Lesi silwane esincane singenye yezilwane ezibaluleke kakhulu zoboya, ezihlala endaweni evelele ekwakhekeni kwezilwane zokudoba zaseRussia. Ubude obujwayelekile bomzimba wakhe bubalelwa ku-50 cm, isisindo esingu-1-1,5 kg. Indawo yokuhlala esemqoka ye-taiga eyisithulu futhi emnyama ephethe umsedari, i-spruce ne-fir; ihlala futhi emahlathini asezintabeni ohlobo lwe-taiga. Lesi sidlwengu siholela kokuphila kokuhlala phansi, sinamathela endaweni ethile ethile, eshiya kuphela esimweni esibi kakhulu: ngesikhathi somlilo wehlathi, ukugawulwa kwemithi okukhulu, ukuntuleka kokudla.
Kuyathengwa (Martes zibellina) - inyamazane edla lubi futhi eqinile kakhulu ngosayizi wayo. Unezinhlaka ezibanzi, amasokisi awo ambozwe izinwele ezihlanganisiwe (ikakhulukazi ebusika), uhamba kalula phezu kweqhwa elivulekile. Uma kunesidingo, insiza ingangena eqhweni ihambisane nobukhulu bayo. Isikhathi esiningi i-sable ichitha emhlabathini, igibela izihlahla kahle, kepha kuyaqabukela ikhuphuka ibe imiqhele yesihlahla. Lesi sidlakudla esincane sivame ukuhamba ngokuxhuma okungu-30-70 cm ubude. I-sable isebenza kakhulu ekuseni nakusihlwa. Emini, ubona kabi futhi angabazi, kepha ebusuku uthola ubuqili obukhulu.
Umsoco
Ukuphuma ayozingela sable imvamisa idlula esiqwini ngasinye somuthi owile osendleleni yawo, ihlola izimpande ezingenamuntu, i-driftwood, imfucumfucu, imigodi, lapho ithola khona imicibisholo yamagundane anjengegundane enza ukudla kwawo okuyinhloko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaselwa okunyakazayo kwezinyoni zomhlaba ezahlukahlukene (i-hazel grouse, i-grouse encane emnyama ne-grouse yezinkuni) nezilwane ezincelisayo (ama-squirrels, ama-chipmunks, ama-hares nama-pikas), azideleli izilozi, amasele, izinambuzane, imollusks kanye ne-carrion. Ehlobo, uSable uthokozela ukujabulela amajikijolo ahlukahlukene (ama-blueberries, umlotha wentaba, i-bird cherry, i-rose yasendle). Indawo enkulu ekudleni kwe-sable ihlalwa ngamantongomane kaphayini. Ukuthola i-chipmunk ebusika ngesitoko samantongomane, lowo osetshenziswayo udla umnikazi walezi sitoko nokudla kwakhe.
Incazelo
Ubude bomzimba we-sable bufika ku-56 cm, umsila ungafika ku-20 cm.
Umbala wezikhumba uhluka, futhi ukuhlukahluka kwawo kunamagama akhethekile. “Inhloko” imnyama kakhulu (cishe imnyama). "Fur" - umbala ulula kakhulu, unesihlabathi ophuzi noma ufiphele. Imibala ephakathi: "ikhola" - nsundu enemucu omnyama emuva, izinhlangothi ezilula nendawo enkulu yomphimbo okhanyayo.
Ukuzala
Kakhulu imishado entwasahlobo. Bahlela izidleke zokuzalela inzalo emigodini yezihlahla eziwile, ezigxotsheni ezindala, ezindlini eziqoshwe emadwaleni, kwesinye isikhathi emiseleni yobumba. Izilwane zigcina indawo yokuhlala ngaphansi kwama-moss, amaqabunga omile noboya. Ngo-Ephreli - Meyi, kusuka ku-2 kuya ku-7 amawundlu, izimpumputhe futhi zimhlophe, avele ku-sable, omnyama ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa. Izingane zikhula ngokushesha futhi ngenyanga eziqala ukuyibona. Ekuqaleni, umama udla insiza ngobisi, kamuva uphatha izilwane ezincane nezinyoni, futhi uhola nezilwane esezikhulile naye, azijwayele ukuthola ukudla. Ama-Sables anomusa omkhulu ekunyakazeni kwawo, onjengama-kittens emzabalazweni, amemeza kakhulu. Ezinyangeni ezimbili zeminyaka, bashintshela ekudleni kwabantu abadala. Ngo-Agasti - Septhemba, izingane ziyaqhuma, futhi imicibisholo emincane iqhubekela phambili empilweni ezizimele.
Indlela yokuphila
Umuntu ophila ngokuhlala kwe-taiga yaseSiberia. Isidlakela esijabulisayo nesiqine kakhulu ngosayizi waso. Iphila impilo yasemhlabeni. Njengomthetho, ihlala ezindaweni eziphakemeyo zemifula esezintabeni, emathangeni, phakathi kwabafaka amatshe, ngezikhathi ezithile inyuka imiqhele yemithi. Ihamba ngokuxhuma. Ubude begxuma ngamasentimitha angama-30-70. Ukhuphuka kahle izihlahla. Inokukhula kahle nokuzwa okukhulayo, ukubona kwamehlo kuthambile. Ihamba kalula eqhweni elixegayo. Iningi elikhuthele ekuseni nakusihlwa.
I-Sable (Martes zibellina)
I-SABLE (Martes zibellina)
izikhumba zakhe mhlawumbe zibaluleke kakhulu. Lesi silwane esihle ngokubukeka sifana nembumbulu. Kodwa-ke, i-stocky ethe xaxa, inomsila omfishane (ukuphela kwayo akuphumi ngaphezu kwemikhawulo yemilenze yelulwe emuva), izindlebe ezimfishane eziyindilinga, izingalo ezibanzi kakhulu ezinamasondo ambozwe ngokuphelele ngoboya. Umzimba ungama-32-58 ubude, umsila ungama-9- 17 cm, kanti isisindo ngu-870- 1800 g. Uboya obusetshenziselwa ubusika bukhulu ngokungathi sína, buthokomala, bubuthakathaka futhi bunombala omuhle onsundu ngokwebala. Muhle kakhulu ngisho naku-subspecies enemibala ekhanyayo. Indawo ephuziwe echazekile isendaweni yomphimbo nesifuba. Ehlobo, insimbi ibukeka ihluke ngokuphelele, ibukeka inciphile, yinde, emilenzeni ephakeme, inomsila omude, inekhanda elikhulu ngokungenakubonwa, kepha izimbobo zayo zibanzi.
