Umuzwa wokuhogela izilwane udlala indima ebalulekile. Isibonelo, emhlanganweni uzophendula ngokushesha nangokunembile umbuzo omkhulu: ungubani, umngani noma isitha? Yize kunjalo, noma yisiphi isidalwa esiphilayo, simbozwe ifu elinephunga, sandisa usayizi waso sangempela futhi sikuvumela ukuba kutholakale kude.
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Cishe bonke abahlaseli basemhlabeni, kungaba yibhubesi, ihlosi, impisi noma i-ermine, ihlwitha isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuqala ukuzingela, ukunquma ukuthi isisulu saso esingakanani sesikhona, ukuthi ungubani, kunjalo.
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Kodwa-ke, imvelo ayizange inciphise izilwane ezithanda ukuthula ngomqondo omuhle wephunga. I-Deer, hares, kanye nezimbaza ziyakwazi ukubona indlela yomphangi ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngaphambi kokuyibona. Ngaphandle kokuthi athonqele phezulu ohlangothini lwamanzi.
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Ngakho-ke phakathi komphangi nomphangi ngaso sonke isikhathi kukhona uhlobo lomzabalazo - ngubani ongathola ukubakhona kwesitha. Ngaphandle kwesizathu sezilwane eziningi kubalulekile ukususa iphunga lazo, ukuze ungakhangi ukunakwa kakhulu.
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Ama-Octopus, squids, i-cuttlefish, ngokwesibonelo, athembela ezimeni ezinjalo emiphumeleni yokuqothuka kwento eyi-ink ayikhipha lapho esaba okuthile. Kuze kube manje, bekukholelwa ukuthi le nto idlala indima yesikrini sentuthu. Manje sekuyaziwa ukuthi inkungu yamakhemikhali ikhinyabeza ukuzwela kwezitho ze-olgicory kuma-moray eels kanye nezinye izinhlanzi ezidla inyama ngokujaha ama-mollusks.
Inkonzo yethu iyingozi futhi inzima: mayelana nokuxhashazwa kwezinja
Imvelo ayiphili kakhulu kumuntu, ngokuqondene nephunga. Kepha ezinjeni lo muzwa uthuthuka, cishe izikhathi eziyi-12 futhi ubukhali kakhulu kuneyethu "i-homosapiens" nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezihlala eMhlabeni.
Ngokunokwenzeka, iningi lenu libuke ikhathuni elithi "Ikati Elazihamba Ngokwalo", ukuzivumelanisa nenye yezinganekwane zombhali odumile uKipling. Isakhiwo sibonisa ngokusobala nangokucacile ukuthi indoda yakudala yaqala kanjani "ukusebenzisana" ukuze izizuzise yena nezilwane eziningi. Futhi omunye wabokuqala owaqala ukusebenzela abantu wayeyinja. Okhokho bethu baqaphela ukuthi inja ayithuthukisanga kuphela iphunga, kepha futhi nokuzwa, umbono. Unokunye, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukukhuthazela okuhle kakhulu kanye nezimfanelo zokulwa ngokweqile: lokhu ongakuzingela futhi uhambe izintaba izinyanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, asikho isidalwa esisodwa esihlala eMhlabeni esingaqeqeshwa kangako futhi masinyane njengenja.
Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili, abangane abanezinyawo ezine baqeqeshwa ngokukhethekile njengesosha empini. Kamuva, abelusi abahlakaniphile babenezikhathi eziningi ezingcono kunabantu zokubhekana nomsebenzi wokulwa, futhi baba ngabaqhumisi abahle kakhulu bezimayini nasosapper. Ngokuya kwezibalo zakamuva, empini ka-1941-1945. Izinja ezingaphezu kwezingamashumi ayisikhombisa eziqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile zaba nengxenye Umsebenzi omkhulu ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuhlasela amathangi aseJalimane. Izinja zaziboshwe neziqhumane, obekufanele zilethe ethangini, ngenxa yalokho kwaqhuma. Ngakho-ke, ngosizo lokulwa nabangane abanezinyawo ezine ngesikhathi sempi, amathangi esitha nezimoto ezingama-300 zacekelwa phansi.
Futhi izinja ezithembeke kakhulu futhi ezinikele kakhulu zasebenza njengababambi bemayini. Njengoba wazi, iphunga izinja lihlukile kakhulu futhi libukhali, ngakho-ke ngabo ukuthola amadivaysi aqhuma phansi emhlabathini - vele ukhafulele! Lapho izindawo zegazi zikwazi ukuthola izimayini emhlabathini, ngokushesha zakhombisa izwi futhi zatshengisa indawo ngqo yokutholwa kwento eyingozi.
Zingaki zalezi zidalwa ezithembekile nezinesibindi ezisindise izimpilo zabantu kuyo yonke impi - hhayi ukubala! Ngemuva kwakho konke, umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wokususa insimu ye-USSR, ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, yawela ezinjeni ezilwayo. Kuyiqiniso elaziwayo ukuthi ngonyaka we-1945 kwabanjwa izinqola ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nezimayini ezingekho emthethweni yizinja ezihlaselayo. Futhi phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, uSergeant Malanichev ngosizo lwezinja zakhe eziqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile wakwazi ukuguqula amandla angaphezu kwemizuzu engama-200: ngokoqobo emahoreni angama-2,5 omsebenzi ongaphazanyiswa.
Umuntu akakwazi ukukhumbula inja edume - umtshina wemayini ngesikhathi seMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, owaziwa ngegama elithi Dzhulbars. Le nja yempi yeminyaka eminingi yaphila futhi yasebenzela ukuzuzisa izwe le-brigade ekhethekile eyishumi nane yokulwa nenjini. Ngaso sonke isikhathi "senkonzo yezinja" yakhe uthola cishe izimayini eziyizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa. Le nja yagcina idumile, ngenxa yokubamba iqhaza kwayo ekungeneleleni kwenqaba yezinqaba nezigodlo ePrague, eVienna, indawo engenhla kweDanube. Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule, ngemuva kokuphela kwempi, amaDjulbars e-Austria, eHungary, eCzechoslovakia, eRomania, ngokubonga kwakhe ekhaleni, wakwazi ukuthola izimayini eziyizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa nengxenye ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Njengoba isappers babevame ukusho, e-Ukraine baqala ukukhuluma ngale "sapper" eqine ngemuva kokusiza ukusula ithuna lomlobi omkhulu wase-Ukraine uTaras Shevchenko neKiev Vladimir Cathedral eKanev.
Kulezi zinsuku, amaphoyisa nezinye izinsizakalo ezikhethekile futhi zigcina abelusi nezinja zaseJalimane zohlobo oluhlukile, ezisiza abantu ukuthi bafune izithiyo zezidakamizwa futhi balwe nobuphekula. Uzohlangana nabangane abanezinyawo ezine kunoma yiliphi izwe lomhlaba ngesikhathi sokuwela umngcele, ukulawulwa kwamasiko: ahlelwe lapho njengezinja zensiza ezingathola ngokushesha "izimpahla ezenqatshelwe" futhi ziqaphele isigebengu.
Amabhere
Amabhere kukholelwa ukuthi anephunga elinamandla kakhulu kuzo zonke izilwane emhlabeni. Yize ubuchopho besibhakela benza cishe ingxenye yesithathu yobuchopho bomuntu, indawo elawula umuzwa wephunga uyiphindwe kahlanu kunaleyo yabantu. Amabhere asebenzisa umuzwa wokuhogela ukuthola ukudla nokugwema ingozi, kanye nokulandela amathole endle. Ibhere lingabona isidumbu sesilwane esisebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-32.
Izindlovu
Indlovu yase-Afrika inenombolo ebaluleke kakhulu yama-receptors anquma iphunga. Iphunga lendlovu lithembeka kakhulu lapho usebenza ngamanzi. Izindlovu zingathola amanzi ngaphezu kwe-19 km. Isiqu sendlovu inemizwa eminingi yokuhogela iphunga.
UKiwis, njengoba engezona izinyoni ezindizayo, kumele athole ukudla ngenkathi esemhlabathini. UKiwi unamakhaleni angaphandle emathiphuni oqhwaku lwawo, enza ukuthi kuseshwa ukudla ngaphansi kwenhlabathi naphakathi kwamaqabunga awile. U-Kiwi unesibabule sesibili esibaluleke kunazo zonke phakathi kwezinyoni zonke, esinikeza i-kiwi umuzwa onamandla wokuhogela.
Njengamabhere, izinyoka zinesitho emlonyeni wazo esibizwa ngokuthi isitho sikaJacobson, esiveza iphunga elihlukahlukene. Umuzwa wenyoka ukhule kakhulu futhi uqinile, usebenzisa ulimi lwawo ukuthola izinhlayiya zephunga, okuthi, futhi, lingene esigungwini sikaJacobson ukuze likhombe.
2. Izinja zinezinhlamvu ezimbili ezi-olodoory ezisebuchosheni.
Ngayinye yazo inesisindo esingu-60 g, okuyizikhathi eziphindwe kane kuneyezinhlamvu zethu zokuzenzela. Ngenxa yabo ekhanda lesilwane, konke ukuhogela kuhlukaniswa yizimpawu ezincane kunazo zonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zimpondo ze-eyred ziyakwazi ukubona ukugxilwa, amandla kanye nokutsha kwanoma yiliphi iphunga. Ngendlela, inja yakho inama-4,000% ama-receptors amnandi kunawe.
5. Lapho inja ithola umugqa wonyawo womuntu, iqala ukuyihlwitha, iledlule kaningana, iqonde ngakwesokunxele nangakwesobunxele.
Ngenxa "enjalo isibalo" eyisishiyagalombili, umuntu okhonjiweyo uqhathanisa ukutholakala okusha, ubukhulu kanye nokuqondisa kokufuduka kwezinhlayiya zephunga lomhlaba kanye nomkhondo otholakele. Lokhu kuhlaziya kumvumela ukuthi aqonde ukuthi ushiywe isikhathi esingakanani nokuthi into yayihamba ngaphi. Isilwane esihlakaniphe kakhulu, akunjalo?
6. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi izinja zisetshenziselwa ukuthola izidakamizwa, izikhali, izinhlamvu nokunye.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, ngisho nasekhaya, ungabheka ukugqama kwesilwane sakho esiyingqayizivele. Ngakho-ke, esiqeshini (esilinganisa cishe ama-25x25 m), beka izingcezu zenyama ezi-5. Umuzwa wakhe wephunga ungahlulelwa ngokuthi umthola ngokushesha kangakanani nokuthi konke ukudla kuzokutholakala.
