Sawubona, uPicabu. Kumazwana abewathumele engosini yami bekukhona isicelo ngolimi oluqondakalayo ukuchaza ukwakheka komkhumbi olwandle. Izincwadi nezindatshana ezitholakala esizindeni somphakathi ku-Intanethi zizothathwa njengesisekelo sokuthunyelwe, okuthile kuzongezwa kusukela kulwazi lwami oluningi kakhulu ngalesi sihloko. Ngizoqala ngokuhlukaniswa okujwayelekile kwemikhumbi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngizodlulela kudivayisi yomkhumbi uqobo.
Okokuqala, imikhumbi ehamba ngomkhumbi ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili.
Okokuqala: imikhumbi emikhulu yokuhamba ngomkhumbi.
Okwesibili: imikhumbi emincane yokuhamba ngomkhumbi.
Umehluko ubalulekile. Akuyona neze indaba yobukhulu be-hull, umthamo noma indawo yasolwandle. Isibonelo, i-brig encane kunoma yisiphi isimo isho ngemikhumbi emikhulu, ne-ketch noma iol, engaba nkulu kakhulu kunale brig, ihlala incane.
Isici esinqumayo kulokhu kuhlukaniswa yimigqa. Imikhumbi emincane yokuhamba ngomkhumbi ayinamamaki angaphezu kwamabili. Kepha ama-brig, ama-brigantine, nama-schooner amaningi anama-masts amabili, futhi, kepha angawemikhumbi emikhulu yokuhamba ngomkhumbi.
Umehluko ukuthi emikhunjini emikhulu yezikebhe ezinemizila emibili kukhona i-foremast ne-mainmast. Okusho ukuthi, ingemuva likhulu kunangaphambili. Noma, njengezinyathelo sokugcina, ziyefana. Futhi emikhunjini emincane yokuhamba ngomkhumbi, i-mainsail kanye ne-mizzen masts. Ingaphambili likhulu, ngemuva kwelincane. Kwesinye isikhathi imikhumbi emincane ibizwa ngokuthi ngamathangi owodwa nengxenye, ngoba i-mizzen iphansi kakhulu kune-grotto.
Kulesi sikhala ngizokhuluma ngemikhumbi emikhulu ehamba ngomkhumbi.
Okokuqala, izinhlobo ezintathu zihlukaniswa lapha: imikhumbi enezikhali eziqondile zokuhamba ngomkhumbi, imikhumbi enezikhali zokuhamba ngomkhumbi nemikhumbi enezikhali ezixubile zokuhamba ngomkhumbi. Sizocubungula ngokulandelana kwazo.
1. Ukuhamba ngomkhumbi ngokuqondile
Ake siqale nge-frigate. Futhi kufanele ngisho khona lapho ukuthi ukudideka kuvame ukuvela ngegama elithi “frigate”. Ngisho nasezincwadini ezikhuluma ngezinto zasolwandle. Uma udabula "izinhlobo zemikhumbi yokuhamba ngomkhumbi" ku-inthanethi, sizobona: "izimpi zempi", "i-frigate", "i-corvette", "i-sloop", "i-brig", "i-bark" nokunye - konke kugcwele. Kepha lokhu akusilo ukwahlukaniswa okulungile ngokuphelele.
Iqiniso ukuthi ayikho imiqondo enjengokuthi "impi yempi", "i-corvette", "i-sloop" (uma kukhulunywa ngomkhumbi onemigqa emithathu) ezimeni zezikhali zokuhamba ngomkhumbi. Le yimibono yezempi. Leli kwakuyigama lemikhumbi emayelana nosayizi wamasosha ahlukahlukene lapho amatilosi asemkhunjini. Bebehluke komunye nomunye ngobukhulu nangezinombolo zezibhamu.
Okukhulu kunazo zonke kwakuyizimpi (izimpi zempi). Ngakho-ke babizwa ngoba babevame ukulwa, bakleliswe emugqeni wempi. Kwakukhona izinganekwane ezisindayo ezingamashumi ayisithupha nanye namashumi amathathu (kuye, kulokhu, amasosha asemkhunjini ahlukaniswe ngezigaba). Lezi zibhamu zitholakala emaceleni amabili, amathathu, kwesinye isikhathi kanye neziteketiso ezine zamabhethri. Kungakho igama: "umkhumbi wezinsuku ezimbili", "umkhumbi wezinsuku ezintathu".
Imikhumbi emincane yomugqa kwakungeminye imikhumbi yamasosha - ama-frigates. Kwakukhona izibhamu ezingamashumi amane kuya kwamashumi ayisithupha lapho. Esikhathini esiningi, izibhamu zazitholakala kuma-deski amabili, kepha zazingavele zime uma i-frigate incane. UFrigates, kanye nemikhumbi yempi, wabamba iqhaza ezimpini ezinkulu. Kepha zisetshenziselwa nokuhlasela kabusha nokuhamba ngesikebhe esisodwa.
UCorvette wayethathwa njenge "mncane" maqondana ne-frigate - kufika izibhamu ezingamashumi amane. Imvamisa, ama-corveette kwakuyimikhumbi yokutholwa kabusha kanye nemikhumbi yezithunywa.
Futhi okuncane kulo mndeni yisiqubulo. Izikhali ze-Artillery - kusuka kwesinye nesigamu kuya kwesithathu isibhamu. Izibhamu zazivame ukutholakala (njengaku-corvette) phezulu. Futhi imisebenzi yeziqubulo yayifana naleyo yama-corveette: isithunywa, ukuphinda uqaphele, inkonzo ye-sentinel.
