Isimo sezulu ku-geography sisho isimo sezulu sesikhathi eside, isimilo sephuzu elithile lomhlaba. Isimo sezulu kufanele sihlukaniswe kwisimo sezulu esithile, esiqoshwa ngesikhathi sokubhekwa. Ngokuphambene nalokho, isimo sezulu sishintsha kancane futhi singazinza emakhulwini eminyaka ngisho nakuleminyaka eyi-millennia. Ukushiswa ngemisebe yelanga, ukujikeleza komhlaba kanye nokujikeleza kwasemkhathini yizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezakha isimo sezulu, kepha ngaphezu kwazo, ezinye izimo zinomthelela omkhulu embusweni wesimo sezulu.

Imisebe yelanga

Ukukhanya okuwela phezu kweplanethi kubamba iqhaza elibalulekile esimweni sezulu sendawo. Imisebe eminingi itholakala engxenyeni yoMhlaba, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme likhona. Ubungako bemisebe ngokuyinhloko buxhomeke kwi-latitude. Izifunda eziseduzane ne-ikhweyitha zithola ukushisa okwengeziwe, futhi izifunda ezinamakhaza zincane emandleni elanga. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi yizindawo ezibandayo kakhulu zomhlaba.

Kungani ukukhanya okuncane kwehlela phezu kwezigxobo? Inani lamandla okukhanya endaweni ngayinye yendawo incike ekuthambekeni kwalesi siza. Imisebe yelanga iwela ku-ikhweyitha ekhoneni elifanele, futhi ezigxotsheni ngaphansi kwekhola ebukhali, yingakho izifunda ezilinganayo zifudumala kangcono.

Okubaluleke kakhulu ubude besikhathi sokusebenza kwelanga lasemini esifundeni. Ubusuku obutholakala ngobuningi buqapheleka ezigodini ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, nezinsuku ezibandayo ngezinye izikhathi, lapho ukukhanya kufiphela phezulu kwewashi. Ekhwebheni, akukho ukushintshashintsha okunjalo esikhathini sokukhanya kosuku. Ngenxa yalokhu, ezifundeni ezifika emaphethelweni, isimo sezulu sishintsha kakhulu ngokuya ngesizini, kuyilapho e-equator umehluko phakathi kokushisa nobusika ehlobo kuyinto encane.

Inani lamandla elanga angenayo lithinteka ngenxa yesibhakabhaka esifundeni. Amafu ngenxa yokukhanya okumhlophe akhombisa ukukhanya kwelanga, kwehlisa izinga lokushisa lendawo.

Ukujikeleza kwe-Atmospheric

Ngokwesimo sezulu, ukunyakaza komoya omningi kubalulekile zombili izinkomba eziqonde ngqo naphezulu. Lapho umoya uqina ngokufudumele, wehlisa ukungazinzi kwawo, ngakho-ke uyakhuphuka, wakhe izindawo ezinengcindezi ephansi. Njengoba izinga lokushisa lomoya liphansi ezigodini, ingcindezi iba ngaphezulu, ngenxa yalokho amasosi omoya asemkhathini ophansi asuka ezigxotsheni aye eikhwebeni. Emkhathini ophezulu, ukunyakaza komoya okuphindaphindekayo kuyabonakala, ukusuka enkabazwe kuya ezigodini.

Ukujikeleza koMhlaba ezungeze i-ekseli yawo kwakha amandla e-Coriolis, echaza ukuhamba komoya ezingxenyeni ezingezansi zomoya kuya entshonalanga, nangaphezulu - kuya empumalanga. Njengomphumela wenhlanganisela yalezi ukunyakaza, kwakheka imimoya, eyaziwa ngokuthi yimimoya yokuhweba (iqondiswe entshonalanga kanye nasenkabazwe) kanye nama-antipassats aphikisayo kubo.

I-Terrain

Ekuphakameni okuphezulu, umfutho womoya wehla. Lokhu kuholela ekunciphiseni kwezinga lokushisa. Lapho ukhuphuka amakhilomitha wonke, izinga lokushisa lehla cishe ngu-6 ° C. Ngenxa yalokho, emithambekeni yezintaba ezithile eziseduzane neikhweyitha, iqhwa lingahlala unyaka wonke. Futhi ezintabeni kunesinye isithombe somoya.

Ukuphakama kwesimo somhlaba kuthinta isimo sezulu nezikhala ezizungezile. Bangasebenza njengesithiyo semvelo sabantu abaningi bomoya abafuna ukusuka endaweni ethile baye kwenye. Isibonelo, i-Central Asia izungezwe yizintaba, ngenxa yokuthi izimbiza zomoya ezakhiwe phezu kolwandle azifiki esifundeni, okuholela esimeni sezulu esomile sendawo. Ngasikhathi sinye, izintaba zase-Andes eMelika eseNingizimu ziyisithiyo semvelo ezixukwini zomoya ezisuka entshonalanga zisuka Olwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic ziye empumalanga ziye olwandle lwePacific. Umphumela walokhu wenyuka umswakama womoya ezwenikazi.