I-Sable isatshalaliswa ikakhulukazi eRussia, futhi ngaphesheya kwemingcele yayo itholakala kuphela eMongolia, eNortheast China, ePeninsula yaseKorea, naseNyakatho Japan.
Ngokukhethekile uboya obuyigugu busesimweni seBarguzin, bese kuthi i-Yakut neKamchatka yibo, bonke abanye baphansi kakhulu ngekhwalithi, ngoba banejazi elihlanganayo nelilula.
I-Sable ingumhlali ojwayelekile wezintaba nezindawo ezihlala phansi, ikakhulukazi amahlathi omsedari, lapho ikhangwa ngobuningi bamagundane nokuvunwa kwamantongomane. Imizi emincane evamile, ehlala ezintabeni emathangeni emithi yemisedari, emahlathini akhanya asenyakatho, naseKamchatka, emahlathini ase-birch. Idla izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezilwane nezitshalo, ezihlukahluka kakhulu ezindaweni ngazinye. Yonke indawo, isisekelo sokudla okunempilo ngamagundane afana negundane, amantongomane zikaphayini, futhi ehlobo nawo amajikijolo nezinambuzane. I-grouse ibaluleke kakhulu, eMpumalanga Ekude, izinhlanzi ngenkathi ziqhuma. Indima ye-squirrel, nokunye kwe-chipmunk ne-pika, kuncane, kukhula kancane kuphela ngokuvunwa kabi komsedari. I-Sable ivame ukusebenzisa i-carrion.
Ukuzingela okuvumayo esizeni sayo esisodwa, esishiya kuphela ezimeni ezihlukile, esivame ukuba isilwane esizinze kakhulu. Abanye, ikakhulukazi abantu abadala, bathatha ama-roos futhi, njengoba kuboniswa ukumaka, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa bahamba amakhilomitha angama-120-150, ngesinye isikhathi bawela amabanga aphezulu ezintaba. Ngesikhathi sokukhulisa amawundlu nasebusika, uhlala ezidlekeni ezingapheli - emigodini, ezigxotsheni, ngaphansi komthombo, kaningi kakhulu emifantwini yamatshe nasezitsheni zobumba, nasebusika futhi kuvikelwe iqhwa elijulile. I-Sable inyuka kahle ezihlahleni, kepha iyisidlamlilo somhlaba ejwayelekile, futhi ebusika ivame ukungena ngaphansi eqhweni futhi ihambe ngobukhulu bayo.
Amawundlu eSable avela ngo-Ephreli noMeyi. Inani lazo lisukela ku-1-2 liye ku-7. Izinja ezincane ezinesizalo azincani. Amehlo ezinsana aqhuma ngosuku lwamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalombili. Eminyakeni yenyanga eyodwa nengxenye, aqala ukushiya isidleke, kuthi ngo-Agasti amantshontsho aqhume. Ukuthomba ezilwaneni ezisencane kwenzeka ngonyaka wesibili noma wesithathu. Ekuthunjweni, amasoka aphile iminyaka engu-15-18. Ukuzala kwazo akunakubizwa ngokuthi phezulu, ngakho-ke ukuzingela okuzinzile kufanele kulawulwe ngokuqinile ukuze kugwenywe ukwehliswa kwemfuyo.
Inani elikhulu loboya ligqugquzele abalimi boboya bezasekhaya ukuthi benze imihlambi yokuzalela eziseleni. ISobolovodstvo yaba yindawo yonke.
Engxenyeni esentshonalanga yebanga, lapho kutholakala khona indawo ebonakalayo ezindaweni ezifanayo ezinama-marten, zinqamula phakathi kwazo, okuphumela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-kidus, noma izinso. Kweminye inzalo izimpawu zomuntu obekelwa ukholo, kwezinye - ezisebenzisekayo.
Ukubukeka
I-Sable akuyona isilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke ezi-marten. Izici zokubonakala kwayo zinjengokulandelayo:
- ubude bomzimba womuntu omdala buyi-40-58 cm, kanti owesimame uvame ukuba ngaphansana kowesilisa,
- isisindo sesilwane singamakhilogremu amabili,
- ikhanda le-sable libunjiwe ngendlela yomugqa, libukeka likhulu, isibonakaliso sikhombe, izindlebe zikhulu, zinesisekelo esibanzi, sinxantathu ngesimo,
Uboya besilwane buthambile, buthambile, bukhulu. Umbala uyacanasela - onsundu omnyama emzimbeni, omnyama-onsundu emilenzeni kanye nomsila, uvame ukukhanya kancane ekhanda kunasemzimbeni. Ebusika, uboya bukhanya kancane, ehlobo kuba mnyama, ngakho-ke iphimbo lakhe eliyinhloko lihlukahluka kusuka kwesi-brownish-sandy kuya ku-brownish-mnyama. Akunasici esibonakalayo somphimbo esidume ngaso, kuphela kubantu abathile lapho kukhona futhi sinombala omfushane, ukwakheka okunamandla kanye nombala okhanyayo uma uqhathanisa nombala oyinhloko woboya.
Indawo yokuhlala nendawo yokuhlala
I-Sable isatshalaliswa kwi-taiga yase-Yuria: ukusuka entshonalanga kuye empumalanga - ukusuka engxenyeni esenyakatho yezintaba zase-Ural kuya oLwandle iPacific (kanye neziqhingi eziseduze nasendaweni enkulu), enyakatho - kuze kufike lapho kukhona khona izimila zehlathi. Cishe lonke uhla - futhi lokhu ikakhulukazi iMpumalanga Ekude neSiberia - kungokwaseRussia. Phakathi kwamanye amazwe lapho ungahlangana khona sable:
- IMongolia,
- I-Korea,
- ENyakatho China
- Isiqhingi saseHokkaido (Japan).
Ukudoba kakhulu kuholele ebangeni elinganiselwe. Ekuqaleni kwalelikhulu leminyaka, ubukhulu bezindawo ezazihlalwa ngamasabatha zazingasho lutho, okwenza kungabi ngaphezu kweshumi kwangaphambilini. Kwakuyiziqeshana nje ezimbalwa, zihlukane nezinye iziza. Manje le ndawo isibuyiselwe ezingeni elithile, noma kunjalo, ngisho nangesikhathi sethu, indawo ephelele yokusatshalaliswa okusebenzayo ayidluli ingxenye yezindawo lapho kwasatshalaliswa khona eminyakeni engamakhulu ambalwa edlule.
Indawo enkulu yesilwane i-coniffort taiga. I-Sable "love" fir, i-spruce kanye nomsedari, ovame ukwakha okubizwa ngokuthi yi-taiga emnyama - eluhlaza, evame ukufakwa ngama-windfalls, agqunywe ngemisundu.