7. Izinja zinamathela kakhulu kubanikazi bazo (khumbula kuphela udaba lomuntu ozinikele uHachiko)
Ngakho-ke, lapho usuka, isilwane sakho sifuna iphunga lomnikazi kuwo wonke amakhona endlu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, angachitha usuku lonke embhedeni wakho, alale ezingutsheni zakho, futhi okubi kakhulu, uzobopha izicathulo ezinephunga elibi.
Futhi isizathu ukuthi leli phunga le-fluffy, yize lincane, liguquka ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali womzimba wakho. Ngakho-ke, izinja ziyakwazi ukuzwa ngisho nokushintshwa okuncane kakhulu kwamahomoni. Akumangazi ukuthi izinja ziphinde zabasindisa abanikazi bazo ekuhlaselweni yinhliziyo.
Futhi e-USA, Canada nakwamanye amazwe ase-Europe, kunezikole lapho lezi zilwane ziqeqeshelwa ukusiza abantu abanalesi sifo sokuwa. Kuyamangaza! Izinja zingalindela ukuhlaselwa okuzayo ngokushintsha okuncane kwephunga, umbala wesikhumba nosayizi womfundi.
9. Ngendlela, uma inja yakho ingayitholi into oyidingayo, lokhu akusho ukuthi kunokuthile okungahambi kahle ngomqondo wayo wephunga.
Kungenzeka ukuthi umngane onemilenze emine ukhathele. Ngakho-ke, ngokusebenza komzimba isikhathi eside, inja iqala ukuphefumula ngomlomo, futhi ngenxa yalokho i-10% kuphela le-oksijini ephuma ekhaleni. Leli nani alanele ekubonweni okunokwethenjelwa kwamaphunga. Kungakho lapho inja ikhonkotha, ukuphefumula kwayo kujula futhi kuhamba kancane.
12. Njengoba sekufikile esiphethweni sokuthi izinja ziyakwazi ukuhogela ukuvela kokugula, izifo, ke lolu luhlu lubandakanya umdlavuza.
Ngakho-ke, abanikazi, abembula isimila esidabukisayo, baqinisekisile iqiniso lokuthi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kwalokho isilwane sasinokuziphatha okungajwayelekile. Ochwepheshe bezilwane bachaza lokhu ngokusho ukuthi mhlawumbe amabhere emakhaleni ayakwazi ukuhogela amakhemikhali akhiqizwa yisimila esikhulayo.
Ukumamatheka empilweni yezilwane - ukuhogela nokunuka
Umuzwa wokuhogela uyinto ebalulekile kakhulu eyamukelayo kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Uma umbono, ukuzwa nokuthinta kungalahleka, umqondo wephunga uzoba khona kuyo yonke impilo. Ngenxa yomqondo wokuhogela, zonke izidalwa ziyakwazi ukuzala futhi zithole ukudla kwazo. Lo mbhalo uzoxoxa ngephunga lezilwane nokuthi zidlala yiphi indima empilweni yezilwane. Ukumamatheka empilweni yezilwane - ukuhogela nokunuka - funda!
Ukumamatheka empilweni yezilwane - izinja zokuhlangana
Cishe wonke umuntu okungenani wabukela ukujwayela izinja. Inja ngayinye inephunga elikhethekile, elizwakala kakhulu ngaphansi komsila, ngoba kulapho i-gland ekhethekile iyifihla. Lapho inja ibona enye inja, okokuqala ihlwitha le ndawo. Uma inja isaba noma ifihla okuthile, iqinisa umsila wayo ukuze iphunga lingasabalali.
Ukumamatheka empilweni yezilwane - amakati
Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi wonke umuntu unephunga lakhe alithandayo abathandayo kuphela, kepha kukhona abanye abathanda abantu abaningi. Lawa phunga afaka ushokoledi. Amakati athande iphunga le-valerian ne-mint, izinja ezinjengephunga le-anise, futhi ngasizathu simbe amakamela akhangwa intuthu kagwayi.
Ukumamatheka empilweni yezilwane - izingulube zasendle
Lapho izingulube ziqeda ukuthomba, izindlala zazo zamathe ziqala ukukhipha iphunga elingajwayelekile eliheha insikazi. Leli phunga lifana kakhulu nephunga lamakhowe abiza kakhulu emhlabeni - ama-truffles. Kungakho abantu baqala ukuthatha izingulube kanye nazo ngokuzingela ama-truffles, abathi ngephunga labo bathola kalula ama-truffles.
Imidlalo Ye-Frog Esondelene
Ukumamatheka empilweni yezilwane - amasele
Ukuhogela kwemilenze yezindengezela yesele leduna kuyinto ethokozisayo kakhulu kowesifazane. Ngakho-ke, owesilisa, ukuze ajabulise insikazi, uhola isidladla sakhe phambi kwakhala lowesifazane, ngenxa yalokho angabeka amaqanda.
Ukumamatheka empilweni yezilwane - izinyoka
Wonke umuntu uyazi ngomncintiswano ovuthayo endle. Izinyoka ukuthola owesimame omuhle kakhulu, ukulungele ukuya kunoma yimaphi amaqhinga. Ngakho-ke, bafunde ukuhlukanisa iphunga lowesifazane, ngaleyo ndlela bephazamisa abanye abesilisa. Ngenkathi abesilisa abakhohlisiwe belandela umkhondo wamanga, izinyoka zigibela kulowo okhethiweyo zenze umsebenzi wazo.
Iphunga elimnandi le-Butterfly
Ukumamatheka empilweni yezilwane - izimvemvane
Izimvemvane zangoMgqibelo zivezwa umuzwa wazo omuhle wephunga, ezizisiza ukuba zizizwe zesifazane ngisho nalapho ziqhele ngamakhilomitha ayishumi nanye.
Iphunga lezilwane
Ukumamatheka empilweni yezilwane - izimpungushe
Uma iphunga lobulili lezilwane libonakala liyenyanyeka, kufanele ucabangisise. Ezinye izilwane zinamakha amnandi kakhulu kwezocansi. Isibonelo, ama-fox pheromones anuka njenge-violet.
Ukulondolozwa kwe-Wolf piss
Ukumamatheka empilweni yezilwane - umoyane
Enyakatho yeSweden, kunamacala amaningi lapho abashayeli beshayiswa yimoto behamba ngemoto bengashayeli. Ukuvimbela lokhu, iziphathimandla zaqhamuka nendlela yokuqala: abantu bamaka umgwaqo wezimpisi ngomchamo wempisi, iphunga lakhona elixosha umoyana.
Ukuhogela komuntu kuqhathaniswa nezilo zasendle
Ukumamatheka empilweni yezilwane - amabhere
Engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeJalimane, iziphathimandla zivame ukuhlangana nenkinga efana nokushayisana kwezilwane zasendle nabantu. Ukugwema ukufa, izinyathelo eziphuthumayo kwakumelwe zithathwe, futhi eza nazo.
Eduze nemigwaqo, kwabekwa ipulasitiki eyisisekelo, eyayigcwele iphunga lomuntu.
Ukuthola iphunga elinjalo, kwakudingeka ukuxuba i-ammonia, izithukuthuku zomuntu ne-butyric acid, ngenxa yalokho iphunga laba ngokufana nephunga lama-lemons.
Ukumamatheka empilweni yezilwane - izintuthwane
Kuma-izintuthwane, iphunga selivele laba ulimi, ngoba akhiqiza ama-enzyme akhethekile ahlukile ekunambithekeni nasekugxileni. Ngenxa yalokhu, bathumela amasiginali ahlukahlukene, isibonelo, idrayivu yocansi noma ingozi.
Yiphunga lezintuthwane okuwubufakazi obaluleke kakhulu.
Ukwenza isibonelo, uma intuthwane ifafazwa ngephunga lokwenziwa elenzelwe ukubola, izihlobo zayo zizocabanga ukuthi ifile futhi ngeke isambona njengophilayo, yize ingekho.
Indima yomqondo wokuhogela
Umqondo wokuhogela yikhala elisikhonzayo ukuze sijabulele iphunga elimnandi namakha amnandi. Ubuye asixwayise ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezingozi (umlilo, ukuvuza kwegesi). Umuzwa omuhle wokuhogela ubaluleke kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umuntu, ngoba ngaphandle kwawo akunakwenzeka ukubona umhlaba ngo-100%. Ngakho-ke, ngomqondo omubi wokuhogela, impilo ingaba mpunga futhi ibe buthuntu, ingabi nayo yonke imibala.
Umuzwa wokuhogela uyithuluzi lokuthola ulwazi, usiza umuntu ukuba azi umhlaba. Kuyaziwa ukuthi izingane ezinombono onamakha ongekho kahle azikwazi ukukhula kahle bese zishiya ontanga bazo.
Isitho se-olfaction somuntu sixhumene kakhulu nesitho sokunambitha. Ukulahlekelwa okuncane kakhulu kwekhono lokuqonda ngokuzwakalayo nokuhlukanisa iphunga kukhipha ubumnandi bokudla okumnandi kakhulu. Futhi abantu bavame ukukhetha imvelo yabo ngephunga.
Cishe akekho umuntu ongakwazi ukuxhumana isikhathi eside nomuntu uma iphunga lakhe lingamnandi kakhulu.
Isitho se-olodoory, sisisiza ukubona iphunga, siyakwazi ukudala isimo somoya futhi sibe nomthelela enhlalakahleni.
Isibonelo, ukuhogela kwesinamoni ne-peppermint kungakhuphula ukunakwa futhi kunciphise ukungahambi kahle, kanti iphunga elimnandi lekofi nelamula lisiza ukucabanga okucacile. Isitho somuntu esinephunga sinamandla okuhlukanisa ama-aroma afinyelela ku-10,000.
Lomcebo, esinikezwe wona ngokwemvelo, kufanele ubongezwe. Akekho kubantu abafuna ukuyeka ukushaya izimbali, utshani, ihlathi, ulwandle.
Uyini umqondo wokuhogela?
Ukumamatheka inqubo yokuhogela. Empeleni, iphunga ulwazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imininingwane efinyelela ebuchosheni ngokushesha okukhulu futhi ihlaziywa yiyo. Umthelela othumela impumulo ebuchosheni "ufika" endaweni okubhekiswe kuyo ngokushesha kunobuhlungu.
