I-Magnetic Pole - iphoyinti elinemibandela ebusweni bomhlaba, lapho imigqa yamandla kazibuthe womhlaba iqondiswe khona lapho ku-90 ° ebusweni.
North pole pole | (2001) I-81 ° 18 ′ s. w. I-110 ° 48 ′ W d H H I I L L | (2004) 82 ° 18 ′ s. w. I-113 ° 24 ′ W d H H I I L L | (2005) 82 ° 42 ′ s. w. 114 ° 24 ′ W d H H I I L L | (2010) 85 ° 00'00 ″ s w. 132 ° 36'00 ″ s d H H I I L L | (2012) 85 ° 54'00 ″ s w. 147 ° 00'00 ″ s d H H I I L L |
Isigxobo sikazibuthe saseNingizimu | (1998) 64 ° 36'a Y w. 138 ° 30 ′ in d H H I I L L | (2004) I-63 ° 30 ′ S w. 138 ° 00 'c. d H H I I L L | (2007) 64 ° 29'49 49 Yu w. 137 ° 41'02 ″ c. d H H I I L L | (2010) 64 ° 24'00 00 Yu w. 137 ° 18'00 ″ c. d H H I I L L | (2012) 64 ° 24'00 00 Yu w. 137 ° 06'00 ″ c. d H H I I L L |
Ngenxa ye-asymmetry yensimu kazibuthe yoMhlaba, izigxobo zamandla kazima awawona amaphuzu we-antipodal.
North pole pole
Indawo yesigobongo esenyakatho ayihambelani nesigobongo sendawo esenyakatho. Cishe ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, isigxobo besikade sibekwe ngaphansi kweqhwa phakathi kwemingcele yeCanada Arctic yamanje. Lokhu kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi inalithi yekhampasi ikhomba enyakatho hhayi ngokuqondile, kodwa cishe kuphela.
Nsuku zonke, isigxobo sihamba nge-trajectory elliptical, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, sihamba sisenyakatho nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha ayi-10 ngonyaka, ngakho-ke noma yikuphi ukuhlanganiswa kwaso kungokwesikhashana futhi kunganembile. Kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, isigxobo besilokhu sihamba ngokushesha sibheke eTaimyr. Ngo-2009, ijubane lesigobongo esenyakatho lalingamakhilomitha angama-64 ngonyaka.
Lapho inhloko ye-laboratoria ye-geomagnetic yoMnyango Wezemvelo waseCanada uLarry Newitt isho e-Ottawa ngonyaka ka-2005, isigxobo semali esisenyakatho yoMhlaba, "esese" Canada "okungenani iminyaka engama-400," sashiya "leli lizwe. Isigxobo sikazibuthe, esinamandla okuhamba, besilokhu sitholakala ngaphansi kweqhwa elingumngcele ngaphakathi kwemingcele yeCanada Arctic yamanje kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 futhi sidlulele ngale kwe-Canada engamamayela angama-200. Uma lezi zibalo zilungile, ngonyaka ka-2020 iNorth Magnetic Pole kufanele ingene kwiRussia Arctic.
I-Polarity
Ngokwesiko, ukuphela kukazibuthe, okubonisa indlela eya enyakatho, kubizwa isigxobo sasenyakatho uzibuthe, kanye nesiphetho esiphambene - eningizimu. Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, umehluko phakathi kwesigobongo sendawo yasenyakatho nesigxobo esisenyakatho somhlaba awunakwa. Ngakho-ke, ngephutha elithile, kungaphikiswa ukuthi ikhampasi enengxenye eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yomcibisholo ikhomba enyakatho (okusho ukuthi zombili isigodi sasemagagasi asenyakatho nesigxobo esisenyakatho soMhlaba).
Izigxobo ze-Geomagnetic
Izigxobo ze-Geomagnetic ngamaphoyinti lapho i-axis yokubuyisa kwezibuthe (okuyingxenye eyinhloko yokwanda kwamandla kazibuthe womhlaba kuzinqwaba eziningi) iphikisana nobubanzi bomhlaba. Njengoba i-sumle ye-kazibuthe imane nje iyimodeli ecishe ibe namandla kazibuthe womhlaba, izigxobo ze-geomagnetic zihlukile ngandlela thize endaweni evela kwizigxobo zezibuthe zeqiniso, lapho ukufakwa kwamandla kazibuthe kungama-90 °.
Indaba
NgoJuni 1, 1831 ngumhloli wamazwe waseNgilandi uJacob Ross, umshana kaKaputeni uJohn Ross esiqhingini saseCanada, ePeninsula yaseButia, eCape Adelaide (70 ° 05'00 ″ N 96 ° 47'00 ″ W HG I OL) isigodi esinamandla sikaMhlaba weNyakatho yeHlabathi satholakala - isifunda lapho inalithi kazibuthe sisendaweni emile, okuwukuthi, ukuthambekela kwamandla kazibuthe kungama-90 °. Ukufakwa kukagesi okulinganiswe nguJames Ross endaweni ebonisiwe kwakungu-89 ° 59 '. Ngo-1841, uJames Ross wanquma indawo okukhona kuyo isigxobo sikazwelonke seSouthern hemisphere of the Earth (75 ° 05'00 ″ S lat. 154 ° 08'00 ″ E H G I O L) etholakala e-Antarctica, sidlula ku-250 km ukusuka kuyo. Isigxobo sikazibuthe esiseNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe saqala ukufinyelelwa ngoJanuwari 15, 1909 nguDavid, Mawson, noMackay kusukela ekuxoshweni kuka-E. G. Shackleton: endaweni ethize ehlanganisa i-72 ° 25'00 ″ S. w. 155 ° 16'00 ″ in e. H G I O L ukwehla kwamandla kazibuthe kwehluka kusuka ku-90 ° kungaphansi kuka-15 '.
Ngo-1831: ukuzimisela kokuqala kokuxhumanisa kwezigxobo zikazibuthe eziseNyakatho Nenkabazwe
Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19, ukuseshwa kokuqala kwezigxobo zikazibuthe kwenziwa ngokwesilinganiso sokulinganiswa okuqondile kwamandla okufakwa phansi komhlaba. (Ukuthambekela kweMagnetic - i-angle lapho ikhampasi iphambuka khona ngaphansi kwethonya lamandla kazibuthe omhlaba endizeni emile. - Qaphela ed.)
Umatilosi ongumNgisi uJohn Ross (1777-1856) wahamba ngomkhumbi ngoMeyi 1829 ngomkhumbi omncane “uVictoria” ogwini lwaseNgilandi, walibangisa ogwini lwaseCanada lwase-Canada. Njengama-daredevils amaningi ngaphambi kwakhe, uRoss wayenethemba lokuthola indlela yasolwandle esentshonalanga esuka eYurophu iye e-East Asia. Kepha ngo-Okthoba 1830, iqhwa lazungeza iVictoria ngasempumalanga yempesheni, uRoss wayibiza ngokuthi yiLand of Booth (ukuhlonipha umxhasi walolu hambo, uFeliksi Booth).
Omiswe eqhweni ngasogwini loMhlaba, iButia Victoria yaphoqeleka ukuba ihlale lapha ebusika. Umsizi ukaputeni kulolu hambo kwakungumshana omncane kaJohn Ross, uJames Clark Ross (1800-1818). Ngaleso sikhathi, kwase kuyisikhathi esijwayelekile ukuthatha nawe kulolo hambo wonke amathuluzi adingekayo wokubonwa kukazibuthe, futhi uJames wakusebenzisa lokhu. Ezinyangeni ezinde zasebusika, wayehamba ogwini lwaseButia enethayimometer futhi aqaphele ukubuka kukazibuthe.
Wayeqonda ukuthi isigxobo sikazibuthe kufanele sibe kwenye indawo eduzane - phela, inalithi kazibuthe ngaso sonke isikhathi ikhombisa ukuthambekela okukhulu kakhulu. Ngokuhlelela amanani alinganisiwe, uJames Clark Ross washeshe wabona ukuthi angalifuna kuphi leli phuzu eliyingqayizivele ngokuqondisa mpo kwamandla kazibuthe. Ngentwasahlobo yango-1831, yena, kanye namalungu amaningi esisebenzi saseVictoria, bahamba amakhilomitha angama-200 besiya ogwini olusentshonalanga lweButia kwathi ngoJuni 1, 1831 eCape Adelaide baxhumanisa ama-70 ° 05 ′ s. w. no-96 ° 47 ′ W D. uthole ukuthi ukuthambekela kwamandla kazibuthe kwakungu-89 ° 59 ′. Ngakho-ke ngokokuqala ngqa izixhumanisi zesigxobo sikazwelonke eNyakatho Nenkabazwe zazinqunywa - ngamanye amazwi, izixhumanisi zesigobongo saseNingizimu.
