Ibhere liyisidlakudla esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, lidlula ngosayizi ngisho nengonyama nehlosi. Isilo besilokhu sihamba noMhlaba iminyaka ecishe ibe yizigidi ezi-5, futhi ngalesi sikhathi sikwazile ukuthola isizinda sezimo eziyingozi kakhulu. Amasayizi wezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene asebangeni lamamitha ayi-1,2 kuye kwayi-3, kanti isisindo siyahlukahluka kusuka kuma-40 kg kuye kwithani. Amabhere anomzimba omkhulu, intamo obukhulu nekhanda elikhulu eliyindilinga.
Isisulu siphiwe imihlathi enamandla esisiza ukudonsa noma yikuphi ukudla. Ama-fangs amakhulu abekwe ezinhlangothini zamazinyo amancane angaphambili. Isilo sihamba ngemilenze egobile.
Ibhele aligcini kahle ehlathini, kodwa futhi libhukuda kahle. Noma yiziphi izinhlobo ziyakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade emanzini. Futhi imhlophe inezitho ezisesithweni sayo, ivumele ukubhukuda ngokushesha okukhulu. Isilo sikhuphuka ngokuphelele izihlahla, sizigibela ngokoqobo ngemizuzwana embalwa. Konke lokhu kumenza abe yisisulu esihle kakhulu, noma ngasiphi isimo angabamba inyamazane, nomaphi lapho ecasha khona.
Ukuzwa nokubona kwamabhere akuthuthukanga kahle, okungenakushiwo ngomqondo wokuhogela. Isilwane siyakwazi ukuhogela ngisho nephunga eliwubala bese sithatha indlela esivela kuyo. Ngenxa yalokhu, iqondiswe kahle esikhaleni.
Iphethini yomhume webhere
Umbala woboya bekabhele kuya ngezinhlobo zawo. Kungaba mnyama, nsundu, kube mhlophe. Umbala wesikhumba ubuye unqunywe yile pharamitha. Okumhlophe kunesikhumba esimnyama ngaphansi kwejazi. Lokhu kusiza ukuthola ukushisa okuningi okuvela elangeni ezimweni sezulu ezibandayo. Ngombala onsundu, ngimpunga. Kwesinye isikhathi isifo esivelakancane senzeka emabhere, ngenxa yokuthi izinwele ezisemzimbeni cishe azikho ngokuphelele. Okudume kakhulu kulokhu yilaba besifazane abangamaDolores, abahlala e-Leipzig Zoo.
Incazelo yebhere ebrown
Ubukhulu obujwayelekile bomzimba webhere onsundu ngamamitha ayi-1-2, ukuphakama kwawo kufinyelela kumitha eli-1, isisindo sawo sisebangeni lama-300-400 kg. Ngokuvamile, ama-subspecies anokuhlukahluka ngobude bomzimba nesisindo, kepha abesilisa bahlala bekhulu kunabesifazane.
Amabhere ansundu anomzimba onamandla, owomile ophakeme, ikhanda elikhulu, izindlebe namehlo mancane. Umsila umfishane, kusuka ku-65 kuye ku-210 mm ubude, akubonakali buqhamile. Amandla aqinile, uzipho lunamandla, alunakuphikwa, 8-10 cm ubude. Ibhere isilwane esinezintambo ezinhlanu, ezihamba ngezinyawo ezihlanu. Uboya bukhulu, bunombala olinganayo.
Umbala uguquguqukayo, zombili izingxenye ezahlukile zobubanzi obufanayo, futhi endaweni efanayo. Uwoya upendiwe kusuka ekukhanyiseni okukhanyayo kuya kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nemibala ecishe ibe mnyama. Umbala ojwayelekile kakhulu onsundu. Kukhona izindawo ezikhanyayo entanyeni nasesifubeni izindawo zamawundlu anyamalala njengoba isilwane sikhula. I-brown ibereka i-molt kanye ngonyaka, kusukela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kuya ekwindla.