Ubukhulu ngosayizi namandla wezikhali ze-artillery, izimpi zempi, ama-frigates, ama-corveette kanye neziqubulo kwakungezinhlobo ezifanayo ngemibandela yokuhamba ngomkhumbi. Bonke babephethe izikhali ezigcwele zokuhamba ngomkhumbi. Lokhu bakusho ngemikhumbi enama-masts okungenani amathathu nayo yonke imamaske enamasheya aqondile (ngaphandle kwalokhu, umkhumbi we-hafel, mizzen noma i-counter mizzen, obalulekile ekuqondeni).
Kumele kugcizelelwe ukuthi imithetho yasolwandle idinga umkhumbi onjalo kuphela obizwa ngokuthi umkhumbi. Izikebhe ezisele zomkhumbi kufanele zibizwe ngokuthi umkhumbi. Ngokwendabuko, ukwephulwa kwenzeka, ngisho naphakathi kwabathumbi. Kepha manje sikhuluma ngokuhlukaniswa okuqinile kwasolwandle.
Uma kukhulunywa ngamaseyili, umkhumbi nefriji yinto efanayo. Ngamanye amagama, i-frigate ngumkhumbi, umkhumbi onezikhali ezigcwele zomkhumbi.Ngakho-ke, ngemishini yabo yokuhamba ngomkhumbi, amabutho ezempi, ama-corveette kanye nesiqubulo nakho kwakuyizigaxa. Futhi-ke, lapho izikebhe zamasosha ezempi zinyamalala olwandle, umehluko ngenani lezibhamu nawo wanyamalala. Kwasala amaxoxo kuphela.
Ngakho-ke i-frigate iwumkhumbi onamamaki amaningi ukusuka kwabathathu kuya kwabayisihlanu nangososeyili oqondile kuwo wonke amamaki.
I-brig ngumkhumbi onamamitha amabili (ngaphambili nange-mainsail) namaseyili aqondile kuwo womabili amamashi (futhi, ngaphandle komkhumbi wasemuva we-hafel, i-trisel grotto, okufana nesikebhe se-hafel emgodini we-frigate we-mizzen, osiza ukuqondisa). Esikhathini sethu, amabhuleki acishe anyamalala. Amatilosi ekugcineni afike esiphethweni sokuthi kulula kakhulu, kulula ukusebenzisa imikhumbi efana nama-brigantines. Kepha ngiyakusho ngabo ngezansi. Manje kunesiqu esisodwa kuphela. Lona umkhumbi wamaNgisi iRoyalist. Izinduna zasolwandle ziyazijwayeza.
Uhlobo lwesithathu yiBark.
I-barque, njenge-frigate, ingaba nezintathu ezintathu, ezine noma ezinhlanu. Umehluko ukuthi i-mizzen mast e-barque isomile. Okusho ukuthi, azikho izikhova kuwo, kepha isikebhe sehfel kanye nopeleisi.
2. Kuthunyelwa ngezikhali zokuhamba ngomkhumbi
Emikhunjini emikhulu enezikhali ezilengayo, thayipha eyodwa yi-schooner.
I-schooner ngumkhumbi onamamitha amabili (i-foresail ne-mainsail), amamethi amathathu noma ngaphezulu, lapho kukhona khona owaseyili abantulayo. Kubukeka sengathi yonke into ilula. Kepha ubunzima ukuthi kunezinhlobo eziningi phakathi kwama-schooners. Futhi iphuzu lapha akuyona inombolo ehlukile yemasts. Iphuzu liwukuthi kufakwa ngamaphiyili kulawa mashi. Ngizonikeza isibonelo salabanye babo. Uma kusetshenziswa isikhoji esikhulu kusetshenziswa i-Bermuda, ibizwa ngokuthi yi-Bermuda schooner.
Kwakukhona imisebe ebunzini labanye abaseshi baseBermuda, futhi ngesinye isikhathi kusetshenziswa umkhumbi oqondile, omfishane, obondeni. Kepha lesi sithangami asithinti isimo sohlobo lomkhumbi, ngoba sithathwa njengeseyili elisizayo. Muhle emoyeni olungile, lapho isikebhe esishayayo singasebenzi kahle.
Kukhona namanje uhlobo loqobo lwe-schooner - lokuhlala. Lezi yilezo lapho izikejana eziyinhloko ngendawo ezingekho kumamasts, kodwa ukuma esiseleni kuhlala. Lokhu kunxantathu okukhulu. Futhi amasoseyili kumamakethi ama-schooner anjalo anomumo ongajwayelekile konxantathu ongenakubalwa. Ikhona labo elingemuva lidonswa emuva yihfel ekhethekile yama-arcs amabili (ibizwa ngokuthi iWishbone). Alikho i-geek elibonakalayo, angaphazamisa umsebenzi wokuhlala. Futhi embondweni wangemuva, isikebhe iBermuda.
Ama-scalon ama-Hafel yiwona ayevame kakhulu.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili kwakukhona umfutho ekwakhiweni kwemikhumbi enjalo. Ikakhulu e-United States naseCanada. Kodwa-ke, yaqala emuva ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Ngo-1880, kwethulwa ngokusemthethweni isikhohlela sokuqala emhlabeni esinezimpawu ezine, uWilliam L. White. Ngemuva kwalokho kwaqala ukuvela ama-hafel schooners ayisihlanu noma ayisithupha. Bekulula ukuthi bathathe imithwalo eningi kanti ngasikhathi sinye bengadingi iqembu elikhulu - awudingi ukukhwela emgceni. Babeshesha ngokwanele futhi bekulungele ukujikisa emaphepheni asezindongeni.