Ukude nolwandle

Isimo sezulu salesi sifunda sithonywe kakhulu kukude kwaso kusuka ezilwandle nasolwandle. Iqiniso ngukuthi amanzi anamandla amakhulu okushisa, ngakho-ke ezinyangeni zasehlobo kuphole izindawo ezisogwini, kanti ebusika kuyazifudumeza. Ngenxa yalomphumela, amazinga okushisa ahlukene kanye nokushisa okuphakathi kukaJanuwari kungaqoshwa endaweni efanayo. Isibonelo, endaweni ephakeme enyakatho ka-60 °, izinga lokushisa likaJanuwari eSt. Petersburg liyi -88 C, futhi esifundeni soMfula iLena lehla laya ku-40 ° C. Futhi ezindaweni zezwekazi kukhona imvula encane. Ngenxa yalokhu, isimo sezulu sasolwandle kanye nezwekazi kuyahlukaniswa.

Ukusondela kwezilwandle kuthinta nendlela eya lapho umoya uvunguza khona. Ezindaweni ezishisayo, kunomoya obizwa ngokuthi ama-monsoons. Ehlobo, bavunguza olwandle baye ezweni, njengoba umoya phezu kwezilwandle ubanda kakhulu. Ezinyangeni zobusika, ziguqula indlela yazo ziye kolunye.

Amanzi olwandle

Ama-currents olwandle nawo anethonya elinamandla esimweni sezulu. Isibonelo i-Gulf Stream, ethwala amanzi afudumele ukusuka e-Atlantic iye e-Arctic Ocean. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ingena kwi-Arctic, ilahlekelwa amandla. Ngakho-ke, ogwini lwe-Arctic oLwandle iBarents, isimo sezulu sincane kakhulu kunokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, eLwandle Laptev.

Indawo engaphansi

Isimo sezulu asithinteki kuphela ukuphakama kokukhululeka, kepha futhi nesimo sendawo engaphansi. Isithwathwa neqhwa kukhombisa ukukhanya kwelanga okukhulu kubo, okubangela ukupholisa okwengeziwe kwamaqhwa. Kakhulu ngenxa yalokhu, isimo sezulu e-Antarctica sibanda kakhulu kunaseNorth Pole yeplanethi. Ukubonakaliswa kwendawo enikezwe kubizwa ngokuthi yi-albedo.

Umsebenzi wesintu

Ekugcineni, emashumini eminyaka amuva, abantu baqala ukuba nethonya elibalulekile esimweni sezulu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi emadolobheni amakhulu, izinga lokushisa lomoya liphakeme kancane kunasemakhaya aseduze. Lokhu kungenxa yokufudumeza kwenani elikhulu lezindlu nokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kukagesi nokuhamba. Futhi, umuntu angadonsa futhi anisele izindawo zomhlaba, akhe uthango lokuvikela amahlathi, alime insimu, agawule amahlathi, adale nemithombo emikhulu yokugcina amanzi. Wonke lo msebenzi uholela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu ezifundeni ngazinye. Emhlabeni wonke, isintu sikhipha inani elikhulu lekhabhoni dioksijeni kanye namanye amagesi emoyeni, esidala ukudala ukushisa komhlaba futhi sibangele ukufudumala komhlaba.

Izici ezakha isimo sezulu

Ngaphambi kokufunda ububanzi kanye nezinhlobo zesimo sezulu, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi yini ethinta ukwakheka kwayo. Isimo sezulu soMhlaba sifundwa esikoleni ebangeni lesi-7 ezifundweni zeJografi, kepha ezingeni elilula, lapho izinto ezithile ezibalulekile zinganakwa. Konke okukhulu Izici ezakha isimo sezulu sizoyicubungula. Qala ngencazelo eyisisekelo: Izici ezakha isimo sezulu.

Izici ezakha isimo sezulu yizici ezinethonya ukwakheka kwesimo sezulu. Ngezansi kunomdwebo obonisa iphuzu eliyinhloko.

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, izici zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu ama-2: zangaphandle nezangaphakathi. Izici zangaphandle zokwakha isimo sezulu zihlukaniswe futhi zaba yinkanyezi kanye ne-geophysical. Ake sichaze kafushane wonke amabhlogo akhonjiswe kulo mdwebo.

Izindlela zokutadisha

Ukubona izici zesimo sezulu, okubonakalayo futhi okungajwayelekile ukubonwa, uchungechunge lwesikhathi eside sokubuka kwesimo sezulu luyadingeka. Kuma-latitude apholile, kusetshenziswa uchungechunge lweminyaka engama-25-50; ezindaweni ezishisayo, isikhathi sazo singaba sincane.