Izici Zokudla Umsoco o-brown Bear
Amabhere ansundu ayizilwane ezihlasimulisayo, kepha ikakhulu adla ukudla kwezitshalo: amajikijolo, ama-acorns, amantongomane, izimpande, ama-tubers notshani ngeziqu. Uma unyaka kwenzeka ngesivuno esingesihle samajikijolo, khona-ke enyakatho yebanga amabhele atshintshela ezitshalweni ze-oat, futhi eningizimu - ummbila, izakhamizi zaseMpumalanga Ekude zivakashela amahlathi emisedari. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhere ansundu adla izinambuzane (izintuthwane, izimvemvane), izibungu, izibankwa, amasele, izinduku (amagundane, amabele, izingwegwe zomhlaba, ama-chipmunks) nezinhlanzi. Ehlobo, cishe ingxenye yesithathu yokudla kwebhere izinambuzane nezibungu zazo. Amabhere ansundu aziphatha ngokungafani njengezinyamazane, futhi phakathi kwezinyamazane zazo kukhona izilwane ezingamkhonzi njengodoti, inyamazane, inyamazane, inyamazane, i-caribou (amabhere ngokuvamile azingela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo lapho eshiya ubusika bawo, futhi kunokudla okuncane kwesitshalo).
Ukwelashwa okuthandekayo kwebhele elimnyama uluju, badla i-carrion, futhi basebenzise usayizi wabo, baphuca impisi, isigaxa nehlosi. Into ethile yezikhathi zokudla kwabo izinhlanzi ngesikhathi sokuhluma.
Ukusakazeka kwebhele
Phambilini amabhele ansundu ayevamile kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kubandakanya naseNgilandi nase-Ireland (amabhere e-Atlas), kanti empumalanga edabula eSiberia naseChina lafika eJapan. ENyakatho Melika, bahlala e-Alaska baya enyakatho neMexico.
Namuhla, lolu hlobo ezinhlangeni eziningi luye lwanyamalala, noma seluyincane. ENtshonalanga Yurophu, abantu ngamunye bahlala emaPyrenees, eziNtabeni zaseCantabrian, e-Alps nase-Apennines. Amabhere ansundu ayatholakala naseScandinavia naseFinland, eCentral Europe nase Carpathians. E-Asia, bahlala e-Asia Minor, ePalestine, enyakatho ye-Iraq ne-Iran, enyakatho yeChina nePeninsula yaseKorea, eJapan esiqhingini saseHokkaido. Uhla lwamabhere ansundu eRussia iyona ndawo yonke yamahlathi, ngaphandle kwezindawo eziseningizimu. ENyakatho Melika, ama-grizzlies aphikelela e-Alaska naseCanada.
Ukubhaliswa okujwayelekile kwebhere onsundu
- Amabhere amnyama ansundu waseSiberia (i-Ursus arctos collaris) - asatshalaliswa eSiberia empumalanga yeYenisei, kanye nasenyakatho neChina nasemngceleni we-East Kazakhstan.
- IGobi brown bear noma i-mazalai (i-Ursus arctos gobiensis) iyisakhamuzi sasehlane laseGobi eMongolia. Inesimo sokuthi "kunqabile kakhulu" futhi isengozini yokuqothulwa.
- IGrizzlies - leli igama lesikhungo saseMelika esingezansi lebhere elinsundu, elihlala ikakhulu e-Alaska, eziqhingini eziseduze nasentshonalanga yeCanada. Inani elincane labantu lahlala e-United States.
- I-Tien Shan brown bear (i-Ursus arctos isabellinus) - etholakala ezintabeni zePamirs, iTien Shan kanye neHimalaya. Lincane uma liqhathaniswa nezinye izingqangi, futhi isici salo esiyingqayizivele sokuhlukanisa yinde, izigqoko ezikhanyayo emilenzeni yangaphambili.
- I-Kodiak (i-Ursus arctos middendorffi) - isatshalaliswa esiqhingini sase-Kodiak eduze nogu oluseningizimu ye-Alaska. Ukubhaliswa okukhulu.
- Ibhere laseTibetan brown noma ibhungane ibhungane (i-Ursus arctos pruinosus) liyisakhamuzi esisempumalanga yethafa laseTibetan. Enye yezindawo ezingaziwa.
Ukuziphatha kwebhere eBrown
Amabhere ansundu ayizilwane zasehlathini. E-Russia, bakhetha amahlathi aqinile anamahlathi aminyene ezihlahla ezinamandla, izihlahlana notshani impilo, angena eTundra, namahlathi aphezulu ezintabeni. EYurophu bahlala ikakhulu emahlathini asezintabeni, eNyakatho Melika - eTundra, emaxhaphozini asezintabeni naseziphethweni ezisogwini.