Ngaphezu kumasayithi anjalo, izimpilo ezithandekayo:
- emahlathini e-larch atholakala ePlateau yaseSiberia eseMpumalanga,
- phakathi kwe-kurums (amaxhaphozi amaxhaphozi agqunywe yi-shrub), uma isilwane sihlala ezindaweni zezintaba eziseduze kwe-taiga.
Izici zokudla ezinempilo
Lesi isilwane esifuywayo, njengawo wonke amakhoyili, siyakuxhela. Ukudla kwalo okuyinhloko kuqukethe:
- amagundane anjengegundane
- imihuzuko nemvukuzane,
- ama-chipmunks,
- izinyoni zomndeni we-Passerine, kanye nenkukhu (i-grouse emnyama, i-parridge).
Ihlelwe ngokuphanga
Ngezinga elincane, uma liqhathaniswa namanye ama-marten, ama-sables adla amaprotheni. Izinyamazane ezinkulu zidla umhlanganiso.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuya ngesizini, ukudla kwalesi silwane ebusika kuba ngumzimba wezilwane ezinkulu, bese kuthi ehlobo, kushe, kuphila eduze nemifula emikhulu, akuvamisile ukuphutha izinhlanzi ezifudukayo.
Umuthi okhethekile ongakusiza uluju lwezinyosi zasendle.
Kokudla kwezitshalo, lesi silwane sikhetha:
- amajikijolo nezithelo - ama-lingonberry, ama-bunches of umlotha wasentabeni, njll.
- amantongomane zikaphayini.
Kuliqiniso, maqondana namantongomane, lesi silwane asizikhathazi ngokuwaqoqa kusuka emagatsheni emisedari, kepha sintshontsha izinqolobane ezenziwa ngama-squirrels, ama-voles asensimini, ama-chipmunks kanye nemisedari yephayini.
Vota
Ngesinye isikhathi unikeza izwi. Njengama-martens, ayakhula ngenkathi ethukile futhi ecasulwa, futhi amemeze ngenkathi evikela isitha. Ngenkathi yobumnandi, uyaqhuma futhi wenza imisindo ephansi, ekhumbuza ukuduma. Imidlalo yokumatanisa ihambisana nokuchelela, ukuphindaphinda imisindo ngokushesha kanye nokugabha nje.
Izitha zemvelo
Asikho isilwane noma inyoni elizingela insimbi yokudla. Kepha unabancintisanayo ababili abakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzingela - amakholomu kanye ne-ermine. Nabo, amasheya abelana ngamagundane anjengegundane okumnandi kakhulu kuye. Ngakho-ke, uma kwenzeka ehlangana nenye yalaba bantu abahlukumezayo, khona-ke ukuze abulale lowo "makhelwane" ongafuneki, insiza ishiya ngisho inyamazane yayo ilindelwe bese inaka isitha sayo.
Phakathi kwezindlela ezisengozini ikakhulukazi abantu abasha nabadala abalahlekelwe ubuze babo bokuqala kanye nesivinini sokunyakaza. Zingaba isisulu kunoma yisiphi isisulu esikhulu kunazo zonke.
Ukuziphatha kwezilwane
Isilwane sizingela nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukhetha ukuhamba emhlabathini, akuvamile ukukhuphuka izihlahla phezulu, angena emanzini kuphela lapho kunesimo esiphuthumayo. Ngokwesilinganiso, insiza igijimela kumakhilomitha amathathu ngosuku yokuzingela. Ukuhamba amabanga kukhuphuka kakhulu ebusika, lapho kwesinye isikhathi isilwane siphoqelelwa ukuba siphile ngendlela engafani nhlobo yokufuna ukudla, futhi sinciphe ehlobo, lapho kunamathuba amaningi okukhubeka ngezinsalela zesilo esikhulu esabulawa ngumuntu. Kepha ngisho nasehlobo, uma unyaka we-lean uphumelele, kufanele abaleke kusuka ku-10 kuye ku-20 km.
Amathrekhi ahlelekile eqhweni
Ukubonakaliswa okungabekeki (amamaki) uqobo lwayo ipulani ebelizingela kuyo isikhathi eside. Uma kunokudla okwenele kuyo, khona-ke isilwane sihlala kahle endaweni eyodwa, sakha umgodi siphinde sinyathele yonke indlela phakathi kokuhlala kwakhe nezindawo athola kuzo umthombo wokudla obalulekile. Eduze kwezilwane ezinkulu ezifile, insiza ihlomisa imisele yesikhashana bese ibamba uhla lwayo lokuhamba, iqonde ekushwabeni isiya kule "ndawo yokudlela" engajwayelekile.
Ebusika, lesi silwane sikhetha ukuhamba ngaphansi kweqhwa, sibeka yonke imigudu ngobukhulu baso futhi singashiyi ubuso amasonto. Ngokuvamile, imizila ahamba ngayo endaweni yakhe yokuzingela, ayimboze ngenethiwekhi eminyene.
I-Sable ingahlelela izidleke ngaphansi kwezimpande zezihlahla, ezingomgodini (kufaka phakathi iziqu zethala), ekubekeni kwamatshe.
Ukubhebhetheka
Njengamanje, isable is itholakala kuyo yonke i-taiga yaseRussia kusuka e-Urals kuya ogwini lwePacific kuya enyakatho kuze kube semkhawulweni wezimila zehlathi. Ukhetha i-taiga emnyama eshintshashintshiwe emnyama, ikakhulukazi ukuthanda i-kedrachi. Kutholakala futhi eJapan, esiqhingini saseHokkaido. E-Urals empumalanga, kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala i-hybrid of sable enama-marten, ebizwa ngokuthi i-kidus.
Kuze kube ngekhulu le-17, isablet yatholakala futhi eFinland, futhi kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-19, eKarelia, amazwe aseBaltic naseNtshonalanga Poland.
Umnotho
Sekukonke, insiza ine-subspecies engu-17 ehlukile ngosayizi nombala wemibala. Nazi ezinye zazo:
- Martes zibellina zibellina - ITobolsk sable
- Martes zibellina princeps - I-Barguzinsky sable. Lokhu okubhaliselwe kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba inombala omnyama noboya obuthukile futhi obuthukile.
- Martes zibellina sahalinensis - Sakhalin sable
- Martes zibellina yenisejensis - Yenisei isable
- Martes zibellina sajanensis - Sayan sable
- Martes zibellina jakutensis - Yakut sable
- Martes zibellina kamtshadalica - IKchatka isable
- Martes zibellina tomensis - Kuznetsk sable
- Martes zibellina averini - Sayan sable
- Martes zibellina vitimensis - I-Vitimsky sable
- Martes zibellina arsenjevi - Ussuri uyasebenza
- Martes zibellina obscura - Chikoysky sable
- Martes zibellina brachyura - Kuril sable, isengozini
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Imiphumela etholakele yokulandela ukuthuthukiswa kwale nhlobo iyindlala kakhulu. EMiocene, kwavela uhlobo, olwalungelolwabo. Ngaleso sikhathi, umdlwane wayehlala ezindaweni ezinkulu entshonalanga naseningizimu yeYurophu, eningizimu-Ntshonalanga naseCentral Asia, eNyakatho Melika.
