Imifula emincane imvamisa ibukwa ukuthi isuka kumakhilomitha ayi-10 kuye kwangama-200. Njengoba izixhumanisi zokuqala zensimbi ye-hydrographic, zitholakala, njengomthetho, endaweni eyodwa yendawo. E-Russia kunemifula nemifudlana emincane ecishe ibe yizigidi ezingama-2,5, ngokwesilinganiso cishe kungamaphesenti angama-50 omfula ojwayelekile ogeleza ezweni. Ingxenye enkulu yezakhamizi zaseRussia Federation ihlala osebeni lwemifula emincane naphakathi nendawo.
Isimo semvelo semifula emincane eRussia
Njengomphumela womthwalo we-anthropogenic oqhubeka ukhula, isimo semifula eminingi emincane, hhayi eRussia kuphela, kodwa emhlabeni wonke, silinganiswa njengenhlekelele. Ukubaleka kwabo kuncishiswe kakhulu, imifula ibaxekile futhi ingabi namandla okuhamba. Ngenxa yokungaziphathi kahle kwendoda, ukugcwala kwemilambo yomfula kuyaqashelwa yonke indawo, futhi ngesizini efudumele "amanzi" aqhakaza. Ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwezindawo ezinamanzi, ukunyamalala kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zasemfuleni kuyabonakala.
Ukulahlwa kwamanzi amdaka avela kwizimboni nakomasipala
Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezindawo zokwelapha amanzi, imfucumfucu yezimboni kanye nemfucuza yomasipala ingena emifuleni. Ngemuva kwalokho amakhemikhali ahlanganisa ukubola, enoshevu umfula wemvelo wezinto ezinobuthi nezimpawu zomzimba. Lokhu kubangela ukuwohloka okukhulu kwekhwalithi yamanzi asemfuleni, i-siltation yaphansi. Eqinisweni, imifula eminingi emincane iphenduka imijondolo.
Izinhlanzi ezentengiselwano ziyafa, futhi izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezisele ziba ezingafanele ukudla.
Ukwelashwa
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi ahlanzekile lapho engena ngezinhlelo zokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kamasipala emadolobheni nasemadolobhaneni, idlula ngezigaba eziningana zokuhlanzwa kanye nokuhlunga. Kepha emazweni ahlukahlukene, ngemuva kokwelashwa, amanzi awahlali ahambisana nezindinganiso zokuhlanzeka. Kunamazwe amaningi lapho, ngemuva kokuphuza amanzi ompompi, ungabulawa ubuthi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi amdaka asekhaya kanye nawezimboni awaphathwa njalo lapho ekhishwa abe yimizimba yamanzi.
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Ukungcola kusuka kokuqothuka komhlaba kanye nokushiswa komhlaba
Ngokubambisana namanzi ancibilikayo nesivunguvungu, imfucumfucu eyingozi evela ekuchithekeni komhlaba nasezindlini eziwela emhlabathini ngokuvamile ingena emanzini omfula. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukwanda kokuqoqwa kwezinto eziphilayo, izakhi zomzimba nokungcola kwe-xenobiotic kuyabonakala emanzini.
Ezifundeni eziningi zaseRussia, ngenxa yokusondela kokushiswa komhlaba emifuleni, amazinga we-mercury, ukuhola, ithusi, izinsimbi ezisindayo, i-phenol nezinye izinhlanganisela ezinobuthi zidlulisiwe.
Usongo olukhulu kakhulu ukungcoliswa kwemifula ezindaweni ezinqenqemeni lwamanzi angumthombo wamanzi okuphuza.
Ugesi nemifula
Enye inkinga yemifula ihlobene nomkhakha kagesi kwezomnotho, lapho kusetshenziswa imifula emincane, ukusebenza kwayo okunikeza umphakathi ugesi. Zisebenza cishe iziteshi zamandla kagesi ezingaba ngu-150 ezweni. Ngenxa yalokhu, iziteshi zemifula ziyaguquka futhi namanzi angcoliswe, umsebenzi wezidumbu zamanzi uyalayishwa, ngenxa yalokho izimo zokuphila kwendawo yonke yemvelo iwohlokayo. Futhi njalo ngonyaka amakhulu emifula emincane anyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba, obangela ukulimala okukhulu emvelweni, ukulahleka kwezimbali nezilwane.
Ukuthathwa kwamanzi okungalawulwa kwezidingo zasekhaya nezinye
Izinsizakalo zemifula emincane zisetshenziswa kabanzi kwezolimo: ukunisela ngamasimu, ukufakelwa kwamanzi ezindaweni zokuhlala nezindawo zokuhlala imfuyo. Ukuhoxa okungalawulwa kokugijimiswa kwemifula kuholela ekushwabeni kwemithombo yamanzi, ukuguqulwa kwesiteshi somfula. Ukudluliselwa kwamanzi kusuka emifuleni emincane kuya kwezinye izinhlelo zamanzi kuholele ekujuleni kwemifula eminingi emincane. Izinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba endaweni ezungezile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lingakhuphuka, futhi isikhukhula somfula sishintshe. Ingozi yezikhukhula zomhlaba olimekayo nezindawo zokuhlala ngesikhathi sezikhukhula noma ngesikhathi sezikhukhula zentwasahlobo iba sengozini enkulu.
Ukuthuthukisa intuthuko yasemadolobheni
Mayelana nokukhula kwamadolobha kanye nentuthuko esheshayo yezimboni, abantu badinga imithombo emisha yamandla namanzi. Lokhu kwenziwa, nezinhlelo zamanzi eziphakathi nendawo kanye nezakhiwo ezinkulu zamanzi amakhulu zakhiwa. Imifula emincane, ngenxa yobungozi bayo bemvelo, ngokuyinhloko baphendula emisebenzini yabantu. Izindawo ezigcwele izikhukhula zibhekene nenkinga yokuchithwa kwamahlathi, kanye nokushintshwa kwezilwane kanye nezilwane eziguqukayo zibe yizilwane zasogwadule nezisogwadule.
Amanzi
Ukufakwa kwanoma yiziphi izakhiwo ze-hydraulic - okokugcina amanzi, okusebenza ngamanzi, amadamu ahlukahlukene, amadamu, imithombo namapayipi - kubanga ingozi yezemvelo engaba khona.
Ama-biocenoses omfula nezindawo ezigcwele izikhukhula aba sengozini enkulu. Kukhona ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo yemvelo, ukuhlukahluka kwezitshalo nezilwane.
Ukusebenza komhlaba, umsindo, ukudlidliza, ukungcoliswa kwezidumbu zamanzi - konke lokhu kubangela ukulimala okungenakulungiseka ku-ichthyofauna ne-waterfowl.