Zonke lezi zimfanelo zigqugquzele abakhi bemikhumbi kakhulu kangangokuba ekugcineni kwakhiwa isikebhe esikhulu esakhiwe ngamamitha ayisikhombisa eMelika. Wayengaphezu kwamamitha ayikhulu ubude.
Kusekhona ama-schooners ngemishayo kokuqala, kwesinye isikhathi kwamanye amamaki. Ama-marseilles, ama-brahmsels, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ama-bom-brahmsels, abekwa kulezi shafti. Amaseyili aphansi, abaluleke kunawo wonke, kulemikhumbi namanje emile, enesizotha, ngakho-ke awabalwa njengemikhumbi enemikhumbi eqondile yokuhamba ngomkhumbi. Futhi njengoba kukhona i-marseille ne-brahmsel ku-schooner enjalo, ibizwa kanjalo: i-marseille noma i-brahmsel.
3. Kuthunyelwa ngezikhali ezixubile zokuhamba ngomkhumbi
Uhlobo lokuqala yi-brigantine. Igama layo livela kumagama amabili: "brig" kanye "schooner". Kwesinye isikhathi basho njalo: "schooner brig." Lo mkhumbi, njenge-brig, unamamaki amabili. Futhi ebuningini besikebhe, njengesigaxa, kunemigqa eqondile: i-foresail, i-marseille, i-brahmsel njalonjalo. Futhi umugqa oyinhloko unjengokusikrinini: nge-mainsail-trisel ne-mainsail-mainsail. Kukhona ama-brigantines nge-Bermuda grotto, kepha akuvamile.
Kwesinye isikhathi ama-brigantines adidayo nama-screoners ase-marseille. Iqiniso ngukuthi onqenqemeni olungezansi lwe-Marseille schooner bangabeka umkhumbi oqondile oqondile - ngamafuphi. Lapho-ke ngokushesha futhi ngeke kwehlukaniswe ne-brigantine. Kuze ubone i-hafel fock-triselle ngemuva kwesikhashana.
Ngakho-ke i-brigantine (noma i-schooner - brig) ingumkhumbi onamamitha amabili, onamasose aqondile kumphumela we-foremast ne-oblique ku-mainmast.
IBarquentine ibukeka njenge-brigantine. Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-schooner-bark. Kepha okungenani unamamaki amathathu. Kukhona ezine. Embondweni ongaphambili, amabheleni anoseyili oqondile, kubo bonke abanye - bayashona.
Umbhalo uqukethe amagama asolwandle, ngaphandle kwawo kunzima ukubhala noma yini. Kokunye okuthunyelwe, bazochazwa ngemininingwane eminingi, ngoba lapho bezama ukucacisa, kuphuma amagama ongezekile futhi okuthunyelwe okude kunwebekile. Ngiyethemba wonke umbhalo uyaqondakala futhi uyatholakala ukuthi umuntu angaqonda ngokuphelele izindaba zasolwandle.
Ukuthumela okulandelayo kuzoba mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwemikhumbi emincane yokuhamba ngomkhumbi. Ngibonga kulabo abakwazi kahle umbhalo futhi wafunda kwaze kwaba sekupheleni.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwemikhumbi Yaseyili
Umfutho omkhulu ekwakhiweni kwemikhumbi yokuhamba ngomkhumbi kwakuyinkathi yokutholwa okukhulu kwendawo kwamakhulu we-XV-XVI. Ngalesi sikhathi, izindawo zokuzulazula nemisebenzi ngaphambi kwemikhumbi zishintsha kakhulu. Futhi, ngakho-ke, kunezidingo ezintsha zokwakhiwa nezimpawu zokusebenza kwemikhumbi. Kusukela lapho, ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kanye nenkinga yezikhali ezihamba ngomkhumbi kuqala, kuvela izinhlobo eziningi ezikhethekile kakhulu ukuhamba ngemikhumbi.
Kusukela kumakhulu eminyaka we-XVII-XVIII, ngokuthuthukiswa kwesimo samagama asolwandle esihlanganisiwe, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuhlukaniswa kwazo yonke imikhumbi ngohlobo. Isici esikhulu sokuhlukanisa ngemikhumbi luhlobo lwemishini yokuhamba ngomkhumbi efakwe kuyo. Izimpawu ezincane uhlobo lomkhumbi wokuhamba ngomkhumbi kwakuyinani lama-masts nenhloso yawo, futhi ngemikhumbi yempi eyinqaba kanye nenani lezikhali zamakhanoni. Cabanga izinhlobo zemikhumbi yokuhamba ngomkhumbi ngezikhali ezahlukahlukene.
Zonke izinhlobo zezikhali ezihamba ngomkhumbi zingahlukaniswa zaba ngamaqembu amakhulu amathathu ngohlobo lwamaseyili akhona:
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyisiko ukwahlukanisa yonke imikhumbi ku:
Ezinkulu zihlanganisa lezo ezithwala okungenani imaski amabili. Imikhumbi emincane ehamba ngemikhumbi enama-masts angu-1 noma owodwa nohhafu ibhekwa njengomncane njengento encane (inketho lapho omunye wemashi ungaphansi kakhulu).