Abesilisa bavame ukuhlala bodwa, izinsikazi zihlala namawundlu weminyaka ehlukene. Izilwane zinendawo, iziza zazo zihlala endaweni engama-73-414 km14, emadodeni zihlala zikhudlwana kunabesifazane. Ibhere lifaka imingcele yesakhiwo esinamakha ne “amabheji,” okungukuthi, yenza imihuzuko ezihlahleni. Ingenza ukuzulazula kwesizini okuhlobene nokusesha ukudla. Amabhere ansundu ayasebenza usuku lonke, kepha ngaphezu kwakho konke - ekuseni nakusihlwa.
Empilweni yalaba bantu abahlukumezayo, i-cyclicality yesizini iyabizwa. Ebusika, amabhere adla emafutheni angaphansi komhlaba (aze afike ku-180 kg), ekwindla alala emijondolo, atholakala ezindaweni ezomile, emigodini ngaphansi kwesivunguvungu somoya noma ngaphansi kwezimpande zezihlahla. Kwesinye isikhathi bambe okokukhosela emhlabeni noma ukuthola imihume nezikejana emadwaleni. Njengomthetho, amabhere eza ezindaweni zobusika ezingapheli unyaka nonyaka. Isikhathi se-hibernation, ngokuya ngesifunda sendawo yokuhlala kwaleso silwane, yizinsuku ezingama-75 kuya ku-155 (kusukela ngo-Okthoba-Novemba kuze kube uMashi-Ephreli, okungukuthi, cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha). Ukuhlala isikhathi eside kakhulu emikhoselweni yebhele-ngamabele, amaduna amadala aphuma phambi kwawo wonke umuntu. Eningizimu yebanga, ebusika obuneqhwa, ukubekelwa indawo yokuhlala akujwayelekile kumabhere ansundu, kepha futhi aqongelela indawo yokugcina amafutha, ngenxa yokwehla kwesilinganiso sokudla. Ebusika, ibhere lilahlekelwa ngama-80 kg wamafutha.
Ukulala kobusika kwamabhere ansundu akujulile, izinga lokushisa lomzimba ngalesi sikhathi lingama-29-34 degrees. Uma kwenzeka ingozi, isilwane siyakwazi ukusheshe sisukume siphume emgodini, bese siyofuna okusha. Uma ngesikhathi sokuwa ibhere ayikwazanga ukukhuluphala kahle, khona-ke ingavuka maphakathi nobusika bese iqala ukuzulazula iyofuna ukudla (ezimweni ezinjalo ibizwa ngenduku yokuxhuma). Intonga yokuxhuma iyingozi kakhulu, ngoba ngenxa yendlala iba umhlaseli ongenamusa futhi ihlasela nabantu. Ibhele elinjalo linethuba elincane lokulinda intwasahlobo.
Yize ibhele elinsundu libukeka lilukhuni, liyakwazi ukugijima ngokushesha futhi lifinyelele ngesivinini esingafika ku-50 km / h, libhukuda futhi ligibela izihlahla, ikakhulukazi esemncane. Ukushaywa okukodwa kusuka ezinyaweni zebhere enomhluzi kuphule umgogodla wesibaya, inyamazane noma inyoka.
Ukuzalela amabhele
Abesifazane bazala kanye njalo eminyakeni engama-2-4. I-estrus yabo yenzeka ngoMeyi futhi ihlala kuze kube nguJulayi, izinsuku eziyi-10-30. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngokuvamile abesilisa abangathuli babhonga kakhulu, izimpi zenzeka phakathi kwabo, kuze kube nesiphetho esibulalayo.
Ukukhulelwa kuqala ngesigaba se-latent, umbungu awukhuli ngaphambi kukaNovemba. Sekukonke, kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-190-200. Amacube azalwa emihumeni ngoJanuwari -Febhuwari. Ekungcoleni kwebhere, isilinganiso sezingane ezingama-2-3 (esiphezulu 5) ezinesisindo esingu-500-600 g, esingama-23 cm ubude, zimbozwe ngoboya bezikhala obufushane, izimpumputhe, isithulu. Izindlebe zendlebe zivulwa zineminyaka engama-2, kuthi emva kwenyanga kuvulwe amehlo. Ezinyangeni ezi-3, amawundlu anesethi ephelele yamazinyo obisi, futhi asevele edla amajikijolo, imifino nezinambuzane ngamandla futhi amakhulu. Isisindo sazo ngalesi sikhathi sifinyelela ku-15 kg, bese kuthi isigamu sonyaka sivele sibe ngu-25 kg. Ukuncelisa ubisi kuthatha izinyanga ezi-4. Inzalo elandelayo izonikeza ibhere kuphela emva konyaka.