Ngo-1841: Ukuzimisela kokuqala kokuhlanganiswa kwezigxobo zikazibuthe eziseNingizimu Nenkabazwe
Ngo-1840, uJames Clark Ross ovuthiwe wangena emikhunjini ye-Erebus neTerror ohambweni lwakhe oludumile lokuya esigxotsheni sezibuthe esingezansi kweSouthern Hemisphere. NgoDisemba 27, imikhumbi kaRoss yahlangana okokuqala nama-icebergs kwathi ngo-Eva kaNyaka Omusha we-1841 bawela i-Arctic Circle. Kungekudala, u-Erebus noTerror babhekana namaphakethe eqhwa aqala ukusuka emaphethelweni aze phezulu emaphethelweni. NgoJanuwari 5, uRoss wenza isinqumo ngesibindi sokuya phambili, ngqo eqhweni, futhi ahambe ngokusemandleni akhe. Futhi ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa wokuhlaselwa okunjalo, imikhumbi ngokungafanele yangena esikhaleni esivela eqhweni: iphakethe le-ice lathathelwa indawo yi-ice floes ehlakazekile lapha nalaphaya.
NgoJanuwari 9 entathakusa, uRoss ngokungazelelwe wazithola ephambi kwenkambo, ulwandle olungenalo iqhwa! Lokhu kwaba kokutholwa kwakhe kokuqala kuloluhambo: bathola ulwandle, kamuva olwaqanjwa ngegama lakhe, uLwandle lweRoss. Ngakwesokunxele sesifundo bekuyizwe elinezintaba, elimbozwe yiqhwa elaphoqa ukuthi imikhumbi yakwaRoss ihambe iye eningizimu futhi okubonakala sengathi ayipheli. Ukuhamba ogwini, u-Ross, kunjalo, akuphuthelanga ithuba lokuthola amazwe aseningizimu impela ngenkazimulo yombuso waseBrithani, ngakho-ke iNdlovukazi uVictoria Land yatholakala. Ngasikhathi sinye, wayekhathazekile ukuthi ugu lungaba isithiyo esingenakunqotshwa endleleni eya esigxotsheni sezibuthe.
Ngaleso sikhathi, ukusebenza kwekhampasi kwakuqala ukuqina. URoss, owayenolwazi oluningi ezilinganisweni zamazibalo, wayeqonda ukuthi akukho ngaphezu kwe-800 km elisalele esigxotsheni sikagesi. Akekho osondele kakhulu kuye okwamanje. Ngokushesha kwaba sobala ukuthi uRoss wayengesabi ize: ngokusobala isigxobo sezibuthe sasisendaweni ethile ngakwesokunene, futhi ugu lwaqondisa ngenkani imikhumbi ukuya kude naseningizimu.
Ngenkathi indlela isavulekile, uRoss akazange anikezele. Bekubalulekile kuye ukuthi aqoqe okungenani idatha emincane ye-sumometric ngangokunokwenzeka ezindaweni ezihlukene ogwini lweVictoria Land. NgoJanuwari 28, lolu hambo lwalulindelwe ngokumangala okumangazayo kulo lonke lolu hambo: intaba-mlilo enkulu evukile yakhuphuka phezulu. Ngaphezulu kwakhe kwalengiswa ifu elimnyama lentuthu, eliboshwe ngomlilo, elaliqhuma endaweni yokholamu. URoss waqamba le ntaba-mlilo igama elithi Erebus, kanti owomakhelwane - owanyamalalayo futhi omncane ngandlela thile - waqamba igama lokuthi iTerror.
URoss wazama ukuya ngaphesheya eningizimu, kepha ngokushesha kwavela isithombe esingacabangi ngokuphelele phambi kwamehlo akhe: kulo lonke indawo lapho iso lingabona khona, kwakukhona umucu omhlophe, owawuthi lapho usondela, uphakame futhi uphakeme! Lapho imikhumbi isondela, kwaba sobala ukuthi phambi kwabo, ngakwesobunxele nangakwesobunxele, kwakukhona udonga olukhulu lweqhwa olungapheli lwamamitha angama-50 ukuphakama, oluphelele ngokuphelele phezulu, ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okuhlangothini olubheke olwandle. Kwakungasemaphethelweni eshalofini leqhwa, manje elibizwa ngegama likaRoss.
Unqenqema weshelufu lweqhwa, manje elibizwa ngokuthi uRoss
Maphakathi noFebhuwari 1841, ngemuva kohambo olungamakhilomitha angama-300 odongeni lweqhwa, uRoss wanquma ukuyeka eminye imizamo yokuthola imvula. Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, kwakukhona kuphela umgwaqo oya ekhaya.
Ukuxoshwa kukaRoss akunakubhekwa kungaphumeleli. Ngemuva kwakho konke, wayekwazi ukukala ukuthambekela kwamandla kazibuthe ngamaphoyinti amaningi azungeze ugu lweVictoria Land futhi ngaleyo ndlela asungule indawo yesigxobo sikazwelonke ngokunemba okuphezulu. URoss uveze izixhumanisi ezinjalo zesigxobo sikazibuthe: 75 ° 05 ′ s. sh., 154 ° 08 ′ in. Ibanga elincane lokuhlukanisa imikhumbi yokuphuma kwakhe kuleli qophelo yayingamakhilomitha angama-250 kuphela. Yizilinganiso zeRoss okufanele zibhekwe njengokuzimisela kokuqala okunokwethenjelwa kokuhlanganiswa kwezigxobo zikazibuthe e-Antarctica (North Magnetic Pole).
Yini esongela ukuguqulwa kwezigxobo zomhlaba?
Okokuqala, ushintsho lwesigxobo luzoguqula isimo sendawo yethu, isimo sezulu, izimbali nezilwane. Ngenxa yokushintsha kwezigxobo nokuhamba kwamapuleti e-lithospheric, amazwekazi azoqala ukuhamba. Iqhwa lizoqala ukuncibilika, liphakamise izinga lamanzi olwandle emhlabeni, akhukhule izindawo ezisogwini, lapho ngaphansi kwamanzi kuzoba yingxenye enkulu yomhlaba. Ukuqhibilika kweqhwa kuzodala imisinga ebandayo futhi kuzoba nezinguquko emhlabeni jikelele. ESiberia, ama-cypress angaqala ukukhula, kanti i-Afrika isilala iqhwa. Ezinye izindawo zizokhuphuka ngokuphelele. Ulwandlekazi lwePacific kufanele lunciphe, kanti i-Atlantic, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iyokhula. Ngaphezu kwalokho ngokulandelana kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo, ukuqothulwa kulindelwe. Ngenxa yokuhamba kwamazwekazi, ukwakhiwa kwezintaba eziningi, ukuzamazama komhlaba, itsunami, kanye nezinhlekelele akubekelwa phansi.
Ngokusobala, konke lokhu akuyona ihlaya. Akekho ongabikezela ngokunembile usuku okuyokwenzeka ngalo ukucubungula ama-plus, kepha, kusobala, sesiphokophela kulokhu ngokushesha nangokushesha, ngoba inani elikhulu lamakhosi angababusi balo mcimbi. Isibonelo, iqhwa e-UAE, imvula enkulu ogwadule, ukushisa okungakaze kwenzeke e-Australia, okwathi lapho kungazelelwe kwaguquka kwaba imvula engakaze ibonwe, ubusika obufudumele obungalingani kahle eRussia njalonjalo.
Lokhu yingxenye yokuthi iMars ibhekwe kakhulu njenge "khaya elisha"; ngeke kube khona okwenzekayo eMhlabeni njengamanje, ngoba ayinazibuthe. Amandla alo kazibuthe azosivumela ukuthi siphile lapho ngaphandle kwalokho okusongela thina emhlabeni. Ngeke kube khona ukunyakaza kwamacwecwe e-lithospheric nokunye okuningi.