I-Travel Club
I- “Prussia” iwumkhumbi ohamba ngezinyawo eziyisihlanu onophawu lwensimbi yonke. Phambilini, bekungumkhumbi omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni onesikeya esiqondile, kanye nokuphela komkhumbi wesikebhe onemigqa emihlanu walesi sigaba emikhunjini yomthengisi womhlaba. Umkhumbi wokuhamba ngomkhumbi wakhiwa ngo-1902 ngomyalo wenkampani yokuthumela iHamburg iLayes. IHamburg yimbobo yasekhaya yomkhumbi ohamba ngomkhumbi. Ngokungafani nabanye abaningi, isikebhe sasePrussia asikaze sihlonyiswe ngezinjini ezisizayo. Ubude bomkhumbi ngamamitha ayi-147, ububanzi bungamamitha ayi-16,3, ukuhanjiswa kungamathani ayi-11,150, umthamo womkhumbi ungama-5,881 rt (amarejista amathani), indawo yomkhumbi ngamamitha ayi-6,806, iminyaka yokusebenza isuka ku-1902 kuya ku-1910.
I- “France II” ingumkhumbi waseFrance onemikhumbi emihlanu. Lesi sikebhe sesikebhe sesikebhe sithathwa njengomunye omkhulu kunabo bonke emlandweni wokwakha umkhumbi. “IFrance II” yabekwa ethekwini i- “Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde” edolobheni laseFrance iBordeaux ngo-1911. Ubude besikebhe sesikebhe bungamamitha ayi-146.20, ububanzi bungamamitha ayi-17, ukuhanjiswa kungamathani ayizi-10,710, umthamo womkhumbi ungama-5,633 RT, umthamo wamaseyili ungamamitha ayi-6,350 ubukhulu.
I- “R.C. Rickmers” ingumkhumbi waseJalimane onemikhumbi emihlanu, futhi futhi wawusebenza njengomkhumbi wabathengisi. Ubude besikebhe sesikebhe bungamamitha ayi-146, ububanzi bungamamitha ayi-16.3, ukuhanjiswa kungamathani ayizi-10 500, umthamo womkhumbi ungamathani angama-5,548 wokubhaliswa, indawo yomkhumbi ngamamitha ayi-6,045.
Schooner "Thomas W. Lawson" - okuwukuphela kwesikebhe esinemikhumbi eyisikhombisa emhlabeni. Wethulwa edolobheni laseQuincy ngonyaka ka-1902. Umakhi wemikhumbi odumile uDaon Crowley wayefuna ngempela ukudala umkhumbi omkhulu wokuhamba ngomkhumbi emhlabeni wonke, futhi ngenxa yalokho waba ugqozi nomlobi womqondo wokwakhiwa kwawo. Ubude besikebhe sesikebhe bungamamitha ayi-144, ububanzi bungamamitha ayi-15, ukuhanjiswa kungamathani ayizi-10,860, umthamo womkhumbi ungama-5,218 rt, indawo yamaseyili ingamamitha angama-4,330 ubukhulu, indawo enkulu yomkhumbi uThomas W. Lawson ibingu-5.218 (gross), I-137 (brt) ngaleso sikhathi yayinkulu kune-Prque barussia enezinhlaka ezinhlanu, eyaqala ukusebenza ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kukaThomas owayengumdwebi. W. Lawson. "
I-Royal Clipper isikebhe esihamba ngezinyawo esiyisihlanu, esinezinkanyezi ezine, esakhiwa ngomfanekiso wePrussia (1902 - 1910). Imodeli yesikebhe semikhumbi yathuthukiswa uSigmund Horen, uchwepheshe wasePoland ngamathuluzi emikhumbi, futhi isikebhe ngokwaso saqala ukusebenza ngo-2000. Isikebhe esinde kunazo zonke emhlabeni sisebenzisa abagibeli abangama-227. “I-Royal Clipper” ingafinyelela isivinini esingama-20 amafindo. Ubude bomkhumbi ngamamitha ayi-134.8, ububanzi bungamamitha ayi-16.5, ukufuduswa kungamathani angama-5,061, umthamo womkhumbi ungama-4,425 rt, indawo yomkhumbi ngamamitha ayi-5,202.
IPotosi ngumkhumbi wabathengisi abahamba ngezinyawo abahlanu, owakhiwa ngo-1895 nge-oda lenkampani yokuthumela iHamburg iLayes. Indlela yokuhamba ngomkhumbi idlule phakathi kweJalimane neChile. Ubude besikebhe sesikebhe bungamamitha ayi-132,1, ububanzi bungamamitha ayi-15,1, ukuhanjiswa kungamathani angama-8,580, umthamo womkhumbi ungama-4,026 rt, futhi indawo yomkhumbi ngamamitha skwele angama-4,700.
ICopenhagen "Cobenhavn" - ibha lokugcina elinemigqa emihlanu, elakhiwa ngo-1921 yinkampani yaseScotland "Ramage and Ferguson" ngomyalo wenkampani yaseDenmark East Asia ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala eCopenhagen. Ubude be-barge ngamamitha ayi-131.9, ububanzi bungamamitha ayi-15, ukuhanjiswa kungamathani angama-7, 900, umthamo womkhumbi ungama-3,901 rt, indawo yomkhumbi ngamamitha-skwele angama-4,644.
