Kunama-salmonid amaningi, omunye wemindeni yi-whitefish, enkulu, engafundiswanga kahle futhi enezici ezihlukile zokuloba kwezinhlanzi. Abamele lo mndeni banecala elicindezelwe kamuva nomlomo omncane ngosayizi wabo, okunikeza ukuphazamiseka okuningi kubathandi bezokudoba ngezinduku zokudoba. Izindebe ze-whitefish zivame ukungamelana nomthwalo lapho zidonswa emanzini, futhi, lapho zephula izindebe, izinhlamvu ziyashiya.
Ngenxa yokufana kwekhanda le-whitefish enekhanda le-herring, i-whitefish ibizwa nangokuthi i-herring, futhi yi-adipose kuphela ekhombisa ngokusobala ukuzihlanganisa kwabo ne-salmon. Ukuhlukahluka ngokweqile kwezinhlamvu akukasivumeli ukuthi sithole inani eliqondile lezinhlobo zazo: echibini ngalinye ungasungula eyakho inhlobo yezinhlobo ezikhethekile, ngokwesibonelo, yizindlela ezingama-43 kuphela ezembuliwe kumachibi eNhlonhlo yeKola. Njengamanje, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka nokuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezifanayo ezinhlotsheni eyodwa, okumele kuholele kuhlelo lwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi zomndeni we-whitefish.
Ukuchazwa okujwayelekile komndeni
Ensimini yaseRussia, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane zezinhlanzi zalo mndeni ezinambitheka okuhle kakhulu nezinye izakhiwo ezizuzisayo. Indawo ahlala kuyo cishe icishe ibe yizo zonke iziqiwi ukusuka eNhlonhlo yaseKola entshonalanga kuya eNhlonhlo yeKamchatka naseChukchi empumalanga. Le nhlanzi kubhekisa kusalimonikepha inyama yakhe imhlophe, kwesinye isikhathi ibomvana. Imvamisa, ngisho nabasubathi abanolwazi bangasoleli nokuthi i-Baikal omul yiyonafishane efanayo. Nalu uhlu olufushane lwamagama omndeni we-whitefish:
- umthengisi omhlophe okopelwe amabele nomhlophe (i-ripus), i-Whitefish Atlantic ne-Baltic,
- I-Whitefish Volkhovsky, iBauntovsky neSiberia (Pyzhyan), Baikal omul,
- Muksun, Tugun, Valaamka noChir (ndokumr).
Le nhlanzi ehlukahlukene ayinayo ukubukeka okufana, kepha wonke amalungu omndeni anezikali zesiliva ezifanayo namaphisi amnyama. Amafutha, uphawu lwazo zonke izinhlanzi ze-salmon, nakho kuyisici esijwayelekile se-whitefish. Isici esihlukile sabantu besifazane isikali, ngokungafani esikalini sabesilisa, sikhulu futhi sine-tint ephuzi.
Njenge-salmon, i-whitefish ingatholakala kuwo womabili amanzi amasha nosawoti. Ngokuya kwalokhu, amaqembu amabili e-whitefish ahlukaniswa:
- Amanzi amasha - ichibi nomfula,
- ukudlula noma i-seafishfish.
Igalari: Izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezimhlophe (izithombe ezingama-25)
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
AbakwaSigi bangabesigaba sezinhlanzi ezihlotshiswe ngemisebe ezazivela emhlabeni ekugcineni kwenkathi yeSilurian. Ekuqaleni, bakhula ngesivinini esijulile, kwathi kuphela emva kweminyaka eyi-150-170 Ma, kwavela umcebo oyigugu oyindilinga - i-whitefish ingeyakhe. Kepha ngaphambi kokuvela kwalezi zinhlobo ngokwazo nokuhleleka kwama-salmonids, eziyingxenye yazo, kwakusasekude kakhulu. Kuqala kwenkathi yeCretaceous kuphela lapho kwavela enye into eyisikhonkwane - eyabukeka njenge-herring. Benza njengokhokho besalmonid, futhi bavela phakathi kweCretaceous.
Kepha maqondana nokugcina, ososayensi banezihumusho ezihlukile: izinsalela zesalmon zangemuva kwalesi sikhathi azikatholakali, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukubukeka kwazo kusalokhu kungumbono. Abantu bokuqala abathola sebevele kwi-Eocene, baneminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingama-55 - kwakuyinhlanzi encane eyayihlala emanzini amasha.
Ividiyo: ISig
Ekuqaleni, babembalwa kakhulu ama-salmonids, ngoba kwakungekho eminye imibhalo yesikhathi eside kakhulu, futhi kwaba kuphela ezingxenyeni zakudala zeminyaka engama-20-25 wezigidi, futhi kwaba kaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Izinhlobo zezinto ezinhlobonhlobo ziyakhula njengoba zisondela esikhathini sanamuhla - futhi sekuvele kulezi zingqimba kuvela i-whitefish eqala ukubonakala.
Igama lohlobo - i-Coregonus, livela kumagama asendulo esiGrikhi "i-angle" nelithi "umfundi" futhi kungenxa yokuthi umfundi kuzinhlobo ezithile ze-whitefish ngaphambili ubukeka ungabonakali. Ukuchazwa kwesayensi kwenziwa nguCarl Linnaeus ngonyaka ka 1758. Sekukonke, uhlobo lufaka izinhlobo ezingama-68 - nokho, ngokuya ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene, kungahle kube nenani elihlukile lazo.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-whitefish
Ama-Sigi ahlukaniswa ngokwezinga eliphakeme lokuhlukahluka: Izinhlobo zezinto zingahluka kakhulu kwesinye isikhathi, kwesinye isikhathi izinhlobo ezi-5-6 ze-whitefish zihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye endaweni eyodwa yokugcina kangangokuba zingabhekwa njengabamele uhlobo oluhlukile ngokuphelele. Ukuphefumula kuphela kwe-humpback, kanye nezinye izici zesakhiwo somlomo zingahlukaniswa kokujwayelekile: usayizi omncane wethambo lomlomo, ukungabikho kwamazinyo kwithambo elikhulukazi nokufinyezwa kwalo. Konke okunye kuyashintsha, kwesinye isikhathi kukhulu kakhulu. Isibonelo, ama-gill stamens kwezinye i-whitefish anezingu-15, kanti kwezinye aze afike kwangama-60. Zona zombili zibushelelezi futhi zigaxwe, futhi umzimba wenhlanzi umfushane noma umude ngokwanele.