Ukubuka kuqala:
Isikhungo semfundo kaMasipala
"Isikole iSecondary No. 9 sinamakilasi eCossack aqanjwe ngo-ataman A. V. Repnikov"
Iphrojekthi yezemvelo ngesihloko:
"Izinkinga zemvelo zomfula iRashevatka"
Lo msebenzi wenziwa umfundi webanga le-11:
Uthisha we-geography uPeshikova Svetlana Aleksandrovna
Isahluko 1 Izimpawu zomfula
- Isikhundla somfula ……………………………………… 6
- Izimbali nezilwane zoMfula iRashevatka ……………………………………………. 7
- 2. 1. Izilwane zomgodi womfula, ezivikelwe ……………. . 8
Isahluko 2 Izinkinga zemvelo zomfula iRashevatka
- Izinkinga zemvelo zomfula iRashevatka ......... .. 9
- Izindlela zokubhekana nezinkinga zemvelo yomfula ……………………… .. 10
- Umsebenzi owenziwe nomphakathi I-Rashevatskaya ekuthuthukiseni isimo semvelo yomfula iRashevatka ......... neshumi nesishiyagalolunye
2.4. Iziphakamiso zokwenza ngcono isimo semvelo yoMfula iRashevatka
Izincwadi Ezisetshenzisiwe …………………………………………………. 24
“Uma wonke umuntu esemcebeni womhlaba
wenza konke okusemandleni njengokwakhe
muhle, uMhlaba wethu ubuzoba njalo. ”
Imifula ayisiwona kuphela umthombo wamanzi okuphuza, kodwa futhi nentambo ephilayo esisixhumanisa nesikhathi esedlule, samanje nesizayo.
Cishe iminyaka engama-250 edlule uMII. U-Lomonosov uphakamise ukubandakanya izingane esifundweni se-geology yezwe lethu.
Amanzi futhi aluhlobo lwamaminerali, futhi izazi zemvelo zezinsizwa zinganikeza usizo olukhulu emnothweni wezwe ngokufunda imifula eminingi, imifula, iziphethu namachibi amachibi.
Ukungcoliswa kwemifula bekulokhu kuqhubeka iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili. Futhi uma ngaphambili le nkinga ingazange ibonwe ngabantu, namuhla ifinyelele ezingeni lomhlaba jikelele.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe, iningi lezifo kubantu abahlala ezindaweni ezithikamezekile ngokwemvelo zidalwa yizimo zamanzi ezingekho emgangathweni.
Ezifundeni ezinenkinga yemvelo, ezindaweni ezingcoliswa amanzi amaningi, kubalwa izinga le-oncological nezinye izifo eziyingozi. Ingozi yokungcoliswa kwamanzi ibuyelele ekutheni kwezinye izimo ihlala ingabonakali ngaphandle, ngoba izinto ezinobuthi eziningi ziyancibilika emanzini ngaphandle kwezinsalela.
Kulokhu, sikhethe ingqikithi yephrojekthi "Izinkinga zemvelo yoMfula iRashevatka"
Ukuhambisana kwesihloko: Sihlala endaweni engokwemvelo ye-steppe enomswakama onganele. Isimo semifula emikhulu sincike kwimifula emincane, imifudlana, iziphethu. Uma imifula ye-steppe ifa, khona-ke sonke sizolahlekelwa insimu enkulu evundile ekhiqiza okusanhlamvu, sizolahlekelwa ngumthombo wokulethwa kwamanzi nezinsizakusebenza zezinhlanzi.
Umfula wethu uyisimangaliso sendalo, ozwela kakhulu amathonya abantu.
Minyaka yonke amanzi akhe anda
kungcoliswa yimfucumfucu yezimboni, yasekhaya neyokulima. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi amanzi asemfuleni angathandeki emvelweni. Uma singathathi izinyathelo ezifanele, umfula wethu uzoba ongafanele ngisho nokunisela futhi usetshenziselwe izinhloso zobuchwepheshe.
Inhloso yephrojekthi: ukutadisha izinkinga zomfula iRashevatka kanye nokuhlola isimo semvelo.
Izinjongo Zokucwaninga:
1. Ukuhlanganisa incazelo ye-hydrogeographic yoMfula iRashevatka.
Ukutadisha izitshalo nezilwane zezilwane ezihlala emfuleni nangasemfuleni.
4. Ukuthola imithombo esemqoka yokungcoliswa komfula, ukutadisha ukulimala nokuthuthukisa uchungechunge lweziphakamiso zokuthuthukisa isimo semvelo yomfula.
Isicashunwa: sicabanga ukuthi izinga lokungcoliswa komfula liphakathi, liphambili
ukungcola kwe-anthropogenic.
Isifundo sokufunda: umfula iRashevatka, umkhawulo ongakwesokudla womfula iKalala.
Isihloko sokucwaninga: amabhange namanzi omfula iRashevatka
Inani elisebenzayo: izinto zokucwaninga zingasebenza
isisekelo sokuqapha okwengeziwe kwesimo semvelo yomfula iRashevatka.
Izindlela Zokucwaninga:
1. Ucwaningo lwemithombo yolwazi,
2. ukubonwa
4. Ukuchaza nezithombe,
5. Inhlolovo yezenhlalo,
6. Ukuhlaziywa.
Izinsimbi: izincwadi zokubhalela, izibaya, ikhamera, izikhombi.
Umsebenzi wenziwa entwasahlobo ka-2018 e-Art. Rashevatskaya.
Isigaba sokuqala ukunqunywa kwenkinga yocwaningo kanye nokuhlonzwa kokuhambisana kwayo. Kwahlelwa umgomo, imisebenzi ichaziwe.
Isigaba sesibili ukuqoqwa nokucutshungulwa kolwazi, imininingwane yemibuzo, ukuhlolwa kombono womphakathi wabahlali bendawo.
Ucwaningo olunzulu lwezinto ezinhle nezimbi zemisebenzi yezomnotho yesintu maqondana nomfula.
Izinkinga zemvelo yoMfula iRashevatka zikhonjwa, kuthathwa izinyathelo zokuxazululwa kwekhambi lazo.
Isidingo somsebenzi wokufundisa ukukhuthaza isiko lezemvelo endaweni phakathi kwesibalo sabantu kanye nokwanda kwezidingo zemvelo kuye kwahlonzwa.
Isigaba sesithathu ukucutshungulwa kwemiphumela etholakele, ukwenziwa kwe-generalization kanye nokwethulwa kwemiphumela yocwaningo.
Isahluko 1 Izimpawu zomfula
- . Isikhundla somfula
I-Louse - umfula waseRussia ngokugeleza konyaka wonke.
Ungaphansi kwesisekelo soLwandle i-Azov
Uhlelo lwamanzi: Umfula iRashevatka - umfula weKalala - iBig Yegorlyk - iWest Manych - uDon - uLwandle lwe-Azov
Ivela endaweni esenyakatho nentshonalanga yeStavropol Upland. Umthombo womfula kwezinye izindawo utholakala esiteshini. Isifunda saseKarmalinovsky Novoaleksandrovsky, ngokusho kwabanye esigodini. Isifunda Advanced Advanced yase-Esbilnensky eStavropol Territory.