I- “France I” ingesinye sezikebhe ezinkulu ezinamabala amahlanu. Umkhumbi wokuhamba ngomkhumbi wakhiwa ngo-1890. Kwakuwumkhumbi wokuqala wokuthwala imithwalo waseFrance nowesibili emhlabeni kule nkathi. Umkhumbi ungamamitha ayi-133 ubude, amamitha ayi-14,9 ububanzi, futhi ususelwa kude ngamathani ayi-7,800.
I-Wyoming yisithuthuthu esiyimitha eyisithupha, esingamamitha ayi-125, esisebenza ngo-decker kabili esakhiwa ngokuyinhloko kusuka kuphayini waseCanada. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuy ukuphakama kokuphelela kokwakhiwa ngemikhumbi ngokhuni. I-Wyoming yisikejana esikhulu sokhuni esiqinile emhlabeni. Ubude bomkhumbi ngamamitha ayi-137, ububanzi bungamamitha ayi-15, ukuhanjiswa kungamathani ayi-8,000, umthamo womkhumbi ungama-3,731 rt, indawo yomkhumbi ngamamitha ayi-3,700.
IGreater Ripablic iyi-clipper enkulu kakhulu yokhuni yekhulu le-19. Yakhiwa ngumakhi wemikhumbi odumile waseMelika uDonald Mackay. IClipper “Republic Enkulu” yayingalingani ngosayizi. Iningi labalingisi baseMelika bangekhulu le-19 babecishe babe ngamamitha angama-70 ubude futhi babhekwa njengabakhulu emhlabeni; iziqeshana zesiNgisi zazingamamitha angama-60. Ubude be-Great Ripablik babuyimitha eziyi-101.5, ububanzi besiqeshana sasingamamitha ayi-16,2, kanti ukuthunyelwa lapho kwakungamathani angama-4556. Ukuphakama kwe-Great Republic grotto kufinyelele kumamitha ayi-70. Indawo ephelele yamaseyili ngamamitha ayi-6070.
I- “Viking” yigxolo lensimbi elinemigqa emine, elakhiwa ngo-1906 eCopenhagen. Ngumkhumbi omkhulu kunayo yonke owake wakhiwa eScandinavia. Ubude be-Viking bungamamitha ayi-118, ububanzi bawo ngamamitha ayi-13.9, ukuhanjiswa kwawo kungamathani ayizi-6,300, umthamo womkhumbi ungama-2,959 rt, futhi indawo yomkhumbi ngamamitha ayi-3,690 ubukhulu.
ISedov iyi-barque enezimpawu ezine eyakhiwa ngo-1921 ngaphansi kwegama elithi Magdalene Vinnen II. Kusukela ngo-1936, igama lishintshele ku- "Kodgeore Johnsen". Kwathi ngo-1945, amagxolo adluliselwa e-USSR yiGreat Britain futhi yaqanjwa kabusha ukuhlonipha umhloli wamazwe odumile wasePoland uGeorgy Yakovlevich Sedov. Namuhla, iSedov ingenye yemikhumbi yokuqeqesha ehamba ngomkhumbi emikhulu emhlabeni. Ubude - amamitha ayi-117,5, ububanzi - amamitha ayi-14,6, ukususwa kwabantu - amathani angama-7,320, umthamo womkhumbi - 3,556 rt, indawo yesikebhe - 4,192 metres.
I-Union ngumkhumbi wokufundisa ngomkhumbi wezikebhe wezempi wasePeru. Isikebhe sesikebhe sinetshezi lensimbi elinemigqa emine. Le nyunyana yakhiwa ngonyaka ka-2014 ngabakwa-Shipyard Marine Industrial Services ePeru, eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-SIMA. Ubude be-barge ngamamitha ayi-115.75, ububanzi bungamamitha ayi-13.5, ukuthunyelwa kungamathani angama-3,200, indawo yesikebhe ngamamitha angama-4,324 esigcawini.
IKruzenshtern yigxolo elinemigodi emine, umkhumbi wokufundisa waseRussia wokuhamba ngomkhumbi. Yakhiwa ngo-1925-1926 eJalimane.Ngesikhathi sokuvela, leli gxolo laqanjwa ngokuthi iPadua, kepha kwathi ngo-1946 laba yimpahla ye-USSR futhi laqanjwa kabusha ngokuhlonipha umphathi-mkhosi odumile waseRussia u-Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Imbobo yokubhaliswa komkhumbi yiKaliningrad. Ubude besikebhe sesikebhe bungamamitha ayi-114,5, ububanzi bungamamitha ayi-14,4, ukuhanjiswa kungamathani angama-5,805, umthamo womkhumbi ungama-3,064 ne-mercury, futhi indawo yomkhumbi ngamamitha ayi-3,900. Umkhumbi wenze uhambo oluphindaphindwayo futhi lokujikeleza umhlaba jikelele. Iklabhu yokuvakasha yaseMikhail Kozhukhov inikeza ithuba eliyingqayizivele hhayi nje lokuvakashela iKruzenshtern, kodwa lokuqhubeka nohambo oluya eKruzenshtern.
I-Pamir isikebhe sokuloba esinezinyawo eziningi. Ngesinye isikhathi, imikhumbi ehamba ngomkhumbi eminingi, ethola igama elingelona igama le- "flying" P ", yathola ukuthandwa emhlabeni jikelele. Lolu chungechunge lwezikebhe zesikebhe lwakhiwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 ngomyalo wenkampani yokuthumela yaseJalimane “uF. Laeisz ”. UBark “Pamir” ungomunye wabo. Ubude besikejana bungamamitha ayi-114,5, ububanzi bungamamitha ayi-14, ukuthunyelwa kungamathani angama-3,910, umthamo womkhumbi ungama-3,020 ama-mercury, futhi indawo yomkhumbi ngamamitha ayi-3,800.