Ubukhulu be-whitefish buyehluka futhi, ukusuka emincane kakhulu kuya kwezinhlanzi ezinkulu - kuya ku-90 cm ubude nesisindo sama-6 kg. Kukhona i-whitefish, ichibi nokufuduka, izilwane ezidla ezinye futhi zidla i-plankton kuphela: ngamagama, ukwahlukahluka yisimilo sabo esiyinhloko. Noma kunjalo, ezingxenyeni eziningi zezinhlobonhlobo, lezi zici ezilandelayo ziyisimo: umzimba uyindilinga, uthambile ezinhlangothini, obukhulu, esikalini esinombala wesiliva, umdwebo omnyama dorsal. Umhlane ngokwawo nawo umnyama, ungahle ube nombala onsundu noma onsomi. Isisu silula kune-torso, ngimpunga ngokukhanyayo.
Iqiniso elihehayo:Kulula ukudoba i-whitefish entwasahlobo, lapho inhlanzi elambile iphonsa konke. Kunzima, kepha hhayi kakhulu, ukuyibamba ekwindla, kepha umvuzo mkhulu - ehlobo ukondla amanoni, uba mkhulu futhi ube muhle. Ehlobo, ukuluma kwe-whitefish kubi kakhulu, lapha usuvele udinga ukukhetha ngokucophelela i-bait, sebenzisa i-bait.
Ihlala kuphi i-whitefish?
Isithombe: I-Whitefish eRussia
Cishe yonke iYurophu, kufaka phakathi ingxenye yaseYurophu neRussia, ingena ebangeni layo. Uhlala futhi enyakatho ye-Asia naseNyakatho Melika.
EYurophu, kuvame kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho nezisenkabeni, kufaka phakathi:
E-Russia, kuhlala izisekelo eziningi zemifula emikhulu egelezela olwandle lwe-Arctic Ocean, kanye namachibi amaningi: ukusuka eMfuleni iVolkhov entshonalanga kuze kufike kuChukotka uqobo. Iphinde yatholakala eningizimu, kepha inciphise kaningi. Isibonelo, uhlala eBaikal nakwamanye amachibi eTransbaikalia. Noma iningi lezinhlanzi ezimhlophe e-Asia liwela endaweni yaseRussia, lezi zinhlanzi zihlala ngaphandle kwalo, ngokwesibonelo, emachibini ase-Armenia - ngokwesibonelo, ama-whitefish adotshwa ngobukhulu bawo, iSevan. ENyakatho Melika, izinhlanzi zihlala ezindaweni zokugcina izidumbu eCanada, e-Alaska nase-United States eduze komngcele osenyakatho. Amachibi Amakhulu, kanye namachibi e-Alpine eYurophu, phambilini ayehlalwa kakhulu yi-whitefish, kepha lapha nalaphaya iningi lezilwane ezaziphila khona ngaphambili zanyamalala, ezinye zaqala ukungaziwa.
Ama-Whitefish ahlala ikakhulu emifuleni nasezigodini ezisenyakatho ngoba ahlanganisa zonke izimfanelo azithandayo: amanzi akulo apholile ngasikhathi sinye, ahlanzekile futhi acebe umoya-mpilo. AmaSigi afuna konke lokhu okungenhla futhi, uma amanzi engcolisiwe, asuka ngokushesha echibini noma afe. Le nhlanzi isanda kwenziwa, kepha kunezinhlobo ezisebenzisa ingxenye yesikhathi emanzini anosawoti, njenge-om kanye nomthengisi waseSiberia: zingakhuphukela emilonyeni yomfula bese zichitha isikhathi ngamabhayisekili, noma zibhukuda ngisho nasolwandle oluvulekile - kepha kusamele zibuyele emanzini amasha .
I-Whitefish emincane ibhukuda ngaphezulu kwamanzi futhi imvamisa eduze nasogwini, kepha abantu abadala bavame ukuhlala bejule, imvamisa kakhulu ekujuleni kuka-5 m, futhi kwesinye isikhathi bayakwazi nokumbela emigodini phansi komfula bese bebhukuda eduze kwamanzi kuphela. Bayakuthanda ukuhlala eduze kwama-rapid aneziphethu ezipholile.
Manje uyazi ukuthi itholakala kuphi i-whitefish. Ake sibheke ukuthi kudlani izinhlanzi.
Ngabe kudlani i-whitefish?
I-Sigi ingaba nohlobo lokudla olungaphezulu noma olungaphansi - kanti okunye kuhlanganisa kokubili. Okusho ukuthi, bangazingela izinhlanzi ezincane, noma badonse i-plankton.