Kulokhu, umuzwa wokuhogela uyisiteshi esibaluleke kakhulu futhi esibaluleke kakhulu sobudlelwane bezilwane eziphilayo nomhlaba.
Konke mayelana nesitho somuntu sokuhogela
Ekhaleni iyithuluzi elihlukile elingacishe libone noma iyiphi into, noma ekugxileni okunganakwa okuthi kwesinye isikhathi imishini yokucacisa okuphezulu ayinamandla.Ikhala lomuntu ngamunye libona iphunga ngezindlela ezihlukile futhi kulo mqondo wephunga lihlukile ekuqondeni ukunambitheka, umbala noma umsindo.
Amaseli we-receptor ayizigidi ezingamashumi ayisithupha avumela abantu ukuthi babone iphunga. Kutholakale amangqamuzana ezinzwa anomqondo wokuhogela i-septum yamakhala nasenkabeni engenhla yekhala. Amaseli we-Receptor - izinhlobonhlobo kuphela zamaseli ezinzwa womuntu avuselelwa ngokuqhubekayo kukho konke impilo yomuntu.
Lamaseli abucayi kakhulu kangangokuba ososayensi abathile bawabiza ngokuthi “-ze”.
Amamolekyuli aphethe iphunga angena emgodini wezinzwa, acasule amaseli e-olodoory.
Kuvele kubo, imininingwane ingena kuqala ebuchosheni, bese kuba ohlelweni lwe-limbic olubhekele imizwa yabantu, inkumbulo, ubulili.
Ukuhogela kubandakanyeka ngokuqondile ekusebenzeni komzimba - ukuphefumula, ukukhishwa kwamahomoni, ukuhamba kwegazi, njll.
Ukumamatheka kubaluleke kakhulu emiqondweni yabo isenzo esisheshayo. Isibonelo, uma umuntu egula, unikezwa iphunga le-ammonia. Imininingwane ifinyelela ngokushesha ebuchosheni futhi isebenze ekuphenduleni ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo.
Kungalesi simiso ukuthi imiphumela ezuzisayo yazo zonke izinhlobo zamafutha abalulekile yenzelwe ukubuyisela ukuvumelana komzimba.
Yini ubungozi bokulahleka kwephunga? ^
Ukuncipha Ihambisana nomonakalo we-mucosa wamakhala kwizifo ezifana i-rhinitis noma i-polyposis.
Kwesinye isikhathi isifo esifana parosmia, noma ukuhlanekezela iphunga. Lolu uhlobo lokuhogela iphunga: kubonakala kumuntu ukuthi igumbi linephunga okuthile (imvamisa okuthile okungathandeki).
Ngabe uwuhlobo luni lomsebenzi lo oshushulwayo? ^
Emhlabebeni wanamuhla, kwesinye isikhathi abantu babhekana nengozi yemvelo yansuku zonke: ukuvuza kwezinambuzane, ukushisa okunephutha kwegesi kumakotishi asehlobo, imililo nokunye. Amacala amaningi achaziwe ngenkathi kungumqondo wephunga owasindisa impilo yomuntu.
Khumbula okushiwo wizadi Gandalf encwadini yehlelo i-Lord of the Rings wathini? "Uma ungazi ukuthi uye kuphi, iya lapho kunuka khona kangcono."
Ngaphezu kwalokho, sekuyisikhathi eside kukhona ubuchwepheshe umuntu angakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokuzwela ekhaleni. Isibonelo, uchwepheshe wephunga (noma, umane, isififi).
Ama-Sniffers asebenza ezinkampanini zamakha., ukugxila okugxilile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zotshwala kumashubhu wokuhlola. Bahlola ukwakheka kwephunga, ukuqina kwalo. Lababantu bazuza ngokoqobo ngokuphila kwabo ngokuhogela.
Kuliqiniso, umuzwa wokuhogela abantu awubalulekanga kangako ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane. Kepha ukuhogela kwesinye isikhathi kunomthelela oqinile kubantu. Ukusuka iphunga elishubile, umuntu angathola ikhanda, nephunga elimnandi elincane lizobangela imizwa emihle.
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abenzi bamakha baseFrance babecabanga ngekhono lokuhogela ukuthonya isimo somoya somuntu, futhi ama-tasters amakha angakwazi ukuhlukanisa iphunga elingafinyelela kumakhulu amathathu. Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona phakathi kwama-"sniffers" ubuhlakani bangempela emkhakheni wabo obukwazi ukubona iphunga elingafani nezinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa!
Konke mayelana ne-iris oil, ne-aromatherapy, kungani kunconywa ukusebenzisa uwoyela we-iris?
Uma ucabanga ukuthi uzothenga isibani sephunga, bheka lapha kuqala
Lesi sihloko. Yenza ukukhetha okuhle!
Izici zomqondo wokuhogela umuntu ^
Iphunga elisizungezile likhulu ngendlela ehlukahlukene. Kungakho kunobunzima ukuhlukanisa futhi, ngobukhulu, ukwahlukaniswa ngokungenakuvinjwa ngokuqinisekile kususelwa ekuhlolweni kwe-subjential.
Ukuhlola kuzoncika kakhulu ekukhulisweni, ekufakweni okungokomzwelo, ngisho nasesimweni senhlalo yomuntu. Noma kunjalo, imizamo yokuhlukanisa iphunga yenziwa isikhathi eside.
Isibonelo, ngo-1756, isazi semvelo uCarl Linnaeus wasabalalisa iphunga amaqembu ayisithupha amakhulu: ibhalsamu, iphunga elimnandi, i-caponic, i-garlic, i-ambromus, i-stupefying.
Kuyiqiniso, uLinnaeus akakwazanga ukunaka iphunga elivele ngokuqala kwenqubekela phambili yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, futhi ukwahlukaniswa kwadingeka kwandiswe kakhulu.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva emkhakheni wamakha lufakazele ukuthi iphunga alihlali lincike esakhiweni samakhemikhali sento ethile.
Ochwepheshe emkhakheni we-aromatherapy bazama ukusebenzisa idatha lapho benza. Isibonelo, kuye kwabonwa lokho Ukuchayeka komuntu kuma-aroma ngokuqondile kuncike kusilinganiso sokuhanjiswa kwento.
Kuze kube manje, umuthi awunayo iqoqo eliphelele lamaphunga, futhi ososayensi banomsebenzi omningi okufanele bawenze kule ndawo.
Ubuchopho bomuntu benziwe ngendlela yokuthi amaseli abhekene nokukhomba iphunga asebenzisa ingxenye eyodwa kuphela kuwo. Ukuqhathanisa, ingxenye yesithathu yobuchopho “iboshwe” ngomqondo wezinja. Kuliqiniso, umuzwa wobuthakathaka womuntu unxephezelwa ukukhula okungcono kwezinye izitho zemizwa, kanye nokuba khona kwamakhono namakhono angajwayelekile.
Ikhala lomuntu liyakwazi ukwahlukanisa ezinhlanu Izinhlobo zamakha: ezimibalabala, okubabayo (ngokwesibonelo, iphunga lolamula), okubeka phansi, okushisiwe (ikofi noma ikhukhunathi), kubalulekile (utshwala, i-camphor, njll.).
Ithonya lokuhogela alilinganiselwe kuphela ngezinga lemizwa, kepha lingadala ukubonakaliswa ngokomzimba uqobo: yithi, iphunga lokudla okuhle kuthuthukisa ukugcinwa kwejusi lesisu, nephunga elinyanyekayo lingadala ukugabha.
Ukucaciswa komqondo wephunga ezilwaneni ^
Lapho umuntu entula amakhono akhe okusebenzisa izilo, usebenzisa izilwane. Isibonelo, izinja. Umqondo wephunga lalesidalwa esimangalisayo kwenye indawo ubukhali izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili kunowomuntu. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu nezinja bayahambisana.
Inja isize lo muntu ekuzingeleni, ngephunga elithole umdlalo, yabheka umkhondo wabantu abalahlekile ehlathini, noma izigebengu ezibalekile. Namuhla izinja zisetshenziswa kuleli banga emaphoyiseni, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinkonzweni ezikhethekile ezibandakanyekile ekulweni nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa nobushokobezi.
Ikhala lenja eqeqeshiwe, liyakwazi ukuthola iziqhumane nezidakamizwa, lisindise ngokoqobo impilo.
Kepha umuzwa wokuhogela ubaluleke kakhulu ezilwaneni zasendle. Ngokwesibonelo, inqwaba yemifino nosawoti iphunga imithombo kasawotiukuthi badinga ukugcina ukulingana kwezinto ezilandelwayo emzimbeni. Umuzwa wokuhogela usiza izilwane eziningi ukuhamba endaweni.
Ngosizo lwekhala, izilwane zasendle zinquma izindlela zokuhamba kanye nezindlela, kubandakanya nalezo ezihlala ezinye izilwane. Izimpungushe ze-Arctic, lapho zizulazula, zihamba ngokwephunga elishiywe ezinye izimpungushe ze-Arctic. Lapho ihlosi livela okokuqala endaweni ethile, liyihlola ngosizo lokuhogela isikhathi eside. Ezinye izilwane nazo zibonakala ziziphatha.
Uma isilwane sasendle ngasizathu simbe siphelelwe iphunga, empeleni, sigwetshelwa ukufa. Ama-Herbivores, ancishwe iphunga, ngeke anuke iphunga lomhlaseli. Umhlaseli ngeke akwazi ukuzingela noma ukukhubeka ngephutha komunye umhlaseli futhi kuyodingeka alwe impi ebulalayo.
Abanye ososayensi basho ngokuqinisekile ukuthi yiphunga eliza kuqala ezilwaneni, futhi emva kwalokho ukuzwa nokubona kubalulekile.
Ngephunga, izilwane zithola abalingani bocansi, amathole ezimpumputhe alahlekile athola abazali besebenzisa ikhala labo. Ngosizo lwe-olfaction, isilo siyakwazi ukubona ukuthi ngabe elinye ilunga lephakethe liphilile nokuthi likusiphi isimo.
Iqiniso ngukuthi ukwesaba, ubuhlungu obukhulu, noma ukuguguleka ezilwaneni kuhambisana nokushintsha kwephunga lomzimba.