Umlomo womfula utholakala osebeni olungakwesokudla soMfula iKalala, hhayi kude nedolobhana lase-Uspenskaya (iKrasnodar Territory)
Ubude bomfula bungama-74 km, indawo etholakala kuyo ingu-962 km²
Izindlu ezisuka emthonjeni ziye emlonyeni
Igama lomfula livela igama lesiTurkic elithi "arsha-su" noma "archa-su", abaguquki baliguqula laba "Litter". Abadlali besikhathi esidala namuhla bakubiza ngokuthi “Arshavatka” noma “Arshavatka”
Ibhange langakwesobunxele lijula, kanti elungile limnene. Imishayo ihlangana nomfula iRashevatka ohlangothini lwesobunxele: iKazachya, iPlatovava (iPlatonikha), iChekalin (Stinker), Kochetova, Vodyanaya, Sidelnikova, Popova, Voronina, Lovlinskaya, ngakwesokudla - Miskova, Glubokaya, Kovaleva, Verbova, Shcherbako nenkukhu.
Ububanzi bomfula emadamini bufinyelela ngaphezu kwe-100 m.
Umfula ugeleza ngase-Azov-Kuban Lowland
Ukudla komfula: iqhwa nemvula. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye namanzi aphansi komhlaba adlala indima enkulu.
Amanzi omfula kanye nezinhlaka zamanzi awazange aqedwe futhi awadliwa ngenxa yephunga lawo elimunyu, ukuqina kanye nephunga elingathandeki.
- I-Flora nezilwane zomfula iRashevatka
Isimo somfula siyisitebhisi, isicaba sishayabhucu, kanye ne-agrocenosis ebhula okusanhlamvu (sunflower-beet-fodder agrocenosis) e-chernozems etshaliwe. Bangaphezu kuka-85% abasebenza insimu yezolimo.
Kuphela kokuphazamiseka (imithambeka yemifudlana, izindawo ezimanzi), indawo engadluli i-1%, okuhlale kungabanjwa ngemvelo.
Isimo sezindawo zokuhlala sakhiwa kwinqubo yokwakhiwa kanye nokusebenza kwamakhaya asemadolobheni kanye nawasemakhaya.
Izindawo zokuzijabulisa zikhona cishe kuzo zonke izindawo zokuhlala, eziningi zazo zinikezela ngezinsizakalo zokudoba zokuzijabulisa.
Yonke imifula inezilwane zayo nezitshalo. Lesi simiso semvelo esimisiwe, esizimele ekubonakalisweni kwangaphandle. Izinto eziphilayo ezihlala lapha zinokuzivumelanisa nokuphila ngezimo zokuhamba kwamanzi. Ngokungafani nezinye izindlela zemvelo, umfula uhlukaniswa iqiniso lokuthi kuwo umthombo wamandla kuyizinto eziphilayo eziphuma emhlabeni nakweminye imvelo yasemanzini (amachibi).
Imihlanga, i-kuga, chakan, i-sedge ikhula ogwini emanzini angajulile. Ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo nasekuqalekeni kwehlobo, umkhathi womfula ugcwele imifino (isibazi), esinikeza iphunga elingajabulisi.
Emfuleni kukhona: i-carp, isibuko se-carp, i-crucian carp (obomvu nomhlophe), i-roach, i-gudgeon, i-bluefish, i-perch, i-pike perch, i-carp yotshani, umqhele. Ama-amphibians amaningi neziramba, ama-leeches, ama-mollusks. Muva nje, maqondana nokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokunisela, i-pike perch nayo iyatholakala emfuleni.
Ukusuka kwizidleke zezinyoni, i-chomga, i-heron emhlophe, izimbotshana, ama-mallards, ama-waners, umhlanga. Ngesikhathi sezindiza, imvamisa ungathola amarhanisi asendle namaswidi.
I-muskrat itholakala emfuleni.
- 2. 1. Izilwane ezigudla umfula zivikelwe
Okuwukuphela kwezinhlobo zomqhele ezikhuthu zethu ezingokwesigcilikisha semvelo samanzifowl.
Isibalo samalobho siyaqhubeka nokuhla ngenxa yokuwohloka kwezidumbu zamanzi, ukwanda kwento ephazamisayo, kanye nokwanda kwesibalo sezikhuhla. Indima engathandeki ikakhulukazi idlalwa ngokudoba nokudotshwa kwama-muskrats, okuthi, ngaphezu kokukhathazeka, kuholele ekufeni kwamabala emanetheni nasezihibeni.
Ukuqedwa kwesifunda saseNovoaleksandrovsky.
Ngokusobala, phakathi neminyaka yokusebenzisa imishanguzo yokubulala izinambuzane ngokusobala, inani le-Radde hamster lehla ngokunamandla futhi liphinda libuye kancane ngoba - uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amagundane - amanani ahamba kancane okuzala.
Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, isomiso esinzima kunciphisa inani labantu.
Umthelela we-anthropogenic uholela ekunciphisweni kwendawo yokuhlala.
Izici ezingezinhle ezithinta umphakathi azikhonjwanga.
Isahluko 2 Izinkinga zemvelo zomfula iRashevatka
2.1. Izinkinga zemvelo zomfula iRashevatka
Inkinga yokuthungwa kwemifula
Ukugcotshwa kwezidumbu zamanzi, njengomthetho, umphumela wokungcoliswa kwendalo okubangelwa yimisebenzi yabantu. Ukushiswa kuyisakhiwo sediments emisiwe futhi efakiwe ku-reservoir evela ngaphandle.
Izimbangela zokugcwala kwemifula zilele lapho kukhululwa khona imfucuza engaphathwa kahle noma engaphathwa kahle ezindlini, ukufafaza umanyolo ovela emasimini kanye nemfucuza evela emapulazini ezifuyo, kanye nasekubhujisweni kwamabhange.
Njengoba izinga lokugeleza emifuleni emincane livame ukuba liphansi, isihlabathi, usilika, amatshe amdaka, imfucumfucu e-organic kanye nezakhi zamakhemikhali ezingancibiliki ziqongelela olwandle olungezansi. Kungaphansi komhlaba okuyisisekelo sokugxila kokungcola, futhi engxenyeni engaphezulu yamanzi ingaba yincane kakhulu.
Ukuhlakazeka kwemifula emincane kuholela emiphumeleni eyinhlekelele - ushintsho kuyo yonke imvelo, ukufa kanye nokuguqulwa kwezinto eziphilayo eziphila emfuleni. Ukwakheka okunobuthi ezenzakalelayo eziphansi kuphazamisa ukuzicwilisa kwemvelo yasemanzini futhi kungumthombo oqhubekayo wokungcoliswa kwesibili kwerebi.