Ngokuvamile kudotshwa i-whitefish:
Imvamisa ukufuduka lapho ufuna izindawo eziningi zomfula zokudla, angaya emaphethelweni aphansi okudla, bese kuthi lapho kuphela isizini abuyele emifuleni ephezulu yemifula, afune izindawo zokuqongelela i-fry. Imvamisa badla i-caviar, kubandakanya nohlobo lwabo, futhi badla nefry yohlobo lwabo. I-Whitefish eluhlaza emnyama ikhetha ukuhlasela kungazelelwe, ngaphambi kokuthi ibuke inyamazane iqhamuka lapho iqamekele. Inhlanzi iyaqapha, futhi ngeke ijahe masinyane ukuya esiheyini - ekuqaleni izobona ukusebenza kwayo. Imvamisa bahlasela ngokushesha nomhlambi, ngakho-ke izisulu mancane amathuba okuphunyuka. Imvamisa i-whitefish enkulu ivele igibele emgodini phansi bese ilinda ngesineke kuze kube yilapho izinhlanzi ezinye zigobhozela kubo, emva kwalokho bayiphonsa ngamafuphi bese beyibamba. Isisulu singaba yinhlanzi encane kanti sinkulu kakhulu, singadla ngisho nezihlobo. Ama-shigs amancane adla kakhulu epulankton yomfula, enama-crustaceans amancane ahlukahlukene, ama-mollusks, izibungu nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo. I-Whitefish ehlala ezansi idla ama-benthos - iphila ezintweni ezisezansi komfula ezinjengezibungu nama-mollusks.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Enyakatho, isidlo se-whitefish esinjenge-shuudai sithandwa kakhulu. Kulula kakhulu ukulungiselela: izinhlanzi ezintsha zidinga ukulotshwa ngezinongo bese kuthi ngemuva kwekota yehora ungabe usudlile nje esiqandisini.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: Whitefish ngaphansi kwamanzi
I-Whitefish ibonakala ngemfihlo: zihlala ziqapha futhi zizama ukuhlala ngaphandle kwezinye izinhlanzi ezifanayo, futhi nangokwedlula usayizi wazo. Ngasikhathi sinye, banolaka futhi bathambekele ekudonseni izinhlanzi ezincane kunabo uqobo ezivela emachibini. Lokhu kuvame ukusetshenziswa ngabadobi: babamba ama-whitefish ezindaweni zokuqongelela izinto ezincane entwasahlobo, lapho bangahlangana khona njalo, babulala uFry ngokungafanele. Bahlala emigodini, bavame ukuqwabelana inqwaba yabo. Ukudoba ubusika kungenzeka kubo, udinga nje ukuthola umgodi onjalo.
Ngokuvamile, indlela abaziphatha ngayo nendlela yabo yokuphila ihluka kakhulu ngokuya ngefomu. Kukhona ichibi, umfula kanye ne-whitefish efudukayo, futhi indlela abaziphatha ngayo bonke balezi zinhlobo ihluke ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nhlanzi ehlala amachibi amakhulu, nayo ihlukaniswe ngasogwini, olwandle i-pelagic nolwandle olujulile. Ngakho-ke, i-whitefish yasogwini ihlala eduze nolwandle futhi eduze kwamanzi - imvamisa kakhulu ingabameleli bezinhlobo ezincane noma izinhlanzi ezincane nje, i-pelagic - endaweni ephakathi kobuso nephansi, ulwandle olujulile - ezansi impela, imvamisa emigodini, imvamisa kakhulu yilezi ezimhlophe kakhulu.
Lokhu kunquma indlela izinhlanzi ezisebenza ngayo, kanti ne-whitefish yolwandle enemikhuba yayo emincane kakhulu ifana nolwandle; kufanele ibhekwe eceleni. Isikhathi esimhlophe se-Whitefish singaba yiminyaka eyi-15 ukuya kwengama-20, kepha ngokwesilinganiso sincane, futhi esikhathini esiningi babamba izinhlanzi ezineminyaka engama-5 ukuya kweli-10. Ama-whitefish amancanyana aqhelelene, ngokwesilinganiso, makhulu kune-whitefish eqinile, futhi aphile isikhathi eside.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Photo: Ngabe ibukeka kanjani i-whitefish?
Amaduna ama-Whitefish avuthwa ngokocansi ngonyaka wesihlanu wokuphila, futhi izinsikazi ngonyaka noma emibili kamuva. Isikhathi sokuhluma siqala ekwindla, engxenyeni yesibili kaSepthemba, futhi ingahlala kuze kuphele ekwindla noma ekuqaleni kobusika. Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-whitefish emihlambini emikhulu athuthela emachibini aya emifuleni, noma ezindaweni eziphakeme noma emifudlaneni yemifula emikhulu.
Spawn ezindaweni ezifanayo lapho bazalelwa khona. Imvamisa lokhu kungamanzi angajulile, okushisa okungcono kakhulu kwamanzi yi-2-5 degrees. Insikazi ibekela amaqanda ayizinkulungwane eziyi-15- 35, imvamisa kulokhu ikhetha amanzi athule emuva anothile ezimotweni. Ngemuva kokusaphaza i-whitefish, abesilisa nabesifazane bangafi - zingaba khona minyaka yonke.
Kepha abazali ababambi iqhaza ekuvikelweni kwe-caviar noma ngabe - ngemuva kokuqalwa kokuqedile, bamane batheleke. Kuphela izibungu ezihlosiwe zincane kakhulu - zingaphansi kwesentimitha ubude. Isigaba se-larval sithatha inyanga nesigamu. Ekuqaleni, izibungu zihlala eduze kwendawo yokuzalela emhlambini bese zondla ngeplankton, uma kuwichibi noma amanzi athule emuva. Uma bevele emfuleni, bese kuba khona okukhona manje.
Lapho zikhula zifike ku-3-4 cm, ziba gazinga, ziqale ukudla izibungu nezinambuzane ezincane. Ngonyaka we-whitefish eseqale ukuhamba ngokukhululeka ngasemfuleni, aqala ukuzingela inyamazane enkulu - kusukela ngalesosikhathi, ayesezalwe ngezimpawu eziphambili zomuntu osemdala, yize efika ebuntwaneni ngokuzayo.
Izitha zemvelo ze-Whitefish
Inani lezitha ze-whitefish endala lingase lihluke ngokuya ngosayizi walo nendawo okuhlala kuyo. Kwesinye isikhathi le nhlanzi ihambisa zonke ezinye izinyamazane ezinkulu, bese iphila ngokukhululeka kakhulu. Kwezinye izimo, azikho eziningi zazo, futhi zona ngokwazo azizinkulu kakhulu, inyamazane enkulu kangaka ebanjiswa zona, njenge-pike, ikati lezinhlanzi, amarobbots.