Sekuyisikhathi eside kuqashelwa ukuthi impungushe inquma ngokunembile ukuthi ukudla kungadliwa yini noma ukuthi kunobuthi yini. Imvelo yakhelwe ukuze izilwane zihlale zinombono obukhali wephunga kuze kube ukuguga.
Kufundwa izilwane, ososayensi bafinyelela esiphethweni esijabulisayo.
Kuvela ukuthi uma kunamandla iphunga lesilo, uncipha kakhulu iphunga lakhe.
Futhi ukwenziwa njalo okuningana, okungabizwa nangokuthi okwenqondo: izilwane ezinomqondo onamandla wokuhogela ziphakeme ngokwengqondo kakhulu kunabalingani bazo, ziphuculwe ikhala elizwelayo.
Uma ingane yakho igula futhi udinga ukucosha i-inhaler, funda leyo ndaba kusengaphambili
ukuphefumula kwengane, thola ukuthi ungayikhetha kanjani ithuluzi elithile lengane yakho.
Yiziphi izinkomba kanye ne-contraindication ezikhona ngenqubo efana ne-cryomassage yobuso nge-nitrogen ewuketshezi? Ungafunda ngalokhu kulesi sihloko, sizogcina impilo yethu!
Yini i-aerosol air freshener ongayifunda kule ndatshana:
http://about-air.ru/svojstva-vozduha/zapahi/osvezhitel-vozduha-dlya-doma.html. Ungayikhetha kanjani?
Kungani izinja zinekhala elimanzi? ^
Abantu abaningi bayazi ukuthi ungasikhomba isilwane esinomqondo omuhle wokuhogela ngokuzwa ikhala laso. Uma ikhala limanzi - isilo sinephunga elihle kakhulu. Iqiniso ngukuthi ikhala elimanzi lisiza isilwane ukuthola ukuthi umoya waletha kuphi noma iphunga lelo.
Ividiyo enesihloko esithi "Izwa lokuhogela ezilwaneni"
Isitho se-olfaction yomuntu. Imisebenzi yesitho sephunga:
Izitho zomqondo zibaluleke kakhulu kithi sonke. Umuzwa wokuhogela umuntu ungenza umbono wezwe ucace kakhudlwana.
Indima yomqondo wokuhogela
Umqondo wokuhogela yikhala elisikhonzayo ukuze sijabulele iphunga elimnandi namakha amnandi. Ubuye asixwayise ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezingozi (umlilo, ukuvuza kwegesi). Umuzwa omuhle wokuhogela ubaluleke kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umuntu, ngoba ngaphandle kwawo akunakwenzeka ukubona umhlaba ngo-100%. Ngakho-ke, ngomqondo omubi wokuhogela, impilo ingaba mpunga futhi ibe buthuntu, ingabi nayo yonke imibala.
Umuzwa wokuhogela uyithuluzi lokuthola ulwazi, usiza umuntu ukuba azi umhlaba. Kuyaziwa ukuthi izingane ezinombono onamakha ongekho kahle azikwazi ukukhula kahle bese zishiya ontanga bazo.
Isitho se-olfaction somuntu sixhumene kakhulu nesitho sokunambitha. Ukulahlekelwa okuncane kakhulu kwekhono lokuqonda ngokuzwakalayo nokuhlukanisa iphunga kukhipha ubumnandi bokudla okumnandi kakhulu. Futhi abantu bavame ukukhetha imvelo yabo ngephunga.
Cishe akekho umuntu ongakwazi ukuxhumana isikhathi eside nomuntu uma iphunga lakhe lingamnandi kakhulu.
Isitho se-olodoory, sisisiza ukubona iphunga, siyakwazi ukudala isimo somoya futhi sibe nomthelela enhlalakahleni.
Isibonelo, ukuhogela kwesinamoni ne-peppermint kungakhuphula ukunakwa futhi kunciphise ukungahambi kahle, kanti iphunga elimnandi lekofi nelamula lisiza ukucabanga okucacile. Isitho somuntu esinephunga sinamandla okuhlukanisa ama-aroma afinyelela ku-10,000.
Lomcebo, esinikezwe wona ngokwemvelo, kufanele ubongezwe. Akekho kubantu abafuna ukuyeka ukushaya izimbali, utshani, ihlathi, ulwandle.
Uyini umqondo wokuhogela?
Amandla okuhlukanisa nokuqonda iphunga ehlukahlukene lezinto ezisendaweni ezungezile umuzwa wokuhogela. Ukuqashelwa kwe-odor kuvame ukudala imizwa ehlukahlukene.
Ngalo mqondo, umuzwa wokuhogela uvame ukuba ubaluleke kakhulu kunokuba, ngokwesibonelo, ukuzwa okuhle noma iso elihle kakhulu. Umthelela wezinto ezinephunga elimnandi esitholeni sokuhogela ungashukumisa uhlelo lwezinzwa lomuntu.
Lokhu-ke, kuholela ekuguqukeni kwemisebenzi yezitho ezahlukahlukene nezinhlelo zomzimba wonke.
Umshini wokuhlanganisa
Isitho sephunga yikhala, elibona isikhuthazo esihambelanayo sichithwa emoyeni. Inqubo yephunga iqukethe:
- i-olodoory mucosa,
- intambo ye-olenzi
- isibazi sokuzenzela,
- ipheshana lokuzenzela
- i-cortex yamakhorali.
Amaseli we-olildory nerve kanye nama-receptor anesibopho sokubona iphunga. Zitholakala epithelium ye-olildory, etholakala engxenyeni ye-mucous engxenyeni engemuva yomgodi wamakhala, endaweni ye-septum yamakhala nasendleleni ephezulu yamakhala. Ebantwini, i-epithelium ye-olfactory ihlanganisa indawo engaba ngu-4 cm2.
Zonke izibonakaliso ezivela kumaseli we-nasal receptor cell (zazo kunezigidi eziyi-10) ngemithambo yezinzwa zingena ebuchosheni. Lapho, umbono wesimo sephunga uyakhiwa noma uyaqashelwa.
Ebantwini, kunezinzwa ezi-olgicory and trigeminal, kuze kube semaphethelweni lapho ama-receptors ajoyina khona. Amangqamuzana ezinzwa anezinhlobo ezimbili zezinqubo. Okufushane, okubizwa ngokuthi ama-dendrites, kufana nezinti ezisesimweni, ngasinye siqukethe i-cilia eyi-10 olildory cilia.
Okunye, izinqubo eziphakathi (ama-axons) mncane kakhulu; akha izinzwa ezondile ezifana nentambo. Le micu efanayo ingena emgodini we-cranial, isebenzisa izimbobo zalokhu epuletini lethambo le-emmoid, bese inamathisela isibani se-olildory, isidlula emgudwini we-olvilory.
Isibazi silele esisekelweni segebhezi futhi sakha ingxenye ekhethekile yobuchopho.
Izindawo zokuhlaziya zomhlaziyi we-olvilory zingezesistimu yobuchopho be-visceral, noma uhlelo lwe-limbic.
Lezi zinhlelo zinesibopho sokulawula imisebenzi yokuzalwa - ukusesha, ukudla, ukuzivikela, ucansi, umoya.
Ubuchopho be-visceral buhlobene futhi nokugcina i-homeostasis, ukulawula imisebenzi ye-autonomic, ukwakha indlela yokuziphatha kanye nemizwelo ekhuthazayo, kanye nokuhlela inkumbulo.
Isici
Isitho sokuhogela singathinta imbandezelo yokuqonda kombala, ukunambitha, ukuzwa, kanye nokuthokozela kwensiza esetshenziswayo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uma iphunga lomuntu lehla kakhulu, khona-ke izinga lokucabanga kwakhe liyehla. Isakhiwo somqondo wephunga sikhethekile, siyayihlukanisa kwezinye izinzwa. Zonke izinhlaka zomhlaziyi we-olvilory zibamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekuhleleni imizwelo, izindlela zokuziphatha, izinkumbulo zenqubo, umthethonqubo we-vegetative-visceral, kanye nokulawula umsebenzi wezinye izindawo ze-cortex ye-cerebral.
Kukhona izinto ezinephunga le-pungent (ammonia, uviniga element). Bayakwazi ukusebenzisa zombili umphumela wokulimaza kanye nokucasulayo ezintanjeni ezibucayi ze-nerve ye-trigeminal. Lokhu kuchaza ngqo ukwakheka kwemizwa enephunga. Imvamisa ye-Reflex yokuphefumula, ukushaya kwenhliziyo, umfutho wegazi ngaphansi kwethonya lesishukumisayo se-olfactory singashintsha.
Ukuzwela okuhlelekile
Ubulukhuni bokunuka kungahlulelwa iqiniso lokuthi umuntu uyakwazi ukubona ngokucacile, ngokwesibonelo, iphunga lezingxenyana ze-0,00000005 zegramu ye-rose kawoyela noma umusk, cishe izingxenyana ezi-4,35 zegramu yegesi ye-mercaptan. Uma umoya uqukethe ngisho ne-0.00000002 g nge-1 cm3 kagesi i-hydrogen sulfide, khona-ke siyizwa kahle.
Kunamakha anamandla amakhulu nokuqina futhi angagcinwa ngisho nangaminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-6,7. Isibonelo salokhu ngamaphunga abantu ababambe iqhaza ekumbeni imibhoshongo yaseGibhithe babeyizwa.
Singasho ukuthi ikhala lethu liyakwazi ukubona ukungcola okuhlukahlukene kwezinto ezinephunga ngamanani amancane kakhulu emoyeni ophefumulayo, ongeke ulinganiswe ngisho nezifundo zamakhemikhali.
Kufakazelwa ukuthi ubukhulu bokunuka kwephunga kuncike esikhathini sosuku (ngemuva kokulala, ukuhogela kuzwakala kangcono) kanye nesimo sokuphila somuntu. Umuzwa wokuhogela uba mubi ngokwengeziwe lapho umuntu eba nendlala, kanye nangesikhathi sentwasahlobo kanye nehlobo.
Isitho se-olfaction somuntu siyakwazi ukuhlukanisa imibala engafani ngaphezu kwamakha ayizinkulungwane eziningana. Kulokhu sisemuva kakhulu kwezilwane. Izinja, ngokwesibonelo, ziyakwazi ukubona iphunga elingaba izinkulungwane ezingama-500.
