingxenyeni enkulu ye-histamine ingaba ngaphezu kwezikhathi eziyi-1,500 kunokuqina kwayo enyameni elula. Ngokuya kweSanPiN 2.3.2.1078-01 yeRussian Federation, okuqukethwe ezinhlanzini akufanele kudlule i-100 mg / kg. inhlanzi Good izinga aqukethe esingaphansi 10 mg / kg histamine. Izidingo zekhwalithi ze-tuna ekheniwe eRussia Federation zilawulwa yi-GOST 7452-97.

Ukudla okuhleliwe

I-Tuna yinto ebalulekile eluhlaza yokulungiselela ukudla okusemathinini. Inyama ebunjiwe ye-tuna ngokubukeka nokungaguquguquki kufana nefilidi yenkukhu. Ukudla okusemathinini kucutshungulwa ikakhulu i-yellowfin, i-longfin, enemichilo, i-tuna enamehlo amakhulu futhi ebonakalayo.

Kuze kube ngu-1905, i-tuna ibibhekwa njengezinhlanzi ezidambile e-United States futhi yayingadliwa. Ngokokuqala ngqá, ukudla okusemathinini e-tuna namakani kwaqala ukukhiqizwa e-Australia ngo-1903. Ukudla okuhlanganisiwe kwasheshe kwathandwa. Ngawo-1950s, ama-tuna aqanjiwe athatha i-salmon ethandwa eMelika. I-tuna ekheniwe emafutheni, kushukela wayo uqobo, ngaphansi kososo abahlukahlukene, esiqeshini esisodwa noma izingcezu ezincane. Zisetshenziselwa ukwenza amasangweji, amasaladi nezinye izitsha.

I-Tuna ivame ukuthathwa kude nendawo yokuqhutshwa. Izimo zokugcina zesikhashana ezingezinhle zingaholela emonakalweni. Ngaphambi ukucutshungulwa, tuna kufanele ligcinwe ngaso emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka-0 no-18 ° C. Imvamisa, i-tuna igaywe ngesandla bese ifakwa iqhwa noma ibandwe. Inhlanzi ihlanza isikhumba namathambo, inqunywe zibe yimichilo, ibekwe ezimbizeni bese igoqwa. Inyama emnyama ethathwe ezinhlangothini imvamisa ikhiqiza ukudla kwesilwane okungabizi. Imbiza ebekwe uphawu iqiniswa ngokushisa ngaphansi kwengcindezi.

I- “fillet” ebunjiwe yenziwe kusuka ezinhlanzini ezimhlophe zenyama. Imvuthuluka esele yenyama emhlophe nenyama empunga iya ekudleni okungabizi kakhulu kokhokho. ukudla okusemathinini yenziwa kuphela kusuka inhlanzi eqandisiwe, ngakho basuke libhekene i umhluzi opaque. Abakhiqizi abangathembekile bagoqa izinhlanzi ezishibhile emithini. Isici esiyingqayizivele - inyama ye-tuna inesakhiwo esekwe, ayinamathambo.

Bheka incazelo

I-Tuna ingumakhelwane wasolwandle ongowomndeni wama-mackerel. Kusuka kulimi lwesiGreek tuna luhunyushwa ngokuthi "cast", "cast". Umzimba ubunjwe nge-torpedo, uthinta i-caudal. Ikhanda oyindilinga shape. Kuzo zinamehlo amancane ama-2 ezinhlangothini, kanye nomlomo omkhulu onomugqa owodwa wamazinyo amancane, kepha abukhali. Engxenyeni eguqukayo, umzimba ubukeka njengombuthano.

I-fin yokuqala, etholakala ngemuva, iy concave and oblong. Elesibili lifana nesikela elincanyana. Ezimweni zangaphandle, kuyafana ne-anal. Ukusuka kuwo ubheke emsileni kunenqwaba yamaphiko amancane. Zingaba mayelana 9-12 izingcezu, futhi kusukela anal bengekho ngaphezu kwama-8-9.

Kubalulekile! Ukuze i-tuna ikwazi ukuphefumula, idinga ukuhamba njalo, ngaphandle kwalokho izembozo ze-gill ngeke zivule futhi zicebise nge-oxygen.

Ngenxa yokwakheka kwayo, umzimba wengxenye enkulu uhlala umile. Ungumsila kanye namaphiko avumela inhlanzi ukuba ihambe ngenkuthalo. Ijubane eliphakeme kunayo yonke inhlanzi yabantu abadala elingayikhulisa ngu-85 km / h. Njengoshaka, unesistimu yokujikeleza kwegazi ethuthukisiwe, enamazinga okushisa womzimba angama-36,6 degrees. Akunakwenzeka ukusho ngqo ukuthi zingaki izinhlanzi ezidla inyama ezihlala. Isikhathi isilinganiso tuna izinhlanzi esikhulu eminyakeni engu-35, futhi zinhlobo elincane angaphansi kuka-10.

Isisindo nobukhulu

Ubukhulu be-tuna buyamangaza futhi buyamangalisa. zezinhlobo ezincane 30-40 cm, futhi isisindo sazo bukhoma kg 2 kuphela. I-tuna enkulu kunazo zonke, i-bluefin tuna, ikhula ngobude ngamamitha angama-4-4,5. Isisindo sesiqhwaga esinjalo kwesinye isikhathi sidlula ama-600 kg. Wonke umuntu okungenani kanye waya Ukudoba lokhu owakhileyo zasolwandle ngiphuphe ukubamba izinhlanzi nge ukuphakama womuntu. Kepha akuzona zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezizokwazi ukufinyelela osayizi abahlaba umxhwele kangako. Lokhu kuncike kakhulu endaweni yokuhlala nokuzalela.

Inhlanzi ebomvu noma emhlophe

Inyama inombala omuhle: ukusuka pinki obucayi kuya obomvu obujulile. Ukuba khona amaprotheni elingenawo umoya-kuyawabopha isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi kuthinta umbala inyama tuna kukhiqizwa. Le ngxenye esekela impilo ibizwa nge-myoglobin futhi iqukethe inani elikhulu lensimbi, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokusebenza okusebenzayo.

Kubalulekile! I-alternates ekhanyayo nebumnyama ye-tuna ebomvu. Lapho eqhathanisa isimo kubo, ungabona ukuthi ayegcwele noma brown libhekene friability, yehlisa lokucuketfwe fat nokuqukethwe amanzi enkulu. Kubi ukwedlula okumhlophe, kepha okuqukethwe yensimbi kufinyelela ku-11 mg kilo nganye.

Ingabe zikhona izikali

Isikali esimboza umzimba wale mpilo yasolwandle ngaphambili komzimba nasezinhlangothini sihluke kakhulu ngobukhulu kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Zinkulu futhi zikhulu ngosayizi futhi zibukeka njengegobolondo elivikelayo. Umbala Isikali esikhohlisayo siyinto ezahlukene ngayinye zilwane. Zingahle zibe nemivimbo noma imicu engajwayelekile kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, kepha umhlane omnyama nesisu esikhanyayo kungokwemvelo kuwo wonke umuntu.

I-Predator noma cha

I ukudla tuna kuyinto izinhlanzi kanye ukuphila ezincane zasemanzini. Umhlaseli udla ama-anchovies, capelin, sardines, mackerel ahlobene ngisho nabazala. Abanye badla ama-crustaceans amancane nama-cephalopods. Izinyamazane ezidla izimbotshana ikakhulu phakathi nosuku, ziye ezansi ekujuleni, kepha ngokuqala kobusuku umhlambi uthontelana phezulu.

Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Inyama lwaziswa izazi eziningi nabagijimi. Inothile ngamafutha namaphrotheni amaningi, kepha awekho ama-carbohydrate kuwo. Inyama yenhlanzi inomsoco omkhulu emzimbeni womuntu futhi zonke izinto zidonswa yi-95%.

Ngisho e ingxenye encane isidlo iqukethe umthamo sekuyaphela nsuku zonke yonke izakhi:

• i-cobalt,
• chromium,
• niacin
• pridoxin
• i-phosphorus,
• iodine,
• thiamine
• sulphur,
• potassium,
• insimbi,
• calcium,
• i-zinc,
• i-magnesium,
• ithusi,
• selenium,
• amavithamini wamaqembu A no-B,
• omega-3-omega-6 fatty acid.

Kubalulekile! Ukuze ulondoloze ibhalansi efanelekile yama-macro- kanye nama-microelements, kunconywa ukuyidla isikhathi esingadluli 1 kumaviki ayi-1-2. Ubungako bokusebenzela akufanele budlule amagremu ayi-100-150 kumuntu okhulile.