Noma kunjalo, ezinye izinsongo zivela emanzini ezinhlanzi ezimhlophe ezimhlophe. Abantu bayingozi kakhulu kubona, ngoba ukudoba okusebenzayo kakhulu kwenziwa kulezi zinhlanzi, kwesinye isikhathi ibhethi zikhethelwa zona ngokukhethekile, ikakhulukazi ebusika, lapho i-whitefish iphakathi kwezinhlanzi ezikuluma kakhulu. Ingozi enkulu endaweni yokugcina amanzi yefry ikakhulukazi caviar. Mabhungane abo okubhukuda ayakuthanda ukudla, futhi izibungu zawo zidla i-caviar. Lesi sinambuzane sivame ukuba yisithiyo esiyinhloko esivimbela i-whitefish ekuzaleni echibini futhi isuse ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi kuyo. Futhi, abaphikisi be-Fry bangama-strider amanzi, i-scorpion zamanzi, izimbungulu-ama-smoothie. Lezi zokugcina ziyakwazi ukubulala hhayi ngokuzalwa nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinhlanzana ezincane ezimhlophe - ukulunywa kwazo kunobuthi ezinhlanzini. Izibungu ze-Dragonfly nazo zidla kuphela ku-fried haty.
Ama-Amphibians, njengamaxoxo, ama-newts, nawo ayingozi - adla zombili izinhlanzi kanye nezinhlanzi ezincane, kanti nemidondoshiya yawo iyayithanda i-caviar. Kukhona nezinyoni eziyingozi: amadada azingela i-fry, futhi amahloni nezinyoni zasolwandle kungahlasela ngisho nabantu abadala, uma kungobukhulu obuncane. OLUNYE ububi yi-helminth. ISigi ihlushwa i-helminthiasis kaningi kunezinye izinhlanzi eziningi, imvamisa izinambuzane zihlala emathunjini nase gill. Ukuze ingatheleleki, inyama kufanele icutshungulwe ngokucophelela.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-Whitefish River Fish
Uhlobo luhlanganisa inani elikhulu lezinhlobo, futhi isimo sazo singase sehluke kakhulu: ezinye azikho sengozini futhi akukho mingcele ekubambeni kwazo, ezinye zisondele ekuqothulweni. Ezindaweni zokugcina zaseRussia, lapho i-whitefish iyona enabile kunayo yonke, kuye kwavela inkambiso ejwayelekile: inala yayo iwela cishe yonke indawo. Kweminye imifula namachibi, lapho kwakukhona inhlanzi eningi ngaphambili, manje abantu abafani ngokuphelele nabangaphambili. Ngakho-ke i-whitefish ithinteke ekubambeni okusebenzayo, futhi ikakhulukazi ngokungcoliswa kwemvelo, ngoba ukuhlanzeka kwamanzi kubaluleke kakhulu kubona.
Kepha ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo eziningi, isimo sidinga ukuhlaziywa ngokwahlukana ngakunye kuzo. Isibonelo, umthengisi waseYurophu udlangile, futhi kuze kube manje abantu bakhona emifuleni yaseYurophu abayona ingozi. Kungokufanayo nge-om, ehlala ikakhulukazi emifuleni yaseSiberia naseNyakatho Melika. Baqhubeka nokubamba ngenkuthalo ama-pygian emifuleni esenyakatho neRussia - kuze kube manje azikho izinkinga ngezinombolo zayo, eziya empumalanga - eSiberia, Chukotka, Kamchatka, naseCanada, bayaqhubeka nokubamba ngenkuthalo i-chira, futhi kuze kube manje akukho okukusabisayo.
Kepha i-Atlantic whitefish ingeyezinhlobo ezisengozini, njengoba inani labo lehle kakhulu ngenxa yokudoba okusebenzayo, ngakho-ke sekubekwe imingcele. Okunye futhi okusengcupheni yi-whitefish eyejwayelekile, eyamukelwa njengommeleli wohlobo olujwayelekile. Kukhona ne-whitefish engatheni ejwayelekile, ezinye izinhlobo ziye zavela nencwadi ebomvu.
Iqiniso elihehayo: I-Whitefish yinhlanzi eyonakalayo, enamafutha, ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi iqinisekise ukuthi intsha: uma i-whitefish igcinwa noma igcinwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, ingabekwa ubuthi.
Unogada weWhitefish
Photo: Red Book Sig
Lapha isimo siyefana nesibalo sabantu: ezinye izinhlobo zivunyelwe ukubanjwa ngokukhululeka, ezinye zivikelwe ngumthetho. Isici semingcele yombuso siphinde saphucwa kulokhu: ngisho nezinhlobo ezifanayo zingavunyelwa ukubanjwa ezweni elilodwa futhi zivinjelwe kwelinye, yize zihlanganyela umfula ofanayo.
E-Russia, izinhlobo eziningana zivikelwe. Ngakho-ke, inani labantu baseVolkhov whitefish lacekelwa phansi kakhulu ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwesiteshi samandla kagesi emfuleni emuva ngo-1926 - izinhlanzi zavinjwa ukufinyelela ezindaweni ezinamanzi, futhi kusukela lapho abantu bazo kufanele banakekelwe ngokuzalaniswa kwezindawo okwenziwa ngazo. Ama-fishfish amhlophe ahlala eTransbaikalia nawo ayavikelwa: ngaphambili, kwakudotshwa izinhlanzi ezisebenzayo, futhi amakhulu ngamathani ale nhlanzi abanjwa, kepha ukuxhashazwa okunjalo kubukela phansi inani labantu bakhona. I-Whitefish evamile nayo ivikelwe kwezinye izindawo zaseRussia.
Izinhlobo ezinhlanu zihlala ezakhiweni ze-Koryak Autonomous Okrug ngasikhathi sinye, ezingatholakali ndawo, futhi zonke zivikelekile nangomthetho: zabanjwa ngentshiseko ngaphambili, ngenxa yalokho ukwehla kweziningi zalezi zinhlobo. Uma phambilini bekuvikelekile kuphela endimeni yendawo yokubhuka, manje ukuphatha kubuye kuqiniswe ngaphezulu kwezindawo ezihlakazwa yilezi zinhlanzi ngaphandle kwawo.
