Igama lesi Latin: | Dendrocopos ezinkulu |
Isigcawu: | I-Woodpeckers |
Umndeni: | I-Woodpeckers |
Ngokwengeziwe: | Incazelo yezinhlobo zaseYurophu |
Ukubukeka nokuziphatha. Okuvame kakhulu phakathi kwamapulangwe ethu, usayizi we-thrush omkhulu (ubude bomzimba 22-25 cm, amaphiko we-42-45 cm, isisindo 50-100 g).
Incazelo. I-plumage imnyama futhi imhlophe. Emaphikweni asongelwe yinyoni ehleli, eceleni kwendawo enkulu emhlophe okusaqanda. Okungaphansi kubomvu okukhanyayo. Ngemuva kwentamo, emuva, i-nuhvost, izembozo zephiko zimnyama.Izinsiba eziphephile zephethini eguqukayo, kanti ezimhlophe zinqwabelana ngamabili okuqondisa okuphezulu, bese kuthi uhlangothi olumnyama lube mnyama ngokuphelele. Izihlathi, izinhlangothi zentamo, isifuba nesisu zimhlophe, kwesinye isikhathi kube no-cream noma u-brownish tint. Izimpaphe zimnyama ngemigqa yezindawo ezimhlophe. "Amadevu" amnyama axhunywe ngemivimbo eqhubekayo ngamaplamu amnyama emuva nape. Owesilisa unebala elibomvu emuva kwekhanda, lowesifazane unekhanda elimnyama. Akukho mehluko wesikhathi wethani. Ezinyoni ezincane, umbala weplamu awuthambile ngokwengeziwe, umqhele wekhanda ubomvu, amachashaza amnyama angaphezulu nangaphansi ashiwo ezinhlangothini. Amabala amakhulu amhlophe okweqanda kumaphiko agoqiwe, imikhonto emnyama ngemuva kwezihlathi ezimhlophe, ukungabikhona kwekopini elibomvu eliqinile namachashazi amnyama ezinhlangothini zesisu yizimpawu zesici ezihlukanisa abantu abadala kwezinye izinkuni ezinamabala.
Vota. Ingoma imfushane (ingadluli isekhondi eli-1) kanye nengxenyeni "yesigubhu" efakiwe, ikhula iye ngasekupheleni. Uma ijabule, ikhipha ukukhala okukhulu nokubukhali "ukukhahlela". Kwesinye isikhathi le misindo ihlangana ibe yi- "hysterical" "ukukhahlela. "Iqhathaniswa nokukhala.
Isimo Sokusabalalisa. Kusatshalaliswa kakhulu engxenyeni esenyakatho yePalearctic kusuka e-Atlantic kuya olwandle lwePacific. Ingena enyakatho iye emngceleni wezimila ezinamahlahla. Ihlala iningi le-Russia yaseYurophu (engekho ezindaweni ezingenathemba kuphela). Okuvamile. Kuholela ikakhulukazi empilweni yokuhlala lapho, enyakatho yebanga ufudukela eningizimu ebusika.
Indlela yokuphila. Ihlala emahlathini ekwakheka okuhlukile nobudala, iwa futhi ishiswe yizihlahla noma amakhethini angenamahhala, amapaki, izingadi, amathuna, njll. Izimbobo ezihlahleni ezinezinkuni ezithambile: i-aspen, i-alder akuvamile. Ngokuvamile kuvuselelwa izimbobo zangonyaka odlule noma kugcwalise imbobo yolunye uhlobo lwama-Woodpeckers. Isigaxa sakhiwa ikakhulu ngowesilisa. Bobabili abazali bafaka i-clutch futhi bondle amaphuphu. Imichilo ibambe inqunu futhi iyimpumputhe.
Omnivorous. Ehlobo, idla izintuthwane, izimbungulu, amacimbi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi ukuphuma kwamanani awo nezinye izinambuzane. Ebusika, imbewu yama-spruce nephayini, ekhishwa ezigageni, iba ukudla okuyinhloko. Ukuze wenze lokhu, izigaxa zibekwa ezindaweni ezikhethekile - “izikebhe”: imifantu kanye nezinye izigaxa zokhuni, imvamisa ezindaweni lapho kuphulwa khona isiqu noma igatsha elikhulu, ngaphezulu kwezikhala zokhuni nakwezinye izindawo lapho isigaxa singaboshwe khona ngokuqinile. Entwasahlobo, uphuza ujusi we-maple ne-birch, eshaya imigqa evundlile yezimbobo ezincane ku-bark. Ezindaweni ezivakashelwa kuvinjelwa indawo, kungonakalisa izidleke zezinyoni ezincane.