Izinzuzo kanye nokulimaza umzimba

I-Tuna inothile ngezithako eziningi eziwusizo. Bona bazogcwalisa futhi uqinisa umzimba, okukuvumela ukuba balondoloze isisindo evamile, kodwa kusadingeka nethonya eliyinzuzo umzimba wonke, ekuvimbeleni ukukhumuzeka ezifweni eziningi eziyingozi:

• ukunciphisa ingozi yomdlavuza
• ukugcina ukusebenza okujwayelekile kohlelo lwezinhliziyo,
• beqinisa izindonga isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi,
• ukuzinza kwengcindezi yegazi, ukushaya kwenhliziyo, ukuqedwa kwe-arrhythmia,
• ukuvimbela ukuvela kokusebenza kokulimala kwesibindi nezinso,
• ukwenza buthaka inqubo yokuvuvukala ngezinguquko zamathambo,
• ukuvimbela isifo se-Alzheimer's,
• kusiza ekwelapheni izifo dermatological, kanye komzimba,
• ivuselela ubuchopho, umsebenzi obonakalayo, kwandisa ukuzala,
• kwehlisa i-cholesterol
• inhlanzi Kunconywa abantu abasheshe bacasuke ukucindezeleka,
• ihlanza isibindi sobuthi obunqwabelanayo futhi buyisuse,
• ukuguqulwa okujwayelekile kwezinqubo ze-metabolic,
• kwandise ukungatheleleki futhi kuthuthukiswe impilo yonke, isikhumba, izipikili nezinwele.

Ama-purines, ayingxenye yomthamo omkhulu, angadala i-gout ne-urolithiasis. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqapha malini inhlanzi nawe ungadla.

Kunconywa futhi nokunciphisa umkhawulo ekudleni kwakho kokungabekezelelani komuntu ngamunye kanye nokwaliwa.

Kubalulekile! Imicu yesisa yalesi sidalwa sasolwandle ingubuso obumnandi.Kudliwa kungavuthiwe, ngemuva kokulashwa okushisa (ukuthosa, ukupheka, ukuhambisa, njll) noma kukheniwe.

Lapho kutholakala eRussia

Indawo ye-tuna ingamanzi asezindaweni ezishisayo nasendaweni engamanzi yasePacific, Atlantic, olwandle lwaseNdiya. E-Russia, itholakala ngasogwini loLwandle Olumnyama, oLwandle i-Azov, olwandle iBarents, kanye naseJapan. Esinye nesinye isigaba sifaka amanzi libhekene zinhlobo ayo. I-tuna ejwayelekile, ehlukaniswa ngosayizi wayo omkhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ingabonakala eLwandle iBarents. NgeZimnyama, i-Azov nesiJapan ziphila izinhlanzi ezincane.

On emashalofini ezitolo, imikhiqizo amazwe eChina noma Vietnam bavame ithengiswe, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kukhona abamele eziningi uhlobo lwe-tuna olwandle. Ngezikhathi zaseSoviet, ukudoba unyaka nonyaka kwakukhiqiza cishe amathani ayi-15-20 alo mhlali wasemanzini obalulekile futhi onempilo. Namuhla, ukukhiqizwa kungaphansi kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokungabi imigudu kudingekile, ezizohlinzeka the ningi NEMPUMELELO NGAPHAKATHI isikhwama ezisekelwe indlela yokudoba. Imikhumbi yangaphambilini iphelelwe yisikhathi, futhi ukusebenza kwayo akunakwenzeka ngezizathu zobuchwepheshe.

Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezingaphezu kuka-60, kepha hhayi zonke zazo ezibhekwa njengezithandwayo. Cabangela lezi zinhlobo ukusuka esithombeni, okuyinto zibaluleke kakhulu ngesintu nangeplanethi emnothweni, imvelo yabo.

Kubalulekile! I-Tuna bekuyisikhathi eside ilitshe elibalulekile lokudoba. Ukuqala kokukhulunywa ngale nhlanzi imidwebo ezindongeni zemihume namathambo, etholakala phakathi nokumbiwa kwezinto zakudala. Le miphumela iminyaka engaphezu kuka-5 eyinkulungwane ubudala. Ukubanjwa kwezakhamizi zasolwandle endaweni yezimboni kwaqala ngekhulu le-19, futhi okukhulu kakhulu futhi kwaba nesasasa kuzo lapho kwaboniswa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20.

I-Atlantic

Atlantic tuna ubizwa nangokuthi blackfin, abamnyama. Le ndawo ingasentshonalanga yoLwandlekazi i-Atlantic, eduze nolwandle lwaseBrazil. Phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo ezidumile, ayihlukile ngosayizi. Abadala sikhule 1 imitha kuphela, futhi isisindo bukhoma - kg 20 kuphela. Impilo yeshelf - hhayi ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-5-6. Ingxenye yamuva ne-dorsal fin ngombala ophuzi. Umhlane omnyama.

IMackerel

Emvelweni yemvelo, i-mackerel itholakala emanzini olwandle lonke, emifuleni yaseJapan. Kusene-tuna eLwandle iMedithera. Zikhula lungene 65 cm. Nokho, ebamba inhlanzi lokhu usayizi kuyimpumelelo enkulu. Iningi lemifino ibanjwa ngobude obungadluli ku-15-35 cm.

Umhlane wabo upendiwe ngombala omuhle oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanti isisu yisiliva. Dark izindawo isici sale zenyathi kungabonwa ngemuva. Ukuma kwesidumbu kufana ne-mackerel, yingakho ithole igama.

Okujwayelekile

tuna Common nayo edume ngokuthi obomvu tuna noma bluefin. Lesi isiqhwaga sangempela - kwesinye isikhathi usayizi sifinyelela kumamitha ayi-6, nesisindo - ama-600 kg. Kutholakala ikakhulukazi e-Atlantic nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yoLwandlekazi i-Indian. Uyabathanda eGulf of Mexico, Caribbean amanzi oLwandle lwaseMedithera futhi ingasaphathwa kuvamile uBarents futhi Black Sea izindawo. Ngemuva kwe-tuna ebomvu kugcwele okwesibhakabhaka, ingxenye engezansi imhlophe metallic. Amaphiko anama-brown hue.

omunye Ukuba abamele iningi ntathu uhlobo ibaluleke kakhulu ukuba abapheki abaningi. Inyama iminyene futhi inempilo.

Kubalulekile! Ukubanjwa kwale nhlobo ye-tuna kungaphansi kokulawulwa okuqinile ngenxa yengozi enkulu yokuqothuka, ngakho-ke, amazwe amaningi ngokwengeziwe abamba iqhaza ekukhiqizweni kwezilwane zasendle ezifuywayo.

Blufin

I-Pacific bluefin tuna ilunga lesibili ngobukhulu emndenini. Usayizi orekhodiwe omkhulu we-bluefin tuna yi-3 m. Isisindo salomdlwenguli sifinyelele kuma-450 kg. Ngenxa yokuthi Bluefin Tuna umkhiqizo nakakhulu, ivikelwe futhi atholwe isimo "abasebucayini".

Ihlala emanzini asePacific. Ekuzingeleni, ingangena ekujuleni okungama-550 m, kepha ivame ukutholakala ngaphezulu.

Ingxenye engenhla bluefin umzimba uba nombala omnyama okwesibhakabhaka, engxenyeni engenhla ezinhlangothini has a kancane liphinyiselwe tint obuluhlaza okhanyayo izindawo. Isisu siqhakazile. I-Fin enkulu ngemuva ingeluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.Ngaphansi ngokuvamile kuphuzi. Amaphine wesibili no-anal wezinhlobo zePacific brownish. Ukusuka kubo, endaweni yomsila, kukhona amaphiko amancane ombala ophuzi onqenqemeni olumnyama.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

I-Tuna yinhlanzi yasendulo evela emndenini we-mackerel wohlobo lwe-Thunnus, osasekhona kuze kube namuhla. I-Thunnus ifaka izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa; ngonyaka we-1999, ama-tuna ajwayelekile kanye nePacific aqokwa njengezinkampani ezizimele ezizimele.

Ividiyo: Tuna

Onke ama-tuna angawezinhlanzi ezikhazimulayo, isigaba esivame kakhulu olwandle. Bathola leli gama ngenxa yesakhiwo esikhethekile samaphiko. Izimpaphe ze-ray-ezahlukahlukene zavela ngesikhathi sokuvela isikhathi eside, ngaphansi kwethonya lemisebe eguqukayo. Ukutholwa okudala kunenhlanzi yefossil ray-fin kuhambelana nokuphela kwenkathi yeSilurian - iminyaka engama-420 million. Izidumbu zalesi sidalwa esidla inyama zatholakala eRussia, e-Estonia, eSweden.