Ufuna ukwazi konke
Siyaqhubeka nokufunda izihloko zethebula le-oda likaJanuwari. Yini oyithandayo trudnopisaka :
"Amathuba wokushintshwa kwezigxobo zikagesi zomhlaba ezinamandla kungekudala. Izifundo zezimbangela ezibonakalayo zale nqubo.
Ngandlela thile ngabuka ifilimu yesayensi ethandwayo ngalolu daba, yadutshulwa eminyakeni engaba ngu-6-7 edlule.
Lapho, imininingwane yethulwe ngokubonakala kwesifunda esingathandeki eningizimu yolwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic - ushintsho lobumbano nokungezwani okubuthakathaka. Kubukeka sengathi lapho iziphuphutheki zindiza kule ndawo kufanele zicinywe ukuze izinto ze-elektroniki zingonakali.
Yebo, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kubukeka sengathi le nqubo kufanele yenzeke. Iphinde yakhuluma ngezinhlelo ze-European Space Agency zokwethula uchungechunge lwama-satellites ngenhloso yokufunda okuningiliziwe kwamandla kazibuthe womhlaba. Mhlawumbe imininingwane evela kulolu cwaningo isivele ishicilelwe uma iziphuphutheki zikwazile ukuqalisa ngalokhu? "
Izigxobo zikagesi zomhlaba ziyingxenye yenkambu kazibuthe (geomagnetic) yeplanethi yethu, ekhiqizwa ngokugeleza kwensimbi encibilikisiwe nickel ezungeze ingaphakathi lomhlaba (ngamanye amazwi, ukuqubuka okuyisisekelo komongo wangaphandle woMhlaba kukhiqiza insimu ye-geomagnetic). Ukuziphatha kwamandla kazibuthe oMhlaba kuchazwa ngokugeleza kwezinsimbi eziwuketshezi emngceleni wobubanzi bomhlaba ngengubo.
Ngo-1600, usosayensi waseNgilandi, uWilliam Gilbert, encwadini yakhe ethi "On a kazibuthe, imizimba kazibuthe kanye nozibuthe omkhulu - uMhlaba." Uveze uMhlaba njengogagasi omkhulu ongapheli ogama lawo axons lingahambelani ne-axis yokujikeleza komhlaba (i-angle phakathi kwalawa axons ibizwa ngokuthi yi-magnetic decrease).
Ngo-1702, u-E. Halley wenza amamephu okuqala omhlaba omhlaba. Isizathu esikhulu sokuba khona komkhulukazi wamandla omhlaba ukuthi umnyombo woMhlaba uqukethe insimbi eshisayo (umqhubi omuhle wemisinga kagesi eyenzeka ngaphakathi koMhlaba).
Amandla kazibuthe omhlaba enza amandla kazibuthe, afinyelela kumakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-70-80 lapho kuqonda iLanga. Ivikela ingaphezulu loMhlaba, ivikela emiphumeleni eyingozi yezinhlayiya ezikhokhiswayo, amandla aphakeme nemisebe ye-cosmic, inquma isimo sezulu.
Ngo-1635, uGellibrand wasungula ukuthi amandla kazibuthe omhlaba ayashintsha. Kwasungulwa kamuva ukuthi kunezinguquko ezingapheli nezesikhashana emkhakheni kazibuthe womhlaba.
Isizathu sezinguquko ezingaguquki ukuba khona kwama-mineral deposits. Emhlabeni, kunezindawo lapho amandla alo kazibuthe ehlanekezelwa kakhulu ngokwenzeka kwe-iron ore. Isibonelo, i-Kursk magnetic anomaly etholakala esifundeni saseKursk.
Isizathu sezinguquko zesikhashana esifushane kumandla kazibuthe womhlaba wumphumela “womoya elanga”, i.e. isenzo sokusakazwa kwezinhlayiya ezikhokhisiwe ezikhishwe yiLanga. Amandla kazibuthe ale flux axhumana namandla kazibuthe oMhlaba, kuqhamuka "izivunguvungu ezinamandla". Imvamisa namandla esiphepho sikazibuthe athinteka yimisebenzi elanga.
Eminyakeni yokusebenza kakhulu konozungezilanga (kanye emva kweminyaka eyi-11.5), kuvela izivunguvungu ezinjengokuthi ukuxhumana komsakazo kuyaphazamiseka, inalithi yekhampasi iqale ukudansa okungalindelekile.
Umphumela wokusebenzisana kwezinhlayiya ezikhokhiswe "zomoya ojikeleza ilanga" kanye nomoya woMhlaba ezindaweni eziphakeme zasenyakatho yinto efana ne- "aurora borealis".
Ukushintshwa kwezigxobo zomhlaba ezinamandla kazibuthe oMhlaba (i-magnetic field inversion, English geomagnetic reversal) ukubuyela emuva njalo eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-11.5-12.5 Ezinye izibalo ziphinde zashiwo - iminyaka eyi-13.000, noma eyizinkulungwane ezingama-500 noma ngaphezulu, kanti ukuhlolwa kokugcina kwenzeka eminyakeni engama-780.000 edlule. Ngokusobala, ukubuyiselwa emuva kwe-Polarity of the Earth's Magnetic Field yinto engenzeki ngezikhathi ezithile. Kuwo wonke umlando womhlaba weplanethi yethu, amandla kazibuthe omhlaba abuyisele emuva ubumbeko bawo izikhathi ezingaphezu kwekhulu.
Umjikelezo wokushintshwa kwezigxobo zoMhlaba (ohambisana neplanethi Yomhlaba uqobo) ungabangelwa imijikelezo yomhlaba (kanye, ngokwesibonelo, umjikelezo wokuguquguquka kwesisekelo se-precession axis), othinta konke okwenzeka eMhlabeni ...
Kuphakama umbuzo ofanelekile: kulindelwe isikhathi esingakanani ushintsho kwizigxobo zikagesi zomhlaba (ukushintshwa kwamandla kazibuthe weplanethi), noma ukufuduka kwesigxobo nge-angle "ebucayi" (ngokusho kweminye imibono, yi-ikhwetha).
Inqubo yokuguqula izigxobo zikazibuthe iye yaqoshwa isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka. Izigxobo zikagesi zaseNyakatho nezaseNingizimu (i-NSR ne-SPS) zihlala “zifuduka”, zisuka ezigodini zomhlaba, (i-angle of "iphutha" manje sezingama-degree angu-8 kwi-NSR nama-degree angama-27 e-SPS). Ngendlela, kwatholakala ukuthi izigxobo ze-Geographical of the Earth nazo ziyahamba: izembe lomhlaba liphambuka ngejubane elingaba ngu-10 cm ngonyaka.
INorth Magnetic Pole yaqala ukutholwa ngonyaka we-1831. Ngo-1904, lapho ososayensi bethatha izilinganiso okwesibili, kwavela ukuthi isigxobo sasihambe amamayela angama-31. Inaliti yekhampasi ikhomba esigxotsheni sikazibuthe, hhayi esokuma komhlaba.Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi eminyakeni eyinkulungwane edlule, isigxobo sikazibuthe sisuke sahamba amabanga amade ukusuka eCanada saya eSiberia, kepha kwesinye isikhathi siye kwezinye izindlela.
I-Earth's North Magnetic Pole ayihlali ndawo. Noma kunjalo, njengaseningizimu. I-Northern one ibilokhu izulazula i-Arctic Canada isikhathi eside, kepha kusukela ngeminyaka yama-70s yekhulu lokugcina ukunyakaza kwayo kuthathe inkomba ecacile. Ngejubane elikhulayo manje elifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-46 ngonyaka, isigxobo sasigijimela cishe ngokuqondile ku-Russian Arctic. Ngokusho kwesimo seCanada Geomagnetic Service yaseCanada, ngonyaka ka-2050 izotholakala endaweni yeziqhingi zaseSevernaya Zemlya.
Ukushintshwa kwesigxobo okusheshayo kukhonjiswa iqiniso lokuthi amandla kazibuthe omhlaba aseduze nezigxobo abe buthaka, owasungulwa ngonyaka ka-2002 nguprofesa waseFrance we-geophysics, uGauthier Hulot. By the way, amandla kazibuthe omhlaba asenamandla acishe abe yi-10% selokhu yaqala ukukalwa ngeminyaka yama-30s yekhulu le-19. Iqiniso: ngonyaka we-1989, izakhamizi zaseQuebec (eCanada), ngenxa yokuthi imimoya yelanga yaphuka ngesihlangu esibuthakathaka futhi yabangela ukuwohloka okukhulu ezinkundleni zokuxhumana zikagesi, zashiywa zingenalutho amahora angu-9.