Amafomu asondelene nesimanje akwiPliocene. Izidumbu zitholwe eLate Pleistocene e-Urals, Altai, Cisbaikalia, eKamchatka naseSakhalin. Izinto zokugcoba zigcinwa ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu kwe-Uple Pleistocene ezingaphansi kwamagquma e-Eastern Sayans nasogwini lomfula. Hangars. Esikhathini sesithathu, ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwama-biocenoses amasha, u-mustine wahlukaniswa. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-sable ithole izici zobuntu obuyihlukanisa kwezinye izinhlobo zomndeni.
Ividiyo: Iyathunyelwa
Esikhathini sokuqala komlando, indawo yokuhlala yasakazeka isuka eFinland yesimanje iya oLwandle iPacific. Phakathi kwe-Pleistocene kanye ne-Holocene, ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwamaqhwa nokubonakala kwamahlathi, isilo sashiya indawo emngceleni we-glacial zone sazinza ezindaweni ezinhle. Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-20- 40 eyedlule, kwatholakala inyamazane e-Urals, kepha ayizange ifinyelele ekuphakameni okuphezulu ngesikhathi se-postglacial (iminyaka eyi-8-11 edlule).
Amathambo esilwane atholakala e-Altai aneminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu. EZauralie naseSiberia, azikho izidumbu ezitholakele ezindala kuneminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-20, noma lokhu akusho ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo azitholakali esikhathini esingaphambili. Ekuthuthukisweni kokuvela kokuzalwa komndeni wokufelwa, ukwahluka bekusekelwe umehluko wokuzivumelanisa nendawo yokuhlala, ekunikezelweni ukudla nasendleleni yokuzingela.
Ukudotshwa kwamaRussia nokuhweba esifundeni saseMangazeysk (XVII century)
Ngekhulu le-16, eNtshonalanga yeSiberia, amaRussia asungula indawo yokuhlala yaseMangazeya, lapho uboya obukhiqizwa abazingeli babushelelezela khona. I-Sable ibaluleke kakhulu kwezohwebo lwangaphandle olubaluleke kakhulu eMoscow.Ama-fur furs "avela kuMuscovy", ngenxa yekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nesidingo esikhulu eNtshonalanga Yurophu, akha isisekelo sesabelomali seMicrosoft Grand Duchy, futhi emuva kwesikhathi izwe laseRussia laliyindawo ephakathi nendawo. UMangazeya kuphela uhlinzeka ngezikhumba ezingafika ku-85,000 zezikhumba ezisezingeni eliphakeme ngonyaka ezivela eSiberia yaseNtshonalanga. Ukudoba kwenziwa ngaphandle komthethonqubo futhi ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-70 kwaholela ekunciphiseni kokusebenza kwengqondo esifundeni.
Isimo sabantu
- Izinkundla zemicimbi yezilwane ezingandile
- Izindawo zezidleke zokuhlala
- Izindawo zezidleke ezingezona zokuhlala
- Inani lamachwane esihlanjeni
- Inombolo
- Amandla ebusika
- Emahlathini larch
- Emahlathini aphayini
- Emahlathini amnyama e-coniferous
- Edolobhaneni laseVanavara
- Amandla entwasahlobo
- Emahlathini larch
- Emahlathini aphayini
- Emahlathini amnyama e-coniferous
- Ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhukhula
- Amandla ehlobo
- Emahlathini larch
- Emahlathini aphayini
- Emahlathini amnyama e-coniferous
- Emahlathini e-birch
- Emizileni yamanzi
- Ezibhukuda
- Edolobhaneni laseVanavara
- Ubuningi be-Autumn
- Emahlathini larch
- Emahlathini aphayini
- Emahlathini amnyama e-coniferous
- Ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhukhula
- Kuzo zonke izinhlanga zehlathi
- Amandla ebusika
- Ukulandelela
- Uhlobo lwesikhala
- Uhlobo lokuhlala
Ihlelwe ngekhulu lama-20
Isibalo sabantu abasekwindla ngo-1973 sasingaba ngamakhulu amabili ezinkulungwane, futhi ngokwesilinganiso sika-1961- 296. Ngama-30s wekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, isimo sable cishe sasiqothulwe ngokuphelele endaweni yaseKrasnoyarsk futhi sahlala lapha sibalutshwana ezindaweni ezimbalwa eziqhelelene. Kamuva, ngenxa yezinyathelo zokuvikela, inani labuyiselwa ezingeni lasekuqaleni, elalikhona ngekhulu le-XVII. Ngo-1961-1963, inani lamasabatha esifundeni lafika phezulu. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngenxa yokudoba ngokweqile ezindaweni eziningi, amasheya aqinile aqala ukwehla, futhi kwavela isimo esasisongela intuthuko ephephile yomnotho wokuzingela, ongalungiswa kuze kube manje. Isilinganiso esilinganiselwayo sesibalo sezaphulelo samukelwa: abaningi - ngaphezu kwezingama-25 imishado nge-100 km², phakathi - 12-25, bambalwa - ngaphansi kuka-12, kuyaqabukela - bebodwa. Kwesinye isikhathi i-gradation ivele ngaphandle - okuningi - ngaphezulu kwama-50, kepha ngobuningi obunjalo, obusebenzayo, njengomthetho, buhlala ezindaweni ezithile kuphela, hhayi izindawo ezinkulu.
Indawo yamanje kanye nesimo semithombo yezinsiza ezisebenzisekayo esifundeni imi ngolu hlobo olulandelayo (iNumerov, 1958, 1973, Lineytsev neMelnikov, 1971, njll.):
Ukuhlala kuhlala ezintabeni ze-Sayan ne-Kuznetsk Alatau ngobuningi bendawo. Ngokwesilinganiso, kunenqwaba yemikhonto yonke indawo, futhi “miningi kakhulu” ezindaweni ezibalulekile emahlathini emisedari. Ubuningi babantu emahlathini aphayini ezinotshani nezimbaza kufinyelela ku-150 futhi ngisho nama-200 ngekhilomitha ayi-100. Lezi izinkomba eziphezulu zezwe. Ngemuva kuka-1964, amanani nokukhiqizwa lapha aqala ukuncipha ngenxa yokubamba ngokweqile. Isivuno esikhulu sezikhumba sonyaka ka-1960 kuya ku-7070. babalelwa ku-18,000, kwathi ngonyaka we-1973-1974. lehle laze lafika ezinkulungwaneni eziyi-5.1. Engxenyeni yesihlanu yensimu, indawo engagadli iphuma ngokuphelele, futhi ngokuvamile esifundeni inani liyisilinganiso sobungako bomhlaba.