Izinhlobo ze-tuna ezivela kuhlobo lwe-Thunnus:

• long fin tuna
• I-Australia,
• inhlansi yamehlo amakhulu,
• I-Atlantic,
• izimpaphe ophuzi nomsila omude.

Zonke zinesikhathi sokuphila esilinganayo, usayizi omkhulu kanye nesisindo somzimba, kanye nesici sombala sezinhlobo.

Iqiniso elihehayo: I-Bluefin tuna iyakwazi ukugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba wayo ibanga lama-degree angama-27, ngisho nokujula okungaphezu kwekhilomitha, lapho amanzi engakaze afudumele aze afike kumadigri amahlanu. Bandisa ukushisa komzimba ngosizo lwe-exchanger eyengeziwe yokushisa okuphakathi kwegill nezinye izicubu.

Ukubukeka nezimpawu

Isithombe: Inhlanzi

Zonke izinhlobo ze-tuna zinomzimba ophakeme wesimo se-fusiform, ngokuthepha ngokuqinile emsileni. I-dorsal main main i-concave futhi iyakhuphuka, elesibili linokubukeka okufana nokugula, mncane. Kuze kufinyelele kumaphisi amancane ayi-9 asuka kuwo aqonde emsileni, futhi umsila unesimo senyanga ecrescent futhi kwenza ukuthi ukwazi ukufeza isivinini esikhulu kukholamu yamanzi, kanti umzimba we-tuna uqobo uhlala ususondele lapho unyakaza. Lezi izidalwa ezinamandla amakhulu angahamba ngejubane elikhulu kakhulu aze afike ku-90 km ngehora.

Ikhanda le-tuna likhulu ngesimo sesigaxa, amehlo mancane, ngaphandle kwalezo zinhlobo eyodwa ze-tuna - ezinamehlo amakhulu. Umlomo wenhlanzi ubanzi, uhlala uvulekile kancane, imihlathi inomugqa owodwa wamazinyo amancane. Isikali esingaphambili komzimba nangasohlangothini zinkulu futhi zikhulu kakhulu kunakwezinye izingxenye zomzimba, ngenxa yalolu hlobo lokwakheka igobolondo lokuzivikela.

Umbala we-tuna uncike ohlotsheni lwawo, kepha esikhathini esiningi onke anesisu esikhanyayo nomhlane omnyama nge-tint grey noma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ezinye izinhlobo zinemivimbo ethandekayo ezinhlangothini zalo; kungahle kube nombala ohlukile noma ubude bamawele. Abanye abantu bayakwazi ukuthola isisindo kuze kufike engxenyeni yethoni ngobude bomzimba obu-3 kuya ku-4,5 wamamitha - lezi yizikhulu ezinkulu, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "amakhosi azo zonke izinhlanzi." Kaningi, ubukhulu obunjalo bungaziqhayisa nge-blue noma eyejwayelekile ye-bluefin tuna. Ama-tuna we-Mackerel anesisindo esilinganiswayo esingadluli kumakhilogremu amabili anobude obufika kumbi wemitha.

Izazi eziningi ze-ichthyologists zivumile ukuthi lezi zinhlanzi zicishe ziphelele kunazo zonke izakhamuzi zolwandle:

• zinomsila onamandla ngendlela emangalisayo,
• ngenxa ye-gill ebanzi, i-tuna ingathola amaphesenti angu-50 komoya-mpilo emanzini, okungukuthi ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kunezinye izinhlanzi,
• uhlelo olukhethekile lokulawula ukushisa, lapho ukushisa kudluliselwa ikakhulu ebuchosheni, emisipha nasendaweni yesisu,
• inani eliphezulu le-hemoglobin kanye nesilinganiso sokushintshwa kwgesi esheshayo,
• uhlelo oluphelele lwemikhumbi nenhliziyo, i-physiology.

Ihlala kuphi i-tuna?

Photo: Tuna emanzini

I-Tuna ixazululwe cishe kulo lonke ulwandle, ngaphandle kwamanzi we-polar kuphela. I-Blue noma i-tuna ejwayelekile yayihlangane olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean isuka eCanary Islands iye olwandle oluseNyakatho, kwesinye isikhathi ibibhukuda iqonde eNorway, oLwandle Olumnyama, emanzini ase-Australia, e-Afrika, ibizizwa njengenkosi olwandle iMedithera.Namuhla, indawo yokuhlala yayo inciphile kakhulu. Izihlobo zayo zikhetha amanzi asezindaweni ezishisayo nasolwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic, Pacific kanye ne-Indian Ocean. I-Tuna iyakwazi ukuhlala emanzini abandayo, kepha iza lapho ngezikhathi ezithile, ikhetha ezifudumele.

Zonke izinhlobo ze-tuna, ngaphandle kwe-Australia, kuyaqabukela zisondele ogwini futhi zikhethekile ngesikhathi sokufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile, kaningi zihlala kude nolwandle kude. I-Australia, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ihlala isondelene nomhlaba, ayikaze ingene emanzini avulekile.

Ama-tuna ahlala athuthela emuva kwezikole zezinhlanzi azondlayo. Entwasahlobo, basondela ogwini lweCaucasus, eCrimea, bangena oLwandle lwaseJapan, lapho bahlala khona kuze kube ngu-Okthoba, bese bebuyela eMedithera noma eMarmara. Ebusika, i-tuna igcinwa kakhulu ekujuleni futhi ikhuphuke futhi ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka kokudla kungenzeka kusondele kakhulu ogwini kulandela izikole zezinhlanzi ezenza ukudla kwazo.

Ngabe udla ini?

Photo: Tuna esolwandle

Onke ama-tuna adla izinyamazane, adla cishe kuyo yonke into ewela emanzini olwandle noma phansi, ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu. I-Tuna ihlala izingela eqenjini, ikwazi ukulandela isikole senhlanzi isikhathi eside, imboza amabanga amakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi ize ingene nasemanzini abandayo. Ama-Bluefin tuna akhetha ukuzondla ngokujula okuphakathi ukuze kutholakale inyamazane enkulu, kufaka phakathi ngisho oshaka abancane, kuyilapho izinhlobo ezincane zihlala zisondele ebusweni, zineliswa yikho konke okungena ngendlela yazo.

Ukudla okuyinhloko kwalesi silwanyana esinezinyamazane:

• Izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi ezifunda esikoleni, kufaka phakathi i-herring, i-hake, i-pollock,
• squid
• ama-octopus
• i-blounder,
• ama-mollusks
• iziponji ezahlukahlukene kanye nama-crustaceans.

I-Tuna igxila kakhulu kunabo bonke abanye abahlali basolwandle ekuqoqeni inyama enyameni yayo, kepha isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu okwenzekayo akuyona ukudla kwayo, kodwa ngumsebenzi womuntu, ngenxa yalokho le element eyingozi ingena emanzini. Ezinye ze-mercury zisolwandle phakathi nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo, lapho inqubo yezulu iduma.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Omunye wabahambi basolwandle wabamba umzuzwana lapho ukudotshwa kwenhlanzi enkulu kumuntu kubambe amanzi futhi kugwinye ukoma olwandle, kepha ngemuva kwesikhashana kukhafule, ibona iphutha layo.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Isithombe: Inhlanzi

I-Tuna ngumhlambi wezinhlanzi ezidinga ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo, ngoba ngesikhathi sokunyakaza uthola umoya onamandla we-oksijini ngezigaba zawo. Lezi zibhukudi ezigugile futhi ezisheshayo, ziyakwazi ukuthuthukisa isivinini esikhulu ngaphansi kwamanzi, ukuqondisa, nokuhamba amabanga amade. Naphezu kokufuduka njalo, i-tuna ibuyela emanzini afanayo njalo.

I-Tuna akuvamile ukuthi kuthathe ukudla okuvela phansi noma ngaphansi kwamanzi, kuncamela ukucinga inyamazane ngobukhulu bayo. Emini, bazingela ngokujula, kuthi lapho sekuhlwa bavuke. Lezi zinhlanzi azikwazi ukuhamba hhayi ngokuvundla kuphela, kepha futhi zibheka phezulu. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi linquma uhlobo lokunyakaza. I-Tuna ihlala ilwela izingqimba zamanzi ezifudunyezwa aze afike ku-20-25 degrees - lesi yisinkomba esintofontofo kunazo zonke.