Ezinye izinhlobo ze-whitefish zibuye zivikelwe nakwamanye amazwe: kunezinhlobo eziningi kakhulu kanye nezifunda ezihlala endaweni yazo ukuthi zibhale konke. Izinyathelo zokusekela inani labantu zingahluka: ukunqunyelwa noma ukwenqatshelwa kokubanjwa, ukudalwa kwezindawo ezivikelwe, ukulawulwa kokukhishwa okuyingozi, ukulima izinhlanzi okwenziwa ngenkani.
I-Whitefish - inhlanzi imnandi kakhulu, ngenkathi ihlala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho, lapho kungekho khona enye inyamazane, ngakho-ke ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa yokudoba okusebenzayo, ezinye izinhlobo ze-whitefish seziyivelakancane, ngakho-ke izinyathelo ziyadingeka ukuvikela kanye nokubuyisa inani labantu. Akunakwenzeka ukuvumela ukwehla kwayo okuqhubekayo, ngaphandle kwalokho izindawo zokugcina zasenyakatho zizolahlekelwa izakhamizi ezibalulekile.
Indawo yezinhlanzi yaseSalmon
Indawo yokuhlala kwalezi zinhlanzi ibanzi impela. Abamele umndeni we-salmon bangatholakala olwandle lwePacific nase-Atlantic, kanye nasemizimbeni yamanzi angenasici eNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Izindawo ezinkulukazi zemvelo ezinwebekayo zalezi zinhlanzi zitholakala eKamchatka, eSakhalin naseziqhingini zaseKuril.
Ngokwengxenye enkulu, lokhu kuyizinhlanzi ezentengiselwano futhi ezibalulekile zomndeni we-salmon; Isivuno saso, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, senziwa hhayi ngenyama enambitheka kuphela, kepha futhi ne-caviar ebomvu.
Isici sesici
Izinhlanzi zomndeni weSalmon zinesici esisodwa esihlukile. Kusendaweni yokuthi noma ngubani omele lolu hlobo, ngisho nezinhlanzi zasolwandle ezisenyakatho zomndeni we-salmon, ziyavela emifuleni enamanzi amnandi. Isibonelo, abantu abathile basePacific bavela ikakhulu emifuleni yeKamchatka Territory. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukubukeka kwezinhlanzi kushintsha ngaphandle kokuqashelwa, kuba okuhlukile ngombala nangesimo. Futhi ikhwalithi yenyama ngalesi sikhathi incishiswa kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukubamba izinhlanzi lapho zidabula akuvunyelwe.
Cishe wonke ama-salmon abe nomzimba uthambile kamuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umndeni we-salmon uhlukaniswa kwezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ngokuba khona komugqa we-lateral.
Izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zomndeni we-salmon
Phakathi kwezinhlanzi zalolu hlobo kunamanzi angamakhambi nawokufuduka. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu kwahlukaniswa, kukhona ukwahlukaniswa kwezindawo ezingaphansi. Iziphi izinhlanzi zomndeni we-salmon ezikhona?
- I-salmon yasenyakatho noma i-salmon.
- I-Whitefish.
- Nelma.
- I-Whitefish.
- I-pink salmon.
- Coho salmon
- UChum.
- Chinook salmon.
- I-salmon ebomvu.
- Ithrawuthi.
Incazelo emfushane yezinhlanzi ze-salmon. Uhlobo lwenhlanzi
Ake sibheke kabanzi ukuthi yiziphi ezinye izinhlanzi zomndeni we-salmon. Uhlu luqala nge-salmon yasenyakatho (ebabazekayo) noma yesalimoni. Lenhlobo enkulu nenhle yezinhlanzi ihlala esigodini sasolwandle i-White. Inyama yalommeleli we-salmon inambitheka kakhulu futhi ithenda, ibomvu ngombala. Ucebile ngezakhamzimba namavithamini ahlukahlukene. I-Salmon ihlukaniswa ngosayizi wayo omkhulu, ubude bawo bufika kumamitha ayi-1,5 anesisindo esingama-40 kg. Ngokwenani, inyama yesalimoni iyabiza kakhulu kunabo bonke abanye abamele abomndeni we-salmon.
Umzimba wesalimoni umbozwe ngezikali ezincane zesiliva; amabala emugqeni ongemuva ongezansi awekho ngokuphelele. Le nhlanzi yomndeni we-salmon idla ama-crustaceans nezinhlanzi ezincane olwandle. Lapho eya kokukhula, uyeka ukudla futhi ngenxa yalokho ulahlekelwe isisindo kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ukubukeka kwesalimoni kushintsha kakhulu: umzimba wezinhlanzi umnyama mnyama, amabala obomvu o-orange avele ezinhlangothini nasekhanda. Emadodeni, imihlathi ibuye iguquke; engxenyeni yayo ephezulu, amafomu avela ngesigaxa, angena ekuphumeni komhlathi ophansi.
I-Salmon iqhuma ekwindla, kwezinye izindawo nasebusika. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi ezindaweni ezinwebayo alidluli kuma-degree Celsius, ngakho-ke ukukhula kwamaqanda kwenzeka kancane kancane. KungoMeyi kuphela izingane eziqala ukukhipha amaqanda bese zihlala isikhathi eside emanzini amasha. Intsha ayifani neze nezihlobo zayo ezindala - ziyizinhlanzi ezi-motile nezinemibala. Ngemuva kweminyaka emi-5, asondela ezihlanjeni futhi, aze afike kubungakanani be-9-18 cm, aya olwandle. Ngalesi sikhathi, imizimba yabo imbozwe izikali zesiliva.
I-Whitefish
I-Whitefish ihlala olwandle lweCaspian. Njengabameli abaningi bezinhlobo ze-salmon, i-whitefish inezindlela zobusika nezentwasahlobo. Le nhlanzi yasenyakatho yomndeni we-salmon, njengawo wonke cishe ama-salmon, iyisidlakela. Olwandle, idla izelamani ezincane: herring, gobies, kanye nama-crustaceans nezinambuzane. Ngesikhathi sokuhluma, akadli lutho emifuleni futhi ngenxa yalokho ulahlekelwe isisindo esiningi; okuqukethwe okunamafutha enyameni ngalesi sikhathi akudluli i-2%.