(Azikho izilinganiso okwamanje)
Izimo ze-Hydrogeological and hydrodynamic
Amandla okuzihlanza emfuleni kakhulu kuncike emvelweni wezinqubo ezenzeka kuwo. Ukuhlanzwa okunjalo kubandakanya yonke i-biocenosis, equkethe amagciwane, izitshalo, i-protozoa, izinto ezincane nezinkulu.
Ngokuya ngohlobo lomfula, into ebalulekile yezinto eziphilayo yale nqubo ingaba yizimila ezifakwa emanzini, amabhaktiriya nezinye izinto ezihlala emanzini ezigeleza phakathi kwesihlabathi sesihlabathi esingaphansi kwamanzi, zisebenza njengezihlungi ezinkulu, noma iziningi zokuhlunga ama-bollve mollusks. Futhi, udonga olugqinsiwe kahle lomfula luyasusa ngempumelelo emanzini, lungene ezintweni ezinobuthi (ngokwesibonelo, izinsimbi ezisindayo) nosawoti wezakhamzimba.Into ebalulekile yenqubo yokuzihlanza ukuhlanganiswa okusebenzayo kanye nokunothisa kwamanzi ne-oksijini, kanye nokuchithwa kokungcola, futhi konke lokhu kunikeza ukugeleza okungagunyaziwe, okugcwele nokugeleza kokugoba.
Ngeshwa, njengamanje, umsebenzi wezomnotho wabantu wethule izinqubo zokufa komfula.
- Ukuhlanjwa
- Ukuguguleka kwamanzi kwemithambeka
- Ukudlondlobala kwesiteshi ngezimila zasemanzini nezasogwini
- Ukungcoliswa kwendle yedolobha
- Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali wezolimo nama-pesticides
- Ukusetshenziswa kwempuphu kanye nemikhiqizo yokuhlanza
- Ukungcola kwendlu nokungcola kwendlu
- Ukungcola kwamakhemikhali
- Izindlela zokubhekana nezinkinga zemvelo zomfula
Njengamanje, umfula wethu iRashevatka useya ngokuya ube mncane, ukuhamba kwawo kuncipha ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwamadamu, amachibi kanye nokuwela amashubhu eshubhu. Kuphela emthonjeni womfula ku-st. IKarmalinovskaya kunezichibi eziyi-17.
Ukulima izindawo ezitholayo kuholele ekwenyukeni kokuphuma kwamanzi, okucetshiswa umhlaba omuhle futhi kuholele ekuhanjisweni kwemifula.
Izinkinga ezidalwa ukugcwala komfula zifaka okulandelayo:
- Izikhukhula kanye nezikhukhula zomhlaba wezolimo.
- Ukuncishiswa kwamanzi asemanzini
- Ukwanda kokuhwamuka komhlaba, ikakhulukazi lapho kugcwala imiphakathi enomhlanga, okukhuphula ukulahleka kwamanzi ngesizathu esingu-3,
- Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi emfuleni okwenziwa yizakhi ze-biiogenic kanye nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane lapho kukhishwa emasimini lapho kusetshenziswa khona umanyolo wezimbiwa,
- Yehlise umoya-mpilo kanye nenhlanzi.
- Ukuqongelela kwezinsalela zezimila ezifuywayo, ama-algae kanye neplankton, amaqabunga ezihlahla awile.
Izindlela zokulwa nokusetshenziswa kwe-silting zifaka:
- Ukuqinisa ugu. Ukutshala izindlela ezinamatshe ezibambezela ukuna kwemvula kunciphisa ukuguguleka komoya, nezimpande zezihlahla ziqinisa inhlabathi futhi kugcinwe ukuphaphalaza komhlaba.
- Ukucatshangelwa kwenqubo yesiteshi ekwakhiweni
- Siza izinhlelo zemifula ngokusula iziteshi. Ubuchwepheshe besimanje buhlanza isiteshi bese lukhulisa ukunqwabelana kwe-silt kusuka phansi. Ukuhlunga kuyinto umanyolo omangalisayo organic ocebile potassium, nitrogen ne phosphorus.
Ukuguguleka kwamanzi kwemithambeka
Ukugcwala kwezindawo ezisogwini kunezimbangela ze-anthropogenic kuphela. Ukudalwa kwamachibi kukhulule ubungozi bokugcwala kwezindawo ezisogwini uma kwenzeka kuqubuka amadamu. Ukuguguleka komfula kuboniswa ngezinga elincane lapha kunokuhamba kancane komoya, okuhambisana nemithambeka emincane yomfula kanye nokugcwala kwawo.
Indawo enkulu yezwe eligcwele izikhukhula ivamile endaweni yemishayo.
Izikhukhula eziyinhlekelele esifundeni somfula iRashevatka aziphawuleki.
Kuze kufike emuva ngekhulu le-19, ezindaweni eziningana zomfula iRashevatka URashevatsky wahlela amadamu, ngosizo lwawo aphakamisa izinga lamanzi emfuleni. Bafaka izigayo zamanzi. Ekupheleni kokuqala kwe-XIX kwamakhulu we-XX. kwakukhona eziyisishiyagalolunye zazo. Lapho-ke, lapho kuvela izinjini zomusi, bese izinjini zokuhlanganisa zangaphakathi, isidingo semishini yokugaya amanzi sicishe sanyamalala. Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi nangemva kwempi, amadamu ahlala emfuleni: iDerevyashkina, Korvyakova, Sidelnikova, ongahamba ngawo kuphela. Idamu i-Derevyashkin lalisendaweni esentshonalanga nomgwaqo wamanje we-Zhevtobryukhov Street, bawele umfula wanqamula i-per. UZarechny. Le damu nepulazi elakhiwe yiyo kwakusebenza njengendawo esemqoka yokubhukuda ehlobo, imidlalo yasebusika, ukulwa ngezibhakela eqhweni. Ebusika, iqhwa lalivame ukuchobozekwa kule ndawo futhi liyiswe ezitolo ezijulile zezitolo lapho kwakugcinwa khona izimpahla ezonakalayo. Ezikhathini zempi zangemva nangemva kwempi, iqhwa lalilethwa embonini yobisi noshizi, okuyi. zazitholakala efeni elikhulu lika-Athanasius Trubitsyn. Amaseli anjalo ayesebenza njengesiqandisi. Indawo yokwakhiwa kweDerevyashkin Dam ayakhethwanga ngengozi. Kwehle umfula, amamitha angama-300 kude, ukhonkolo weChekalin (Stinky) ugeleze eRashevatka. Wanikeza amanzi iphunga elingajabulisi. Iqhwa elinjalo alikwazanga ukusetshenziselwa ukupholisa ukudla kuma-cellars.