Ngesikhathi sokuzingela umhlambi, i-tuna idlula isikole senhlanzi esesemicircle bese ihlasela ngokushesha. Esikhathini esifushane, umhlambi omkhulu wezinhlanzi uyachithwa futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, abadobi babheka ukuthi i-tuna njengomncintiswano wabo futhi bakubhubhisa ngenhloso ukuze kungashiywa ngaphandle kokubanjwa.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, inyama yayivame ukusetshenziswa njengendwangu eluhlaza ekhiqizweni kokudla kwezilwane.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Photo: Tuna ngaphansi kwamanzi

Ama-tuna afinyelela ebusheni kuphela eneminyaka emithathu, kepha awaveli ngaphambi kweminyaka eyi-10, emanzini afudumele ngaphambili. Isilinganiso sokuphila kwabo esijwayelekile yiminyaka engama-35, futhi bangafinyelela isigamu seminyaka.Ukuze kuqhume, izinhlanzi ziya emanzini afudumele aseGulf of Mexico naseLwandle iMedithera, kuyilapho indawo ngayinye inesikhathi sayo sokuphuma, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi lifinyelela kuma-23-27 degrees.

Onke ama-tuna athelekile - ngasikhathi sinye, insikazi ikhiqiza amaqanda afinyelela ezigidini eziyishumi acishe abe yimililitha elilodwa ngosayizi futhi wonke avundiswa ngowesilisa khona lapho. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, gazinga kuvela kubo, abaqoqana ngamanani amakhulu ebusweni bamanzi. Ezinye zazo zizodliwa izinhlanzi ezincane, kanti ezinye zizokhuphuka ngosayizi ngokushesha, zidla ama-plankton kanye nama-crustaceans amancane. Izilwane ezisencane zihamba ziye ekudleni okujwayelekile lapho zikhula, kancane kancane zijoyina abantu abadala ngesikhathi sokuzingela kwazo umhlambi.

I-Tuna ihlala emhlambini wezihlobo zayo, abantu abangashadile abayivelakancane, uma nje kuwukuthi isithungatha isifuna inyamazane efanelekile. Onke amalungu epakethe ayalingana, akukho bukhosi, kepha kuhlala kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwabo, abakwenzayo ngesikhathi sokuzingela okuhlangene kucacile futhi kuqondaniswe.

Izitha zemvelo ze-tuna

I-Tuna inezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo ngenxa yokufaka dodging yayo emangalisayo kanye nekhono lokushesha ngokushesha ngejubane elikhulu. Kuke kwaba nezigameko zokuhlaselwa kwezinhlobo ezithile zikashaka abakhulu, i-handfish, ngenxa yokuthi i-tuna yafa, kepha lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka kakhulu ngezindawo ezincane ezincanyana.

Umonakalo omkhulu wabantu ubangelwa ngabantu, ngoba i-tuna iyinhlanzi ethengiswayo, inyama yayo ebomvu ekhanyayo ibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwamaprotheni nensimbi, ukunambitheka okuhle kakhulu, futhi akunakuba sengozini yokutheleleka ngegciwane. Kusukela ngeminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili yekhulu lama-20 kube nokusebenza kabusha ngokuphelele kwemikhumbi yokudoba, futhi ukubanjiswa kwale nhlanzi kufinyelele ngokulingana okumangazayo.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Inyama ye-tuna yaziswa kakhulu amaJapan, amarekhodi entengo ahlala ezibekwa endalini yokudla eJapan - izindleko zekhilogremu eyodwa yenshuna entsha zingafinyelela ku- $ 1000.

Isimo sengqondo se-tuna njengenhlanzi ezentengiselwano sesishintshe kakhulu. Uma phakathi nezinkulungwane ezimbalwa zeminyaka le nhlanzi enamandla yabanjwa kakhulu ngabadobi, isithombe sayo safakwa ngisho nezinhlamvu zemali zamaGreek nezamaCelt, khona-ke ngekhulu lama-20 inyama yenhlanzi yayingasabongwa - yabanjwa ngezinjongo zemidlalo ukuthola indebe ebabazekayo, esetshenziswa njengezinto ezingavuthiwe ekukhiqizweni kwezingxube zokuphakelayo.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Photo: Big Tuna

Naphezu kokungabikho ngokuphelele kwezitha zemvelo, ukuzala okuphezulu, inani labantu be-tuna liyancipha ngenxa yesilinganiso esikhulu sokudoba. I-tuna ejwayelekile noma i-bluefin tuna sekuvele kuthiwa isengozini. Ukubukeka kwase-Australia kusondele ekuqothulweni. Ukumbalwa okuphakathi nendawo okuphakathi kuphela akubangeli ososayensi besabe futhi isimo sabo sizinzile.

Njengoba i-tuna ithatha isikhathi eside ukufinyelela ebusheni, kunqatshelwe ukubamba abantu abasha. Uma kwenzeka kuthintana ngengozi nomkhumbi wokudoba, akuvunyelwe ngaphansi kommese, kodwa kudedelwe noma kuhanjiswe emapulazini akhethekile ukuze akhuliswe. Kusukela eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili edlule, ama-tuna akhula ngamabomu ezimweni zokufakelwa esebenzisa amapeni akhethekile. IJapan yaphumelela ikakhulukazi kulokhu. Inani elikhulu lamapulazi ezinhlanzi akhona eGrisi, eCroatia, eCyprus, e-Italy.

ETurkey, kusukela maphakathi noMeyi kuya kuJuni, imikhumbi ekhethekile ilandelela imihlambi ye-tuna bese iyizungeza ngamanetha, iyise epulazini yezinhlanzi eKaraburun Bay. Konke ukubanjwa, ukukhuliswa kanye nokusebenza kwale nhlanzi kungaphansi kokulawulwa okuqinile kombuso. Ama-divers amaningi abheka isimo se-tuna, izinhlanzi zikhuluphiswa iminyaka emi-2 bese zifakwa ubuthi ukuze zicutshungulwe noma zifriziwe ukuze kuthunyelwe kwamanye amazwe.

Ukulondolozwa kweTuna

Photo: Tuna from the Red Book

I-tuna eyi-tuna ejwayelekile, ehlukaniswa ngosayizi wayo omuhle, isondele ekuqothulweni futhi ifakwe ku-Red Book esigabeni sezinto ezisengozini yokuphela.Isizathu esiyinhloko ukuthandwa okuphezulu kwenyama yale nhlanzi ku-gastronomy nokudoba okungalawulwa amashumi eminyaka. Ngokwezibalo, eminyakeni engama-50 eyedlule, inani lezinhlobo ezithile ze-tuna lehlile ngamaphesenti angama-40-60, futhi isibalo sabantu abathile be-tuna abajwayelekile abakwi-vivo akwanele ukugcina inani labantu.

Kusukela ngonyaka ka-2015, kube nokuvumelana phakathi kwamazwe angama-26 ukuthi anqande ukubanjwa kwezinhlanzi ze-Pacific. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka nokutshala okwenziwe ngabantu. Ngasikhathi sinye, amazwe amaningi angafakwanga ohlwini lwamazwe asekela isivumelwano sokunciphisa ukubamba kukhulisa kakhulu inani labadobi.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Inhlanzi ye-Tuna yayingahlonishwa njalo njengoba injalo manje, ngesinye isikhathi ayizange ibonwe njengenhlanzi, futhi abathengi bethuswa umbala obomvu ojwayelekile okhanyayo inyama, abayithola ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-myoglobin. Le nto ikhiqizwa emisipha ye-tuna ukuze ikwazi ukumelana nemithwalo ephezulu. Njengoba le nhlanzi ihamba ngenkuthalo, i-myoglobin ikhiqizwa ngamanani amakhulu.

Tuna - Umhlali ophelele olwandle nasolwandle, ngaphandle kwezitha zemvelo, ovikelwe yimvelo uqobo ekuqothulweni ngokuqothuka okukhulu nokuphila isikhathi eside, nokho waphela onqenqemeni lokuqothuka ngenxa yesifiso sobuntu esingalingani. Ngabe kuzokwazi ukuvikela izinhlobo ezingafani ze-tuna ekuqothulweni okuphelele? Isikhathi sizotshela.

Ukuziphatha nendlela yokuphila

Ama-tuna abhekwa njengezilwane zenhlalo ezivame ukupakisha ukuziphatha - ahlangana emiphakathini emikhulu futhi azingele ngamaqembu. Uma zifuna ukudla, lezi zinhlanzi ezi-pelagic zikulungele ukwenza ama-cast aphakeme kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngoba zihlala zithembela kumakhono azo okuhlala.

Kuyathakazelisa! I-Blue (ejwayelekile) i-tuna kungokwesabelo sengonyama samarekhodi esikhathi seWorld Ocean. Kumabanga amafushane, i-bluefin tuna isheshisa cishe nge-90 km / h.

Lapho iya ekuzingeleni, i-tuna iya emugqeni ogobile (ofana nomnsalo womnsalo we-taut) bese iqala ukushayela inyamazane ngejubane eliphezulu. By indlela, ukubhukuda unomphela kutholakala biology of the genus Thunnus uqobo. Ukuma kubasongela ngokufa, ngoba inqubo yokuphefumula isiqalwa ngokugoba umzimba okuguqukayo, kuqhamuka ku-caudal fin. Ukuqhubekela phambili kuqinisekisa ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwamanzi ngomlomo ovulekile ungene ezigubeni.