Kusuka esifundweni se-physics sesikole, Siyazi ukuthi ugesi wamanje wokushisa umqhubi ahamba ngawo. Kulokhu, ukuhamba kwamacala kuzoshisa i-ionosphere. Izinhlayiyana zizongena esimweni sokungathathi hlangothi, lokhu kuzothinta uhlelo lomoya oluphakeme ngamakhilomitha angama-200 kuya kwengama-500, ngakhoke isimo sezulu sisonke. Ukushintshwa kwesigxobo sikazibuthe kuzothinta ukusebenza kwemishini. Isibonelo, ezindaweni eziphakathi nendawo ezinyangeni zasehlobo ngeke kube lula ukusebenzisa ukuxhumana komsakazo okufushane. Ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zokuzulazula kwe-satellite nakho kuzophazamiseka, ngoba basebenzisa amamodeli we-ionosphere, okuzosebenza kulezi zimo ezintsha. Ama-Geophysicists abuye futhi axwayise ngokuthi njengoba i-North Magnetic Pole isondela, imisinga ethambekisiwe izokwenyuka emigqeni yamandla aseRussia namagridi kagesi.
Kodwa-ke, konke lokhu kungenzeka kungenzeki. Isigxobo esisenyakatho nesibuthe ngasiphi isikhathi singashintsha indlela yokunyakaza noma yokumisa, futhi lokhu akunakubonwa kusengaphambili. Futhi kweSouth Pole akukho ukubikezela okungama-2050 nhlobo. Kuze kube ngu-1986, wathutha kakhulu ngamandla, kepha kepha ijubane lakhe lawa.
Ngakho-ke, nanti amaqiniso amane akhombisa ukuphendukelwa okusondele noma okuvele sekuqalile kwenkambu ye-geomagnetic:
1. Ukwehla eminyakeni eyizi-2,5 edlule, ubukhulu bensimu ye-geomagnetic,
Ukusheshisa ukwehla kwamandla emasimini emashumini eminyaka amuva,
3. Ukushesha okubukhali kokudonswa kwesigxobo sikazibuthe,
4. Izici zokusatshalaliswa kwemigqa kazibuthe, ethi ifane nesithombe esihambisana nesigaba sokulungiselela ukuphambuka.
Kunengxoxo ebanzi ngemiphumela engaba khona yokushintsha izigxobo ze-geomagnetic. Kunamaphuzu ahlukahlukene okubukwa - ukusuka ekuthembeni okuhle kuya ekuphazamiseni kakhulu. I-Optimists icacisa iqiniso lokuthi amakhulu ama-inversion avela emlandweni we-geological Earth, kepha akwenzekanga ukudala ubudlelwano phakathi kokuqothulwa kweziningi kanye nezinhlekelele zemvelo ngalezi izehlakalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-biology inamakhono amakhulu asebenzayo, futhi inqubo yokuguqula ingathatha isikhashana, ngakho-ke kunesikhathi esanele sokulungiselela ushintsho.
Umbono ohlukile awubeki eceleni ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukuguqukela kwesinye isikhathi empilweni yezizukulwane ezilandelayo kube yinhlekelele yempucuko yabantu. Kumele ngithi leli phuzu lokubuka linciphiswa kakhulu yisibalo esikhulu sezitatimende ezingezona zesayensi futhi ezingezona ezesayensi. Isibonelo umbono wokuthi ngesikhathi sokuhlubuka, ubuchopho bomuntu buzobona ukuqalwa kabusha, okufana nokuthi kwenzeka kanjani ngamakhompyutha, futhi ulwazi oluqukethwe kuzo luzosuswa ngokuphelele. Naphezu kwezitatimende ezinjalo, iphuzu lokuthemba elinengqondo lilikhulu kakhulu.
Umhlaba wanamuhla ukude kakhulu nalowo owawungamakhulu ezinkulungwane zeminyaka edlule: umuntu wenza izinkinga eziningi ezenza umhlaba lo waba buthaka, usengozini kalula futhi ungazinzi kakhulu. Kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi imiphumela yokuhlubuka empeleni iyinhlekelele ngempela kwimpucuko yomhlaba. Futhi ukulahleka okuphelele kokusebenza kweWorld Wide Web ngenxa yokubhujiswa kwezinhlelo zokuxhumana zomsakazo (futhi nakanjani kuzokwenzeka ngesikhathi sokulahleka kwamabhande emisebe) kungenye nje isibonelo esisodwa senhlekelele yomhlaba wonke. Isibonelo, ngenxa yokubhujiswa kwezinhlelo zokuxhumana zomsakazo, wonke ama-satellites azohluleka.
Isici esijabulisayo somthelela wokuguqukiswa kwe-geomagnetic emhlabeni wethu, esihlotshaniswa nokushintshwa ekucushweni kwezibalo, sibhekwa emisebenzini yakhe yakamuva kaSolwazi V.P. Shcherbakov waseBorok Geophysical Observatory. Esimweni esijwayelekile, ngenxa yokuthi i-axis ye-geomagnetic dipole iqondiswe cishe eceleni kwe-axis yokujikeleza koMhlaba, i-Magnetosphere isebenza njengesikrini esisebenzayo sokugeleza kwamandla amakhulu wezinhlayiya ezikhokhwayo ezisuka eLangeni. Ngaphansi kokuguqukelwa, kungenzeka ukuthi i-funnel yakha engxenyeni engaphambili ye-sunflower ezindaweni eziphezulu eziphansi lapho i-plasma yelanga ingafinyelela khona umhlaba. Ngenxa yokujikeleza komhlaba endaweni ngayinye yezindawo eziphansi nezinengxenye ngokulinganayo, lesi simo sizophindwa nsuku zonke amahora amaningi. Okusho ukuthi, ingxenye ebalulekile yomhlaba weplanethi izothola umthelela onamandla wemisebe njalo emahoreni angama-24.
Kodwa-ke, ososayensi be-NASA baphakamisa ukungagcini kwesimangalo sokuthi ukuguquka kwesigxobo kunganciphisa kafushane uMhlaba amandla kazibuthe asivikela emigudwini yelanga nakwezinye izingozi eziyindalo. Kodwa-ke, amandla kazibuthe angaba buthaka noma andise ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kepha akukho okukhombisa ukuthi kunganyamalala ngokuphelele. Inkambu ebuthakathaka impela izohola ukwanda okuncane kwemisebe yelanga Emhlabeni, kanye nasekubonweni kwama-auroras amahle ezindaweni eziphansi eziphansi. Kepha akukho okuzokwenzeka ngokubhubha, nomoya omnyama uvikela umhlaba ngokuphelele ezinhlayiyeni eziyingozi zelanga.
Isayensi ifakazela ukuthi ukushintshwa kwezigxobo - kusuka endaweni yokubukwa komlando wokuma komhlaba - yinto eyejwayelekile eyenzeka kancane kancane phakathi kweminyaka yeminyaka.
Izigxobo zezindawo zihlala zihamba njalo phezu komhlaba. Kepha lokhu kususwa kwenzeka kancane futhi kujwayelekile emvelweni. I-axis yeplanethi yethu, evele njengengaphezulu, ichaza isigaxa esizungeze isigxobo sasemuva nesikhathi esingaba yiminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-26, ngokuhambisana nokufuduka kwezigxobo zezwe, izinguquko zesimo sezulu esenzeka kancane kancane ziyenzeka. Zibangelwa ikakhulu ukuthunyelwa kwemisinga yolwandle edlulisela ukushisa emazwenikazi. Enye into ukuthi “izigxobo” ezithile ezingalindele, ezibukhali. Kepha uMhlaba ojikelezayo uyi-gyroscope enomzuzu omangalisa kakhulu wenamba yokuhamba, ngamanye amagama, iyinto engaphakathi. emelana nemizamo yokushintsha isimo sokunyakaza kwakhe. Ushintsho olungazelelwe ekuthambekeleni i-axis yoMhlaba futhi, okunye, "i-somersault" yakhona ngeke ibangelwe ukuhamba kancane kwangaphakathi kwamandla we-magma noma amandla adonsela phansi nanoma yimuphi umzimba womuntu odlula.