Indawo lapho kwakukhona khona iDamu leDerevyashkina lalibanzi. Izikhukhula zentwasahlobo namagagasi ngesimo sezulu esinomoya onamandla kwakubhubhisa. Idamu lalidinga unyaka nonyaka izindleko ezinkulu zokulungiswa, ezazingekho. Ekupheleni kwama-40s wekhulu le-XX. wacishe wakhathazeka ngokuphelele. Lapho-ke abaphathi bendawo banqume ukwakha idamu elisha, obekumele lidlule lapho kuhlangana khona ugongolo lweVonyuchka bese lixhumanisa amabhange asondele emakethe (esiteshini samabhasi samanje) nomgwaqo iZarechny. Idamu lelo lihlinzeke ngokwenyusa izinga lomfula ngamamitha angama-3-6, obekufanele anciphise indawo yomhlanga, futhi ngenxa yalokho, indawo yokukhosela yomiyane.
Idamu lakhiwa ngo-1949. Ngokwakhiwa kwayo, amaphutha okwakha atholakala ngokushesha. Ngaphansi kwedamu faka amapayipi ensimbi eduze komgwaqo. UZarechny, owayefakwe uthuli futhi engakwazi ukudlula amanzi aqoqiwe, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuncibilika kweqhwa nezimvula zasentwasahlobo. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho izinga lamanzi lakhuphuka kakhulu futhi amanzi amaningi ngokweqile agijimisa ugongolo, manje oludlula esiteshini sebhasi eduze nezitolo eziseceleni komsele owakhiwe ngawo bese ligobhoza libuyele emfuleni. Lash Umfudlana wawugcwele amanzi futhi ushesha, bekungenakwenzeka ukudlula kuwo noma ukugibela amahhashi. Idolobhana kule nkathi yesikhathi lihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili. Izingane zesikole ezisebhange elifanele azange zifinyelele esikoleni esiphakathi zithinteke kakhulu. Kwakunokwenzeka ukuwela lo mfudlana onesivunguvungu kuphela kugandaganda i-S-80 noma i-TsT-54. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuqhutshekiselwa phansi igesi kumhlaba wakule ndawo bekuqhubeka, futhi “abashayeli bezimoto”, ngakho babebizwa, futhi abashayeli ugandaganda be-MTS babevame ukuthutha izingane zesikole ekuseni nakusihlwa. Iziphathimandla zasendaweni, ukudonswa amahhashi nezinye izimoto ezazisetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi ibhuloho, elalikhona efektri yamanje yezitini empumalanga, nedamu laseSidelnikov enyakatho nentshonalanga. Lo msele wamanzi wanqunywa yizindlu eziningana ezaziphambene nezitolo zanamuhla, kufaka phakathi nendlu yomphathi wakuleya ndawo u-Z Zovov. Zadilizwa ngokulandelayo futhi endaweni yazo izihlahla zatshalwa ngaphansi kwepaki lolwandle. Izinga lamanzi akhuphukayo lagcwala ibhuloho laseChekalin kanye nezingadi zoxhaka lweStinky. Abantu abebehlala ngakolunye uhlangothi lwalesi bhagu banqunywe yi-water kwamanzi ukusuka esikhungweni. Kubukeka sengathi useduze, amamitha angama-70 - 80 kuphela, kepha kungenzeka ukuthi ayifinyelele ebusika eqhweni, ehlobo ngesikebhe. Ukuwela isikebhe kusetshenziswe ngempumelelo amaKumichevs, Podovilnikovs, Zaichenko, Meshcheryakovs, Gorlovs nabanye abaningi Abahlali beShevchenko, Zhevtobryukhov, imigwaqo yaseKooperativnaya kwadingeka ukuthi bazungeze ibhuloho iMomotov ukwenza umbuthano obalulekile. Lokhu kwaqhubeka iminyaka eminingi, futhi akuzange kube ngunyaka ka-1958 ukuthi la masosebeni axhumeke ngebhuloho lokhuni, elabe selingabonakali ngokuphela kweminyaka yama-90s. Ngo-2000, lokhu kuguqulwa kwathathelwa indawo yinsimbi. Kusukela isenzo sezikhukhula ibhuloho "lomgcinimafa" nalo lihlupheka, obekulokhu kuqhosha kwezikhulu zedolobhana. Icishe ilungiswe minyaka yonke, kepha ayizange inikeze imiphumela ebonakalayo. Futhi lapho kubekwa umgwaqo asphalt, leli bhuloho latshintshwa ngokuphelele. Umbhobho we-siphon obubanzi obungama-300 mm wabekwa edamini eliphakathi nendawo, lapho kwenziwa khona umgayi. Kepha lokhu bekunganele. Ngakho-ke, kubekwa ibhuloho lukakhonkolo kanye nesitshudeni ohlangothini lwesobunxele sedamu, lapho kudlula khona amanzi amaningi. Ezansi komfula, kufakwe elinye ibhuloho lensimbi, ngalo kudlula izakhamuzi ezivela emgaqweni. R. Luxembourg emgwaqweni Iposi. Ushintsho luyaqhubeka edamini iKorvyakova, kanye nebhuloho laseVoronin ngemuva kokwakhiwa kabusha kwaba yidamu elinomsele. Ngo-1977, kwakhiwa elinye idamu elixhuma umgwaqo weNoalealeksandrovsk-Rashevatskaya ne-ul. I-I.Zhevtobryukhova futhi iholela edolobhaneni liye edolobhaneni laseMvula.
Izindlela zokulwa nokuguguleka kwamanzi emithambekeni zifaka:
- Izikhungo zokulawulwa kwemifula (amadamu, amadamu ayisigamu, ama-spurs, amadamu okugeleza, ukuhlanganiswa kokuvikela ogwini, njll.
- Ukuqinisa ugu.
- Ukulima umhlaba olimekayo osebeni lomfula.
Ukudlondlobala kwesiteshi ngezimila zasemanzini nezasogwini
Esikhathini sokumila, izimila zasemanzini zidlala indima yesihlungi sezinto eziphilayo, zidonsa izakhi zomzimba kanye nezinye izinto ezihlanganisiwe ezivela emanzini kanye nasema-sediments angaphansi. Lapho sifa, izimila zasemanzini ziba ngumthombo wokungcoliswa kwesibili kwedamu.
Ukugcotshwa kwamanzi ezikhukhula kukhula kusuka emithonjeni kuya emlonyeni. Ithuthuka ikakhulu esigodini somfula kanye nemishayo, ibonwa njengomphumela wokuvimba izindlela ezibaleka ngaphezulu ngezinhlaka ezahlukahlukene zobunjiniyela (imigwaqo, amadamu.) Izinga eliphezulu lokumboza kwamanzi libonwa ekujuleni kwamanzi okungaphansi kwamamitha ayi-0,5. Izinga lokutholwa kwezidumbu zamanzi ngenxa yokufakwa kwezinsalela zezitshalo lilinganiselwa 1.5-1.8 mm kuya ku-10 mm ngonyaka.