Lapho usuthisa, isebenzisa amasu ahlukile - ukulesa, ukukhonkotha, ukukhonkotha amagxolo nabanye. Phakathi nonyaka, uzalela inzalo kanye. Kubonakala ngokusebenza okuphezulu nokuhamba. Ekwindla nasebusika, ukhombisa indawo eqinile eyedwa.
I-Spotted Woodpecker, noma i-Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos ezinkulu)
Ulwazi oluvamile
Uhlobo ngalunye lwenyoni luhlukaniswa ngesici esithile esiyingqayizivele. Ukhozi oluyimpuphu olunezidleke ezinkulu, ama-hummingbird anesayizi amancane, ipigogo elinomsila omuhle, ne-motley Woodpecker enkulu enezihlahla ezishisayo. Abathandi bokuhamba kwehlathi kusuka ekuseni kakhulu kuze kushone ilanga bezwa isimanga salo esithi "tuk-tuk". UWoodpecker ushaya esiqwini ukhumbuza umqulu wesigubhu. Isikhathi ngasinye ihlala kuphela imizuzwana engu-0.6, lapho inyoni ikwazi ukuqeda kuze kube ngu-13 (ngokusho kweminye imithombo, kuze kufike ku-23) imivimbo. Uma uzwa imisindo enjalo nje, kusho ukuthi ama-motley Woodpeckers amakhulu aqala isikhathi sokuzala. Lapho inyoni idonsa isinambuzane ngaphansi kwamagxolo, imisindo ingahluka ngokuphelele.
Ama-Woodpeckers abesaziwa abantu amakhulu eminyaka. Kukhulunywa nangokuthi ezinganekwaneni nasezinganekwaneni. Ngakho-ke, kwakuyinyoni lena eyasiza le-wolf ukondla u-Rem noRomulus, ababa ngabasunguli beRoma.
EYurophu ngesikhathi seNeolithic kwakukhona inkolo ye-Woodpecker. Ngekhulu lesithathu BC, "izidubhu" zehlathi zahlonishwa kakhulu amaSabinian. Enye yezinhlobo zabo zohlobo lwegama yabizwa ngegama lezinkuni. Ngakho-ke, le nyoni yakhonzwa izithombe futhi ayikaze iyilimaze.
Habitat
I-Woodpecker enhle enamabala ingatholakala ezindaweni ezinkulu zase-Eurasia - isuka eScandinavia kanye ne-Iberian peninsula entshonalanga, ziye eziqhingini zaseKuril naseJapan empumalanga, ukusuka eLaos eningizimu kuye eNtshonalanga yeSiberia enyakatho (67 ° N). Lolu hlobo lwama-Woodpeckers luhlala e-UK, ePeninsula yaseKola, e-Iran, eCorsica, eSicily naseSardinia, eChina naseMongolia, e-Ukraine nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. E-Russia, i-motley Woodpecker enkulu itholakala kuyo yonke insimu yaseYurophu, kufaka phakathi isifunda saseMoscow. Ihlala eKamchatka, iziQhingi zaseKuril, eSakhalin, eTranscaucasus, eCrimea, e-Arctic nase-Urals.
Ama-Woodpeckers alolu hlobo ahlala ngisho nase-Afrika - ezifundeni ezisenyakatho ze-Algeria naseTunisia (ezintabeni eziseGreater Atlas), esiQhingini saseCanary, eMorocco.
Lezi zinyoni zihlala nomaphi lapho kukhula khona izihlahla eziqothulayo noma eziqothulayo. Uma kukhona ukukhetha, abasebenza ngezinkuni bathanda uphayinaphu, kepha bangahlala phakathi kweminqumo, izihlahlana, ama-Rhododendrons, ama-oki, ama-aspen, amabhakede. Izihlahla ze-spruce ezimnyama kuphela ezingazithandi. Emahlathini anjalo, i-Woodpecker enkulu enezembozo ayitholakali.