Isifunda esinezindawo ezinabantu abaningi sifaka izifunda ezinkulu neziyamahlathi kanye nomfula iChulym. Lapha, emahlathini ahlanganisiwe, eziqhingini ze-taiga, kanye nasezindaweni ezingama-taiga, kwesinye isikhathi izinto ezithandekayo zazingajwayelekile. Ngokuvamile, ekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-60s isibalo sawo lapha sasiyizinkulungwane ezingama-20-25, kanti isivuno esikhulu sezikhumba safinyelela kumawaka ayi-8.5. Ngenxa yokudotshwa okulinganiselwe yibutho elikhulu labazingeli be-amateur ezindaweni eziningi, isiza saxoshwa ngokuphelele. Inani layo eliphelele alidluli kumawaka ayisithupha, kanye nokulungiswa kwezikhumba ngonyaka we-1973-1974. ifinyelela izingcezu eziyinkulungwane kuphela.
E-taiga eseningizimu, ehlanganisa isifunda sase-Angara futhi cishe sonke isifunda saseYenisei, kukhona "inqwaba" yemibukiso emazweni amnyama ama-coniffort, futhi ngamanani we-coniferous akhanyayo "avareji". Lapha, ukuqala ngonyaka we-1968, ukwehla okuqinile kokuvunwa nakho kuyaqala, bese kuncipha isibalo sezilwane ngenxa yokudoba ngokweqile. Ezifundeni ezine ze-Angarsk, ukuvuna kusuka ezinkulungwaneni eziyishumi kuya kweziyi-10,5 kuye kwehla kwaba izinkulungwane ezingama-4,5. Ku-taiga ophakathi nendawo, kukhona "inqwaba" yezinkemba kuphela ezindaweni ezithile ezinamhlaba omnyama (isifunda saseBaikitsky, iYenisei taiga esifundeni saseTurukhansky). Emazweni asele inani liyi "average", futhi ezindaweni ezinkulu "lincane".
E-taiga ejwayelekile yasenyakatho, amanani maningi "aphakathi" futhi "amancane". E-taiga ephakathi nenyakatho kuphela e-Evenkia akukho ukweqisa (ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba ngo-80%), futhi umthamo wokukhiqiza usondela ngosayizi wokukhuphuka, okungukuthi, ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile. ETurukhansk Territory, ukukhiqizwa nakho kusondele kokujwayelekile, kepha ukudoba ngokweqile sekubonwa ezindaweni eziseduze kweYenisei neBakhta. AmaBillets anciphile, kepha hhayi ngokuqine njengaseningizimu: naseSekkia - kusuka kuzikhumba ezingama-26 kuye kwangama-22. E-taiga esenyakatho ngokwedlulele, isable ayitholakali kuyo yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwezinye izisekelo zamachibi, kepha indawo yezindawo ezinhle ze-taiga emigodini ayithandeki. Imishayo eyodwa ihlala nasehlathini-tundra: kwiYenisei kuya ePotapov naseNikolsky, empumalanga kuya eKotuykan emfuleni. Kotui no r. UFomich, inkokhiso kaParrot.
Ngenxa yalokho, engxenyeni eseningizimu yesifunda emazweni ahamba phambili isimo sokulima okusebenzayo asiphumeleli ngokuphelele. Inani labantu elithandekayo lehla ngokushesha. Ama-Billets awele kakhulu ngenxa yokuvuza okukhulu kwezikhumba eziya "emakethe emnyama", nangenxa yokuqothulwa kwemikhonto. Inqubo yenkinga iyavela. Uma kutholakala “isikhafu” esibulalayo: izikhumba ziya ngokuya ohlangothini, isimo esimatasa ngokwenzeka kwemisebenzi ehlelwayo emapulazini siba ngokwengeziwe, futhi lapho umfutho wokudoba uqina ngokwengeziwe.
Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze singalindela ukuncishiswa kwezinsizakalo ezifundeni ezisenyakatho kanye nokwehla okujwayelekile kwebhizinisi elifanele. Izinyathelo eziphuthumayo kumele zithathwe ukunciphisa umkhawulo, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuvikela ukuvuvukala kwezikhumba, okungukuthi, ukuqeda ukuzingela.
Ngaphambi kokuwa kweqhwa elijulile, amashekeli azingelwa nge-husky. Kamuva bashintshela ezindizeni, ikakhulukazi izicupho, izimbotshana ezithile. Izikhukhula zivame ukuzingela inyamazane ngokugibela amahhashi. I-Obmet isetshenziswa kakhulu. Isivuno esijwayelekileko sesikhathi sokudoba emazweni amahle yizinsuku ezingama-40-50. Abanye abazingeli bathola imicibisholo engu-70-80 ngisho ne-100-140.
Ngenxa yoboya obuhle, obuqinile futhi obudingekayo, obusebenzayo ubizwa ngokuthi yinkosi yoboya basendle - "igolide elithambile". Lapho imbobo emnyama imnyama, ibaluleke kakhulu isikhumba sayo. IBarguzinsky sable, ehlala emahlathini eBaikal, imnyama kakhulu kunaleyo etholakala eSiberia ngakho-ke yaziswa kakhulu endalini yamazwe aphesheya kwezilwandle. Umcwaningi omkhulu kunabo bonke ngohlobo lwe-Barguzinsky sable usosayensi waseRussia u-E. M. Chernikin.
Izinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuzingela zalesi sifunda ziyisisekelo senhlala-kahle yomnotho wokuzingela wokuhweba we-taiga zone. I-Krasnoyarsk Territory ilandisa cishe ama-33% womkhiqizo wonke waseRussia wezindlela zokwakha futhi usendaweni yokuqala kulokhu. I-Sable ayitholakali eRussia kuphela, kodwa futhi nasemazweni angomakhelwane: North Korea, Mongolia kanye neChina. Ngemuva kokuba iRussia ilahle ukubusa okukhulu kombuso lapho kuvunwa furs kusukela ngo-1997, izimayini nokuvuna, ingxenye enkulu, zadlula ezandleni zangasese.
Isimo samanje embonini esebenzayo.
I-Sable ikhiqizwa ngokuya ngomkhawulo wokukhiqiza, okuvunyelwene ngawo noMnyango Wezemvelo WaseRussia.