Isikhathi sokuphila

Isikhathi sokuphila salezi zimangaliso zasolwandle sincike ezinhlotsheni - abameleli baso ababa baningi, isikhathi eside sempilo. Uhlu lwamakhulu eminyaka lubandakanya i-tuna ejwayelekile (iminyaka engama-35-50 ubudala), i-tuna yase-Australia (20- 40) ne-Pacific bluefin tuna (iminyaka engu-15 kuya kwengama-26). Ama-yellowfin (5-9) ne-mackerel tuna (iminyaka emi-5) mancane amathuba okuthi ahlale emhlabeni.

Habitat, indawo yokuhlala

Ama-tuna azinze kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezingama-mackerel ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-40 ezedlule, esezinze kuwo wonke uLwandlekazi Lomhlaba (ngaphandle kwezilwandle ezisolwandle).

Kuyathakazelisa! Sekuyinkathi ye-Stone Age, kwavela izithombe ezinemininingwane yezinhlanzi emihumeni yaseSisily, kwathi kumaBronze nase-Iron Ages, abadobi baseMedithera (amaGreek, abaseFenike, amaRoma, amaTurks kanye namaMoroccans) babala izinsuku ngaphambi kokuba i-tuna iqale ukubuna.

Kungekudala kakhulu, ibanga le-tuna ejwayelekile lalibanzi kakhulu futhi lalimboza ulwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic, kusukela eziqhingini zaseCanary nokuphela kolwandle oluseNyakatho, kanye neNorway (lapho kwakubhukuda khona ehlobo). IBluefin tuna yayihlala oLwandle iMedithera, kwesinye isikhathi ingena kuLwandle Olumnyama. Yatholakala nasogwini lwe-Atlantic lwaseMelika, kanye nasemanzini ase-East Africa, e-Australia, eChile, eNew Zealand nasePeru. Njengamanje, ububanzi be-tuna ye-bluefin sehlile kakhulu. Izindawo ezincane ze-tuna zisatshalaliswa kanjena:

• i-tuna eseningizimu - amanzi angaphansi komhlaba we-hemisphere eseNingizimu (New Zealand, South Africa, Tasmania ne-Uruguay),
• mackerel tuna - izindawo ezingasogwini lolwandle olufudumele,
• I-Spotted Lesser Tuna - I-Indian Ocean ne-Western Pacific,
• i-atlantic tuna - i-Afrika, iMelika noLwandle iMedithera,
• skipjack (imicu e-tuna enemigqa) - izifunda ezishisayo nezishubile zoLwandlekazi iPacific.

Ukudla

Ama-tuna, ikakhulukazi amakhulu amakhulu (aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka), adla cishe konke okusolwandle - ukubhukuda noma ukulala phansi.

Ama-tuna afanelekile we-tuna:

• izinhlanzi ezifunda esikoleni, kufaka phakathi i-herring, i-mackerel, i-hake ne-pollock,
• i-blounder,
• squid ne-octopus,
• isardine ne-anchovy,
• izinhlobo ezincane zoshaka,
• ama cr craceans, kufaka phakathi imfene,
• cephalopods
• izipanji ezihlala phansi.

Abahwebi nezichthyologists baqaphela kalula izindawo lapho i-tuna iqondisa khona i-herring - isikali sayo esikhazimulayo sishintshana sibe ngama-funnels athi kancane kancane anciphise ijubane futhi ancibilike kancane. Futhi yizikali ezikodwa, ezazingenaso isikhathi sokucwila phansi, zisikhumbuza ukuthi i-tuna isanda kudla lapha.

Ukuzalela kwezinhlanzi

Phambilini, abakwa-ichthyologists bebenethemba lokuthi ekujuleni kweNyakatho ye-Atlantic bekuhlalwa khona imihlambi emibili ye-tuna ejwayelekile - umuntu uhlala e-Western Atlantic kanye namaphaza eGulf of Mexico, owesibili uhlala e-East Atlantic, eqa eLwandle iMedithera.

Kubalulekile! Kwakuvela kulo mqondo lapho i-International Commission for the Protection of Atlantic Tuna iqhubeka khona, ibeka izilinganiso zokubanjwa kwayo. Ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlanzi bekuvinjelwe eNtshonalanga Atlantic, kodwa kuvunyelwe (ngamanani amakhulu) eMpumalanga.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umcabango we-2 Atlantic herds wahlonzwa njengengalungile, owenziwa lula ngokulebula kwezinhlanzi (okwaqala phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule) kanye nokusebenzisa amasu wezakhi zofuzo. Ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-60, kungenzeka ukuthola ukuthi i-tuna ihluma ngempela emikhakheni emibili (iGulf of Mexico kanye nolwandle iMedithera), kepha izinhlanzi ngazinye zihamba kalula ukusuka kwenye indawo ziye kwenye, okusho ukuthi inani labantu linye.

Isifunda ngasinye sinesikhathi saso sokuzala. EGulf of Mexico, i-tuna iqala ukuphuma phakathi maphakathi no-Ephreli kuya kuJuni, lapho amanzi efudumala aze afike ku +22.6 +27.5 ° C. Esikhathini esiningi se-tuna, ukuvuthwa kokuqala kwenzeka ngaphambi kweminyaka eyi-12, yize ukuthomba kwenzeka eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili nesishiyagalombili, lapho inhlanzi ikhula ize ifinyelele kumamitha ayi-2 oLwandle iMedithera, ukuzala kwenzeka kakhulu ekuqaleni kweminyaka engu-3. Ukuhluma ngokwako kwenzeka ehlobo, ngoJuni - Julayi.

Ama-tuna ahlukaniswa ngokuzala okuthuthukile.. Abantu abakhulu bakhiqiza amaqanda acishe abe yizigidi eziyishumi (ubukhulu be-1,0-1.1 cm). Ngemuva kwesikhashana, izibungu ezinde ezibalelwa ku-1-1,5 cm eqandeni ngalinye elinokuphonswa kwamafutha. Zonke izibungu zibopha emihlambini ebusweni bamanzi.

Incazelo yeBotanical

I-tuna enkulu kunazo zonke yabanjwa ogwini lweNew Zealand ngonyaka ka-2012 isisindo esingu-335 kg. Le yinhlanzi enkulu yezentengiso, lapho izimuncagazi zivame kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, inani elikhulu lokudla okumnandi okweqile okulungiselelwe enyameni yakhe. Impilo ye-Tuna ayinakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuhamba njalo. Imisipha emikhulu yangemuva, umzimba obunjwe bunjwebu, umzimba onqenqemiselwe ngasekupheleni, umugqa wobumba obunjiwe, isigaxa sesikhumba esiqwini se-caudal sinikeza ukubhukuda okusheshayo nokude kwabantu kwi-Azov, Japan, Black, Barents Seas kanye nePacific, Atlantic, Indian Oceans. Inhlanzi le ibanjelwa ezikoleni ezinkulu.

I-Tuna - ukubhukuda okuhle kakhulu, ukuthuthukisa isivinini esifinyelela ku-77 km / h ekuphokopheleni ukudla. Ukudla okuyinhloko ama-crustaceans, ama-mollusks nezinhlanzi ezincane (i-herring, i-mackerel, isardine).

Inyama ye-tuna inombala obomvu ngenxa yokuba khona kwe-myoglobin equkethe i-iron equkethe ngesikhathi sokuhamba "kwejubane" emisipha. Amandla okubeka amaqanda kwenzeka kubantu besifazane abaneminyaka emithathu. Ukuqhekeka kwenzeka ngoJuni-Julayi kumanzi afudumele asezansi. Inhlanzi iyanda kakhulu futhi ingazalela amaqanda ayizigidi eziyishumi ngonyaka.

Inani lokudoba

Isintu besilazi isikhashana isikhathi eside - ngakho-ke, izakhamizi zaseJapan bezilokhu zikhiqiza iminyaka engama-5000 eyakhiwe nge-bluefin tuna. UBarbara Block, uprofesa eStanford University, uyaqiniseka ukuthi uhlobo lweThunnus lwasiza ekwakheni impucuko yaseNtshonalanga.UBarbara ugcizelela isiphetho sakhe ngamaqiniso owaziwayo: i-tuna yayivele ikhishelwe ezinhlamvwini zamaGreek nezamaCeltic, kanti abadobi baseBosphorus basebenzise ama-30 (!) Amahlelo ahlukene ukubonisa i-tuna.