Lolu hlobo luthembekile kakhulu kubantu kunabanye, ngakho-ke lungahlala kumapaki nasezinhlelweni zomuntu siqu.
Incazelo ye-Great Motley Woodpecker
“Isigqoko” esibomvu senza le nyoni ibonakale futhi ibonakale. Unephutha uma ucabanga ukuthi wonke ama-motley Woodpeckers “ayaligqoka”. Lesi “sekhanda” lezimpaphe ezincane ezintekenteke ezinemivimbo emnyama ebonakalayo sivele kuphela kubantu abasha bobabili ubulili. Ezinyoni ezindala, izimpaphe ezimnyama ziza zizongena esikhundleni sezimpaphe ezibomvu lapho kuhlanganiswa unyaka nonyaka. Emadodeni, umucu obomvu kuphela osasele ngemuva kwekhanda. Kuyo angahlukaniswa kwabesifazane. Bobabili ubulili bane-underwear ebomvu ekhanyayo. Osewonke umzimba wamapulangwe amakhulu anemibala ahlotshiswe ngezimpaphe zika-inki nokumhlophe. Banomhlane omnyama ophethe okwesibhakabhaka, imisila, umsila kanye nenhla kwekhanda. Izimpaphe ezisemaphikweni zimbala ofanayo. Imicu emnyama, efana ne-antennae, isuka kuqhwaku lomlomo wezinkuni iye entanyeni.
Ushizi, ibunzi, isisu, amahlombe nezimpaphe ezedlulele zomsila zimhlophe noma zimhlophe ngombala obomvana. Kukhona namabala amhlophe ezimpaphe.
Ngobukhulu, le nyoni incane, kepha hhayi encane. Inesisindo esingama-gramu ayi-100. Ubude bomzimba busuka kuma-22 kuye kwangama-27 cm, amaphiko asondele ku-47. Uma uqhathanisa, siphawula ukuthi i-Woodpecker encane enamachashaza enesisindo ifinyelela kuma-26 amagremu, ubukhulu bayo bomzimba bungasuka ku-14 kuye ku-16 cm, kanti amaphiko ayo afinyelela ku-30. izinyoni zalezi zinhlobo ezimbili, ukuthatha i-Woodpecker encane njengomuntu osemncane.
Amawashi wokhuni olukhulu olunezihlahla olunsundu olumnyama. Uqhwaku lumnyama ngombala ophansi, onamandla amakhulu, onjenge-chisel. I-iris yamapulangwe amaningi inombala onsundu, kodwa futhi kwenzeka iba bomvu.
Ukubukwa okufanayo
Emahlathini ethu ungahlangana ne-woodpecker yaseSyria, efana kakhulu ne-motley enkulu. Ngobukhulu, buncane. Ngakho-ke, isisindo sayo sifinyelela ku-80 amagremu, futhi ubude bomzimba bufika ku-23 cm. Uma uqala ukubheka nje, akunakwenzeka ukwahlukanisa izinyoni ngalesi sibonakaliso. Ungaqonda ukuthi iyiphi i-Woodpecker ephambi kwakho yi- "antennae" esuka kusukela kuqhwaku. NgesiSyria, azikho noma ziphazamisa izihlathi. Futhi, kubamele bale nhlobo, amabala amhlophe emahlombe aqine kakhulu.
Ukuphila emahlathini aseRussia kungenye inhlobo yama-woodpeckers, efana kakhulu ne-mosagated enkulu. Lowo omele uthandelwe ngabelungu. Kukhulu kancane. Isisindo sayo singafinyelela kumagremu ayi-140, nobude bomzimba - bufika kuma-31 cm.Kodwa umehluko omkhulu kwimibala. Iphothi elinombala omhlophe lipinki, emuva kumhlophe, futhi azikho amabala amhlophe emahlombe.