Ungomunye wohlobo lwezinhlanzi ezibaluleke kakhulu. Inyama yakhe inokuqukethwe okuphansi kakhulu kwekhalori. I-Whitefish ikhetha uMfula iVolga nezindawo ezisebenza kuwo njengendawo eklabayo. Ifinyelela ubude obungaphezu kwemitha, inesisindo esukela ku-3 kuye ku-14 kg, nesisindo sowesifazane ngokwesilinganiso - ama-8.6 kg, abesilisa - ama-6 kg. I-Whitefish iyavuthwa ngokocansi ineminyaka engu-6-7 ubudala.
Nelma
UNelma uyisihlobo esiseduze sohlobo lwangaphambilini. Indawo yokuhlala izisekelo zemifula ye-Ob ne-Irtysh. Inesisindo esingamakhilogremu amathathu kuya kwayi-12 (kukhona nabantu abakhulu kunesisindo esingama-30 kg) kanye nobude obungafika kuma-130 cm. UNelma umele umndeni wezinhlanzi ze-salmon, isithombe esikulesi sihloko sikhombisa ukuthi sibukeka kanjani. Unezikali ezinkulu zesiliva, i-caviar encane. Le yinhlanzi ekhula kancane. Ifinyelela ukuvuthwa eneminyaka eyi-8 kuye kweli-18, ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala. Izingubo zokuhlobisa ngesikhathi sokuhlanza azihlukile kakhulu kwesejwayelekile. Umlomo wale nhlanzi omelele mkhulu ngokwanele, njengosalimoni. Futhi ukwakheka kukakhanda kuhlukaniswa nge-nelma kusuka ku-salmon ne-whitefish. Mayelana nokunambitha, inyama ye-nelma ingaphansi kanyama emhlophe.
I-Whitefish
Iqembu elingaphansi elikhulu liqukethe i-whitefish yomndeni we-salmon, uhlu lwalezi zinhlobo limi ngokulandelayo:
- Omul.
- IsiTugun.
- Umthengisi waseSiberia (Ob herring).
Umzimba we-whitefish ucindezelwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi ukuma kwemihlathi kuncike ekunomsoco. Emvelweni, bobabili kukhona abamele abancane balesi silwane (umthengisi onesisindo esingama-400 g) nabantu abakhulu (ngokwesibonelo, i-om inesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu amathathu). Iqiniso elithandekayo: ngemuva kokusakazeka, u-om ubuyela endaweni ahlala kuyo - emaphethelweni aphansi emifula. Inyama ye-whitefish imhlophe futhi ithenda. Ukunambitheka kwayo kuya kakhulu endaweni yokubamba. I harsher indawo, i-tastier inyama.
Salmon Ekude nasePacific
Uma sibheka abameleli bezilwandle eziseFar East nasePacific zezinhlanzi, singasho ukuthi umndeni we-salmon ufaka: i-pink salmon, i-salmon ye-chum, i-skeon ye-skeon, i-chinook salmon, i-coho salmon. Lezi zinhlanzi ezinamafutha asezingeni eliphansi kakhulu - 6%. Ngenxa yokubukeka kwabo, i-coho salmon ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-salmon yesiliva (ezinsukwini zakudala - izinhlanzi ezimhlophe). Ingafinyelela isisindo esingama-14 kg, ubude bayo bungaphezu kwamasentimitha angama-80. Kepha iningi labantu abusayizi omaphakathi, enesisindo esingu-7-8 kg, liyathengiswa. I-Coho salmon iqhume kamuva kunawo wonke ama-salmonid - ukusuka ngo-Septhemba kuya ku-Mashi, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nangaphansi kweqhwa. Ngesikhathi sokuhlanza, izinsikazi nezinsikazi zohlobo lwe-salmon ziba mnyama ngokubomvu. Olwandle, uphila okuncane kakhulu futhi sekuvele eminyakeni engu-2-3 avuthiwe ngokobulili. Lesi simeleli esihle kakhulu se-thermophilic salmon yasePacific. Eminyakeni yamuva, ubuningi be-salmon ye-coho bunqabile kakhulu.
I-pink salmon yinhlanzi ehla kuqala ngokwemigomo yokudoba ngezinhloso zokuhweba. Inyama yakhe inokuqukethwe okunamafutha acishe abe ngu-7.5%. Kepha i-rose salmon nayo iyinhlanzi encane kunazo zonke kulo mndeni, isisindo sayo akuvamile ukuba ngaphezu kwe-2 kg. Ubude bomuntu bucishe bube ngama-70 cm. Umzimba wawo umbozwe ngezikali ezincane. Olwandle, lupendiwe ngombala wesiliva, umsila umbozwe ngezindawo ezincane ezimnyama. Emifuleni, umbala we-pink salmon uyashintsha: amabala amnyama amboza ikhanda nezinhlangothi. Ngesikhathi sokuhluma, hump ikhula emaduna, imihlathi iyanwebeka futhi igobe. Izinhlanzi ezinhle ngalesi sikhathi ziba mubi nje.
Ukubukeka kweChinook kufana nosalimon omkhulu. Inhlanzi ebaluleke kakhulu nenkulu kunayo yonke yohlobo lwe-Far Eastern salmon. Ubungako obujwayelekile be-chinook salmon bufika ku-90 cm. Ngemuva, umsila kanye ne-dorsal fin embozwe amabala amnyama amnyama. Ezilwandle, lolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi lungaphila kusuka eminyakeni emi-4 kuye kweli-7. Lesi simeleli esithanda ukubanda komndeni we-salmon. Zonke izinhlobo ze-salmon zasePacific zivela kanye empilweni futhi ngokushesha zife lapho.