“UJuan Sebastian de Elcano” uwumkhumbi wokuqeqesha weNavy Spanish. Kusetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokuqeqesha amakade we-Naval Academy. I-Elcano is schooner enkulu kunazo zonke emikhumbi yokuqeqesha yomhlaba. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwezikhali ezihamba ngomkhumbi, i- “Elkano” ibhekisa kuma-topsail (marseille) schooners, ngaphambili ayiphethe amasoseyi aqondile amane kanye nama-oblique amathathu, kumasende amathathu asele - kuseyili kuphela obonakalayo. Lo mkhumbi waklanywa futhi wakhiwa esikhumulweni semikhumbi i-Echevaryeta naseLarinaga eCadiz, futhi wethulwa ngoMashi 5, 1927. Lesi skena saqanjwa ngoJuan Sebastian de Elcano (1476-1526), umatilosi wokuqala owahamba emhlabeni wonke jikelele. Ubude bomkhumbi ngamamitha ayi-113, ububanzi bungamamitha ayi-13, ukuthunyelwa kungamathani angama-3 670, umthamo womkhumbi ungama-2 464 RT, indawo yomkhumbi ngamamitha ayi-3153.
I-Esmeralda iwumkhumbi wokuhamba ngomkhumbi waseChile owakhiwa maphakathi nekhulu lama-20. Yabekwa ethekwini laseCadiz ngo-1946, kwathi emuva kweminyaka eyisithupha umkhumbi wathengiselwa eChile njengengxenye yokukhokha isikweletu saseSpain kulelo lizwe. NgoMeyi 12, 1953, kwethulwa lo mkhumbi, kwathi ngo-June 15, 1954, kwatiswa ifulegi laseChile. Ubude bomkhumbi ngamamitha ayi-113, ububanzi bungamamitha ayi-13, ukuhanjiswa kungamathani angama-3,673, umthamo womkhumbi ungama-2,400 RT, indawo yomkhumbi ngamamitha angama-2,935 amamitha awili.
I-"Mir" ngumkhumbi wokuqeqesha onemigqa emithathu, i-frigate ngokuya ngezigaba ezamukelekayo zemikhumbi yokuqeqesha, noma "umkhumbi" ngezikhali ezihamba ngomkhumbi - umkhumbi onezikhali ezigcwele zokuhamba ngomkhumbi, ezika-Admiral S.O.Makarov State University of the Sea and River Fleet (St. Petersburg), futhi kusukela ngo-2014, eRosmorport. UMiri wakhiwa esikhungweni semikhumbi saseGdansk ngo-1987. Ubude besikejana ngamamitha ayi-109.6, okusalungiswa kungamamitha ayi-6.6, indawo ephelele yesikebhe ngamamitha angama-2771, ukuphakama kwemidambo ephakathi kungamamitha angama-49,5. Ibamba abantu abanga-200.
“Ithemba” ngumkhumbi wokuqeqesha onemigqa emithathu. Umkhumbi onengalo ephelele yokuhamba ngomkhumbi ubhalwe kwirejista njengefriji. Njengamanje ephethwe yi-Federal State Un Un Enterprise Yegatsha LaseMpumalanga Ekude "ROSMORPORT". Ubude bomkhumbi ngamamitha ayi-109.4, ububanzi bungamamitha ayi-14, ukuhanjiswa kungamathani angama-2,297, indawo yomkhumbi ngamamitha angama-2,768 isikwele.
Isikebhe sokuqeqesha ngomkhumbi “Isipho Sentsha” siyisikebhe sasePoland esinezintambo ezintathu zokuziqeqesha, i-frigate. Yakhiwa eGdansk Shipyard eqanjwe ngeLenin futhi yethulwa ngonyaka we-1982. Indlalifa eya esikebheni esidume ngomkhumbi i- “Lwow” (“Lviv”) yethulwa eNgilandi ngo-1869, ngomunye wemikhumbi yokuqala yensimbi. Ubude - amamitha ayi-108,8, ububanzi - amamitha ayi-13.94, ukuhanjiswa ezweni - 2 2 556 wamathani, umthamo womkhumbi - 2 384 RT, indawo yemikhumbi ephelele - 3 315 metres ubukhulu.
I- “Pallas” ingumkhumbi wokuqeqesha onemigqa emithathu (umkhumbi onezikhali ezigcwele ogcwele ngomkhumbi, obhalwe njengamagxolo kwirejista, kwesinye isikhathi obizwa ngokuthi yi-frigate emaphephandabeni), ungumnikazi weFar Eastern State Technical University of Fisheries (Vladivostok). Ubude - amamitha ayi-108,6, ububanzi - amamitha ayi-14, ukususwa endaweni yokuhlala - amathani angama-2,284, indawo ephelele yesikebhe - amamayela ayi-2,771 abekiwe.