Umzuzu onqobayo onjalo ungenzeka kuphela ngomthelela onamandla we-asteroid osayizi okungenani wamakhilomitha ayi-1000 ubukhulu, esondela kuMhlaba ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha ayi-100. Usongo lwangempela ngokwengeziwe empilweni yesintu nakuwo wonke umhlaba ophilayo woMhlaba ukushintshwa kwezigxobo ze-geomagnetic. Amandla kazibuthe weplanethi yethu, obonwa namhlanje, afana kakhulu nalena engadala uzibuthe wenduku enkulu ebekwe enkabeni yoMhlaba, iqondiswe emgqeni osenyakatho naseningizimu. Ngokufanelekile, kufanele ifakwe ukuze iNyakatho neMagnetic Pole ibhekane neSouth Geographic Pole kuthi iSouth Magnetic Pole ibhekane neNorth Geographic.
Kodwa-ke, lesi simo asihlali sikhona. Ucwaningo lweminyaka emakhulu amane edlule luye lwabonisa ukuthi izigxobo zikazibuthe zijikeleza ozakwabo bezindawo, ziguquka cishe ngamadigri ayishumi nambili minyaka yonke. Leli nani lihambisana nezindawo ezikhona manje endaweni engaphezulu yamakhilomitha ayishumi kuya kwamashumi amathathu ngonyaka. Ngaphezu kokufuduka kancane kancane kwezigxobo zikazibuthe cishe njalo eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ayisihlanu, izigxobo zikagesi zomhlaba eziguqula izindawo. Ukutadisha isimo se-paleomagnetic samadwala weminyaka ehlukene kuvumele ososayensi ukuthi baphethe ngokuthi isikhathi sokuguqulwa okunjalo kwezigxobo zikagesi sithathe okungenani iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu. Ukumangala ngokuphelele kososayensi abafunda ngempilo yoMhlaba kwaba yimiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwezindawo ezinamandla kagesi ogeleza cishe ngebanga lekhilomitha, kuthululelwa eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-16,2 edlule futhi muva nje kutholakala empumalanga yehlane lase-Oregon.
Ucwaningo lwakhe, olwenziwe nguRob Cowie wase-University of California eSanta Cruz, kanye noMichelle Privot waseYunivesithi yaseMontpelier, wazwakala kakhulu kuma-geophysics. Imiphumela etholakele yamandla kazibuthe edwala lentaba-mlilo ikhombise ngokusobala ukuthi ungqimba olungaphansi luqiniswe endaweni efanayo yesigxobo, umongo wokugeleza lapho ususa isigxobo, futhi, ekugcineni, ungqimba olungaphezulu esigxotsheni esiphambene. Futhi konke lokhu kwenzeka izinsuku eziyishumi nantathu. Ukutholwa kwe-Oregon kwenza sikwazi ukuvuma ukuthi izigxobo zikagesi eziwugqinsi zomhlaba zingashintsha izindawo ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa, kodwa amasonto amabili kuphela. Isikhathi sokugcina senzekile saba yiminyaka engamakhulu ayisikhombisa namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili edlule. Kepha lokhu kungasisongela kanjani sonke? Manje amandla kazibuthe emboza uMhlaba endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisithupha futhi usebenza njengohlobo lwesihlangu endleleni yomoya ojikeleza ilanga. Uma ushintsho lwesigxobo lenzeka, khona-ke amandla kazibuthe ngesikhathi sokuhlubuka azoncipha ngo-80-90%. Ushintsho olunjalo ngokuqinisekile luzothinta amadivaysi ahlukahlukene ezobuchwepheshe, umhlaba wezilwane, futhi, nabantu.
Kuliqiniso, abakhileyo eMhlabeni kumele baqinisekiswe ngandlela thile ngokuthi ngesikhathi sokushintsha kwesibhaxu solar esenzeka ngoMashi 2001, ukunyamalala kwamandla kazibuthe akubhalwanga.
Ngenxa yalokho, ukunyamalala ngokuphelele kwengqimba evikela uMhlaba, ngokunokwenzeka, ngeke kwenzeke. I-Magnetic pole inversion ayinakuba yinhlekelele yomhlaba wonke. Ukuba khona kwempilo Emhlabeni, okubuye kwenzeka kwenzeka ku-inversion, kuyakuqinisekisa lokhu, yize ukungabi bikho kwamandla kazibuthe kuyinto engathandeki emhlabeni wezilwane. Lokhu kukhonjiswe kahle yizivivinyo zososayensi baseMelika, abathi emuva kweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha bakha amagumbi okuhlola amabili. Enye yazo yayizungezwe yisibuko sensimbi esinamandla, esinciphisa amandla kazibuthe omhlaba ngamandla kaningi. Kwelinye igumbi, izimo zomhlaba zagcinwa. Amagundane ne-clover nembewu kakolweni kwabekwa kuzo. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, kwavela ukuthi amagundane asekamelweni elivikelwe alahlekelwa izinwele ngokushesha futhi afa ngaphambili kunalawo alawulwayo. Isikhumba sawo besisikhulu kunesezilwane zenye iqembu. Futhi yena, ukuvuvukala, wasula amasampula wezinwele, okwakungumbala wokusuka kwezihlakala. Ezitshalweni ezisegumbini elingelona uzibuthe, kwaphawulwa nezinguquko.
Futhi kuzoba nzima kulabo abamele umbuso wezilwane, isibonelo, izinyoni ezifudukayo, ezinhlobo lwekhampasi eyakhelwe ngaphakathi futhi zisebenzisa izigxobo zikazibuthe ukuze zilolonge. Kodwa, ukwahlulela ngamadiphozithi, ukuqothuka kwezinhlobo kwezinhlobo ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kwezigxobo zikagesi akuzange kwenzeke ngaphambili. Ngokusobala, lokhu ngeke kwenzeke ngokuzayo. Yize kunjalo, noma ngabe ijubane elikhulu kangakanani lokuhamba kwezigxobo, izinyoni azikwazi ukuhambisana nazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane eziningi, ezinjengezinyosi, ziqondiswa yiLanga, kanti izilwane zasolwandle ezifudukayo zisebenzisa kakhulu amandla kazibuthe aphansi phezulu kolwandle emhlabeni. Amasistimu wokuhamba, izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezakhiwe ngabantu, azobhekana nokuhlolwa okungathí sina okungawakhubaza. Amakhampasi amaningi azoba nesikhathi esibi impela - kufanele alahlwe nje. Kepha uma ushintsha izigxobo, kungaba nemiphumela "emihle" - ama-aurora borealis azobonwa emhlabeni wonke - kepha, kungakapheli amasonto amabili kuphela.
Yebo, manje kukhona imibono embalwa yezimfihlakalo zempucuko :-) Omunye uthatha lokhu ngokungathi sína.
Ngokusho kwenye i-hypothesis, siphila esikhathini esiyingqayizivele: kukhona ukushintshwa kwezigxobo eMhlabeni nokushintshwa kweningi komhlaba wethu kwenzeka kabili, kutholakala emhlabeni ofanayo wesikhala esinezinhlangothi ezine. Impucuko ephakeme (CC) yokunciphisa imiphumela yenhlekelele yeplanethi, lokhu kuguqulwa kwenziwa kahle ukuze kwakheke izimo ezinhle zokuvela kwegatsha elisha le-Supercivilization of God-manhood. Abamele i-CC bakholelwa ukuthi igatsha elidala lesintu alinangqondo, ngoba emashumini eminyaka amuva nje bekungabhubhisa okungenani amahlandla amahlanu impilo yonke emhlabeni uma bekungengenxa yokungenelela kwe-CC ngesikhathi.
Namuhla, phakathi kwabafundi, akukho ukuvumelana ngokuthi inqubo yokuguqulwa kwesigxobo ingahlala isikhathi esingakanani. Ngokwenye inguqulo, lokhu kuzothatha iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa, lapho uMhlaba ungavikeleki emisebeni yelanga. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuzothatha amaviki ambalwa nje ukushintsha izigxobo. Kepha usuku lwe-Apocalypse, ngokusho kwezinye izazi, lusitshela amaMayans asendulo nama-Atlanteans - 2050.