I-Chum salmon futhi inhlanzi enamafutha aphansi. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, okuqukethwe okunamafutha enyameni kuphakeme kunaleyo yesalmon ebomvana. Le yinhlobo enkulu, ebanzi nenqwaba yomndeni wesalimoni waseFar East. Ingafinyelela ubude obungaphezu kwemitha eyi-1. IKeta yaziwa kakhulu nge-caviar yayo enkulu e-orange ekhanyayo.
Ingubo yasolwandle lapho inhlanzi yomndeni we-salmon igqokwa ngayo iyisiliva, ayinamivimbo noma amabala. Emifuleni, inhlanzi ishintsha umbala wayo ube nsundu ophuzi ngombala omnyama okusajingijolo. Ngesikhathi sokuqhuma, umzimba we-chum ube mnyama ngokuphelele. Ubukhulu bamazinyo, ikakhulukazi abesilisa, buyanda. Futhi inyama iba ngokuphelele ayinamafutha, ibe mhlophe futhi ibe mnyama. Inhlanzi ivuthwa ngokujikijela amaqanda iminyaka emi-3-5 yokuphila. Iqala ukuvela emifuleni yeSiberia:
I-salmon ebomvu
Cabanga ngolunye uhlobo lwabamele AbaseMpumalanga Ekude, le yinhlanzi yomndeni we-salmon - i-skeon ye-skeon. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umuntu obanjwe olwandle unombala obomvu. Kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi inhlanzi ebomvu. Inyama yakhe inambitheka omuhle kakhulu. Futhi ngesikhathi sokuqhuma, iba mhlophe. Ubukhulu balomeleli womndeni we-salmon awudluli ku-80 cm, isisindo esijwayelekile sisuka ku-2 kuye ku-4 kg. I-Sockeye salmon ayivamile ezweni lethu njenge-salmon epinki ne-chum salmon. Ingena kuphela imifula yaseKamchatka, e-Anadyr, imifula yeziqhingi zaseKuril.
Inhlanzi ebomvu iyinhlobo ethanda ukubanda yesalmon. Ngeke uluthole olwandle, lapho izinga lokushisa lidlula khona ama-degree ama-2 okushisa. I-coskeye caviar incane kunalokho - i-4.7 mm, ibomvu obukhulu. Isudi yokuvuthwa kwe-sockeye isebenza kahle kakhulu: emuva nezinhlangothi zibomvu ngokugqamile, ikhanda liluhlaza, amaphini abomvu-gazi. Izihlanza emachibini nasezindaweni lapho kuvela khona amanzi asemhlabathini. Izinhlanzi ezibomvu ezivuthiwe ziba kaningi ngonyaka we-5-6 wokuphila. Olwandle, idla kakhulu ama-crustaceans of theuna.
Ithrawuthi
Le nhlanzi yomndeni we-salmon itholakala e-Onega, emachibini aseLadoga nakwezinye izindawo zokugcina zaseKarelia kanye nePhalamende laseKola, futhi ingabonakala nasezithanjeni zeBaltic and White Seas. Trout iza izinhlobo eziningana:
- IScotland
- I-Alpine.
- I-European.
- WaseMelika
- UMfula.
- Ichibi.
- Imvula.
Incamela izinhlanzi zamanzi ahlanzekile omndeni we-salmon ezindaweni zokugcina ezibandayo ezinamanzi ahlanzekile futhi acacile. Ama-trout echibi ahlukahlukene ngemibala nangendlela yokuphila. Abamele lolu hlobo lwe-salmon sekuyisikhathi eside beyizinto zokuzalanisa zokuzingela nokudla. I-Brook trout ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-pestle ngenxa yombala wayo ogqamile; i-lake trout inegama lesibili - i-trout.
IPestle ikhula ibe ngosayizi ongu-25 cm futhi inesisindo esifinyelela kuma-500 g. Ithanda imifula esheshayo nebandayo. Zikhula ekwindla noma ebusika. I-trout brown nsundu enamabala amaningi amnyama. Lolu hlobo lwe-salmon likhulu kakhulu kune-trout yomfula. Afinyelela ubude obufika ku-50 cm futhi anesisindo esingama-1.5 kg (yize abanye abantu bekhula bafinyelela ku-8 kg ngesisindo). I-Lake trout iqhuma kusuka ngoSepthemba kuya kuJanuwari, kuye ngomzimba wamanzi, kungaba semifuleni enezimbobo ezingaphansi, noma emachibini, ezindaweni lapho ukushaywa kwezinkinobho. Ukudla kwe-Trout - inhlanzi encane, izinambuzane nezibungu, izilwane ezi-invertebrate. Inyama ye-Trout imnyama ngokubukeka, kepha inambitheka futhi ithambile njengaleyo yabanye abamele besalimoni, ngaphezu kwalokho, iyasiza futhi.
Inyama eyigugu nenambithekayo, inhlwathi ebomvu yenza umndeni wasalimoni waba uhlobo lwezentengiso oludumile. Ukubanjwa kwenhlanzi okungekho emthethweni kufinyelela esikalini esikhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlobo eziningi ze-salmon zibhalwe kwi-Red Book futhi zivikelwe umbuso.
Imikhuba nezintandokazi
Ikhwalithi ejwayelekile kuwo wonke umndeni wukuphila emaphaketheni, akhiwa ngokuya ngeminyaka yomuntu ngamunye. Izintandokazi zeWhitefish zingamanzi abandayo angajwayelekile, zicetshiswe nomoya-mpilo, okuvame ukuba njalo ezindaweni eziwelwa umfula futhi zijule emachibini. Kulokhu, umhlambi we-whitefish ungaxosha abamele ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi emgodini. Njengomthetho, lapho kukhula inhlanzi enkulu, kudlulela kude ogwini.
Ikhono lokusakaza ezinhlanzini, umndeni uvela uneminyaka ecishe ibe mithathu, futhi kwezinye izinhlobo, unyaka noma emibili kamuva. Ukusakazeka kwezinhlanzi zasolwandle namanzi amhlophe kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo - zonke, kubandakanya nezamachibi, zikhuphukela emifuleni ephakeme nemifula yazo. Lala i-whitefish ekwindla lapho amanzi ebanda ngaphansi kwamadigri amahlanu. Izindawo ezinamaphayiphi yimigodi ejulile namanzi azolile emifula, amabale. Lapha, i-caviar yelapha kuze kube sentwasahlobo, lapho kuvela khona ukuthosa kusuka emaqanda ngamanzi afudumele.