Ukuqhathaniswa kokuthengiswa kwevolumu yezikhumba ezikhethiwe endalini yase-St. Petersburg enohlobo lomkhawulo ekukhiqizeni kwayo kwembula ukungafani kwazo okukhulu. Kusukela ngonyaka ka-2000, inani lezikhumba ezithengisiwe lidlule kakhulu inani lamasheke avunyelwe ekuzingeleni. Lo mehluko uyanda unyaka nonyaka, futhi ngonyaka we-2013 inani elithe xaxa lokuthengisa ngaphezulu komkhawulo lalingamaphesenti angama-193. Umehluko phakathi kokuthengiswa nokukhiqizwa okusemthethweni kwakukhulu kakhulu futhi ngonyaka we-2013 waba ngamaphesenti angama-323. Ngemuva kwaleli nani eliphakeme, ngenxa yezinguquko ezimeni zezimakethe ze-furs, kwehle ukubonwa kwamanani omabili esikhumba namanani okuthengisa. Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka we-2017, inani lokuthengisa elingokwenyama lenyuka futhi, okungenzeka ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuqala kwendali ye-Baikal yamazwe omhlaba e-Irkutsk. Ngo-2017, ukuthengiswa kweqe umkhawulo wokukhiqizwa izikhathi ezingama-1.5, futhi nevolumu lokukhiqiza elimisiwe - ngezikhathi ezingama-2.15.
Isibalo sabantu, umkhawulo osunguliwe, ukukhiqizwa okumisiwe nenani lezimali ezikhishwe ngokuqondile ngemuva kwesilinganiso sempahla yokuthengisa yezikhumba ezidayisiwe endalini yase-St. Petersburg fur auction (2011-2017)
unyaka | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
Ubuningi (abantu abayinkulungwane) | 1163,8 | 1224,5 | 1299,31 | 1346,3 | 1286,64 | 1309,7 | 1449,95 |
Umkhawulo wokukhiqiza (abantu) | 330984 | 356337 | 350041 | 489249 | 368315 | 377062 | 405136 |
Bika ngokukhiqiza (abantu) | 173800 | 208750 | 219967 | 237591 | 250028 | 266919 | 288043 |
Kuthengisiwe | 519127 | 444123 | 453464 | 579413+39286* |
* Kuthengiswa endalini yeBaikal fur, eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-2017 e-Irkutsk
Ukuhlangana komkhawulo wokukhiqiza, ukukhiqizwa okusemthethweni nokuthengisa okuvunyelwe kwesikhumba esikhethekile endalini yamanye amazwe
Eminyakeni engu-3-4 edlule, amafemu aseRussia aseqala ukudlala indima ekhulayo endalini. Ngakho-ke inkatho ephezulu yoboya obusebenzayo eBaikal MPA yatholwa ngumenzi waseRussia wemikhiqizo yoboya.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe i-VNIIOZ ngabo. prof. B.M. I-Zhitkova, ukushintshwa kwangaphakathi kwezikhumba ezinesikhumba cishe kungama-25% wokuthumela ngaphandle. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kulinganiswe inani eliphansi lokuphamba kwangempela okusebenzayo, idatha ekuthengisweni kwayo endalini kufanele iphindaphindwe ngo-1.25. Ngakho-ke, ukukhishwa, ngokwesibonelo, ngonyaka we-2017 kudlule inani labantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-770, futhi kucatshangelwa ukulethwa okuqondile kwezinqwaba zoboya eChina, kanye nokuthengiswa kwendali encane kodwa ebizayo ethengiswayo eCopenhagen naseVancouver endalini, singakhuluma ngokuzethemba okwanele mayelana nokukhiqizwa imibhikisho engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-800, okungaphezu kwama-55% wabantu abaqoshwa. Lesi simo siphindwa ngokushintshashintsha okuthile iminyaka eminingi kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2000. Lokhu-ke kufakazela ukulinganisa okungaxutshiwe kwabantu abaningi baseSoviet Union.
Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziya kwamandla okuthengisa kusikisela ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwendali, okuhambelana nokuthengisa endalini okwenziwe cishe ngamakhulu ayizinkulungwane ezingama-700, cishe sekudlule umkhawulo womthelela wokuloba abantu abangakwazi ukumelana nawo. Lesi siphetho sidonswa ngokuqhathanisa ukuguquguquka kwamanani nentengo yokuthengisa yamasabatha endalini.
Ukunakwa kufanele kukhokhwe esikhathini esiqala ngonyaka we-2010. Ukunyuka kwamanani kudale ukuqina kwemboni yezokudoba kanye nokwenyuka kokuhlinzekwa kanye nokuthengiswa kwezentengiso endalini. Kukhona ukuxhumana okuhle kwalezi zinkomba ezimbili. Inani eliphakeme lafinyelelwa ngonyaka we-2013, lapho intengo yesikhumba esezingeni eliphakathi yayingama- $ 267, kwathi izikhumba eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-720 zabekwa endalini (ama-675 ayizinkulungwane athengiswa). Ngo-2014, abazingeli baya ekudobeni belindele amanani aphakeme ama-furs, okwenze kwaba nenzuzo ukuthuthukisa amasayithi akude angenakuvinjwa, ukuqasha abasizi, njll. Engxenyeni yokuqala yesizini, lapho sekuvunwa inqwaba yoboya, lokhu obekulindelwe kwagcwaliseka futhi abathengi bathenga uboya ngamanani aphezulu, bagxila kumanani entengo aphezulu endalini kaDisemba 2013 kanye endalini kaJanuwari 2014. Kepha yize ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, abakwazanga ukubeka ngaphezulu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-520 endalini. izikhumba. Lokhu kungakhombisa ukuncipha kokulondolozwa kwezimali kanye nokwehla kwesilinganiso sabantu. Iminyaka emibili elandelayo yamanani aphansi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukwehla komthamo wokudoba kubantu, kwavumela ukuthi ilulame, kwathi ngonyaka we-2017 618.6 izikhumba ezinkulukazi ezithengiswayo zathengiswa endalini ezimbili zaseRussia ngisho nangasemuva kwamanani aphansi. Uma eminyakeni elandelayo inani lentengo likhuphuka noma lihlala likhona, kepha ngokumelene nalesi sisekelo umthamo wokuthengisa uyancipha, lokhu kuzosenza sisho ngokuqiniseka okwengeziwe ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwesable, okuhambelana nokuthengisa kwabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-550-600 kuzindali, umkhawulo umthwalo wokudoba ongabekezelelwa yiningi labantu.
Ihlala kuphi i-sable?