“OLwandle iMedithera, kwahlalwa amanetha ahamba ngomkhumbi owedlula eStrait of Gibraltar minyaka yonke, futhi wonke umdobi wasogwini wayazi ukuthi uPutin uzoqala nini. Ukukhishwa kwaba yinzuzo, ngoba izimpahla eziphilayo zahlakazeka ngokushesha, ”usosayensi uyakhumbula.

Lapho-ke isimo sokudoba sashintsha: baqala ukuyibiza ngamagama athi "yi-mackerel" futhi bayibamba ngenzalo yezemidlalo, beyivumela ukuba ibe ngumanyolo noma bayiphonse emakati. Noma kunjalo, kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, izinkampani eziningana zokudoba zazidoba i-bluefin eduze neNew Jersey neNova Scotia (njengomqhudelwano oyinhloko wokudoba). Kepha umugqa oqinile omnyama waqala nge-tuna eminyakeni engama-50-60 eyedlule, lapho i-sushi / sashimi eyenziwe ngenyama yayo yaba yimfashini ye-gastronomic.

Kuyathakazelisa! I-Bluefin tuna idingeka kakhulu eLangeni le-Rising Sun, lapho inhlanzi eyi-1 kg ibiza cishe amadola angama-900 aseMelika. E-United States ngokwayo, i-bluefin tuna ithunyelwa kuphela ezindaweni zokudlela zemfashini, kusetshenziswa i-yellowfin noma i-tuna enamehlo amakhulu ezikhungweni eziphakeme kakhulu.

Ukuzingela i-bluefin tuna kubhekwa njengelungelo elikhethekile kunoma yimiphi imikhumbi yokudoba, kodwa akuwona wonke umuntu owadoba i-tuna enempilo kakhulu futhi ebaluleke kakhulu. Abathengi bezinhlanzi ngama-gourmet aseJapan sekuyisikhathi eside beshintshela ekudobeni okuvamile kwe-tuna e-North Atlantic, ngoba bathokozela kakhulu kunabalingani babo baseJapan.

I-Bluefin tuna

Yizinhlobo ezinkulu kunazo zonke. Umzimba wakhe obukhulu unesimo sombuthano esigabeni sesiphambano. Isisindo esikhulu sifinyelela ku-690 kg nobude bamamitha angama-4,6. Izikali ezinkulu zifana negobolondo eceleni kolayini. I-Bluefin tuna inenani elikhulu kakhulu lokuhweba. Indawo yokuhlala ibanzi kakhulu futhi isuka kumaphaza kuya kumanzi olwandle asendaweni eshisayo.

Okumhlophe (Albacore) Tuna

Idume ngokwenyama enamafutha, ebhekwa njengeyabaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwabamele i-mackerel. Ihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo zasolwandle ezishisayo nezishisayo. Le yinhlanzi encane, enesisindo esingama-20 kg.

Ngokuthabisako, maqondana nokuthandwa phakathi kokudla kwasolwandle, i-tuna ithatha isikhundla sesibili, inikela ngendondo kuma-laftls we-shrimp. Umthengi omkhulu kunenyama yezinhlanzi ezibomvu yiJapan. Minyaka yonke, abakhileyo ezweni lokuphuma kwelanga badla amathani angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-43 e-tuna. EFrance, ukunambitheka kwezinhlanzi kufaniswa ne-veal entsha.

Kukholakala ukuthi inhlanzi ye-tuna iphephe ngokuphelele ukuyidla ngisho nangendlela yayo eluhlaza, ngoba ayivezi izibulala-zinambuzane.

Umphumela omuhle emzimbeni

Amaqiniso ngezinzuzo ze-tuna:

1. Amehlo amahle. Ukwakheka kwenyama yezinhlanzi kufaka ama-asidi omega-3 anempilo. Zivimbela ukonakala kwe-macular, okuyimbangela evame kakhulu yokulimazeka okubonakalayo kubantu asebekhulile.
2. Inhliziyo enempilo. Ivimbela ukwakheka kwezigaba zegazi emithanjeni yegazi, yenyusa ukugcwala kwe-cholesterol "enhle", ivimbela i-arrhythmia, futhi ilwe nokuvuvukala kwasendaweni ehlukahlukene.

Amafutha e-polyunsaturated acid acids atholakala ku-tuna fish asekela impilo yenhliziyo.

1. Ukuvimbela umdlavuza wamathumbu, isicubu somlomo, isisu, i-esophagus, ama-ovari, amabele.
2. Ngaphandle kokukhuluphala, isifo sikashukela. Ibuyisela amandla imetabolism, ithuthukisa impendulo ye-insulin, futhi ilawula isisindo somzimba.
3. Ingqondo enempilo. Ilawula ukunikezwa kwegazi layo, isekele ukufakwa kwezinzwa, inciphise ubungozi bokuvuvukala, futhi ivimbele isifo se-Alzheimer's.
4. Siza ekuqedeni amandla. Impilo yasemanzini inothile nge-selenium, ebandakanyeka ekukhiqizweni kwama-antioxidants e-glutathione avikela umzimba womuntu ezifweni ezinjenge-neoplasms ezihlaselayo nezifo zenhliziyo. Lezi zinto zihlanganiswa zingakhi izinto eziyingozi ezigxile esibindini.
5. Isimo esihle. Ngokusebenzisa njalo izinhlanzi ezinamafutha olwandle, ukucindezela kuyancipha, ukudangala kuyanyamalala, ukuphuma kwegazi kuyabuyiselwa, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwe-serotonin kuthuthuka.

Inyama ye-Tuna ayinama-carbohydrate. Ine-cholesterol engaphansi kwe-1/3 kuneminye imithombo yamaprotheni ezilwane (ibele lezinkukhu). Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ku-100 g yezinhlanzi ezingama-25 g we protein yokudla egxilisiwe, ehlanganisa imfuneko yansuku zonke yomzimba yokwakha izinto ngo-50%. Amaprotheni akha i-tuna amunwa yi-95% yomzimba womuntu. Kungumholi phakathi kwezinhlanzi kokuqukethwe kwe-amino acid. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-tuna yathola ukuthandwa okubanzi phakathi kwabaxhasi bezemidlalo, bezama ukwakha izicubu zomzimba.

Ezinye izinzuzo zenyama ebomvu yezinhlanzi ihlotshaniswa nokwakheka kwayo kwe-Vitamin and mineral:

• yondla izicubu zenhliziyo, ilawula ukuqunjelwa kwayo, ithuthukise ukuqina kwezinzwa (potassium),
• inikeza ukulethwa komoya-mpilo kwezicubu nezitho zangaphakathi (i-iron),
• isuthisa indlala yegilo (iodine),
• qinisa amasosha omzimba, alwe nokuguga kweseli (i-retinol acetate),
• inomphumela we-vasodilating (niacin),
• isimamisa imetabolism yama-carbohydrate, amafutha (thiamine),
• iqinisa follicles zezinwele, izipikili (riboflavin),
• kuvikela emathanjeni kanye nama-rickets (ergocalciferol),
• isekela amazinga we-hormonal (zinc),
• ikhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwezicubu zamathambo (ithusi),
• ikhombisa izakhiwo ze-antioxidant (selenium).

I-tuna ingumkhiqizo olinganiselayo oyingqayizivele ohlanganisa izimfanelo zokudla kwenyama kanye nezinzuzo zezinhlanzi. AmaDashi, amaMelika, ososayensi baseJapan bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ngokusetshenziswa njalo kwama-30 g kokudla kwasolwandle ngosuku, ingozi yokuhlaselwa i-ischemic stroke iyamiswa, umsebenzi wengqondo uyanda, ukuguga "kuyaxoshwa", kanye nokusebenza kokuqina kwezinzwa kuyathuthuka.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-tuna ingumthombo ophanayo wezakhi zamaphrotheni ezisebenza njengezinto zokwakha izicubu zemisipha.

Ingozi engaba khona

Ilungu lomndeni wama-mackerel lingagcina i-mercury ezingxenyeni zomzimba. Ngenxa yalokhu, akunconywa ukuthi udle izidumbu ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi abesifazane abakhulelwe, abane-toxicosis, abesifazane abakhipha izibilini nabasakhulayo. Lezi zigaba zisengozini enkulu kumiphumela enobuthi yensimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-tuna ihlathululwe kubantu abane-dysfunction kanye ne-allergies. Izingane zingadla izinhlanzi kuqala kusuka eminyakeni eyi-12, kuyilapho kunciphisa okujwayelekile kuye ku-100 g ngeviki.