Izici zokuziphatha
Uma unikeza isithombe se-Woodpecker enkulu enamachashaza ngamagama ambalwa, izoba kanjena: umuntu ozimele, ogqamile, obonakalayo, onomsindo omkhulu. Izazi zesifo sezinhlungu ziyazi ukuthi lolu hlobo oluthile lwazi kakhulu kunazo zonke. Le nyoni iyakwazi ukucasuka, ijabule, ivikele indawo yayo, ikhombise imbobo yayo, incenge owesimame ukuthi ashade. Konke lokhu kuhambisana nokumemeza kokwehluka okuningana nobuningi. Izinkuni ezinkulu ezigxiliwe ziveza imizwelo ngesikhathi esincane. Uma engekho matasa ngokuchoboza izigaxa, uyakhala kanjalo. Ku "silulumagama" sabo, ornithologists bahlukanisa "ukukhahlela", "cr-cr", "ki-ki" kanye neminye imisindo engabhalwa ngezinhlamvu zabantu. Vuma, kunzima ukunganaki umuntu omemeza kakhulu.
Kuhle ukuthi izinkuni ezinkulu ze-motley zithanda isizungu. Cabanga nje ukuthi iyiphi i-gam ezokuma uma zingena emaphaketheni! Kodwa-ke, bakhetha ukuba nensimu yomuntu ngamunye, yokungena okuvalelwe abantu bangaphandle. Ngaphandle kwalokho, umnikazi ngokushesha uqala ukubonisa izinsongo. Uhlala phansi phambi kwesixakaxaka, amathe izimpaphe ekhanda, avule umlomo wakhe aqale ukuklabalasa (mhlawumbe uphakamisa lo mfokazi ukuthi ahambe). Ngokulandelayo, umnikazi walesi siza uqala ukungqongqoza esiqwini bese endiza phezu komfokazi. Uma lokhu kungasebenzi, kusetshenziswa ama-cuffs enamaphiko nangomlomo.
Indawo yobunikazi be-Woodpecker ngayinye ehlangenewe ihlukahluka kusuka kumahekitha ayi-2 kuye kwangama-25, ngokuya ngobuningi bamahlathi amahlathi nenani lokuphakelwa.
Ngokondla ndawonye amantshontsho, eyeduna nensikazi yokhuni olukhulu olunegama oludumile lwenzelwe zona emikhawulweni ehlukene yendawo.
Ukuqongelelwa kwalezi zinkuni kungabonakala kuphela ngesikhathi sokuhlasela (izinyoni zihlangana emihlambini emikhulu bese zizulazula zifuna izindawo ezintsha).
Ukudla
Yini edla izinkuni ezinkulu ezinamabala? Uyaphutha uma ucabanga ukuthi izimbungulu kuphela. Izinambuzane zakha isisekelo sokudla kwakhe phakathi nenkathi kuphela, okungukuthi, kusukela phakathi nentwasahlobo kuya ekwindla. Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-woodpeckers abhubhisa amabhungane ama-bark, amabhungane, amabhungane, amabhungane, amabhungane omhlabathi, izintuthwane, amadada aqeshwayo nezinye inqwaba zezinye izinambuzane. Ama-Ornithologists athola esiswini sezinyoni aze afike ezingcebeni ezingama-500 zabantu abahlukahlukene. Abakwa-Woodpeckers benza umgodi esiqwini ngomlomo, futhi ibhungane noma isiphuzo salo sikhishwe kulo ngolimi olude oluncane.
Ngesinye isikhathi, abekhali be-Woodpeckers peck, bangadla ama-crustaceans amancane. Azenqabi izithelo, amajikijolo, amantongomane.
Ama-Woodpeckers akuzona izinyoni ezidla inyama, kepha uma kuvela icala, unganqikazi ukubhubhisa izidleke zezinyoni ezincane (i-tits, amarobhothi, izintaka, izindiza), ukudla amaqanda ngisho namachwane.
Entwasahlobo, ama-woodpeckers acekela phansi izintuthwane, ahlaba izinambuzane ezingena nje ezihlahleni, kodwa nasemhlabathini.
Ebusika, bashintshela ezinhlotsheni zembewu, amantongomane, ama-acorn. Indlela yokukhipha lokhu kudla nayo iyathakazelisa. Abakwa-Woodpeckers bathola noma bakhe ama-anvil akhethekile ngokwabo, abamele imfoloko esiqwini noma emagatsheni ahlanganisiwe. Bafaka isigaxa esikhaleni, ngemuva kwalokho baqala ukusiphula ngomlomo waso. I-Woodpecker ngayinye izenzela izichaphazelo ezinjalo eziningi. Ochwepheshe bezokwelapha bababala baba izingcezu ezifika ku-56 esizeni esisodwa, futhi ngaphansi kwesihlahla "igumbi lokudlela" kwesinye isikhathi kuze kuqoqwe izingcezu ezifika ku-7 000 zezigaxa ezidliwayo.