Ukudla komndeni we-whitefish, njengabo bonke abantu abazidlayo, kuvela emvelweni yezilwane: izinambuzane ezinama-vertebrate nezinambuzane (izibungu, izibungu nezinambuzane, izimpukane ze-caddis namabhungane angamagxolo), ama-crustaceans amancane kanye nemollusks, caviar. Ngokuya ngeminyaka futhi, ngokufanelekile, usayizi womzingeli uqobo, uhlasela izinhlanzi ezincane kunawo. Kepha kukhona phakathi kwabathandi be-whitefish bokudla okwenziwe ngemifino okuqoqwe kusuka phansi, kanye nama-omnivores - Half-predators.
Isikhathi sabo sokuphila cishe ishumi nambili let, kepha izinhlanzi eziningi zeminyaka yobudala ziyabanjwa. I-whitefish enkulu kunazo zonke imvamisa ingaphezu kwesigamu semitha ubude, futhi izinhlobo ezincane zabantu abadala - ukusuka kumuntu kuya kwesigamu nesigamu.
Izinhlobo ze-Whitefish
Njengomthetho, ama-whitefish ahlukaniswa ngamaqembu ahlukene ngokwesikhundla somlomo wawo. Umlomo ungaqondiswa phezulu - umlomo ongaphezulu, phambili - okokugcina, futhi phansi - umlomo ongezansi.
Umlomo ophezulu izinhlanzi ezincane ezidla ngalokho ezikuthola eduze kwamanzi. Lezi izinambuzane nama-invertebrates - izibungu kanye namacimbi. Izinhlanzi ezinomlomo ongenhla zimelelwa ikakhulukazi i-vendace yaseYurophu (i-ripus) ne-Siberia enkulu. Lesi sakamuva sifinyelela kuhafu wemitha ubude, sihlala ezindaweni lapho imifula ingena khona emanzini anosawoti olwandle, futhi cishe akunakwenzeka neze kumachibi. U-Half-size ripus, lo ngumuntu owakha amachibi. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zokuthengisa zentengiso.
ISigi enomlomo ngaphambili (emaphethelweni) nayo isho ukudoba. I-Omul yinhlanzi enkulu, engaphezulu kwengxenye yamamitha ubude, ehlala, njengokuthengiswa kwamabhishi olwandle nasengxenyeni engamifula yemifula engena olwandle, lapho iphaphalaza khona. Ukudla kwe-om kufaka ama-crustaceans nezinhlanzi ezincane. I-Baikal ej yichibi lezinhlanzi ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi. Enye inhlobo ye-echibi lomfula inhlanzi eyandulelayo (ushizi), ayingeni emanzini olwandle, kepha inkulu njenge-vendace ne-om, ubude bayo bungaba yingxenye yemitha. Ungeniswe ezitolo zama-Urals aseNingizimu, lapha ubukhulu bawo abuhle kangako. Kukhona nesihlobo esincane se-whitefish enomlomo omncane - i-tugun, ehlala emifuleni yeSiberia. Ubude bawo abudluli amasentimitha angamashumi amabili.
I-Sigi enomlomo ophansi nayo uhlale ezitolo zaseRussia, kunezinhlobo eziyisikhombisa. Kepha njengamanje, umsebenzi usaqhubeka nokubahlukanisa, futhi akunangqondo ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi ngabo.
I-Whitefish whitefish
Ukufuthwa komfula i-Whitefish - ngamagama, okuhlala khona imifula, lapho kutholakala khona kusukela olwandle noma echibini elikhulu lapho kudlulela ekuthini kuqhume. Isisindo saso esijwayelekile siseduze nekhilogremu, kuyaqabukela kudlula amakhilogremu amabili. Emachibini umfula i-whitefish ubusika kuphela, ngazo zonke izikhathi zonyaka kuholela empilweni yomfula. Eqinisweni, kungulwandle noma i-whitefish efudukayo exhunyaniswa empilweni yokuphila komfula. I-caviar kulolu hlobo lwe-whitefish iphindaphindwe amaningi - ifinyelela kumaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-50 futhi ilula kancane kune-caviar ye-trout.
I-Pechora whitefish, i-om edume kakhulu, mayelana nayo sekushiwo ngenhla, kuqala, i-chir.UPelyad ufinyelela ubude obungaphezu kwengxenye yemitha nesisindo samakhilogremu amathathu. I-chir ikhulu kakhulu, ingaba nesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayishumi, ihlala echibini lomfula i-Pechora river basin neziteshi zalo.
IBaikal ej ifinyelela isisindo esingamakhilogremu ayisikhombisa, ukudla kwayo kungama-crustaceans amancane e-epishura, ngamanani anganele ayo iqhubeka nokudla izinhlanzana zezinhlanzi. Ukuqala ngoSepthemba, i-om ikhuphuka ibe yimifula, ilungiselela ukuqhuma. Ezindaweni zezindawo ezinwebayo, imininingwane ehlukile ye-Baikal om iyabonakala:
- I-Angarsk - ukukhula kokuqala, iminyaka emihlanu, kepha ngokukhula kancane,
- Selenginsky - ukuvuthwa eneminyaka eyisikhombisa, kukhula ngokushesha,
- IChivyrkuisky - nayo ekhula ngokushesha, iya ngokuvela ngo-Okthoba.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Omul kuphela lapho i-sludge ivele ivele emfuleni futhi i-fuses ubuyela eLake Baikal ubusika. Ngesinye isikhathi, izinhlanzi zabanjwa kakhulu ngabadobi bezentengiselwano, futhi ubuningi bayo bancishiswa kakhulu, manje sekuthathwa izinyathelo zokuzala kabusha i-om.