Izinkinga ezidalwa ukwanda kwesiteshi ngokwezitshalo zasemanzini nezasogwini kubandakanya lokhu okulandelayo:
- Ukwehla kwezinsalela zezimila kuhambisana nokusetshenziswa okukhulu komoya ophefumulile.
- Izinguquko embusweni wokuhamba kwesiteshi.
- Khulisa umswakama
- Ukukhiqizwa kwezinambuzane eziphuza igazi, abathwali bezifo ezithathelanayo.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambili ku-Art. Omiyane abaningi batholakala ezithangeni zomhlanga, amakhukhu, nezikhukhula ethafeni laseRushes, babevame ukunikeza ukuqubuka komalaleveva, lapho kwafa khona izakhamizi eziningi. Ngo-1934, bangaphezu kwekhulu abantu ababulawa umkhuhlane oshisayo. Ukuphinda kubuye kwenzeke eminyakeni yangemva kwempi nangemva kwempi. Mayelana nalokhu, ikomidi eliphezulu lomkhandlu wedolobhana licele iziphathimandla zesifunda ukuthi zithumele izindiza kuleyo ndawo ngosizo lapho kungenzeka khona ukuthi kusatshalaliswe izinto ezinobuthi omiyane. Futhi eminyakeni yangemva kwempi, izindiza zindiza amahlandla amabili noma amathathu phakathi nehlobo, ziphonsa uthuli emhlanga. Le ndlela yokuthola omiyane iyithinte kabi i-waterfowl, kufaka phakathi ezifuywayo, izinhlanzi, amakhrayoni, izilwane, ezifa ngenxa yalesi senzo sobuthi.
Izindlela zomzabalazo zifaka:
- Ukudalwa kwezimo zokwenza ngcono isimo sokuhlanzeka kwendalo, imvelo ye-hydrogeological kanye ne-agrotechnical.
- Ukuhlanjululwa kwendalo okusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwekhono lemvelo lama-microorganisms aphilayo ukutshabalalisa izidalwa ezingaphili, kulandelwa ukuqunjelwa kanye nokuguqulwa kwemikhiqizo yokubola kanye nezinto ze-biogenic ze-nitrogen ne phosphorus kumjikelezo we-biogeochemical (bacteria). Umjikelezo wokucubungula ingxenye ye-organic ye-under sludge yakha amanzi ne-carbon dioxide njengemikhiqizo yokugcina, ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ikhwalithi kanye nemingcele ye-hydrochemical yamanzi. ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwesisindo se-algae eluhlaza okotshani, i-tina, i-duckweed kuqedwa ngempumelelo ngokubuyisela ibhalansi yemvelo echibini
- Ukubuyisela amandla wedonsa wesiteshi
- Ukulungiswa kwaminyaka yonke kwezitshalo zasemanzini ezisogwini
Ukungcoliswa kwendle yedolobha
Imbangela enkulu yokungcoliswa kwemifula ukukhula okusebenzayo nentuthuko yempilo yezenhlalo nezomnotho emabhange ezinhlaka zamanzi.
Ukungabikhona kwezindawo zokwelapha kanye namanzi esiphepho, ukungasebenzi okungekho emthethweni emfuleni ezindaweni zokuhlala, ukungabikhona kwamachaphaza omquba kanye nokuphuma kwezakhiwo zemfuyo kuholela ekwandeni kokugeleza kokungcola kanye nenani lamagciwane asemfuleni.
Izinkinga ezidalwa ukungcoliswa kwamanzi amdaka asekhaya ahlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo:
- Shintsha esimweni samakhemikhali samanzi
- Ukwehla kwenani le-oxygen.
- Inani le-algae elixosha izinhlanzi nezinye izilwane liyakhula. Izinhlobo eziningi zingafa kulokhu.
- Imbangela izifo ezithathelanayo nezingamahlalakhona zabantu.
- Izinto ze-organic eziwela emanzini, emakamu amaningi, kuholela ekwakhekeni kwe-methane, i-hydrogen sulfide. Amanzi athatha iphunga elibi.
Izindlela zomzabalazo zifaka:
- Ukuhlanzwa komfula ezingeni lombuso.
- Ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo zokwelapha.
- Ukuqapha amazinga amanzi ahlanzekile emfuleni.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali wezolimo nama-pesticides
Umfula iRashevatka ugeleza ezindaweni ezitshaliwe ze-chernozem, lapho kusetshenziswa inani elikhulu lomanyolo, ikakhulukazi i-nitrogen kanye
i-phosphoric, isibulala-zinambuzane kanye nemithi yokubulala ukhula encibilika amanzi nemvula iwela emfuleni.
Ukwanda kokuhlungwa kwezinto ezinobuthi emanzini kuholela:
- ukuphazamiseka kokulingana kwezinto eziphilayo emfuleni.
- Inani le-microscopic algae ne-duckweed likhuphuka kakhulu.
- Ukufa kwezidalwa eziphilayo emfuleni.
- Izifo ze-oncological zabantu ngenxa yokugoqwa kokudla. Izibulala-zinambuzane aziqedwa, kepha kancane kancane ziqwabelana emzimbeni.
Izindlela zomzabalazo zifaka:
- Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yomanyolo
- Ukushintsha izibulala-zinambuzane ngeziphephe.
- Sesha izindlela zokwelashwa (ngokwesibonelo, ukukhula kwenhlanzeko yasemanzini ephenya kalula ukubulala izinambuzane emakhompiyutheni ephephile)
Ukusetshenziswa kwempuphu kanye nemikhiqizo yokuhlanza
Njengokungcola kwemizimba yamanzi, ama-ejenti ahamba ngaphezulu, kufaka phakathi izithambisi zokwenziwa, ezisetshenziswa kabanzi empilweni yansuku zonke, ziya ngokuya zibaluleka.
Ngemuva kokuthi iqhwa lihlibilike emfuleni iRashevatka, kuqongelelwa amagwebu kugudle ugu. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi, kanye namanzi ancibilikile, inani elikhulu lezinto zokuhlanza zokwakha zingena emfuleni, okuthi, ngokungafani nensipho yasendlini yangaphambili, ingaboli emanzini.
Ukungcoliswa komfula kufaka isandla kulokhu:
- Ukuqongelela ezilwaneni zasemanzini nokungena emzimbeni womuntu.
- Ukwakheka okuqinile kwe-algae eluhlaza okotshani.
- P kuholele ubuthi ezintweni eziphilayo.
- Babanga umdlavuza, izifo zesistimu yezinhliziyo, zinomthelela ekutholakaleni kwe-atherosulinosis, i-anemia, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, ukungezwani komzimba.