Khumbula, ezigabeni zokuqala zobuthi be-mercury ubuthi, ukutheleleka kuyinto ye-asymptomatic futhi ngenxa yalokho kungaphazamisa ukusebenzisana kokunyakaza, ukusebenza kwensiza yokukhuluma, ukuzwa, kubangele ubuthakathaka bemisipha nezinkinga zemizwa. Ingane ekhula esibelethweni, njengosana olusancela, izwela kakhulu emiphumeleni emibi yensimbi esindayo.

I-tuna ingumthombo we-purines, ukugqithisa kwabo emzimbeni kuvusa ukukhula kwe-gout, urolithiasis. Izinhlanzi zingadala ukungahambisani nokudla, okungaveza lokhu okulandelayo: isiyezi, isicanucanu, ukucinana kwamakhala, ukuqhekeka kwamehlo, ukuqubuka, ukuvuvukala komphimbo, izinkinga zokuphefumula.

I-tuna ethosiwe

Beka i-pan esitofu, uthele ku-olive olive (3 wezipuni), ukushisa. Hlambulula i-tuna steaks ngaphansi kwamanzi, inyakaze, isule ngesigaqa. Fry phezu kokushisa okuphakathi isikhathi esingaphezu kwemizuzu eyi-12, ngaphandle kwalokho bazokoma. Izicucu zenhlanzi eseqedile kufanele zenze umucu futhi zibe nombala opinki. Ukuze uthuthukise ukunambitheka, inhlanzi ifakwa iqanda elishayiwe, bese kuba ngesiga esimhlophe namnyama.

Ithayi

Sika le-fillet ibe ungqimba, obukhulu bungama-2 cm, ubekwe esitsheni sengilazi. Lungiselela i-marinade kusuka ezingxenyeni ezimbili ze-soya isoso no-1 ingxenye ye-sesame oyili, ujusi kalamula, usawoti - ukunambitha. Thela inhlanzi kanye nengxube, shiya amahora ayi-12. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esibekiwe, chitha i-marinade, yomisa izingcezu. Phaka no-anyanisi oluhlaza emafutheni omnqumo.

I-Tuna yinhlanzi yendawo yonke eqhubeka kahle nelayisi, imifino, amazambane athosiwe. Indlebe emnandi yenziwa enyameni nasebeleni lakhe. Ama-pean blanched noma aluhlaza okotshani, utamatisi omusha, ushizi, amaqanda, ukhukhamba neminqumo kugcizelela ngokufanele ukunambitheka okubucayi kwe-tuna ekheniwe.

Ngemuva kokuthenga noma ukubamba, kungcono ukupheka izinhlanzi ngosuku olufanayo. Ubukhulu usuku olu-1 esiqandisini. Ukwelula impilo yeshalofu, i-tuna entsha isongwe ngo-cellophane futhi iqhwa. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinhlanzi eziqoshiwe zigcinwa iminyaka emibili.

I-Tuna ithengiswa emashalofini esitolo unyaka wonke. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokuyithenga ngoMeyi-Septhemba. Inhlanzi entsha inephunga lenyama elimnandi, umucu obomvana obomvu obomvana. I-brown tint ezungeze amathambo ikhombisa ukuthi isidumbu asikho esitolo ngosuku lokuqala.

"Tuna nge-Provencal herbs"

• upelepele omnyama, usawoti - ¼ tsp,
• Ama-4 ama-tuna abilayo
• amafutha e-olive - 1 tsp,
• Amakhambi weProvencal - 2 tsp,
• ujusi kalamula - 15 ml.

Indlela yokulungiselela: hlanganisa zonke izithako, hlanganisa nengxube ye-tuna enephunga, uthele epanini lokuthosa elishisayo. Pheka imizuzu emi-3-4 ohlangothini ngalunye kuze kube nsundu. Hlobisa ulethisi.

I-tuna ehleliwe

Lo ngumkhiqizo odumile, osetshenziswa kakhulu ukulungiselela amasaladi, amasobho, izitsha eziseceleni. I-tuna ehlanganisiwe ingadliwa njengesitsha esizimele. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi lokhu kungumkhiqizo onamafutha, aphezulu kakhulu (i-230 kcal nge-100 g) yesakhiwo esakhiwe, ngakho-ke abantu abahlushwa ukukhuluphala kufanele babe lapho beyisebenzisa. Inyama ye-tuna ihlukaniswe kahle namathambo. Ummeleli wemvelo yezilwane zasolwandle (esefomeni ekheniweyo) ulondoloze zonke izakhiwo eziwusizo zezinhlanzi ezintsha futhi ukhonjiswa ukusetshenziswa ngabantu abanezifo zethambo lesibeletho, i-CVS, izinhlaka zombono, ubuchopho, ukwakheka kwegazi, kanye nendlala yegilo.

I-Tuna inconywa ukuthi ifakwe ekudleni kweziguli ezinezinkinga ezilandelayo zempilo:

• arrhythmia
• cholecystitis
• thrombophlebitis
• ukungasebenzi komzimba okubuthakathaka kakhulu,
• ukuphazamiseka kohlelo lwezinzwa
• i-hemoglobin ephansi
• IGOQA,
• izinqubo zokuvuvukala.

I-tuna ehleliwe iqukethe inkimbinkimbi yama-omega-3s, iqoqo lamavithamini, ama-macro- kanye nama-microelements, ama-8 amino acid abalulekile. Empeleni azinayo i-cholesterol, ama-carbohydrate namafutha anele. Ngenxa yokwakheka okunothile, umuntu ohlala olwandle ukhulisa amandla okusebenza, athuthukisa izinqubo ze-metabolic, wenza umsebenzi wobuchopho, uvimbele ukwakheka kwe-glaucoma, uvikele i-retina ukuba yomiswe, futhi uvikele ukonakala ezingeni le-macular. Kuphikiswa ukukhuluphala, ngoba kungavusa ukuzuza kwesisindo, ukuphazamiseka kwesigqi senhliziyo, ukuphazamiseka kwemizwa.

Ukupakisha

I-tuna ekheniwe "ngamathini." Hlola ingaphezulu lesitsha, akufanele kube ukugqwala, ukuqhaqha, ukuguqulwa, ukugoqa noma amabala. Khumbula, noma ikuphi ukwephula mehendi kokwethembeka kwe-kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kokuqina nokuphangwa kwenhlanzi. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-tuna igcwele izinsimbi, ilahlekelwa okusha futhi ibe yinto engasebenziseki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma phansi kokudla okusemathinini sekuvuthiwe, khona-ke umkhiqizo uwohlakele.

Ukumaka

Nikeza izintandokazi zokudla okumnandi okuvinjelwe emgqonyeni wethini wesampula elisha. Kokudla okunjalo okufakwe emathinini, ukumaka kukhishwa ngaphandle noma kukhishwe ngaphakathi. Imikhiqizo enjalo inzima ngokwengeziwe ukukhohlisa, ngokungafani nenye lapho imininingwane yomkhiqizo iboniswa kwilebula lephepha, okungekho nzima ukuphinde inamathele. Uma idatha ipendiwe, hlola zonke izinombolo nezimpawu. Kufanele zibonakale ngokucacile. Khumbula, ukubhala ngaphezulu akuvumelekile!

Inkomba eyisisekelo yekhwalithi yomkhiqizo isisindo. Ilebula kufanele ikhombise isisindo nenhlanzi ephelele ngokwayo, ehambisana namazinga we-GOST 7452-97 “Inhlanzi ebunjiwe, yemvelo. Izimo zobuchwepheshe. " Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhodi yomkhiqizo - "OTH" ichazwe ukumaka. Uma kungenjalo, ukunambitheka kokudla okusemathinini ngeke kukujabulise.

Impilo yeshelf

Njengomthetho, abakhiqizi banquma ilebula ikhono lokugcina imikhiqizo iminyaka emithathu. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ngenyanga ngayinye inani lezakhamzimba ezikulo lincishiswa kakhulu.Kungakho izazi zezempilo zincoma ukuthi zingathengi izimpahla ezi-stale, kodwa ukuthi zithande ithini, elikhishwe ezinyangeni ezi-1-2 ezedlule. Ekusetshenzisweni komkhiqizo onjalo, ungathola inzuzo ephezulu futhi ujabulele ukunambitheka okumnandi.

Khumbula, 3 kuphela izingxenye kufanele kube yingxenye ukudla okusemathinini: i-tuna, usawoti, amanzi. Umkhiqizo wekhwalithi ukhiqizwa eSpain noma e-Italy.