Ukumamatheka nemizwelo
Ucwaningo lobuchopho lukhombisa ukuthi ama-hemispheres of the forebrain, abhekele ukusebenza kwethambo eliphakeme, kancane kancane akhiwa kusuka ebuchosheni bokuzenzela ngesikhathi sokuvela kwemvelo.
I-Odor ingumthombo oyinhloko nendlela yokudlulisa imininingwane ehlukahlukene phakathi kwezidalwa zasendle.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuzo zonke izilwane nakubantu bakudala, umuzwa wokuhogela uyadingeka ekutholeni ukudla, umlingani wezocansi, ukuxwayisa ngengozi, noma ukumaka indawo.
Kumuntu ophila ezweni lanamuhla, indlela eyedlulayo yokudlulisa imininingwane ngomlomo, engaxosha bonke abanye abaphakamile ngaphambili.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi iphunga linomthelela onamandla emkhakheni wezemizwa, kanye nezinqubo ezihambisana nalo. Lo mphumela uvame ukwenzeka ezingeni elingezansi. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho empilweni yomuntu akuhlali kukuhle.
Isibonelo, ukubonakaliswa kwezifo ngesimo sezifo zengqondo kuyaqoshwa.
Ukubaluleka okukhulu kokuhogela
Imisebenzi yesitho se-olildory miningi empilweni yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, ngoba iyakwazi ukuxwayisa ngengozi yobuthi ngamagesi anobuthi angangena emzimbeni ngamaphaphu. Kungenzeka futhi ukulawula ikhwalithi yokudla okudliwayo ngosizo lwephunga, okuvikela ekuqhekekeni nemikhiqizo esezingeni eliphansi kusuka ekungeneni ipheshana lesisu.
Umuzwa wephunga ezilwaneni
Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zomhlaba, umuzwa wokuhogela ubaluleke ukwedlula umbono - kuyasiza ukunquma ukuthi yimaphi amakhemikhali asemoyeni. Ezilwaneni zasolwandle, umngcele phakathi kokunambitheka nephunga uyimpikiswano kakhulu.
Imvamisa uzwa izindaba zokuthi izinja, ezilahlekile noma ezilahle amakhulukhulu amakhilomitha ukusuka ekhaya, zathola kanjani ngempumelelo indlela eya kubanikazi. Umqondo omuhle kakhulu wephunga usize izinja ukuba zizinake - izikhathi eziyi-10,000 kakhulu kunabantu. Inkumbulo emangalisayo yamaphunga kanye nekhono lokulandela amathrekhi anamakha ashiywe ngabanikazi, futhi wavumela izinja ukuthi zithole indlela ebuyayo.
Lokhu akumangazi ikakhulukazi. Ezilwaneni eziningi ezincelisayo, umqondo wephunga, kanye nombono, ungumthombo oyinhloko wolwazi mayelana nomhlaba.
Izingulube ziqeqeshelwa ukubheka ama-truffles akhula ngaphansi kwamakhowe angaphansi komhlaba, futhi enza umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu kulokhu. Izinja aziphumeleli kangako ekutholeni izidakamizwa nezinye izimpahla ezishushumbisiwe.
Umqondo ongekho buthakathaka wephunga labantu kanye nezinye izinhlobo zangaphambilini kungenzeka ngokungafani emthethweni ojwayelekile wezilwane ezincelisayo.
Izilwane eziningi ezizidlayo zisebenzisa kakhulu umqondo wokuhogela ukuxhumana nezinhlobo zazo. Abesilisa bakwa-Feline nabangu-canine baphawula amasayithi abo ngomchamo. Ama-pheromones aqukethwe kuwo, iphunga lakhona elingabambi ekhaleni lomuntu, aqhephukise izihlobo endaweni engenayo.
Ama-Tiger kanye nezinye izilwane eziningi zigcizelela amalungelo kuleyo ndawo ezazihlala kuyo nangosizo lwenye iphunga elimnandi: hlikihla izihlahla, ushiye izihlakala zoboya kuzo, usonge umhlabathi ngezihlakala zazo, kumaphampu okukhona kuwo indlala yesithukuthuku.
Njengoba iphunga lingahlali isikhathi eside, izilwane kufanele zishiya “amakhadi ebhizinisi” anamnandi kaninginingi.
FUNDA: Izindawo zokuhlala zeCorsac
I-Antennae nemilenze - umuzwa wokuhogela
Kuwo wonke ama-invertebrates, umqondo wephunga ukhula kakhulu ezinambuzaneni. Amabhuleki azwelayo aphuma ngaphezu kobuso besithambo sangaphandle esiqinile anecala lokubona iphunga.
Ososayensi babiza la ma-bristles sensilla. Iphunga lezinto ezivezwa izinambuzane eziningi lilawula ukusebenza kwazo kocansi, impilo yenhlalo, kanye nempendulo yendiza.
I-sensor ye-olfactory ivumela abesilisa bezimvemvane ukuthola izinsikazi ngokuhogela amakhilomitha amaningi. Amachaphaza asakazeka ngezindlela ezihlukile, uma omunye wabo enikeza abanye uphawu olunobungozi.
Ngosizo lwezinto ezinephunga elimnandi, izintuthwane ezihlola amapulangwe zenza izindlela lapho ezinye izintuthwane ezisebenzayo zilandela ngokungenakuphikwa.
Esikhungweni sezindlebe sendlu, zombili izinzwa ezenzelwe ukunambitheka kanye nezinambitha zakhiwe kahle. Ezinye zise-antennae, ezinye ezinyaweni zazo, zivumela impukane ukuzwa, ngokwesibonelo, lapho ihlala khona, emnandi noma ngosawoti.
Iphunga lama-vertebrates
Umuzwa wokuhogela uvumela izilwane ukuba zinqume ubukhona bomoya emoyeni wamangqamuzana ezinto ezahlukahlukene ezinephunga. Kodwa-ke, ama-vertebrates angabamba la mamolekyulu kuphela ngemuva kokungena esixazululweni.
Ngakho-ke, umqondo wephunga kuma-vertebrates ufana kakhulu ngomqondo wokunambitha: kuzo zombili lezi zimo, ama-receptors ubona izinto ezincibilikisiwe. Lapho ama-molekyuli anephunga emoyeni afinyelela izitho zokuzenzela, ancibilika ku-mucus ekuxhumaneni kwawo kwangaphakathi.
Kepha izitho zokuhogela ubona iphunga elikhulu nezinhlobo zokunambitha - kuphela ezimnandi, ezinosawoti, ezimuncu noma ezibabayo.
Ema-vertebrates asemhlabeni, ingxenye yokufakwa kwempumulo inomqondo womqondo wokuhogela. Nazi izigidi zamaseli abucayi afakwe i-flagella enhle kakhulu.
Lapho iphunga elithile lingena ekhaleni, amaqembu athile amangqamuzana ezinto ezisebenzayo ayalibona. Bathumela amasignali ebuchosheni, ngenxa yawo obona iphunga.
Umgodi wamakhala uxhunyaniswa ne-pharynx yi "emakhaleni angaphakathi" - amakhethini (kubantu, avuleka umphimbo ngemuva kwasesandleni esithambile).
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo nezinye izilwane esibhakabhakeni esingaphezulu zinesitho esingeziwe sokuzwela kwamakhemikhali, esinezimo ezimbili zokucindezelwa. Izinyoka nezinye izibankwakazi, ngaphandle kokuvula imilomo yazo, zikhipha ulimi ngaphandle, lapho amolekyuli amiswe khona emoyeni, bese eyikhipha ngaphakathi bese ethinta ithiphu eya emigodini ye-olvilory.
Le divayisi isiza izinyoka ukuthola inyamazane ngephunga. Ama-vertebrates ahlukahluka kakhulu ngomqondo wawo onamandla wokuhogela. Yakheka kangcono kuma-unulates nasezinyamazaneni, ngokulinganisa buthakathaka ezinyangeni eziningi, izikhonkwane, imikhomo yamachashazi kanye nezindunduma, kanye nasemikhondweni enamabala (isibonelo, amahlengethwa) ayikho ngokuphelele.
Ngokusho kwephunga, umuntu ungoweqembu lesibili, ophansi kakhulu kulokhu ezilwaneni eziningi zomhlaba. Inja, ngokwesibonelo, iyakwazi ukubona ukuba khona kwe-mocule eyodwa enephunga 1 litre yomoya. Ihogela kude kuze kufike ku-100 m, inyathi - ifinyelela ku-1 km, izindlovu - kuze kufike ku-5 km.
Ukuhogela koshaka, usalimoni, ama-eels kanye nezinye izinhlanzi eziningi kuthuthukiswe kahle.
NjengoEthintekileHa haHewuUsiziIntukuthelo
1
Sekela iphrojekthi yoMhlaba Wolwazi, ubhalisele isiteshi sethu eYandex Zen
Iphunga lesilwane elihlukile
Noma iyiphi, ngisho nenja ebhulwe kakhulu, iyakwazi ukubamba nokuhlukanisa amaphunga angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-200, ngokumelene nezinkulungwane eziyishumi ezitholakalayo kithi (futhi noma kunjalo hhayi kithi sonke). Iphunga lezinja lihle kakhulu futhi lizwela kakhulu ukwedlula i-wolfish. Futhi lokhu akumangazi, ngoba inja inezigidi ezingama-225 zama-oliverory receptors, futhi umuntu unezigidi ezingama-8-10 kuphela.
Khombisa imali
Yonke into emhlabeni inephunga layo, ngisho nemali, okuthi, ngeshwa, isetshenziswe ngempumelelo yiziphathimandla zenkambiso yaseMelika ukukhomba ezezimali ezingekho emthethweni. Izinja zesiko eziqeqeshiwe ngokukhethekile ziyithola kalula indawo emithwalweni yazo noma emzimbeni womuntu lapho imali ikhona.
Into ethokozisa kakhulu ukuthi izinja azitholi nje imali egcinwe, kepha “zibike” kubaphathi bezentengiso kuphela lapho inani elifihliwe lidlula izinkulungwane eziyishumi zamadola.
Ungangenisa futhi uthumele ukheshi omningi ngendlela othanda ngayo e-USA, noma kunjalo, uma inani lingaphezulu kwezigidi eziyishumi zamaRandi, udinga ukwazisa abaphathi bezentela ngalokhu, okungezona zonke izakhamizi ezikwenzayo.
Kukhona izinja - ongoti ekusesheni amaminerali. Bayakwazi ukubona i-ore etholakala ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-12!