Ngo-1996, umsubathi odumile wesayensi u-US Run Run waphetha ngokuthi izembe lokujikeleza alizange liqhubeke ngaphezu kwesisodwa emlandweni wokuma komhlaba kanye namandla kazibuthe. Uphakamisa ukuthi ukucubungula kokugcina kwe-geomagnetic kwenzeka cishe ngo-10,450 BC. e. Yilokhu kanye abantu base-Atlante abasinda ngemuva kwesikhukhula basazise, bathumela umyalezo wabo ekusaseni. Babazi ngokuguqulwa okujwayelekile kwezikhathi ezithile kwezigxobo zoMhlaba cishe njalo ngeminyaka eyi-12 500. Uma ngo-10450 BC e. Faka iminyaka eyi-12 500, bese siphinda sithola unyaka u-2050 n. e. - unyaka wenhlekelele yemvelo enkulu. Lolu suku lubalwe ochwepheshe ngesikhathi sokumbula indawo yamaphiramidi amathathu aseGibhithe eSigodini saseNayile - uCheops, uChefren noMikerin.
Ososayensi baseRussia bakholelwa ukuthi ama-Atlanticans ahlakaniphe kakhulu asilethele ulwazi lokuphindeka ngezikhathi ezithile kwezigxobo zoMhlaba ngolwazi lwemithetho ye-precession ehambisana nokuhlelwa kwalezi phiramidi ezintathu. Abakwa-Atlanteans, ngokusobala, babenesiqiniseko sokuthi ngelinye ilanga esikhathini esizayo esikude kuzovela impucuko entsha ethuthuke kakhulu eMhlabeni, futhi abamele bayo baphinde bathole imithetho ye-precession.
Ngokusho komunye umbono, kwakungewona ama-Atlanteans angahola ngokwakhiwa kwamaphiramidi amathathu amakhulu esiGodini saseNayile. Zonke zakhiwe ngamadigri angama-30 enyakatho futhi zithambekele kukhadinali. Ingxenye ngayinye yesakhiwo ihloselwe enyakatho, eningizimu, entshonalanga noma empumalanga. Asikho esinye isakhiwo eMhlabeni esaziwayo esingaqondiswa ngokuqondile kumaphoyinti ekhadinali ngephutha lama-degree 0,015 kuphela. Njengoba abakhi basendulo bethole umgomo wabo, kusho ukuthi babeneziqu ezifanelekileyo, ulwazi, imishini nezinsimbi ezisezingeni lokuqala.
Siya phambili. Amaphiramidi afakwa kumakhadinali wekhadinali ngokuphambuka kwemizuzu emithathu imizuzwana eyisithupha ukusuka ku-meridian. Futhi izinombolo ezingama-30 no-36 ziyizimpawu zekhodi yokwengeza! Ama-degree angu-30 wezulu laphezulu ahambelana nesibonakaliso esisodwa se-zodiac, i-36 iyinombolo yeminyaka isithombe sasesibhakabhaka esiguqulwa ngesigamu se degree.
Ososayensi babuye basungula amaphethini athile nokuhlangana okuhambisana nosayizi wephiramidi, okwafakwa kokufakwa kokunye kwezibuko zabo zangaphakathi, i-angle yokukhuphuka kwesitebhisi esivulekile semolekyuli ye-DNA, esontekezelwe endaweni evulekile, njll., Njll. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi, ama-atlants anqume ukwenza lokhu Izindlela zisikhombe osukwini oluchazwe ngokuqinile, oluhlangana nento engakaze ivele ngokungajwayelekile yenkanyezi. Iphindwa kanye njalo eminyakeni engama-25,921. Ngaleso sikhashana, izinkanyezi ezintathu ze-Orion Belt zazisendaweni yazo ephansi yokuzamazama ngaphezulu kwephahla eliseduze kwendawo. Le biio ingunyaka we-10 450 BC. e. Le yindlela abaseshe basendulo abancenga kakhulu ngayo ubuntu ngalolu suku ngamakhodi wezinganekwane, ngokusebenzisa imephu yengxenye yesibhakabhaka esinenkanyezi, edwetshwe esiGodini saseNayile ngosizo lwamaphiramidi amathathu.
Futhi ngo-1993, usosayensi waseBelgium uR. Buwell wasebenzisa ithuba lemithetho yokuvumelanisa.Ngokuhlaziywa kwamakhompiyutha, waveza ukuthi imibhoshongo emithathu emikhulu kunayo yonke yaseGibhithe ifakiwe emhlabathini njengoba izinkanyezi ezintathu ze-Orion Belt zitholakala esibhakabhakeni ngonyaka we-10 450 BC. e., lapho besezansi, okungukuthi, indawo yokuqala yokuhamba kwabo kokuya ezulwini.
Ucwaningo lwanamuhla lwe-geomagnetic luveze ukuthi cishe ngo-10450 BC. e. kwaba noshintsho olusheshayo ekubandakanyekeni kwezigxobo zoMhlaba iso lashintsha ama-degree angama-30 ahambelana ne-eksisi yalo yokujikeleza. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwavela ukubhubhisa komhlaba okusheshayo kwembulunga yonke. Ucwaningo lweGeomagnetic olwenziwe ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 ososayensi baseMelika, amaNgisi kanye nabaseJapan selukhombisile enye into. Lezi zidlozi ezimbi kakhulu zenzeka njalo emlandweni wokuma komhlaba ngomhlaba weminyaka engaba ngu-12 500! Kwakuyibo, ngokusobala, ababhubhisa ama-dinosaurs, nezincelisayo, kanye ne-Atlantis.
Abasinda ngemuva kwesikhukhula esedlule ngo-10 450 BC e. futhi ama-Atlanteans, asithumele umyalezo wawo ngokusebenzisa imibhoshongo, athembela kakhulu ukuthi impucuko entsha ethuthuke kakhulu izovela emhlabeni isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuthuthumela okuphelele nokuphela komhlaba. Futhi mhlawumbe uzoba nesikhathi sokulungiselela ukubhekana nenhlekelele ehlome ngokuphelele. Ngokusho komunye umbono, isayensi yabo yehlulekile ukuthola ukutholakala kwe-“somersault” yeplanethi ngamadigri angama-30 ngesikhathi sokubuyiselwa emuva kwembubhiso. Njengomphumela, kwaba nokuguquka kwawo wonke amazwekazi oMhlaba ngamadigri angama-30 futhi u-Atlantis wazithola eseNingizimu Pole. Futhi-ke bonke abantu bakhona bavele baqoqeke khona manjalo, njengoba mammoths kwesoqubuka ngaleso sikhathi ngakolunye uhlangothi lweplanethi. Kuphela labo bantu ababemelele impucuko yase-Atlantic eyayithuthuke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi ababekwelinye izwekazi lomhlaba ezindaweni eziphakemeyo ababesaphila. Babenenhlanhla eyanele yokuphunyuka kuZamcolo. Futhi-ke banqume ukusixwayisa, thina bantu nekusasa elikude kubona, ukuthi ushintsho ngalunye luhambisana "ne-somersault" yeplanethi nemiphumela engeke ilungiswe.
Ngo-1995, kwenziwa izifundo ezintsha ezingeziwe kusetshenziswa izinsimbi zesimanje eziklanyelwe lolu hlobo lokucwaninga. Ososayensi bakwazile ukwenza ukucacisa okukhulu ekubikezelweni kokubuyiselwa kwesigxobo okuzayo futhi bakhombisa ngokunembile usuku lomcimbi owesabekayo - 2030.
Usosayensi waseMelika uG. Hancock ubiza usuku lokuphela komhlaba kusondele kakhulu - 2012. Usekela umbono wakhe kwelinye lamakhalenda empucuko yaseMelika yaseMelika. Ngokuya kososayensi, kungenzeka ukuthi leli khalenda lalitholwa amaNdiya ama-Atlantia.
Ngakho-ke, ngokwe-akhawunti ye-Long Mayan, umhlaba wethu wenziwa ngokujikeleza futhi wabhujiswa nenkathi yama-baktuns ayi-13 (noma iminyaka engaba ngu-5120). Umjikelezo wamanje waqala ngo-Agasti 11, 3113 B.C.E. e. (0.0.0.0.0) kanti izophela ngoDisemba 21, 2012 e. (13.0.0.0.0). AbakwaMay bakholwa ukuthi ngalolu suku ukuphela komhlaba kuzofika. Futhi emva kwalokho, uma ubakholelwa kubo, kuzoqala umjikelezo omusha nokuqala komhlaba omusha.