Isiphetho

I-Tuna yinhlanzi enkulu enomzimba we-fusiform omude. Kule ndawo yiyona emanzini afudumele of tropical, ezilwandle esihle. Kutholakala e-Indian, Atlantic nase Pacific Pacific. Izinhlanzi zibhukuda ekujuleni okukhulu, zigcinwe ezikoleni. Ngenxa ephelele ekwakhekeni nasekumeni komzimba uhlelo enamandla kwegazi, ihamba ngokushesha (kufika ku-77 km / h), nokugcina izinga lokushisa kwegazi 2-3 degrees ngenhla kwamanzi ezizungezile. Namuhla, kunezinhlobo eziyi-15 ze-tuna, zazo ezidumile kakhulu ezijwayelekile, i-Atlantic, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-yellowfin, emhlophe. Isici esihlukile sabameleli be-mackerel sinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamaprotheni angama-22%. okuqukethwe amanoni inyama 19%. Le yinhlanzi ebaluleke kakhulu yezentengiso engavulelwa amagciwane. Inama-amino acid abalulekile, amafutha ahlukile we-omega-3, amavithamini A, B, D, E, chlorine, i-sodium, i-calcium, i-potassium, i-phosphorus, isibabule, i-magnesium, i-molybdenum, i-nickel, i-selenium, i-manganese, ithusi, i-fluorine, i-iron, zinc, cobalt, i-iodine chromium. Izici eziwusizo ze-tuna: inomphumela wokulwa nokuvuvukala, ilawula ushukela wegazi, inciphisa ubungozi besifo senhliziyo, ikhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kabusha kolwelwesi lwama-mucous, ithuthukisa ukusebenza kobuchopho, isekela impilo yamehlo.

Indlela yokuncanyelwayo ekhethiwe iyabanjiswa.

tuna okusemathinini emafutheni zemifino noma juice ayo okudume kakhulu eziphethe imakethe yomhlaba wonke. Umthengi omkhulu wezinhlanzi yiJapan. Ukugcina umzimba uphilile, kunconywa ukusebenzisa okungenani i-100 g ye-tuna ngeviki. inhlanzi Young ezwakala, njengabantu ngabanye ezinkulu kungaba buthelela mercury okuyinto iyingozi ikakhulukazi impilo yezingane, wakhulelwa futhi abesifazane lactating. Ngaphambi kokudla, inhlanzi ihlanziwe ngamathambo kanye ne-peels, icutshungulwe, ifakwe ngamakhambi nemifino emisha / enosawoti.

Amehlo amakhulu

Usayizi we-tuna enamehlo amakhulu uyisilinganiso. Sikhula ubude ngo-200 cm, isisindo sawo ngokuvamile ingeqi 180 kg. Wathola igama lakhe libonga ngamehlo amakhulu, uma liqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo. Ikhanda likhulu futhi, nomhlathi ophansi uthuthukile.

Umhlane ezinemibala luhlaza, futhi isisu, ayithanda kakhulu, kunjengesiliva-mhlophe. I-Fin yokuqala ngemuva ingemnyama ngombala ophuzi. Ngemuva kwayo kuyinto elula. Umbala anal kanye ezengeziwe ungukukhanya ophuzi. Imiphetho eyengeziwe imnyama mnyama.

Lolu hlobo lubanjwa ikakhulu emanzini afudumele olwandle. Inyama Tint lemicu empunga elinamathela othini, okwenza kube engafanele ukudla okusemathinini. Ekuphekeni, ukugcizelela ekwenzeni isashimi. Ama-tuna anamehlo amakhulu kunabanye aqongelela insimbi esindayo enyameni.

Yellowfin

I-tunafin yaseMedithera yathola igama layo ngenxa yamaphiko ayo aqhakazile. Ku-yellowfin, ziphuzi ngokugqamile, cishe no-orenji. On esiswini esiliva kukhona 20 mncane transversely ahlelwe amnyama imivimbo. Umuntu omdala ukhula cishe ngamamitha amabili futhi anesisindo esingama-130 kg. Ngaphandle kweMedithera, i-tuna ibanjwa cishe yonke indawo.

inyama Ellofin sika obukhulu, ngokucebile ebomvu. Ngemuva kokulashwa okushisa, iba no-ayisikhilimu.

Wase-Australia

Lokhu kungenye yameleli enkulu. Sikwazi ukukhula umhlaseli nge 2.5 amamitha. Isisindo - cishe 250 kg. Habitat - amanzi athambile we-Southern Hemisphere, okungukuthi eduze kwe-Argentina, i-Australia, iBrazil, i-Indonesia, neMadagascar. Izinhlanzi ukhetha yokuthamela phezu, futhi sehlela a catch ukudla ukujula okukhulu. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile, ukhetha ukuhlala ogwini lwezwe. Izihlobo eziseduzane ziyi-tuna ne-blufin ejwayelekile.

Kule minyaka engu-40 edlule, inani labantu kwezinhlobo yehlile kakhulu - by 85%.tuna Australian isengozini yokuqothulwa.

Umsila omude

Lolu hlobo luvame ukutholakala olwandle lwaseNdiya nasePacific. Abadala ukufinyelela ubude 145 cm, nesisindo ngokuvamile ingeqi 35-40 kg. I-tuna enomsila omude ibonakala ngekhanda elikhulu elinomhlathi ophansi oqubukayo. Njengama-tuna amaningi, umbala wangemuva umnyama ngaphezu kwesisu. Ngenhla it is zaveza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi izinhlangothi nesisu ngesiliva emhlophe. Ama-dorsal, pectoral, kanye nama-ventral fins amnyama. Amaphisi angeziwe aphuzi anemiphetho grey. Inyama we eside tailed zibomvu amnyama futhi sikhulu ithenda, kodwa emva kokwelashwa ukushisa kuba awube mhlophe, umbala yezinyo lendlovu. I-caudal fin ayibekeki ngokuqinile, ngesimo senyanga.

I-Albacore

Albacore kuyinto tuna emhlophe. Enye yezinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-tuna. Kwesinye isikhathi yaziwa ngokuthi yi-tuna enenhlwathi ende. It kungatholakala cishe wonke amanzi olwandle. Okuhlukile yizifunda ezinamakhaza. Osayizi be-Albacore baphakathi. Umuntu omdala ikhula 1.5 amamitha ngobude. Isisindo kaningi asidluli kuma-25 kg. Inyama yalolu hlobo inethembile kakhulu futhi ibaluleke kakhulu abapheki abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba. It is kudliwa kokubili ukwelashwa ukushisa engahluziwe emva. Kunezimo lapho zithengiswa ezimakethe zezinamba ezinhle - $ 100 izinkulungwane. Inyama ye-tuna emhlophe enomsila omude yathola ukuthandwa kakhulu e-USA, lapho ihlala ibizwa ngokuthi "tuna".

Umhlane is ababethi luhlaza futhi metallic sheen isici lonke uhlobo lwe. Isisu ngophondo lwendlovu. Ezinhlangothini zomzimba kudlula imisebe eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Igama layo yesibili - eside enezimpiko - ke wathola ngenxa oluvelele, uma siqhathanisa nabanye zilwane, osayizi of amaphiko pectoral. Ziya kude kakhulu kokuqala kwephini lesibili le-dorsal, futhi kwesinye isikhathi zifinyelela ekugcineni kwesisekelo salo. Amaphiko ane-tint ephuzi, i-dorsal yesibili ne-anal zimnyama kancane kunakuqala.

EzaseMpumalanga

Sikwazi ukukhula Ummeleli elincane umndeni-tuna-85 cm, futhi isisindo salo kg 9 kuphela. Indawo yokuhlala iyizifunda ezisempumalanga zasogwini zamanzi ashisayo oLwandlekazi iPacific. Ukhetha ukuba khona emhlambini nabamele abancane abalinganayo.

Umhlane is ababethi blue amnyama, cishe abamnyama. Uhlotshiswe ngemivimbo emnyama e-3-5 eqondiswe emsileni onamandla. Kwehlela esiswini, izikali ziba lula. On esiswini, it has a umthunzi ukukhanya metallic. Njengasemuva, imivimbo emnyama ingahamba esiswini, kepha lokhu kuyaqabukela. Ngaphansi kwe-pectoral fin, kunezindawo ezimnyama ezimbalwa ezifakwayo.

Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo encane, lolu hlobo livame ukusetshenziswa njengoba lolo ukubamba tuna giant kanye nezinye izakhamuzi ezinkulu zasolwandle ukuthi sidla abantu encane.

Isiphetho

I-Tuna yinhlanzi eyigugu yokuthengisa. Inyama yakhe imnandi nganoma yiluphi uhlobo: eluhlaza, ethosiwe, ebilisiwe noma ekheniwe. Ningazishiyi zodwa zichayeke ukusetshenziswa tuna ngokuphelele uma ayizange njenganoma iyiphi uhlobo oluthile. Njengoba uke wazama izinhlobo eziphambili nezithandwa kakhulu, unganquma ngokuncamelayo. Shono abanye babo bebhekwa njengodli bokudla okuncane futhi bathengiswa ngamanani amnandi.