Ikhala lezinhlanzi
Kepha abantu, njengoba sesishilo, ngokwephunga, balukhuni ezilwaneni.
Uma sithatha esinye sezakhamizi zeplanethi yethu futhi sizakhe konke ngokwezinga lokuzwakala kwamaphunga, umuntu uyobe esebucayini obujulile, anikeze ithuba hhayi nje ngokushaya, kepha futhi nezindawo “zethusi” ezindaweni ezinesizotha nezingenakuthengiswa, ekuqaleni, izidalwa ezinjengezinyosi, namagundane ngisho nezinhlanzi. Isibonelo, ama-gammarus amancane omfula ama-crustaceans angabona kuphela ubukhona besitha sabo esikhulu, i-trout, ngokunuka ngisho nalapho le nhlanzi isezansi komfula.
Ubuwazi ngalokhu? I-Chow Chow - Inja kaShaggy
Abanye ososayensi bathi esikhathini esithile umuntu wayenomqondo ohlaba umxhwele, kepha wabe ese “aguqa ngamadolo ”, noma kunalokho, washintsha ukuma, ngenxa yalokho umuzwa wokuhogela waphela kuqala, futhi umbono omuhle wafika kuqala. Kuliqiniso, inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe “ivilaphe” imizimba yethu kangangoba iningi lethu manje alikwazi ukuziqhayisa ngombono omuhle.
Ama-zoologists aphikisa: ngemuva kwakho konke, okunye ukuhlolwa kukhombisa ukuthi izilwane ezinobude obukhulu nosayizi obalulekile, zithatha iphunga ebangeni elikhudlwana kunezilwane zosayizi abancane. Ngakho-ke lo mbuzo uhlala uvulekile kuze kube manje.
Ufuna umama
By the way, the echo of the time lapho sasesinomqondo omuhle wephunga ubonakala ezinganeni zethu, noma kunjalo, zisencane kakhulu, iminyaka yezingane. Kubhekwe ukuthi izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zizwela kakhulu iphunga kunabantu abadala. Ingane kuphela ngephunga inquma umama wayo, imhlukanisa ngale ndlela kowesifazane ongaphandle. Ngeshwa, lesi sici siyanyamalala ngobudala.
Kodwa-ke, muva nje, ososayensi eyunivesithi yasehulumeni eFlorida bathole isizathu esivimba abantu ukuthi babone umhlaba obazungezile ngephunga, njengezilwane. Kuyavela ukuthi kunomqondo okuthiwa unephunga lohlobo, noma kunalokho, ukuntuleka kwephunga. Uma sisuswa noma singathathi hlangothi ngamalungiselelo akhethekile, umhlaba wephunga uzofika phezu kwethu usuka ezinhlangothini zonke!
Lezi zivivinyo zenziwa, njengoba kuvame ukwenziwa, kumagundane.
Ukususwa kohlobo “olubi” kuholele ekutheni izinduku zaqala ukuhogela izikhwebu ezinamandla kunakuqala kokuhlinzwa! Kuliqiniso, abaphenyi abakaqumi bona bona iphunga elinjalo elicashile liyadingeka kumuntu wanamuhla.
Ngempela, uma imvelo “yayinesiphiwo” thina nezinye izilwane ngale gene, ngaleyo ndlela sinciphise enye yezinzwa zethu, mhlawumbe kwakudingeka ukuze sisinde? Kwazi bani?
Ubuwazi ngalokhu? UFenech - "plush" steppe fox
Kudala
Kulungile. Sizocabanga ukuthi thina bantu, ngaphandle komqondo onephunga elikhulu, sizophatha ngandlela thile. Kepha izilwane azikwazi ukuba ngaphandle kwakhe. Uma isilwane sesilahlekelwe yiphunga laso, khona-ke empeleni sigwetshelwa ukufa kungekudala. Ama-Herbivores ancishwe umuzwa wokuhogela ngeke alithole iphunga lomhlaseli ngesikhathi. Izinyamazane, ezilahlekelwe ngumqondo wazo, futhi, ngeke zikwazi ukuzingela nokufa yindlala.
Eqinisweni, kungaphikiswa ukuthi umqondo wephunga ezilwaneni uza kuqala futhi kuphela ngemuva kokufika kombono nokuzwa.
Ngosizo lwephunga, izilwane zizikhethela abalingani bocansi ngokwazo, amawundlu alahlekile athola abazali bawo, futhi nabazali banquma ngokunembile amawundlu abo.
Besebenzisa kuphela umuzwa wabo wokuhogela, izilwane ziqonda isimo samanye amalungu eqembu labo noma ukupakisha ngoba ukwesaba noma ukuthokozela ezilwaneni kuhambisana nokushintsha kwephunga elijwayelekile lomzimba.
Ngosizo lwezilwane ezi-olfaction kuphela ezingakwazi ukwahlukanisa ukudla okungenamsoco nokudla okonakele, yingakho kunzima kakhulu esilwaneni ukuthola ukudla okugcwele ngoshevu noma izidakamizwa.
Kuliqiniso, ukulahleka kwephunga (noma kunjalo, ngobudala) akusongelwanga izilwane. Ngokungafani nabantu abalahlekelwa inani elithile lama-olodoory receptors njalo ngonyaka (bamane badrophane), ezilwaneni la ma-receptors avuselelwa njalo, ukuze izilwane zilondoloze iphunga lazo zize zikhule kakhulu.
Amakati ahlukile
Bebuka izilwane, benza izivivinyo eziningi, ososayensi bakhombe amaphethini amaningi ajabulisayo maqondana nephunga. Kuvela ukuthi isilo uqobo sinephunga elinamandla, nephunga lakhe libuthakathaka.
Okuhlukile kungamakati, anuka kamnandi ngokwawo, kepha iphunga libukhali impela.
Futhi nezilwane, okukhombisa ukuzwisiseka kwazo ezisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu, zihlakaniphe kakhulu kunalabo abafowabo imvelo eye yabalahla ngekhala elibukhali kakhulu.
Yebo, wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi izilwane ezinomqondo omuhle wephunga zinamakhala amanzi. Incazelo ilula kakhulu: ikhala elimanzi liyadingeka ukuthola indlela yomoya, ukuze uqonde ukuthi iphunga lavelaphi.
Yize kunjalo, siyazi ukuthi ukuze umuntu aqonde lapho umoya uvunguza khona, umuntu udinga nje ukuthambisa umunwe wakhe ngamathe futhi awuphakamise ngokuthe nkqo. Izinja (nezinye izilwane "ezinamanzi") azidingi minwe.
Amakhala abo ahlala emanzi njalo awanqumi iphunga kuphela, kodwa nendawo okuvela kuyo, kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha amaningi.
Ubuwazi ngalokhu? Isiphetho esinzima senqama
Ulimi lwephunga emhlabeni wezilwane
Ngabe izilwane ziyakwazi ukuxhumana? Uma kunjalo, bakwenza kanjani? Abantu abaningi bayazi ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezincelisayo zifuna uhlobo lwazo noma inyamazane, zisebenzisa umqondo wokuhogela. Impisi efanayo, ngemuva kokuthola ukutholwa okuthile futhi isidlile ngokwanele, nakanjani ilele ezinsaleleni zayo futhi ngohlobo lwefomu elinamakha izovela emhlambini ukuze izibonakalise njengesisulu kwezinye izimpisi.
Onomusa kumele amhlwithe, futhi, ngokushesha, azizwe sengathi usethole inyamazane.
Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane ezincelisayo, ososayensi bathole izidakamizwa ezihlukile, ezifihliwe ngokujulile futhi hhayi ezithuthuke kahle, okuyinto kwezinye izilwane ezihlala njalo, kuyilapho kwezinye kuthi ngasikhathi esithile zikhipha izimfihlo ezinuka kamnandi, kepha futhi ziyisibonakaliso esihle kakhulu, uhlobo lolwazi kwezinye izihlobo.
Imfihlo imvamisa iphunga le-musk (in desman, beaver, muskrat, musk deer) noma igalikhi (kuma-shrews, iningi lokufela ukholo, ezinye izinhlobo zozimele). Izindlala ezikhethekile ezinephunga, eziwela kunoma ibuphi ubude bezinwele, isikhumba noma izinto izilwane ezihlangana nazo, zizishiya zinephunga elikhethekile kule hlobo kuphela.
Leli phunga lihlukaniswa kahle hhayi kuphela yizilwane zohlobo oluhlobene, kodwa futhi nabanye abaningi, ikakhulukazi abazingeli, lapho umuzwa wokuhogela uthuthuka kangcono.
Kwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, izindlala zangasese zinuka iphunga elinamandla, eliphikelelayo futhi elingajabulisi kangangokuba zisebenzisa zona ngenhloso yokuzivikela.
Isibonelo, i-skunk ikhipha uketshezi emithanjeni ngephunga elinjalo elixakile neliphikelelayo kangangokuba izimbangi zalo zize zihluleke isikhashana.
Umuntu ngamunye unephunga ngalinye. Izinja nezimpungushe zimaka insimu yazo ngomchamo nangamanzi.
Ukufiphaza ilebula, izilwane zinquma kalula isikhathi sokwenzeka kwazo, ngakho izinto ezinephunga eziqukethwe kumchamo ziba ngumhwamuko kuphela ngemuva kwesikhashana.
Isibonelo, ama-Mongooses, uma echama, ame emabunzini awo ngaphambili ukuze andise irediyo yendawo yokuxhumana nemfihlo, ngakho-ke, abonisa indawo yawo.
Kwesinye isikhathi iphunga lokufihla lingaba namandla kakhulu futhi libangele ukuqhekeka kwamehlo, ukwanda kwephunga, njll. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngenxa yalesi sizathu, akekho umhlaseli ozodla i-shrew yethu, imvukuzane noma i-ermine yethu uma ingalambile kakhulu. Lezi zindlala ezinamakha zitholakala ezindaweni ezimangalisa kakhulu futhi ezahlukahlukene zomzimba wesilwane.