- Bacekela phansi amaprotheni, athinta kabi isikhumba nezinwele.
Izindlela zomzabalazo zifaka:
- Ukuhlanzwa komfula ezingeni lombuso.
- Ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo zokwelapha.
- Ukuqapha amazinga amanzi ahlanzekile emfuleni.
Ukungcola kwendlu nokungcola kwendlu
Ochungechungeni lwezinsimbi ezisindayo, ezinye zidingeka kakhulu ukusekelwa kwempilo yomuntu nezinye izinto eziphilayo futhi zingokuthile okubizwa ngokuthi yi-biogenic. Abanye babangela umphumela ohlukile futhi, ukungena entweni ephilayo, kuholele kubuthi noma ekufeni kwayo. Lezi zinsimbi zingezesigaba sama-xenobiotic, okuwukuthi, zihlukile ngokuphila. Phakathi kwezinsimbi ezinobuthi, iqembu eliphambili liyakhonjwa: i-cadmium, ithusi, i-arsenic, i-nickel, i-zebus, lead, i-zinc ne-chromium njengeyingozi kakhulu empilweni yabantu nasezilwaneni. Kulezi, i-mercury, lead ne-cadmium yizo eziyingozi kakhulu.
Phakathi kokungcola, ngokwezibalo ezinobuthi ze- "stress indices", izinsimbi ezisindayo zithatha indawo yesibili, okwesibili kuphela ezibulala izinambuzane.
Lokhu okulandelayo kungahlukaniswa emithonjeni yokungena emfuleni:
- Ukungcoliswa okuqondile nokubaleka komhlaba.
- ezokuthutha eqeda umoya wezulu
- Imisebenzi yezolimo
. Ubuthi bensimbi esindayo:
- izidalwa ze-planktonic (ikakhulukazi izihlwayi) ezigxila kuzinsimbi, okuthi, ngenxa yokungahlukeki kwazo, zihlale ezicutshini eziphilayo isikhathi esingenamkhawulo, zifaka isandla ekufeni kwe-plankton, futhi zihlale neplankton efile emigodini engaphansi.
- Kuqoqwa yizinto eziphilayo futhi kugxilwe emaketangeni okudla
- Kubulala impilo yomuntu
Ipulasitiki idala umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni, kusukela ekukhiqizweni kwayo kuze kulahlwe. Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-800 zezilwane namuhla zisongelwa ngokuqothulwa ngenxa yokudla nobuthi beplastiki. Njengomphumela wokushayisana, ipulasitiki iwela ezintweni ezincane futhi ibeka engcupheni indawo ephilayo yezinto eziphilayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, izingcezu zemfucumfucu epulasitiki zingena ekudleni kwazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuvela ukuthi leyo nkcitho efanayo esiyilahla ibuyela kithi etafuleni lokudlela ngokudla noma ngamanzi.
Uthuli lweplastiki lungatholakala kunoma iyiphi indawo esogwini emhlabeni wonke.
Ukuwohloka kwepulasitiki kuphonsa imvelo amakhemikhali angezwe kuwo ngenkathi kukhiqizwa. Kungaba chlorine, amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene, isibonelo okunobuthi noma i-carcinogenic. Izikhwama zepulasitiki ezingafakwanga zingena esiswini sezilwane nezinyoni. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi imfucuza epulasitiki iningi - ifinyelela kuma-74% - ingena olwandle ivela emifuleni
- Ubuthi bemvelo
- Ukumiswa kwamanzi nepulasitiki kuthathwa yinhlanzi njengokudla.
- Ukuvalwa kwasemfuleni
- Ukungcola kwepulasitiki kungafaka ubuthi ezilwaneni, ezingakwazi nomthelela omubi ekutholakaleni kokudla kubantu.
Izindlela zomzabalazo zifaka:
- Ukuhlanzwa kwezinga lomfula
- Imfundo yezemvelo nokukhuliswa kwezakhamizi
- Ukuqapha amazinga amanzi ahlanzekile emfuleni
Ukungcola kwamakhemikhali
Umfula iRashevatka ukhuphuke usawoti, okungeyona into yama-anthropogenic ngokwemvelo, futhi uchazwa yizinga eliphansi lamanzi omfula, amatshe amaminerali, usawoti omningi wamanzi omhlaba nokwenyuka kokuxoshwa kukasawoti ngenxa yokuhanjiswa kwamanzi.
Ezindaweni lapho amanzi angafundiswanga futhi angafundwa efika khona emfuleni, kuyabonakala ukuthi kukhuphuka inqwaba yamakhemikhali.
. Amanzi oMfula iRashevatka asetshenzisiwe futhi asasetshenziselwa kuphela ukunisela imfuyo, ukunisela insimu nezidingo zobuchwepheshe.
Izindlela zomzabalazo zifaka:
- Ukuqapha amazinga amanzi ahlanzekile emfuleni
2.3. Umsebenzi owenziwe nomphakathi I-Rashevatskaya ekuthuthukiseni isimo semvelo yomfula iRashevatka
Enye yezizathu zokuwohloka okujwayelekile kwesimo semvelo somfula izinga eliphansi lolwazi lwemvelo nokukhuliswa kwabahlali bendawo nezivakashi.
Imfundo yezemvelo inqubo eqhubekayo, egxile ekukhuliseni, ekuqeqesheni nasekwenziweni komuntu siqu okuhloswe ekwakhekeni kokuqondiswa kwenani, izinkambiso zokuziphatha kwabantu, imisebenzi yabo kanye nesimo sengqondo sokuzibophezela ekuxhumaneni kwabantu nemvelo nemvelo.
Ngakho-ke, senze izindlela eziningi zokuheha abantu bendawo ezinkingeni zomfula:
- Bamba isenzo "Hlanza umfula wethu udoti!" Isenzo lesi besihanjelwe abafundi bamakilasi ayi-7. Basusa indawo yasogwini ogwini lolwandle.
- Phakathi kwamakilasi angama-5.6, umncintiswano wokudweba "Umfula ucela usizo!"
- Isenzo “iBlue Ribbon” sasiqhutshwa nabafundi bamakilasi ayi-1,7,8. Abafundi bahambise izincwajana kubantu abedlula ngasosebeni lomfula ngolwazi ngesimo semvelo soMfula iRashevatka kanye nesicelo sokuphathwa ngokucophelela kwamanzi nengcebo yaso.
- Phakathi kwezakhamizi zeminyaka ehlukene, kwenziwa inhlolokhono yokuthola ulwazi ngokufunda kwezemvelo kanye nesimo sabahlali sokungcola kwemifula.
Sebebonke, bangu-36 abantu abaneminyaka engu-15 kuye kwengama-53 ababambe iqhaza kwinhlolovo.