Ngokuya kwezinye izazi ze-paleomagnetologists, izigxobo zikagesi zomhlaba ezinamandla asezoshintsha. Kepha hhayi ngomqondo we-philistine - kusasa, usuku lwakusasa. Abanye abacwaningi babiza iminyaka eyinkulungwane, abanye - izinkulungwane ezimbili. Ngemuva kwalokho ukuphela kwezwe, ukwahlulela kokugcina, uzamcolo, okuchazwe ku-Apocalypse, kuzofika.
Kepha isintu sesivele sibikezele ukuphela komhlaba ngo-2000. Futhi impilo iyaqhubeka - futhi yinhle!
I-coordinates yesigxobo sikazibuthe eNyakatho Nenkabazwe ngo-1904
Sekudlule iminyaka engama-73 uJames Ross enquma ukuhlanganiswa kwesigxobo sikazibuthe eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, futhi manje umhloli wamazwe odumile wasePortugal uRoald Amundsen (1872-1928) useshonile isigxobo sikazibuthe kuleli themba. Kodwa-ke, ukusesha isigxobo sikazibuthe kwakungewona ukuphela kwenjongo yokuxoshwa kwe-Amundsen. Umgomo oyinhloko kwakuwukuvula indlela yasolwandle esenyakatho nentshonalanga ukusuka kuLwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic kuye ePacific. Futhi wayifinyelela le nhloso - ngo-1903-1906 wahamba ngomkhumbi esuka e-Oslo, edlula ogwini lwaseGreenland naseNyakatho Canada waya e-Alaska esikebheni esincane sokudoba i- "Joa".
Umzila we-Amundsen Expedition 1903-1906
Ngemuva kwalokho, u-Amundsen wabhala: "Bengifuna ukuthi iphupho lami lobuntwana lomgwaqo olwandle wasenyakatho-ntshonalanga lixhunyaniswe kulolu hambo nomunye umgomo obaluleke kakhulu wesayensi: ukuthola indawo yamanje yesigxobo sikazibuthe."
Wasondela kulo msebenzi wesayensi ngayo yonke into futhi walungiselela ngokucophelela ukuqaliswa kwayo: wafunda umbono we-geomagnetism kwizazi eziholayo eJalimane, futhi lapho wazitholela amadivayisi we-magometerometric. Ezilolonga nabo, u-Amundsen wahamba lonke elaseNorway ehlobo lika-1902.
Ekuqaleni kobusika bokuqala bokuhamba kwakhe, ngonyaka we-1903, i-Amundsen yafika eKing William Island, eyayiseduze kakhulu nesigobongo. Ukuthambekela kwamandla kazibuthe lapha kwakungu-89 ° 24 ′.
Ngemuva kokuthatha isinqumo sokuchitha ubusika kulesi siqhingi, i-Amundsen ngasikhathi sinye yakha indawo eyi-geomagnetic realistic, eyayiqhubeka ngokuqapha izinyanga eziningi.
Intwasahlobo yango-1904 yayenzelwe ukubonwa “enkundleni” ngenhloso yokuthola izixhumanisi zesigxobo ngokunembe ngangokunokwenzeka. I-Amundsen yaphumelela futhi yathola ukuthi isikhundla sesigxobo sikazwelonke sesishintshe kakhulu ngasenyakatho nesiqongo lapho athola khona ukuphuma kukaJames Ross. Kwavela ukuthi kusukela ngo-1831 kuya ku-1904 isigxobo sikazibuthe sahamba ngamakhilomitha angama-46 ukuya enyakatho.
Uma sibheka phambili, siphawula ukuthi kunobufakazi bokuthi ngalesi sikhathi seminyaka engama-73 isigxobo sikazibuthe sasingagudli nje enyakatho, kodwa sichaze ilogo encane. Endaweni ethile ngo-1850, waqala wamisa ukunyakaza kwakhe ukusuka enyakatho-ntshonalanga kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga futhi wabe eseqala uhambo olusha oluya enyakatho, oluqhubeka namuhla.
I-Magnetic pole Drift eNyakatho Nenkabazwe ukusuka ngonyaka we-1831 kuya kowe-1994
Indlela eshintshashintshayo yesigobongo saseNingizimu ngokwemiphumela yokuhamba kweminyaka ehlukile
Ngokuzayo ukuthi indawo yesigxobo sikazibuthe eNyakatho Nenkabazwe yanqunywa kanjani ngo-1948. Ukuxoshwa kwezinyanga eziningi kufenisha yaseCanada bekungadingeki: ngemuva kwakho konke, manje kungenzeka ukufinyelela kuleyo ndawo ngamahora ambalwa - ngendiza. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwatholakala isigxobo sikazibuthe eNyakatho Nenkabishi ogwini lweLake Allen ePrince of Wales. Ukuthambekela okuphezulu lapha kwakungu-89 ° 56 ′. Kwavela ukuthi kusukela ngesikhathi se-Amundsen, okusho ukuthi, kusukela ngo-1904, isigxobo "sishiya" enyakatho ngamakhilomitha angama-400.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, indawo ngqo yesigxobo sikazibuthe eNyakatho Nenkabazwe (iSouth Magnetic Pole) iye yanqunywa njalo ngabasebenza ngezibalo baseCanada imvamisa engaba yiminyaka eyi-10. Ukuphuma okulandelayo kwenzeka ngo-1962, 1973, 1984, 1994.
Eduze nendawo etholakala ngozibuthe ngo-1962, kwakhiwa indawo yokuhlola isimo esiqhingini saseCornwallis, edolobheni iRezolyut Bay (74 ° 42 ′ N, 94 ° 54'a W). Namuhla, ukuya eSouth Magnetic Pole kumane nje kuyindiza emfishane enophephela emhlane esuka eRezolyut Bay. Akumangazi ukuthi ngokuthuthuka kwezindlela zokuxhumana ngekhulu le-XX, leli dolobhana elikude enyakatho yeCanada liya ngokuya livakashelwa izivakashi.
Masinake iqiniso lokuthi, sikhuluma ngezigxobo zikagesi ezinomhlaba, sikhuluma ngamaphoyinti athile amaphakathi. Selokhu kwahamba uhambo lwase-Amundsen, kwacaca ukuthi ngisho nosuku olulodwa isigxobo sikazibuthe asimile, kepha senza "ukuhamba" okuncane ezungeze umgwaqo othile.
Isizathu sokunyakaza okunjalo, kusobala, yiLanga. Imisipha yezinhlayiya ezikhokhisiwe ezivela kukhanyiso (lomoya) wethu ungena kumandla kazibuthe omhlaba bese ikhiqiza imisinga kagesi ku-Earth's ionosphere. Nazo, zikhiqiza amandla kazibuthe wesibili athinta insimu ye-geomagnetic. Ngenxa yalokhu kuphazamiseka, izigxobo zikazibuthe ziphoqelelwa ukuba zihambe ngezinyawo nsuku zonke. Ukuphakama kwawo nesivinini, vele, kuncike emandleni we-perturbation.
Uhambo lwansuku zonke kusuka ohambweni lwango-1994 oludlula iSouth Magnetic Pole ngosuku ezolile (okusaqanda kwangaphakathi) nangosuku olusebenza ngozibuthe (okusaqanda kwangaphandle) I-midpoint isengxenyeni esentshonalanga yesiqhingi se-Ellef Ringnes futhi ixhumanise ama-78 ° 18 ′ s. w. no-104 ° 00 ′ z. e. Ishintshile iqondana nesiqalo seJames Ross cishe nge-1000 km!
Umzila wokuhamba okunjalo useduze ne-ellipse, futhi isigxobo esiseNyakatho Nenkabazwe senza ukuzungeza kwewashi ngokweqile, futhi eNyakatho Nenkabazwe - ngokumelene. Lesi sakamuva, ngisho nangezinsuku zezivunguvungu ezinamandla, asishiyanga amabanga aphakathi kuka-30 km. Isigxobo esiseNyakatho Nenkabazwe, ngezinsuku ezinjalo, singahamba ibanga elingama-60-70 km ukusuka kumaphakathi nendawo. Ngezinsuku ezolile, osayizi be-diurnal ellipse bawo womabili izigxobo ancishiswa kakhulu.