Esezandleni ezibomvu, zitholakala phakathi kweminwe, esifundeni sehabhu, empandeni yomsila, esiswini, eduze kwamehlo, naku-desman, la maqhubu asemsileni, eduze kwempande yawo, kepha emahholweni nabalingani bawo bobuhlalu, ezindebeni, ezinje izilwane ezinjengezimbaza namaphaphu - esihlathini, ku-beaver nase muskrat - eduze kwezitho zangasese ne-anus. Isebenza kakhulu ezilwaneni, izindlala zithola izimfihlo ezinephunga elimnandi ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Kwabesilisa abaningi, lokhu kuwuphawu oluqinisekile lokuthi insikazi isilungele ukuzala. Isibonelo, impisi ye-sheilla ihlala ichama eduze kwamaqhubu, izihlahla, izihlahla ngazinye, eziheha abesilisa. Amanye ama-coons - asematheni, angena ezindlini - asikiba utshani, amagatsha, iziqu zemithi ngensimbi etholakala esiswini sawo futhi ashiya umkhondo wamafutha onuka kamnandi.
Izilwane zamanzi (ama-muskrats, ama-beaver) ngesikhathi sokuzala kabusha ngemfihlo yephunga imingcele yezindawo abahlala kuzo, ngaleyo ndlela zivimbele ukungenela kwezilwane zohlobo lwazo endaweni ezazihlala kuyo.
Ibhere lishiya izimpawu ezinamakha: lime emilenzeni yalo yangemuva, lifaka isisu nesiqu esiqwini sesihlahla.
Eqinisweni, zonke izilwane ezincelisayo ziyakwazi ukudonsa nokuhlaziya amaphunga amaningi - umchamo wokugaya, imfihlo yezindlala - lesi isici sazo.
Imvamisa, isilo sishiya esinye isicucu kulezi zihlahla - sidonsa kanzima amagxolo nezihlakala zawo, lokhu kuvame ukubonwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho ishiya umgodi igaye izipikili zayo ezikhule kakhulu ebusika, njengoba futhi ithi "kwezinye" izilwane Mayelana nami.
Ekulondeni okuningi, ezinsukwini zokuzala, i-excretion ye-gland iningi futhi ibukhali kangangokuba nomuntu uzwa leli phunga ngamamitha ambalwa. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinyamazane zishaya izihlahlana nezihlahla ngezimpondo, zagcwala umhlaba ngentshiseko, zashiya izinto ezinephunga eliningi kule ndawo.
Kungamnandi ukuthi cishe zonke izilwane zinquma ubungozi bengozi, ziqonde indlela okufanele zibheke ngayo ukudla, futhi futhi zihlukanise nabamele izinhlobo zazo kwezinye izilwane.Ngosizo lwephunga, abesilisa bahlukanisa izinsikazi zezinhlobo zazo kwezinye izinsikazi ezisencane, ezingafundile.
Izilwane zikhipha izinto ezisetshenziselwa imvelo ngemvelo - ama-pheromones abangela ukusabela okuthile kubantu, bayazizwa. Isibonelo, isilwane, esathola iphunga esinye isilwane sohlobo olufanako esibonile indawo yaso, sizoshintsha indlela yaso. Amagundane abesilisa asecurity pheromones akhuthaza izinsikazi ukuzala.
Izilwane zasemhlabeni zibona ukuhogela kahle, kepha kuthiwani ngezilwane zasemanzini? Eqinisweni, iphunga lisakazeka kahle emanzini, kepha izilwane ezincelisayo ezihlala emanzini zivala iminyango yazo ngesikhathi sokucwiliswa futhi azikwazi ukuphefumula nhlobo. Imikhomo namahlengethwa awanamqondo wephunga, futhi azikho izikhungo zokusebenzisa ubuchopho babo. Izimpawu zinuka kuphela emhlabeni, zilahlekelwe yileli khono emanzini
Ngemuva kwalokho, izilwane "zifunda" kanjani iphunga? Ebantwini, ukuhogela akuwona umthombo obalulekile wolwazi, ngoba kuncike kakhulu ekuboneni nasekulaleleni, kepha kubantu abaningi ezincelisayo, iphunga linemininingwane ebaluleke kakhulu. Ukuhogela kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuxhumaneni komama namawundlu.
Uma amathegi enuka kamnandi, umfokazi angaqhubeka ngokuphepha endleleni yezimpahla zomunye umuntu, futhi uma iphunga selisanda ngokuphelele, ungcono endleleni ukugwema ukushayisana nomnikazi wendawo.
Umvundla wesilisa ovelele nogwaja wasekhaya usho indawo yonke, futhi imfihlo yezindlala etholakala ngaphansi kwesihlakala ihlikihla umlingani wayo namawundlu.
Ngakho uqamba indawo okungokwakhe.
Izindunduma ze-otter zinephunga elimnandi kakhulu. Onke ama-martens athuthukise izindlala ezingama-anal, ama-secretion awo asetshenziswa hhayi nje ukukhombisa insimu, kepha futhi njengendlela yokuzivikela. Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, iphunga lingumthombo oyinhloko wolwazi, linikeze izilwane ezincelisayo ukuxhumana phakathi kwazo.
Le yingxenye encane yezibonelo, ekhombisa ukuthi ama-phunga adlala indima engakanani emhlabeni wezilwane zasendle.
Umuzwa wephunga
Izici zokulinganisa zokugcwala komuntu zifundwa yisayensi ye-olfactometry. Umbono wephunga awunakulinganiswa ngqo. Esikhundleni salokho, kusetshenziswa izindlela ezingaqondile, njengokuhlola ubukhulu (iphunga lizwakala kangakanani?), Ukuthola umkhawulo wombono (okungukuthi, iphunga liqala ukuzwakala ngaliphi) nokuqhathanisa namanye amakha (libukeka kanjani leli phunga?). Imvamisa kuba nobudlelwano obuqondile phakathi komkhawulo wokuqonda nokuzwela.
Kukhona iqembu elikhulu lokwephulwa komcwaningi we-olildory, kanye nokuncipha komuntu ngamunye kwehla kwamaphunga, kwesinye isikhathi kufinyelela ku-elemia.
Ososayensi baseMelika uRichard Axel noLinda Buck bathole Umklomelo kaNobel ka-2004 wokutadisha izinto ezenziwe ngabantu.
Ukuvela kwephunga
Ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, umuzwa wokuhogela ungenye yemizwa yasendulo nebaluleke kakhulu, ngosizo lwazo izilwane eziqondiswa endaweni yazo. Lokhu kuhlaziya kungenye yezinto eziphambili ezilwaneni eziningi. "Wangaphambi kwayo yonke eminye imizwa isilwane ebekwazi ukuzwa ibakhona kokudla, abantu bobulili obuhlukile noma indlela ebasengozini" (Milne L., Milne M., 1966). Izici ezintathu eziyinhloko zokuziphatha okulimazayo kwezilwane zihlukaniswa: ukubukeka (indlela izilwane ezifuna ngayo iphunga), ukusabela (ukuthi zisabela kanjani emithonjeni yazo futhi zihlobana kanjani nazo), nokusayina (indlela iphunga elisetshenziswa ngayo ukuxhumana nabanye). Ku-phylogenesis, umqondo wephunga lomuntu uya ngokuya ukhula.
Isigxobo ngomqondo wephunga sasihlelekile ekudalekeni kwezilwane ezincelisayo (bheka umqondo wephunga lezilwane ezincelisayo).
Ezindunjeni, umuzwa wokuhogela ubelokhu umuzwa wesilinganiso sesithathu, ngemuva kokubona, ukuzwa nokuthinta. Kepha kuma-lemuriform (ama-primates amnyama-amnyama) nezinkawu ezibanzi, kusetshenziselwa ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu.
Umuzwa obuthakathaka ngisho wephunga ezinhlafunweni ze-anthropoid. Kodwa-ke, umuntu uhlukile ngisho nangemuva lesizinda sakhe. Ukuguqulwa okukhulu kwezakhi zofuzo ezi-olildory receptor zenzeka cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyisithupha edlule, lapho imigqa yokhokho babantu (ama-hominins) nama-chimpanee diverge kanye nokuthambekela kokuhamba kokubhakuza kuvela emigqeni yabantu.
I-alamu ye-odor
Izithaphuthaphu, abakhangi, izinto ezinamakha okubizwa ngezinto eziheha izilwane ngephunga lazo. I-Telegons futhi ama-pheromones - amakhemikhali akhishwe yizilwane zingene kwimvelo ukuze zichayeke kwezinye izidalwa. Imiski inombandela obizwa ngokuthi izimfihlo zezindlala zesikhumba ezithile, imvamisa inephunga elinamandla. Ukuze uthole amandla amancane, lezi ezinye izikhathi ngezinye izikhathi zazibiza ngokuthi yizindlala ezinamakha. Imikhiqizo ye-Excretion ingafaka amathe, umusk, njll., Kanye nomchamo (umchamo) kanye nokugaya. Umsebenzi welebuli uqondwa njengokuziphatha kwezilwane ezihambisana nokushiya kwamamaki ngemikhiqizo ye-excretion, imaskhi, njll.
Ubudlelwano bephunga kubantu nobulili
Ukumunca kuncike ebulilini, futhi abesifazane bavame ukwedlula abesilisa ekuzweleni, ekuboneni, nasekubandakanyeni. Inani elincane kakhulu lemisebenzi, ukuphakama kwabesilisa kuyaphawulwa. Ocwaningweni lwaseToulouse naseWahid, kwatholakala ukuthi abesifazane bangamunca kangcono amadoda e-camphor, i-citral, pink ne-cherry amanzi, imint ne-anethole kangcono kunamadoda. Imiphumela efanayo yatholakala emisebenzini ethile elandelayo. I-LeMagnen ithole ukuthi abesifazane babezwela kakhulu iphunga le-testosterone, kepha abatholanga mahluko ngokuhogela i-safflower, guaiacol, amyl salicylate ne-eucalyptus. Izifundo zakamuva zithole umehluko wephunga lezinto eziningi kufaka phakathi i-citral, i-amyl acetate, ne-androstenone derivatives, ukuphakama kwegolide, utshwala be-phenylethyl, i-m-xylene ne-pyridine. UKolega noBonfire benze ucwaningo ngezinto ezingamakhulu amaningana. Ezintweni eziyisishiyagalolunye, umkhawulo we-olodoory wawuphansi kwabesifazane. Baphinde bathola ukuthi amantombazane angaphezulu kwabafana abasebenza kakhulu ezivivinyweni zokubandlulula ezinephunga.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi iphunga labesifazane abangaziphathi izithiyo zokuvimbela inzalo ze-hormonal ngesikhathi sokuya esikhathini. Umqondo obabayo kakhulu wephunga wenziwa esikhathini esiseduze ngaphambi nangemva kwe-ovulation, ngokwesibonelo, ukuzwela kumaphayile wesilisa kukhuphuka amahlandla amaningi. Kwabesifazane abathatha amaphilisi okulawula ukuzala, umuzwa wephunga uhlala uqhubeka kulo lonke umjikelezo. Lolu cwaningo lwalubandakanya abesifazane besukela eminyakeni engu-18 kuye kwengama-40, abacelwa ukuba bahlukanise iphunga le-anise, umaskhi, ama-clove, i-ammonia ne-citrus.