Photo: Sable eqhweni
Isilwane esino-furry sitholakala eRussia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Japan naseNyakatho Korea. Kuhlala amahlathi amakhulu aseSiberia nasenyakatho mpumalanga yeYurophu, anqamula izintaba zase-Ural ziye entshonalanga. Indawo yokusabalalisa isezintabeni zase-Altai nasezintabeni zase Sayan ezisentshonalanga. Umngcele oseningizimu ufinyelela kuma-55 ° ubude eNtshonalanga yeSiberia, ufike kuma-42 ° eMpumalanga yeSiberia.
Uhla lufika ezindaweni ezingaseningizimu impela yeNhlonhlo YaseKorea naseHokkaido, kutholakala isilwanyana esidla inyama eSakhalin. EMongolia, isatshalaliswa enyakatho-nentshonalanga yezwe, ezungeze iLake. IHubugul. ETransbaikalia, lapho isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu sezwekazi, indawo ebaluleke kakhulu yalesi silwane ihlala emahlathini. Empumalanga yeKazakhstan, kuhlala izansi zemifula ye-Uba neBukhtarma. E-China, kukhona enyakatho ezintabeni zase-Southern Altai, enyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe - esifundazweni sase-Heilongjiang, kanye nasesithabeni seNtaba i-Changbai. Indawo yokuhlala kwendlu yomakhelwane indawo yezigidi ezingama-5 m2.
Ummeleli womndeni wakwaKunih uthanda ukuhlala ezihlathini zomsedari, emithambekeni yezintaba, lapho kukhona khona uthango lomsedari. Kulapha ukuthi kukhona izinduku eziningi ezihehwa ngobuningi bokudla - amantongomane ephayini. Indoda ebushelelezi enhle ingahlala esifundeni esinezintaba nezisezindaweni eziphansi, lapho ithanda khona ukuqhuma komoya futhi iwele phansi. Lesi silwane siyaphila, kepha sivame kakhulu emahlathini amancane ahamba nephayini, lapho kucekelwa khona noma kushiswa, nasezindaweni ezinoxhaphozi. Esiqeshini saseKamchatka, kuhlala ezigungwini zamatshe ze-birch, emahlathini aqhakaza nasemahlathini omsedari. Ezintabeni uyakwazi ukukhuphukela ezingeni lamahlathi angaphansi komhlaba.
Ngabe kudliwe sable?
Isithombe: Sable ebusika
Lesi sidlakela esimangazayo sisebenzisa izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane - zenza ukudla okungama-60-80%. Ngaphezu kwamagundane, ama-voles asensimini kanye nezinye izinduku ezikhona kwimenyu yayo zingadla ama-chipmunks, squirrels, hares, pika, muskrat. Uhlasela futhi umfel 'ukholo: uthando, uthando. Isilwane esifuyayo sikwazi ukulandela umkhondo wezimpisi noma amabhere isikhathi eside, bese sihlanganyela nabo isidlo. Eduze kwezidumbu zezilwane ezinkulu ezaba yizisulu zabazingeli, lesi silwane esinoboya siphila futhi sidle izinsuku eziningana.
Eminyakeni eneqhwa, lapho kunzima ukubamba ezinye izinyamazane, ukuzingela okukhanyayo kukodwa kukodwa nakuthakathi. Futhi-ke eduze kwesisulu, sikhulu kakhulu kunosayizi womhlaseli, abantu abaningana baqoqana idili. Izilwane ezinkulu zihlaselwa umzingeli omncane ngokuhluleka kwamantongomane omsedari kanye namantongomane emifushane yomsedari (isabelo sawo singafinyelela kuma-33-77%, ngokuya ngobukhona noma ukungabikho kwezinye izinto zokudla). Ehlobo, udla amajikijolo: i-rosehip, i-lingonberry, i-bird cherry, umlotha wentaba (4-33%).
Izinyoni, ikakhulukazi i-grouse, zibiza u-6-12%, futhi ubamba izinyoni ezincane, izidleke ezonakalisayo, udla amaqanda, ama-amphibians, ama-mollusks, izinambuzane, futhi akudeleli ukugcwala. ISable Eastern Far idla izinhlanzi ngemuva kokuhluma. Imvelo yokudla okwehla enyamayo ngobuningi bokudla kwezitshalo. Uma kungekho ukudla okwanele, khona-ke usondela ezindaweni zokuhlala zabantu. Isilwane sidinga ukudla ngenani lama-20% esisindo somzimba waso, okulingana nokukhiqizwa kwamagundane angama-insimu angama-6-8 ngosuku.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: Animal taiga sable
Isilwane sigugile kakhulu futhi siqinile, asikhathali, sinokuzwa okuhle kanye namakhono amahle okuzingela. Lokhu kumvumela ukuba athole inyamazane, ekhomba into ngokuhogela nokugqwala. Isilo siyasebenza nganoma isiphi isikhathi sasemini noma sobusuku, konke kuya ngesimo sezulu kanye nokutholakala kokudla. Kumafriji, akunakuphuma endaweni yokukhosela izinsuku eziningana.
I-Sable idla umhlaseli womhlaba, noma ingakhuphuka kalula esihlahleni, kepha ayikwazi ukugxuma isuka egatsheni iye kwelinye. Ihamba kahle ngaphansi kwesembozo seqhwa futhi ingaphunyuka ekuphishekeleni, kepha inamava ebusweni, futhi incamela ukuhlala lapho ilalele kunokuba iphishekele. Indoda enhle yasehlathini ihamba ngama-jumps amancane angama-40-70 cm, kepha uma isuka kude nokujaha, ingandisa ubude bayo ibe ngu-3-4 m.
Lesi silwane sinendawo ehlala njalo ukusuka ku-4 kuye ku-30 km2, futhi futhi sinamasimu wesikhashana wokuhlala nokuzingela. Ubukhulu besayithi nomsebenzi kuya ngeminyaka, ubulili, isimo sezulu kanye nesimo sezulu, ubungako babantu, ukutholakala kokudla. Ngokwesilinganiso, isebenza cishe amakhilomitha ayi-9 ngosuku.
Ukuhola indlela yokuphila yokuhlala phansi, i-sable akuvamile ukuba ishiye indawo yayo, engekho ngaphezulu kwamakhilomitha angama-30 ezindaweni zokumaka. Abantu abadala bangathatha amabanga amade ukuya ku-150 km, okuthatha izinyanga ezimbalwa ukunqoba. Akayithandi i-lair yakhe, kodwa ufuna indawo efanelekayo yokuzalwa nokukhuliswa kwamawundlu, kanye nesikhathi sasebusika.
Indlu ifakwe ngotshani obomile, ngoboya, ngotshani, ngezimpaphe, iphephe:
- ngaphansi kwezimpande zezihlahla eziwile
- ezihlangeni
- ngokhuni,
- ekubekeni kwamatshe
- emigodini etholakala ngaphansi komhlaba.