I-Magnetic pole Drift eSouthern Hemisphere kusuka ngonyaka we-1841 kuya ku-2000
Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi ngokomlando, ukulinganiswa kwezixhumanisi zesigxobo sikazibuthe ku-South Hemisphere (North Magnetic Pole) bekulokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi impela. Kakhulu ngenxa yokungafinyeleleki kwayo. Uma usuka eRezolyut Bay uye esigodini sikazibuthe eNyakatho Nenkabazwe ungafinyelelwa ngendiza encane noma ngendiza enophephela emhlane emahoreni ambalwa, khona-ke ukusuka empumalanga eseNew Zealand kuya ogwini lwe-Antarctica kuyadingeka ukundiza ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-2000 ngaphezulu kolwandle. Futhi-ke udinga ukwenza ucwaningo ezimweni ezinzima zeligi yezwe. Ukuhlola kahle ukungafinyeleleki kweNyakatho Magnetic Pole, ake sibuyele ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.
Isikhathi esithile ngemuva kukaJames Ross, akekho noyedwa owaba nesibindi sokuthungatha iNyakatho neMagnetic Pole ongena eZweni laseVictoria. Owokuqala ukwenza lokhu kwaba ngamalungu ohambo lomhloli wamazwe waseNgilandi u-Ernest Henry Shackleton (1874-1922) phakathi nohambo lwawo ngo-1907 kuya ku-199 ngomkhumbi wakudala we-whimrod.
NgoJanuwari 16, 1908 umkhumbi wangena kuLwandle iRoss. Ukuqhwa kakhulu kwamaqhwa ogwini lolwandle iVictoria Land isikhathi eside kwenze ukuthi kube nzima ukuthola indlela eya ogwini. Kuphela ngoFebhuwari 12 lapho kwangenzeka ukuba kudluliselwe izinto ezidingekayo nemishini ye-radiometric olwandle, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho uNimrod wabuyela eNew Zealand.
Kuthathe amaviki ambalwa ukuthi abahloli bamakhaza bashiye ogwini ukwakha izindlu ezingamukeleki noma ezingamukeleki kangako. Ama-daveevil ayishumi nanhlanu afundile ukudla, ukulala, ukuxhumana, ukusebenza futhi ngokuvamile kuphila ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu. Phambili bekungubusika obude be-polar. Ubusika bonke (eNyakatho Nenkabazwe kwenzeka ngasikhathi sinye nehlobo lethu), amalungu okuphuma kwawo abandakanyeka ocwaningweni lwesayensi: i-meteorology, geology, ukulinganisa ugesi womkhathi, afunda olwandle ngokusebenzisa imifantu eqhweni naseqhweni uqobo. Vele, ngentwasahlobo, abantu base bevele bekhathele, yize izinhloso eziphambili zalolu hambo zazisaqhubeka.
Ngo-Okthoba 29, 1908, elinye iqembu eliholwa uShackleton uqobo laqala uhambo olwaluhleliwe lokuya eSouth Geographic Pole. Kuyiqiniso, ukuphuma kwakhe akakwazanga ukufinyelela kuye. NgoJanuwari 9, 1909, ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-180 ukusuka eSouth Geographic Pole, uShackleton wanquma ukushiya ifulegi lokuphuma lapha aphendulele iqembu ukuze asindise abantu abalambile nabakhathelekile.
Indlela eshubekayo yesigxobo sikazibuthe e-Antarctica kusuka ngo-1841 kuya ku-2000. Izikhundla zeNorth Magnetic Pole ezisungulwe ngenkathi kuqhubeka uhambo ngo-1841 (James Ross), ngo-1909, 1912, 1952, 2000 ziyakhonjiswa. Izikwele ezimnyama kumake iziteshi ezithile ezise-Antarctica
Iqembu lesibili labahloli bamakhaza, eliholwa isazi sokuma komhlaba sase-Australia u-Edgeworth David (1858-1934), ngokuzimela kweqembu likaShackleton, laqala uhambo oluya esigxotsheni sikazibuthe. Kwakukhona abathathu kubo: UDavid, uMawson noMackay. Ngokungafani neqembu lokuqala, babengenalo ulwazi lokucwaninga kwamakhaza. Njengoba sebehambile ngoSepthemba 25, base bevele sebephelelwe yisikhathi ekuqaleni kukaNovemba futhi, ngenxa yokusebenzisa imali ngokweqile kokudla, baphoqeleka ukuthi bahlale emhlanganweni oqinile. I-Antarctica yabafundisa izifundo ezinzima. Belambile futhi bekhathele, bawela cishe kuwo wonke umgodi oseqhweni.
UMawson wacishe washona ngoDisemba 11. Ungene kwelinye lamaphethini angenakubalwa, futhi yintambo ethembekile kuphela eyasindisa impilo yomcwaningi. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, iswidi lamaphawundi angama-300 lawela ku-crevice, lacishe ladonsa abantu abathathu ababephelelwe yindlala. NgoDisemba 24, isimo sezempilo sabahloli bamakhaza sasisibi kakhulu, bahlushwa kanyekanye i-frostbite kanye nokushiswa yilanga, kanti uMackay wabuye waba nobumpumputhe beqhwa.
Kepha ngoJanuwari 15, 1909, nokho bayifeza inhloso yabo. Ikhampasi kaMawson ikhombise ukuchezuka kwamandla kazibuthe kusuka kume mpo ku-15 ′ kuphela. Beshiye cishe yonke imithwalo endaweni, bafika esigxotsheni sikazibuthe ngokujikijela okukodwa okungamakhilomitha angama-40. Isigxobo sikazibuthe esiseNingizimu ye-Hemisphere yoMhlaba (iNyakatho neMagnetic Pole) sanqotshwa. Njengoba baphakamise ifulegi laseBrithani esigxotsheni futhi bazithwebula, abahambi bamemeza bathi “Hurray!” Kathathu Inkosi u-Edward VII futhi yamemezela lo mhlaba njengempahla yomqhele waseBrithani.
Manje babenento eyodwa kuphela - ukuhlala bephila. Ngokuya kwezibalo zabahloli bamakhaza, ukuze baqhubeke nokusuka kukaNimrode ngoFebhuwari 1, babefanele bahambe amakhilomitha angama-17 ngosuku. Kepha base bephele izinsuku ezine. Ngenhlanhla, uNimrodi ngokwakhe wabambezeleka. Ngakho ngokushesha abahloli abathathu abanesibindi bajabulela isidlo esishisayo esikebheni.
Ngakho-ke, uDavid, uMawson noMackay baba ngabantu bokuqala ukubeka isandla esigxotsheni sezibuthe endaweni eseNyakatho Nenkabazwe, ngalolo suku esasisezingeni lokuhlangana nama-72 ° 25 ′ s. W., 155 ° 16 ′ in. d. (300 km ukusuka ephuzwini elilinganiswe ngaleso sikhathi nguRoss).
Kuyacaca ukuthi bekungekho ngisho nelilodwa igama nganoma yimuphi umsebenzi wokulinganisa ongathi sína. Ukuthambekela kwenkambu yensimu kwaqoshwa kanye kuphela, futhi lokhu kwasebenza njengesibonakaliso hhayi sokulinganiswa okwengeziwe, kodwa kuphela ekubuyeni okusheshayo ogwini, lapho amakhabethe afudumele akwaNimrod alindele uhambo. Umsebenzi onjalo ekunqumeni izixhumanisi zesigxobo sikazibuthe awukwazi ukuqhathaniswa ngokuphelele nomsebenzi wezazi ze-geophysicists e-Arctic Canada, obesebenza ngocwaningo lwezibuthe izinsuku eziningana ukusuka ngamaphoyinti ambalwa azungeze isigxobo.
Kodwa-ke, uhambo lokugcina (ukuphuma ngo-2000) lwenziwa ngezinga eliphakeme impela. Njengoba iNorth Magnetic Pole yayisiphume isikhathi eside kuleli lizwe futhi yayisolwandle, lolu hambo lwaluqhutshwa ngomkhumbi onezinto ezikhethekile.
Ukulinganisa kukhombisa ukuthi ngoDisemba 2000 iNyakatho neMagnetic Pole yayingaphambi kogu lomhlaba i-Adele's endaweni lapho kuhlangana khona ama-64 ° 40 ′ s. w. no-138 ° 07 ′ ku. d.
Isiqephu esivela encwadini: Tarasov L.V. Earthgnism yomhlaba. - I-Dolgoprudny: Indlu Yokushicilela "Ingqondo", ka-2012.