Ama-sappers aphumelelayo: sazi ngani ngamagundane
Iqembu lososayensi baseBelgium linqume ukwenza ucwaningo ngamagundane amakhulu ase-Afrika, ngoba kuyaziwa ukuthi lezi zilwane zingabanikazi bephunga elifanayo elifana nezezinja. Banqume ukufundisa lezi zilwane ezincane ezihlekisayo ukuthi zibheke amabhomu agqitshwa ngabasebenzi, ngoba amagundane mancane kakhulu kunezinja, ngakho-ke amathuba okuba kuqhume kube kuncane kakhulu. Umuzwa wososayensi abavela eBelgium waba yimpumelelo, futhi ngemuva kwalokho baqala ukukhulisa amagundane ase-Afrika ngokuqondile ukucinga ngezimayini eMozambikhi nakwamanye amasimu ase-Afrika, lapho, njengathi, ngemuva kwempi eningi amagobolondo asala ejulile emhlabathini. Ngakho-ke, kusukela ngonyaka ka-2000, ososayensi bafaka imichilo engama-30, okwathi ngamahora angama-25 yakwazi ukuvikela amahektha angaphezu kwenkulungwane ezimbili yendawo yase-Afrika.
Kukholakala ukuthi izinduku - abafuna umgodi kusebenza kahle kakhulu kunokusebenzisa isappers noma izinja ezifanayo. Ngempela, i-rat izogijima amamitha skwele angamakhulu amabili ngemizuzu engamashumi amabili, futhi umuntu uzodinga imizuzu eyi-1,500 ukusesha. Yebo, izitholi zemayini zihle kakhulu, kepha zibiza kakhulu umbuso (ukugcinwa, ukuqeqeshwa kwenja) kune “sappers” encane grey.
Ubuhlobo be-olfaction kubantu abaneminyaka
Ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa, umuzwa wokuhogela uthuthuka kakhulu, kepha ngonyaka owodwa wokuphila ulahleka ngo-40-50%. Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngesisekelo senhlolovo yabantu abayizigidi eziyi-10,7 bakhombise ukwehla kokuzwa kwephunga ngobudala ngawo wonke amakha ayisithupha afundwe. Amandla wokuhlukanisa iphunga nawo anciphile. Umphumela wobudala wawubaluleke kakhulu kunomphumela wobulili, nabesifazane bagcina umuzwa wabo wokuhogela kuze kube yilapho sebekhulile kunabesilisa.
Kwakhonjiswa ukuthi i-atrophy yemicu ye-olvilory iyenzeka futhi isibalo sabo ku-olvilory nerve sincipha ngokuqinile (ithebula).
Iminyaka (iminyaka) | Inani lemicu atrophied |
---|---|
0-15 | 8 |
16-30 | 20 |
31-45 | 33 |
46-60 | 57 |
61-75 | 68 |
76-91 | 73 |
Hhayi nje i-Waterfowl: Izimpawu zamanzi zasolwandle nezolwandle
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ngo-1915, uV. Durov, oqeqeshwayo owaziwayo eRussia, waphakamisa ukuthi abakwaNavy basebenzise izimbumbulu lapho becasha ezimayini ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Yebo, ebuholini beMpi Yezempi YaseRussia - bekuyindlela engajwayelekile, singasho indlela yokuqamba. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi yizinja kuphela ezinobuhlalu obuthuthukiswe kakhulu, ngakho-ke zingathola imayini nomaphi lapho ilala khona. Kodwa-ke, selokhu kwaba khona impi, amadivaysi amaningi okuqhuma abesemanzini. Futhi bekufanele wenze okuthile ngakho. Futhi, ngemuva kokuba zonke izinzuzo zifundwe zokubamba iqhaza kwezimpawu zamanzi ekufuneni izimayini zamanzi, kwaqala uqeqesho olukhulu lwamanzi wamanzi esiqhingini saseCrimea.
Ngakho-ke, ezinyangeni zokuqala ezi-3, kwavalwa izibonakaliso ezingamashumi amabili eBalaclava, okwathi, ngokumangazayo, yazinikela kahle ekuqeqesheni. Ngaphansi kwamanzi, bathola kalula iziqhumane, izimayini namanye amadivayisi nezinto eziqhumayo, bezimaka nama-buoys ngaso sonke isikhathi. Abaqeqeshi baze bakwazi ukufundisa abanye abasebenza ngezimayini ukubeka izimayini ezikhethekile odonsa ngemoto emikhunjini. Kepha ukuthi kungenzeka, kwakungeke kwenzeke ukuthi kamuva uvivinye izimpawu zokuzilolonga ezisetshenzisiwe - umuntu othile ubuthi "izilwane ezilwa nolwandle".
Amabhubesi olwandle ayizimpawu ezinde ezinamehlo abona kahle ngaphansi kwamanzi. Amehlo abukhali asiza lezi zilwanyana ezincelisayo zasolwandle ukuthola izitha. Amasosha aseMelika awazange aqine ukusebenzisa imali eyizigidigidi zamadola aseMelika kwizimpawu zokuqeqesha njengengxenye yohlelo lokuqeqesha ukulungisa into elimele noma ukuthola amadivaysi aqhumayo.
Kepha ezithungelweni zase-Irkutsk kulo nyaka zaqeqeshwa ngokukhethekile ukuze zikhombise ukuthi lezi zilwane zingaziphatha kanjani izibhamu zomshini ezandleni zazo, zimashi zinefulegi phezu kwamanzi futhi zize zivimbe izimayini zolwandle ezimisiwe.
Ukubuka umhlaba: okungenziwa ngamahlengethwa
AmaDolphins aqala ukuqeqeshwa njengabaseshi abakhethekile bemayini ngemuva kokulwa kwasolwandle kwathandwa kakhulu kwesinye sezisekelo zamasosha aseSan Diego. Ososayensi abavela e-USSR banqume ukufakazela ukuthi amahlengethwa, njengamabhubesi asolwandle, ayakwazi ukuzuzisa abantu, njengama "commandos" ahlakaniphile kakhulu futhi onesibindi kakhulu
Eminyakeni engama-60s, eSevastopol, kwasungulwa indawo enkulu yokufukula amanzi, lapho ama-dolphin afundiswa ngaphansi kwamanzi ukuthi angafuni nje kuphela izimayini kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe Yesibili, kodwa futhi nasezifosheni ezinotshani eziningi. Ngaphezu kokukhalipha nobunyoninco babo obedlulele, ngokudlulisela amasignali e-ecolocation, amahlengethwa akwazi ukusibheka kahle leso simo, yonke into eyenzekayo ebazungezile. AmaDolphins athola kalula into yezempi kude. Njengabavikeli abanamakhono, amahlengethwa aqeqeshiwe 'ayeqapha' futhi avikele isizinda samaNavy olwandle Olumnyama.
Ukuzwela okuphelele
Ukufundwa kokuzwela okuphelele ezimweni eziningi kuveze imiphumela engqubuzanayo. Lapho kuthola umkhawulo wokuqonda, ikhala langakwesobunxele lalizwela kakhulu ezifundweni ezishiywe ngakwesobunxele, kanti impumulo yangakwesobunxele yayizwela kakhulu kulabo abangakwesokunxele. UKane noGhent bathola ukuzwela okukhulu kwempumulo efanelekile, kungakhathalekile ukuthi baphathisiwe, kepha akukho mehluko owatholakala kwabanye ababhali. Emisebenzini emibili yokugcina, ababhali basebenzise i-phenylethyl alcohol, ebonakala ngokusebenza okubuthakathaka ngokumelene nerve ye-trigeminal. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa nayo ingathinteka ngokushintsha amandla emakhaleni phakathi nosuku njalo emahoreni ayi-1.5-2. Kungaphethwa ngokuthi impumulo yangakwesokudla inomuzwa omkhulu ngokwengeziwe, okungenani kulabo abanesandla sokudla.
Umehluko we-Odor
Imiphumela umehluko wokuhogela kanye nokuzwela okuphelele iyacabangana, kepha ikhombisa ukuphakama kwempumulo efanele. Iningi lababhali lithole inselelo yempumulo efanelekile, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ingalo yiphi. Kodwa-ke, abanye ababhali bathole inzuzo yempumulo engakwesokunxele kwizifundo ezishiywe ngakwesobunxele. Emsebenzini weSavik neBerggund, inzuzo yempumulo efanelekile yasungulwa kuphela ngephunga elilijwayele, kuyilapho uBroman ekhombisa inzuzo yalo nangephunga elingaziwa. Ukusebenziseka kwempumulo efanele kuboniswe ngenkathi kufundwa ngezigaba ngamaphunga ngamandla, yize le miphumela yayithembekile kwabesifazane kuphela.
Inkumbulo emamatheka
Umehluko phakathi kwama-hemispheres ekuboneni iphunga wawungaguquguquki ngokwengeziwe. Ngakho-ke iziguli ezinama-ulsa we-hemisphere efanelekile zaqaphela iphunga elibi kakhulu kuneziguli ezinezilonda zephephisimu yasesandleni sobunxele, ezingakhombisa ukuphakama kwe-hemisphere efanele. Ekuhlolweni kokuqashelwa kwamazwi nangokubukwa kwamaphunga ezifundweni ezinempilo, lapho kunikezwa umfutho wokuqala (iphunga) kuzo zombili izinhlaka, isikhathi sokuphendula sasimfushane lapho kukhutshwa i-stimulus yesibili (igama noma isithombe) ku-hemisphere efanelekile ngokuqhathaniswa nesobunxele. U-Olson noKane bathola impendulo emfushane yempumulo engakwesokudla emiphumeleni ehlongozwayo futhi abatholanga mehluko ekupheleleni kwememori. Abanye ababhali abatholanga mehluko ekubonakaleni kwephunga.