Abesilisa abazibandakanyi ekukhulisweni kwamawundlu (futhi futhi kungaba yingozi kuwo), ngakho-ke umama ubandakanyeka ezinganeni. Amawundlu amadala angasiza nawesifazane ukukhulisa omncane. Ekugcineni, amawundlu ashiya umama wawo eneminyaka emi-3 ubudala. Ukuthomba kwabo kuza ngalesi sikhathi, kepha bakhula bafinyelela eminyakeni eyi-10-11. Isikhathi sokuphila ezimweni zemvelo sisukela eminyakeni engama-20 kuye kwengama-30, ekudingisweni kuyiminyaka engama-47-50.
Izitha zemvelo zebhere nsundu
Amabhere ansundu ahlelwe njengohlu olusengozini yohlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN, kepha amanani awo ayahlukahluka phakathi kwabantu. Namuhla, kunabantu abacishe babe ngama-200,000 emhlabeni. Iningi lazo lihlala eRussia (120,000), cishe angama-32 500 ahlala e-USA, kanti angama-21 750 eCanada. Inani labantu baseYurophu bangu-14,000.
Amaqiniso athakazelayo ngebhere eli-brown:
- Izikhumba zamabhele ansundu asetshenziswa ekwenzeni amakhaphethi, inyama isetshenziswa njengokudla. Isigaxa sendlala sisebenzisa umuthi wendabuko wase-Eshiya. Izici zokuphulukisa nazo kuthiwa zithwala amafutha.
- Kwezinye izindawo, amabhere ansundu alimaza izilimo, konakalisa ama-apiaries futhi ahlasele izilwane ezifuywayo. Futhi yize inani labo lokudoba lincane, ukuzingela le nhlobo ezindaweni ezisezifundeni eziningi kunqunyelwe noma kukhawulelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzingela okunjalo kuyingozi enkulu, kudinga izikhali ezinamandla aphezulu wokumisa. Ngakho-ke, ukuzingela ibhere nsundu ngesibhamu sokushaywa kweKalashnikov kungadala ukufa komzingeli, ngoba ibhere iyakwazi ukuyiphakamisa ngisho nangemva kokujika kwendawo engenalutho.
- Umhlangano onamabhere ansundu endle ungabulala kakhulu (ikakhulukazi nowesifazane onamawundlu nezinduku aphume ngobuningi bawo). Kepha ngokuvamile amabhere ansundu ngokwawo agwema ukuhlangana nabantu.
Indlela yokuphila
Zonke izinhlobo zamabhere zihlala phansi. Okuhlukile kumhlophe, okungazulazula ngezikhathi ezithile futhi kuthathe izindawo ezintsha. Amabhere ahlala ndawonye namawundlu ngenkathi ezazi kahle emhlabeni jikelele. Abesilisa abadala bagcina ngamunye ngamunye futhi behlala endaweni ethile. Uma abantu abaningana behlala ehlathini elilodwa, khona-ke yilowo nalowo uhlonipha imingcele emisiwe, ukuzingela kuphela emazweni akhe.
Usuku lonke, ibhere ihamba phakathi nensimu yalo ifuna ukudla. Njengoba inokudla okuningi, umdlwenguli ubuyela emgodini - umgodi omkhulu owembiwe emhlabathini. Lapho ulala aphumule. Eduze nobusika, isilo siqala ukudla ukudla okuningi ukuze sikhulu. Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, uyakhathaza futhi umzimba wakhe usebenza ngenxa yamafutha, isisindo sawo singafinyelela ku-200 kg. Lokhu kwanele ukuba sesimweni sokumiswa kwezithombe ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphandle kokulimaza impilo.
Umsoco, kudlani ibhele?
Ibhere livumelana ngokuphelele nezimo zemvelo futhi liyakwazi ukudla cishe noma yikuphi ukudla. Bangadla bobabili amajikijolo nezithelo zezihlahla, nezilwane ezahlukahlukene: onogwaja, ama-moose, amadlozi neminye imifino kungaba sesiswini sesilo. Abantu abahlala eduze nezidumbu zamanzi bangangena kuzo badle izinhlanzi. Ibhere linokusabela okuhle kakhulu, okukuvumela ukuba uthwebe noma yisiphi isidalwa esisheshayo, ngisho nangaphansi kwamanzi.