Ama-62% abaphendulile akholelwa ukuthi isimo semvelo emzaneni sihle impela
Ama-68% acabanga ukuthi isimo semvelo emzaneni sibi ngenxa yenani elikhulu likadoti endaweni
Ama-100% abaphendulile avumile ukuthi abantu uqobo banesibopho sesimo semvelo endaweni
Ama-33% akuthole kunzima ukuphendula umbuzo wokuthi ngabe abaphathi bendawo bayazithatha yini izinyathelo zemvelo endaweni?
Ama-78% abaphendulile abamba iqhaza ekutshaleni izihlahla, imikhankaso yokuqoqa udoti
Ama-51% abaphendulile akholelwa ukuthi umfula iRashevatka ungcoliswe kakhulu
I-97% yabantu ikhethe impendulo ehlukile - yebo, embuzweni, uphumula nini emachibini, uyikhipha imfucumfucu?
Ama-53% aphendule ngoye embuzweni, uyazi ukuthi asetshenziswa kanjani amanzi omfula iRashevatka?
Ama-95% abaphendulile akholelwa ukuthi impilo incike esimweni semvelo yoMfula iRashevatka
- Iziphakamiso zokwenza ngcono isimo semvelo yoMfula iRashevatka
- Abafundi besikole samabanga aphakeme №9 njalo ngonyaka babheka isimo semvelo somfula,
- Thatha izinyathelo zokuhlanza ugu kusuka kumfucumfucu,
- Ungabi nandaba. Ukwenza amazwana kulabo abazenzo zabo zilimaza imvelo,
- Chazela abangane bakho nabantu obajwayele ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ukunakekela imvelo,
- Kusuka ebuntwaneni, yazisa izingane ngemibono yemvelo nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Dala ukuthathwa kwamavolontiya ngokusebenza nezingane ukwenza izingxoxo, imincintiswano, izethulo ngokuvikelwa komfula iRashevatka,
- Ukucela iziphathimandla ukuthi ziqinise izindlela zokuphatha nezomthetho ukuze kuvikeleke ukuhlaselwa ezindaweni ezisebenziseka kalula.
- Ukwelashwa nokusetshenziswa kabusha okuphephile kwamanzi asemfuyweni kwezolimo,
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-biotechnology yokwelapha imfucuza,
- Ukuvikelwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba: ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zezolimo ezingalethi ukonakaliswa komhlaba,
- Sebenzisa amanzi ompompi ngomnotho.
- Gwema imfucuza yasendlini ohlelweni lokuhambisa indle.
- Abasebenzi bezolimo bathola enye indlela yokwenza umanyolo wokwenziwa
- Ukulahlwa kwemfucuza
- Ukunxenxa izakhamizi ngephephandaba ngesicelo sokuvikela uMfula iRashevatka
- Faka iziqukathi zemfucumfucu ezindaweni ezingagunyaziwe emfuleni
- Mephu umfula bese umaka izingxenye ezingcoliswe kakhulu kuwo
- Ukwazisa abahlali ngohlelo lwezinhlawulo zokwephulwa kwemvelo: ukulimala kwezihlahla, ukwephulwa kombozo lomhlabathi, ukwakhiwa kokulahlwa komhlaba okungagunyaziwe.
- Ukukhuthaza ukuzihlanzwa kokuzihlanza kanye nokuzisaphaza komfula.
- Ukudalwa kwephrojekthi ephelele yokuthuthukisa isimo somfula
Akekho osinike uMhlaba ifa,
sayiboleka ezinganeni zethu!
Sizokhokhela ini?
Kusukela kudala, abantu basebenzise amanzi asemfuleni ezindlini nasezindlini zabo. Kepha kukho konke impilo esemhlabeni wethu, nakubantu kubandakanya, asidingi nje amanzi kuphela, kepha amanzi anekhwalithi ethile.
Okokuqala, okubizwa ngokuthi "okusha", i.e. iqukethe 1 litre yevolumu yayo hhayi ngaphezu kwe-10 g wezinto ezincibilikisiwe. Amanzi okuphuza akufanele abe amasha kuphela, kodwa futhi ahlanzekile, i.e. phakathi kokuhlakazwa noma okumiswe kuyo amakhemikhali akufanele abe yingozi empilweni. Ngisho nokuqukethwe okunciphile kwezinto eziningana ezinobuthi emanzini kuyenza ubuthi obulala abantu. Amakhemikhali amaningi, aqongelela emzimbeni womuntu, ngisho nasezingeni elincane kakhulu, aholela ekushintsheni kwezakhi zofuzo, izifo ezingathi sína ezidluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
Isimo semvelo edolobhaneni lakithi sishiya ukufiseleka kakhulu, futhi izinga lamanzi emfuleni iRashevatka liwohloka nsuku zonke.
Ukuba khona komfula esigodini sethu kubaluleke kakhulu, kwakha i-microclimate yayo uqobo, ama-microflora awo kanye nezilwane, kubaluleke kakhulu kubahlali bendawo.
Kuyaphuthuma ukuthatha izinyathelo futhi kufake phakathi abantu abaningi beminyaka ehlukahlukene kanye nobungcweti ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze bahlanze amanzi asemfuleni futhi bagcine ukwakheka kwezinhlobo zawo
Ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni, akunakwenzeka ukuthola iziphetho ezijulile ngesimo samanzi emfuleni, kodwa noma imininingwane elula enjalo iyakhombisa ukuthi akuyona yonke into ehlelekile nomfula wethu.
Ngosizo lwephrojekthi yethu, sifuna ukwazisa abaphathi bakamasipala ngesidingo sokuthatha izinyathelo zokuqeda konke lokhu kushiyeka.
Uhlu lwezinkomba
1. IVronsky V.A. I-ecology: isichazamazwi. -Rostov-on-Don: EPhoenix, 1997.-576s.
2. Umkhulu I.I. Isichazamazwi Sezendawo. Chisinau: Ch. ed. Izikhova I-Encyclopedias.
3. I-Erofeev V.V. E.A. I-Chubachkin. Isifunda Samara - izwe lomdabu. T.1 Samara: Samara Book Publishing House, 2007 416 k., P. 29, k. 353.
4. Ivanteev A.O. // "Emhlabeni wesayensi" Cha 06, 2010.
5. U-Israyeli Yu.A. I-ecology kanye nokuqapha imvelo. M.: Gidrometeoizdat, 2014.
7. I-Rechkalova N.I. Amanzi esiwaphuzayo // I-Chemistry esikoleni .- 2004. No. 3 k. 7-14
8. I-Terentyev D.V. Izinkinga Zemvelo // “Izimpikiswano Zeviki”, No. 23 (365)
9. UShilov I.A. Isayensi Yemvelo kwe-biol. noju. uchwepheshe. amayunivesithi.— M: Isikole esiphakeme, 1997.-512s.
10. I-ecology. I-Textbook.- M .: Ulwazi, 1997-288s.