"I-Khersones" - uqeqesho olugcwele izikebhe ezintathu (umkhumbi ophethe izikhali ezigcwele eziqondile), indawo yokuqeqesha igatsha laseSevastopol le State State Maritime University eqanjwe ngemuva Admiral F.F. Ushakova (ichweba lokubhalisa - Sevastopol). Ubude be-frigate bungamamitha ayi-108.6, ububanzi bungamamitha ayi-14, ukuhanjiswa kungamathani angama-2,987, indawo ephelele yamamayela iyimitha engama-2,770 ibekiwe.
ILibertad iyindawo yokuqeqesha umkhumbi wezempi wase-Argentina. Yakhiwa ngawo-1950s esikhungweni semikhumbi iRio Santiago eduzane naseLa Plata futhi yaba ngomunye wemikhumbi emikhulu ehamba ngomkhumbi emhlabeni. Ukufinyelela kokuqala olwandle kwaqedwa ngo-1962. Kudlule amamayela angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-800 nautical (amakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyi-1.5), avakashela amachweba angaba ngu-500 emazweni angaphezu kwangama-60. Ubude bomkhumbi ngamamitha ayi-103.7, ububanzi bungamamitha ayi-13.8, ukuhanjiswa kungamathani angama-3,765, indawo ephelele yemikhumbi ingamamitha ayi-3,652 ubukhulu.
I-Amerigo Vespucci ngumkhumbi wokuqeqesha umkhumbi wase-Italy. Isikebhe esihamba ngomkhumbi esinezitezi ezintathu “i-Amerigo Vespucci” - sikhumbula umkhumbi wokuhamba ngomkhumbi owenziwa ngama-50-60s. XIX century. Yasungulwa ngoFebhuwari 1931 eNaples. Ubude bomkhumbi bungamamitha ayi-100.6, ububanzi bungamamitha ayi-15,56, ukuhanjiswa kungamathani angama-4,146, umthamo womkhumbi ungama-3,545 rt, futhi ingqikithi yendawo yomkhumbi ngamamitha ayi-2,580.
IStadsraad Lemkul ngumkhumbi waseNorway oyimikhumbi emithathu, oyigxolo, owakhiwa ngo-1914. Abelwe ethekwini laseBergen. Ungumkhumbi omkhulu futhi omkhulu kunayo yonke ngomkhumbi eNorway. Ubude bomkhumbi ngamamitha angama-98, ububanzi bungamamitha ayi-12,6, ukuhanjiswa kungamathani ayi-1,516, umthamo womkhumbi ungama-1,701 rt, futhi ingqikithi yendawo yomkhumbi ingamamitha angama-2,026 ubukhulu.
I- “Eos Yacht” iyisikulufi esinezintambo ezintathu esinezikhali zaseBermuda zokuhamba ngomkhumbi. ISchooner ingenye yezikebhe ezinkulu zasekhaya ezisesabekayo ezinkulu emhlabeni. Ungowe-media tycoon, uBill Diller oyibhiliyoni, unkosikazi womklami wemfashini uDiana von Furstenberg. Ubude be-yacht ngamamitha angama-92.92, ububanzi - amamitha ayi-13.47, ukuthunyelwa endaweni yokuhlala - amathani ayi-1,500, indawo ephelele yesikebhe - amamayela ayi-3,600 amamayela.
Izikebhe zomkhumbi ezihlomile ngokuqondile
Amaseyili aqondile aqonde ukusungulwa kwasendulo, okwakusetshenziswa kusukela kudala. Zafakwa emikhunjini nasezikebheni zaseGibhithe, zaseFenike, zamaGrikhi, zasePolynesia nezaseRoma ngaphambi kwesikhathi sethu. Abalahlekelwe ukuhambisana kwabo esikhathini sethu. Isici sabo esihlukile ukwakheka kwama-quadrangular - ngesimo soxande noma trapezoid ejwayelekile. I-crib engenhla ifakwa kwijoka noma i-hafel, kanti ephansi kuya boom, ijoka eliphansi noma ngqo kudeski.
Inzuzo yamaseyili aqondile kulula ukusebenzisana nawo, kulula ukubeka nokususa. Banamandla okushayela kahle emimoyeni efanelekile, noma kunjalo, ngohlangothi nangezivunguvungu kunzima kakhulu noma akunakwenzeka ukuzisebenzisa. Ekunyakazeni, angle elingatheni phakathi kokuqondisa komoya nendiza yesikebhe kufanele lidlule ku-65-67 cishe, futhi lokhu kwenza ukubanjwa cishe kube nzima. Igama lamaseyili lincike kwigama lama-masts efakwe kulo nendawo yokuhlala ye-serial kuma-tiers.
Izinhlobo Zomkhumbi Womkhumbi, ngamaseyili aqondile akhona:
- Umkhumbi. Kulokhu, sisho ukuthi "umkhumbi" hhayi njengomkhumbi uwonke, kepha igama elakha umkhumbi omkhulu wokuhamba ngomkhumbi omathathu noma ngaphezulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, kufanele kube nemiseyili eqondile ngqo.
- IBarque. Ingaba nemashi elingaphezulu kwe-3, kepha ihlukile kumkhumbi ngoba inesikeyidi esidonsa kulolayini we-mizzen, kuyilapho kokuphumayo inoseyili abaqondile kuphela.
- I-brig ngumkhumbi omncane. Kodwa-ke, uhlala enamamaki amabili kuphela.