Kumenyu yama-motley woodpeckers kukhona ngisho ne-carrion, nakho okungazideleli. Yilezi zinhlobo ezingakwazi ukuhlala eduze kwekhaya lomuntu, lapho zivame ukudla khona ekuchithekeni komhlaba, zidla imfucuza yokudla.
Ukuzala
Ama-woodpeckers amakhulu amakhulu ahlanganisiwe ngokuvamile ayiziphikisi. Izinyoni zivuthwa ngokobulili ngasekupheleni konyaka wokuqala wempilo yazo. Imidlalo yokumatanisa ihlala cishe izinyanga ezimbili - kusukela maphakathi noMashi kuya maphakathi noMeyi. Kodwa-ke, abesilisa baqala ukuthola ukuvuswa kocansi ngoJanuwari. Lokhu kuboniswa ukukhala kwabo okunolaka kanye nesigubhu roll. Isikhathi sokuzala, owesilisa nowesifazane bahlanganisa iziza zabo ngazinye. Ngemuva kokuba inqubo yokukhulisa amachwane isiphelile, abashadikazi bandizela ngaphandle, kepha entwasahlobo bayakwazi ukuhlangana futhi.
Ukuqasha umakoti akubonakali ngokukhamuluka kuphela, kepha nangokufafaza ngomsila ompunga eduze kwakhe. Futhi, abesilisa bangakhombisa imbobo ebunjiwe kowesifazane. Imvamisa umakoti nomkhwenyana badlala ngokudliselana. Kulesi senzo, intokazi ihlala inqoba.
Ukuthandana kwabantu kuyaphela.
Isidleke esenziwe ngomumo singasetshenziswa kaninginingi, kepha kaningi izinyoni zakha entsha. Esizeni lapho kuhlala khona i-motley Woodpecker enkulu, ungathola ishumi elinambili eliqaliwe, kepha izidleke ezilahliwe. Ngokusobala, amafindo abanjwe esiqwini zivimba izinyoni ekuqedeni umsebenzi. Lapho eyakha khona indlu, uhlala ekhetha indoda enenhlonipho. Ngokuvamile lokhu kuyisiqu sesihlahla, kepha abasebenza ngezinkuni bathola nezindawo zokuhlala izigxobo zokhuni. Izinkuni zomuthi ofanele kufanele zithambe, kepha zingaboli futhi zingaboli. Iningi lamapulangwe afana ne-aspen. Bangathanda uphayini, i-birch, i-larch, i-linden. Kaningi bakha umgoqo endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-8, kepha ama-ornithologists athola izindlu zawo eziphakeme ngamamitha angama-26, ngamasentimitha angama-30 kuphela. Ububanzi besibaya bu malunga ne-12 cm, futhi ukujula kwesidleke kuze kufike ku-35. Inketho efanelekile ye-Woodpecker yindlu ene-visor, lapho isikhunta sokukhunta isebenza khona.
Amahlaya
Lapho eseqede ukudala indawo yokuhlala, insikazi ibeka ama-testicles amhlophe acwebezelayo ngesixa sezicucu ezi-4 kuya kwezi-8. Ubukhulu bawo obukhulu buyi-24x30 mm. I-Hatching ihlala izinsuku ezingama-10-12 kuphela. Sonke lesi sikhathi, owesilisa usiza ngenkuthalo "umkakhe", uvame ukuthatha indawo yakhe, futhi ebusuku uhlala emgodini ngokwakhe. Amakati azalwa eyimpumputhe, enamakhanda amakhulu, acishe abe yimpandla, angabi nalutho ngokuphelele. Izinsuku zokuqala baziphatha buthule kakhulu. Batali babaphathela kudla njalo ngemizuzu lengema-2. Ngokudla okunjalo okuthuthukisiwe, izingane zikhula ngokushesha. Ngosuku olulandelayo, amehlo abo ayavuleka, futhi emva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, izimpaphe zokuqala ziqala ukubuyisela ukukhanya komzimba wazo emizimbeni yazo.