Okwesikhashana, ukubalekela ukujaha, kuphephela emifantwini yamatshe, ekubekeni kwamatshe, emqheleni wesihlahla noma emiseleni engaphansi komhlaba. Ebusika, ama-buries ngaphansi kwengqimba ejulile yeqhwa. Isilwane sibonisa kabili ngonyaka: entwasahlobo, ekuqaleni ku-Mashi, futhi ukuphela kungoMeyi, ekwindla le nkathi iqala ngo-Agasti kuze kube nguNovemba.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
USable unesifiso ngokwemvelo, unesithembu. Isebenzisa amakha amakha asemuva kwesisu ukumaka indawo. Umjaho uqala ngoJulayi uphele ngo-Agasti. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sithatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-245-167. Kulesi sikhathi, izinyanga eziyisikhombisa ziwela esigabeni sokugcina, lapho imibungu ingakhuli. Lolu hlobo lokukhulelwa lunikezwa ngemvelo ukuze amawundlu avele ngesikhathi esivumelana kakhulu.
Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zizalwa zingaboni ngo-Ephreli, ngombala ongwevu onsundu. Kungaba nezingane ezimbili kuya kweziyisithupha udoti ngamunye. Ubude bomzimba bungu-11-12 cm, bunesisindo esingu-25-30 g. Baqala ukuzwa ngosuku lwama-22, kuthi uma sebeqala ukubonwa, ngosuku lwama-38 babe nezikhuthazi. Ezinyangeni ezi-3-4, amazinyo ezinsana ashintsha abe ngunaphakade. Ngezinyanga eziyi-1.5-2. izingane ziqala ukushiya isidleke, cishe ngasikhathi sinyekile ziyekele ukudla ubisi lukamama futhi zinesisindo esingama-600 g, futhi ngoSepthemba zifinyelela usayizi wabantu abadala bese ziqala impilo yokuzimela. Ikhono lokuzala elikwazi ukuvela livela eminyakeni emibili.
Izilwane ngesikhathi sokulahlwa kwezitho zomzimba kanye nokuthandana zenza imisindo efanayo neyeowow, futhi nokububula komsuka. Lapho bejabule noma bengagculisekile, bayathuthumela, futhi ngokwesabisa, baxoxa kakhulu. Isikhathi sokuphila kwesilwane ngokwemvelo cishe siyiminyaka eyi-8, sisethunjiwe, ngokwesilinganiso, sifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-15-16, kepha kuye kwaba nemibiko eqoshiwe lapho abantu ngabanye baphila khona kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-18-20, kuthi abesifazana balethe inzalo eminyakeni eyi-13 kuya kwengu-14. Isilwane sine-interspecific, ukuxhumana kwe-trophic (idla noma inyamazane) ngezilwane ezincelisayo ezingama-36, izinyoni ezingama-220, izinhlobo ezingama-21 zezitshalo.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Photo: Cable Cub
I-Sable fur yayihlala ibhekwa kakhulu futhi isetshenziswa njengemali. Ukuqothulwa okukhulu kakhulu komhlaseli ophila noboya kuqale ngekhulu le-15- 16, lapho ubudlelwano bezentengiselwano zombuso waseRussia buqala ukwanda. Izakhamizi zakule ndawo ngaphambi kokuba uboya bube yimali, zazingelwa lesi silo. Uma wawela ezingibeni, khona-ke ama-mittens nezigqoko kwakuthunyelwa kusuka koboya bese kusetshenziswa njengomhlobiso.
Ekhulwini le-XVIII. engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia, ubuhle obabuvele bunyamalale ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwe-barbaric. Ngaphesheya kwe-Urals, eSiberia, izindawo zokuhlala zancipha, zahlukana zaba ngama-foci ahlukile. Umzingeli oyedwa ngaleso sikhathi phakathi nenkathi wayengathola izikhumba eziyi-100-150. Imigwaqo yokuzingela okuyingxenye eyenziwe kakade ngaleso sikhathi yayingasetshenziswa kahle futhi yayingalawulwa kangako. Ukuvinjelwa okuphelele ngo-1913-16. Iziphathimandla nazo azizange ziphumelele. Eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule, lesi silwane sasesicishe saqothulwa. Iningi labantu lahlala ezifundeni ezingandile, futhi nangaleso sikhathi ngenxa yokungafinyeleleki komhlaba. Ngo-1935, kwavulwa umthetho ovimbela ngokuphelele ukuzingela. Kuma-forties, izimayini ezinelayisensi zazivunyelwe.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ekwandiseni inani labantu ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezinokubhuka ezinjengalezi:
- I-Barguzinsky,
- I-Kronotsky,
- Kondo-Sosvinsky,
- I-Altaic,
- I-Pechora-Ilychsky,
- Sikhote-Alin,
- Sayan.
Izinyathelo zokuphepha ezivunyelwe ukubuyisela kancane amanani kulezi zindawo, ukusuka lapho izilwane zaqala ukuhlala ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane. Ukuphinda futhi kudlale indima enhle, lesi silwane sakhishwa saya ezindaweni lapho sasihlala satholakala, kepha saqothulwa ngokuphelele. Njengamanje, ukuzingela okusebenzayo kuvulekile. Isimo samazwe omhlaba - sisho izinhlobo zokukhathazeka okungatheni.
Ngomhlaka 2013, emiphakathini yemvelo eRussia Federation bekukhona izilwane eziyi-1346300, yize ngonyaka we-2009 bekukhona nezilwane eziyi-1481900. Ukwehla okungatheni bekubangelwa ukuthi ukubalwa kwezinombolo kuze kube ngu-2010 kwenziwa ngezikhathi zangaphambi kokuvunwa, kucatshangelwa ukukhula konyaka, futhi eminyakeni elandelayo, kulabo abasemva kokuvunwa. Ukunyuka konyaka kwezilwane ekwindla kungama-40-60%, ngaleso sikhathi cishe isigamu siqukethe izingane zonyaka. Kepha ukusinda kwabo akuyona phezulu kakhulu, ngenxa yokungabi nalwazi, abaningi babo abasindanga ebusika.
Kuyathunyelwa - ukuziqhenya kweRussia, kuyadingeka ukuthi unakekele indawo yokuhlala ngendlela yayo yangempela. Futhi akumelwe sivumele ukwanda okungadingeki kokudotshwa kwalesi silwane esinomusa. Kulezo zifunda lapho inani lazo lilincane, kuyadingeka ukwenqabela ukuzingela kwalo, ukulawula ukukhishwa kwamalayisense, futhi kunikezwe abadobi abathile iziza.