Ikakhulu isilo simnandi. Ngenxa yalokhu, uvame ukuvakashela okhalweni lwezinyosi ukuzodla uju. Ijazi eliwugqinsi nesikhumba esishubile senza kungavikeleki ukuluma kwezinambuzane.
Ukudla kwezinhlobo ezithile kuya ngesimo sendawo. Ibhere elinamakhaza, elihlala endaweni ebandayo, lidla izidalwa eziphila kuphela, ngoba amajikijolo nezihlahla akukhuli kulezi zindawo. Futhi amaHimalayan angadla izinambuzane namasele, ngoba adla kalula futhi aningi kulawa mazwe.
Indawo - lapho kuhlala khona ibhere
Izinhlobo eziningi zamabhere zihlala emahlathini, kepha zitholakala emathafeni, ezintabeni nasezindaweni ezisogwini. Isilo sisatshalaliswa e-Eurasia, eMelika, e-Arctic nase-Afrika. Futhi, ezinye izinhlobo zihlala eJapan, e-Australia.
Isilwane sivumelana kahle nezimo zemvelo. Angaphila ezimweni ezishisayo noma ezibandayo, asebenzise izindlwana zokulala, izigodi nemihume yamatshe njengokuhlala ubusuku bonke.
Mangaki amabhere ahlala - endle nasezizweni zasendle
Amabhere akhula futhi akhule isikhathi esithile ngamazinga ezilwane. Bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngeminyaka eyi-4-6 kuphela, bese ekugcineni imizimba yabo isiqeda ukubumba ngo-10-11 kuphela. Ngalesi sikhathi, bakhula ngesisindo futhi bakhule.
Endaweni yokuhlala yemvelo, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ziphila ngokwesilinganiso iminyaka engama-27-30. Ngalesi sikhathi, ibhere lingabhekana nezinto ezahlukahlukene kanye nezimo ezingezinhle ezinganciphisa kakhulu lesi sikhathi.
Ezimweni zokwenziwa, ngokunakekelwa okufanele, isilwane siphila isikhathi eside kakhulu: kuze kube yiminyaka engama-45. Ukuba sendlini yezilwane noma endaweni lapho bemnakekela khona, ibhere alidingi ukuya ekuzingeleni, ukulayisha umzimba ngohambo olude nokwenza ezinye izinto ezingalimaza umzimba wakhe. Ngokulandelana, izilwane zinethuba lokukhula ngokuzolile nokukhulisa futhi zingaphazamisi impilo yazo.
I-Hibernation
Ekwindla, amabhere, ezwa ukusondela kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, aqala ukudla konke ahlangana nakho endleleni yawo. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze uzuze isisindo esiningi ngangokunokwenzeka, ngenxa yokuthi angasinda kanjani ngesikhathi hibernation. Amanye amabhere adla kuze kufike ku-200 kg ngaphambi kokungena opopayi abamisiwe.
Ukusebenza kwesisindo okusebenzayo akuyona ngengozi, futhi noma yimuphi umuntu uzama ukudla ngaphezu kwesidingo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, uma izinqolobane zomzimba zinganele isikhathi sonke sasebusika, ibhere izovuka ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ngeke enze lutho ngaphandle kokushiya umhume ahambe ayofuna ukudla. Kepha uma konke kumbozwe yiqhwa, kuba nzima impela ukuthi isilo sikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi sizinikeze konke okudingekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amabhere angenazo izinqolobane ezanele kungenzeka angalali nhlobo. Ngemuva kwalokho kuzodingeka basinde kusukela ngosuku lokuqala lobusika, futhi kaningi abaphumeleli.
IHibernation ebhele ihlala cishe izinsuku ezingama-200. Ngalesi sikhathi, isilo sisesimweni sopopayi esamiswa. Akahambi, akadli, kepha umane alale. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinqubo emzimbeni wakhe zehla ngo-55%. Ukushaya kwenhliziyo kwehla kube ukushaya kwezi-8 ngomzuzu, esikhundleni sejwayelekile 50-55. Kulesi simo, lesi silwane singasala size izinsiza zangaphakathi zomzimba ziphele.