Kakade ngosuku lwe-10, amachwane asendleleni eya ekungeneni (aphuma ngaphandle kwethambo). Lapho balindela abazali abalethe ukudla. Eholweni, izingane ze-Woodpecker ezinkulu ezinamagqabha zichitha izinsuku ezingama-20 ukuya kwezingu-23, ngemuva kwalokho zizama amandla azo endiza bese ziqala ukufunda ukuzondla. Ngalesi sikhathi, umndeni uhlukene phakathi. Enye ingxenye yezingane ilandela ubaba, kanti enye ilandela umama. Bahlala eduze esidlekeni amanye amasonto ama-2-3. Sonke lesi sikhathi, abazali babo bayabondla. Ngokulandelayo, ngamunye wezinkuni osemusha uqala ukuzinakekela.
Izitha nama-parasites
Izinkuni ezinkulu ezinamachashaza amakhulu, ezisongela ezinye izinyoni ezincane, nazo zihlushwa izinyoni ezidla inyama. Bahlaselwa ama-goshaws, ondlunkulu, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nama-peregrine falcons, uma kwenzeka inyoni ivulekile. Okunzima ngisho nokwedlula wonke amachwane namanje angazi ukuthi angandiza kanjani. Izindawo zokuhlala iWoodpecker zivame ukucekelwa phansi ngama-squirrels, ama-ermines, ama-martens, kanye ne-ginger kusihlwa (uhlobo lwamalulwane). Inkanyezi ejwayelekile, ekwazi ukuxosha izingodo zamapulangwe endaweni yokuhlala elungisiwe, ingaba ngumenzi wesigcawu.
Hhayi kuphela ezinkulu, kodwa futhi izidalwa eziphilayo ezincane ecasulayo Woodpeckers. Emigodini yabo, ama-ornithologists athola izintwala zokhuni, izintwala, imikhaza, namazeze.
Izici zokuqina komzimba weGreat Spotted Woodpecker
Lezi zinyoni ezimangalisayo ngenkathi inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo zakha izici ezazibavumela ukuba bathathe i-niche yabo yemvelo. Ukuze ukhuphuke kalula esiqwini, zinezintambo ezibukhali. Amawashi abo ahlelwe ngendlela yokuthi iminwe emine, ezimbili ziqondiswe phambili, kuthi ezimbili - emuva. Lokhu kuvumela izinyoni ukuba zihambe ngokushesha nangobuhlakani phakathi kwezihlahla. Abaze banikine amakhanda phansi.
Umsila oqinile we-Woodpeckers ubuye uguqulwe ukuze ubeke kahle futhi ungathembeki endaweni yokubeka phezulu. Lapho izinyoni zihlala phezu kwayo, umsila usebenza njengokusekelwa kwazo.
AbakwaWoodpeckers banokuzwa okumangazayo, okubavumela ukuba babambe umsindo omncane kakhulu wezibungu noma ibhungane lidla esiqwini.
Ukunakwa okukhulu futhi kufanele ulimi lwabo olufihlakele. Ama-motley Woodpeckers anobude obungaba ngu-40 mm. Ekugcineni, ulimi luyakhonjwa. Inyoni iyinamathisela emgodini bese iphoqa izibungu nazo, njengehabhu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulimi lunezindlala ezikhethekile ezifaka into enamathela.
Kepha isasasa elikhulu yikhono lama-Woodpeckers ukudonsa uqhwaku esihlahleni ngaphandle komonakalo omncane ekhanda.Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi ingcindezi ikhanda le nyoni ehlangabezana nayo lapho ishaya isiqu sayo ngoqhwaku lwayo liphindwe cishe izikhathi ezingama-250 kunalokho okwenzeka lapho kuqala rocket. I-Woodpecker iyenqaba ngokuthula imithwalo enjalo, ngoba uqhwaku lwayo luhlukaniswe ngokwasemzimbeni kusuka esikhungweni yi "mcamelo" ekhethekile. Kuyisicubu esisebantwini, sibonga inyoni izizwa imnandi, usuku lonke yenza izimbobo zeziqu futhi idoba izinambuzane zehlathi lapho.