Izikebhe zesikebhe ezinama-armque armque
Amaseyili weSkew asungulwa ngemuva kwesikhathi eside kunoseyili abaqondile, kuphela ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Abokuqala baqala ukuzisebenzisa, mhlawumbe, amatilosi angama-Arabhu. Ukusuka kubo, isikebhe esidonsayo samukelwa abaseYurophu, lapho sasakazeka khona kabanzi njengezimele futhi njengokwengeza kwabaqondile. Inzuzo engathandabuzekiyo yesikebhe esishayayo phezu kweqonde ngqo ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uhambe ngezikhombisi-moya ezilandelanayo. Imikhumbi emikhulu, enezoseyili ezinkulu ze-oblique, ibizwa ngokuthi ama-schooners. Ngokuya ngezici zokuklama, zona, zihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningi:
- Hafelnaya. Ifakwe umkhumbi ogwili, owelulwe phakathi kwe-gaffle phezulu kanye ne-boom ngezansi, kuthi okhalweni lwangaphambili kuqondiswe ngqo kusixaka.
- EBermuda Imiselekazi yalolu hlobo inendlela yoxantathu. Isisekelo sigxilisiwe ku-boom, nasemaphethelweni oholayo - ku-mast.
- I-Staysail - lolu hlobo luhlanganisa ama-schooner lapho kusetshenziswa khona amasoseyili asemqoka (amasoseji akhethekile abekwe phezu kwendlunkulu phambi kwama-masts).
- IMarseille - ene-jib elengayo, kodwa ngaphezu kwayo ifakwe i-ngqose-marseille.
Ukwahlulela ngezikhali zabo zokuhamba ngomkhumbi, izinhlobo ezimbili zokugcina zingavezwa kahle ngemikhumbi yohlobo oluxubile. Kepha, ngokwesiko lomlando wasolwandle, banikezwa igama elithi "schooner", elibachaza njengemikhumbi enezikhali ezinkulu kakhulu.
Izikebhe Ezihlanganisiwe Zesikebhe
Imikhumbi ehlangene enezikhali ifaka phakathi kwazo zombili izinhlobo zamaseyili ezimelwe ngokulingana okulingana. Lokhu kufaka izinhlobo ezimbili zemikhumbi:
- I-brigantine ingumkhumbi onemigqa emi-2, kuthi okuphezulu ibekwe i-oblique, bese kuthi ngaphambili kube yimiseyili eqondile.
- IBarkentina - ithwala okungenani ama-3 masts. Embondweni ongaphambili kunoseyili abaqondile, kubo bonke abalandelayo - ngokukhethekile be-oblique.
Imikhumbi emincane yokuhamba ngomkhumbi nezinhlobo zawo:
Isikebhe esincane esisheshayo singathwala omabili ama-1 no-2 (munye nohafu). Imikhumbi enezimpawu ezimbili ifaka i-ketch ne-iols. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zithwala i-mizzen no-mainmasts, futhi ziyahlukahluka endaweni lapho kukhona khona umuntu okhalayo. E-Ketch, itholakala ngemuva komgodi we-mizzen, kuyilapho e-Iola ngaphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zemikhumbi emincane yokuhamba ngomkhumbi zinendawo ehlukile ye-mizzen. E-Ketch, indawo yayo idlula i-15% futhi ingafinyelela ku-¼ yendawo ephelele yamaseyili. Ku-iol, usayizi we-mizzen ngandlela thile onesizotha, futhi kuyaqabukela kweqa i-10% yendawo ephelele yamaseyili. Womabili ama-ketch ne-iol angathwala imiseyili ye-hafel noma yeBermuda - kulesi simo abizwa nge- "Bermuda ketch", noma, ngokwesibonelo, “hafel iol”.
Izikebhe ezinde ezinesikebhe esisodwa zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezilandelayo:
- Ithenda. Inomugqa owodwa oguqiselwe endaweni ephakathi. Isethi ejwayelekile yemiseyili: i-mainsail (hafel noma iBermuda), i-topsel, i-restsail kanye ne-jibs. Njengazo zonke ezinye izikebhe ezincane zesikebhe, ngokuya ngohlobo lwe-grotto, kukhona ama-hafel noma iBermuda.
- Isilobo sinesikebhe esishayayo edondweni eliyinhloko, nokuwukuphela kokuhlala. Kwezinye izimo, i-topsel eyengeziwe ifakwa ngenhla kwe-gaffle grotto.
- Kat, isikebhe esincane esinezikhali ezilula, esinezikebhe esisodwa esidonsayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-yachts nezikebhe zesimanje kungahlukaniswa ngohlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo izinqolobane zazo ezenziwe ngazo:
- Insimbi.
- I-Fibglass.
- Izinkuni.
- Usimende oqinisiwe.
Ngokwenombolo yama-hulls, izikebhe zokuhamba ngomkhumbi zingaba zihabhu elilodwa, ama-hule amabili (ama-catamarans) kanye nama-hule amathathu (ama-trimarans). Ngobukhona be-keel imikhumbi emincane yokuhamba ngomkhumbi bangu:
- I-Keel - yi-keel enkulu, edlala indima ye-balancer, ukuvimbela i-yacht ukuthi ingadabuli ngaphezulu kwensimbi. Kwenyusa ukuqina ngokushintsha isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi ngaphansi komfula wamanzi.
- Izikebhe zasolwandle. Ine-daggerboard - ikhiphedi yokuphakamisa, engasuswa uma kunesidingo, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise okusalungiswa kwesikejana.
- Okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuyekethisa" ama-yachts, ahlanganisa ekwakhiweni kwawo inzuzo yazo zombili lezi zinhlobo ezingenhla.