Izici zesimo sezulu ziyiziphetho zezibalo ezivela ochungechungeni lwesikhathi eside sokubukwa kwesimo sezulu, ngokuyinhloko ngaphezulu kwalezi zinto eziphambili zesimo sezulu: ingcindezi yasemkhathini, isivinini somoya nokuqondisa, izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama, ikhava lamafu nokuhanjiswa kwezulu. Babuye babheke isikhathi semisebe yelanga, ububanzi bokubonakala, izinga lokushisa lezingqimba zenhlabathi nezindawo zokugcina, ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi kusuka ebusweni bomhlaba kuye emkhathini, ukuphakama kanye nesembozo seqhwa, imibiko ehlukahlukene yasemkhathini kanye nama-hydrometeors omhlaba (amazolo, iqhwa, inkungu, ukuduma kwezulu, izivunguvungu, njll.) . Ngekhulu le-XX, izinkomba zesimo sezulu zifaka phakathi izici zezinto ezisebusweni bokushisa komhlaba, okufana nemisebe yelanga ephelele, ibhalansi yemisebe, ukushisa okushisa phakathi kobuso bomhlaba nomoya, kanye nokusetshenziswa kokushisa komhwamuko.

Amanani wesilinganiso esikhathi eside sezinto zezemvelo (konyaka, ngesizini, njalo ngenyanga, nsuku zonke, njll.), Inani labo, ukuphindeka, nezinye zibizwa ngokuthi yizimo zesimo sezulu, amanani ahambisanayo ezinsuku ngazinye, izinyanga, iminyaka, njll. Kubhekwa njengokuphambukayo kulezi zindlela. Ukuze ubonise isimo sezulu, izinkomba eziyinkimbinkimbi zibuye zisetshenziswe, okungukuthi, imisebenzi yezinto eziningi: ama-coefficients ahlukahlukene, amaphuzu, ama-indices (ngokwesibonelo, izwekazi, ukuqina komswakama, umswakama), njll.

Izinkomba zesimo sezulu esikhethekile zisetshenziswa kumagatsha asetshenzisiwe we-climatology (ngokwesibonelo, isamba samazinga okushisa esikhathi esikhulayo ku-agroclimatology, amazinga okushisa afudumele ku-bioclimatology kanye ne-climatology yezobuchwepheshe, izinsuku ze-degree ekubalweni kwezinhlelo zokushisa, njll.).

Izici Zinquma Isimo sezulu Noshintsho Laso

Izimbangela zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu zingabonakala, phakathi kwazo:

1. umsebenzi welanga othinta isimo sengqimba le-ozone, noma inani eliphelele lemisebe,
2. ushintsho ekuthambekeni kwe-axis yokujikeleza komhlaba (precession and nutation),
3. ushintsho ekubonakaleni kokujikeleza komhlaba,
4. ngenxa yezinhlekelele njengokuwa kwama-asteroid.
5. Ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo
6. Imisebenzi yabantu (amandla omlilo, ukuphuma kwamagesi ahlukahlukene)
7. Ukusatshalaliswa kabusha kwamagesi emhlabeni
8. Ukukhishwa kwamagesi nokushisa kusuka emathunjini omhlaba
9. Shintsha ekubonakaliseni komoya
10. Imisebenzi ye-Glacier

Izici zezinkanyezi

Izici zezinkanyezi zifaka ukukhanyiselwa kweLanga, isikhundla nokuhamba kweplanethi enguMhlaba ehambelana neLanga, i-angle of inclination of the axis of rotation of Earth to the plane of orbit yayo, ijubane lokujikeleza komhlaba, ubukhulu bendaba endaweni ezungezile. Ukujikeleza kwembulunga ezungeze i-axis yayo kudala izinguquko zansuku zonke zesimo sezulu, ukuhamba komhlaba ngokuzungeza kwelanga nokuthambekiswa kwe-axis yokujikeleza endizeni ye-orbit kubangela umehluko wesikhathi sasemuva nowokulandelana kwezimo zezulu. I-Eccentricity of the Earth's orbit - ithinta ukwabiwa kokushisa phakathi kwamaNyakatho aseNyakatho naseNingizimu, kanye nobukhulu bezinguquko zonyaka. Ijubane lokujikeleza komhlaba aliguquki, liyinto esebenza njalo. Ngenxa yokujikeleza koMhlaba, kuvunguza imimoya yokuhwebelana kanye nezilo ezinkulu, kanye nezimo zezivunguvungu. [ umthombo awucacisiwe izinsuku eziyi-1757 ]

Izici zezwe

Izici zezindawo zifaka

1. ubukhulu nobukhulu bomhlaba
2. amandla adonsela phansi
3. ukwakhiwa komoya nomoya osindayo
4. latitude
5. ukuphakama ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle
6. ukusatshalaliswa komhlaba kanye nolwandle
7. orography
8. imisinga yolwandle
9. ubunjalo bendawo engaphansi komhlaba inhlabathi, izimila, iqhwa, nesembozo seqhwa.

Umphumela wemisebe yelanga

Into ebaluleke kakhulu yesimo sezulu ethinta ezinye izici zayo, ngokuyinhloko izinga lokushisa, ingamandla aqhakaza iLanga. Amandla amakhulu akhishwa ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlangana kwe-nyuksi elangeni akhanywa emkhathini. Amandla emisebe yelanga atholakala iplanethi ngokuya ngosayizi wawo kanye nebanga ukusuka elangeni. Ukugcwala okuphelele kwemisebe yelanga edlula ngakunye isikhathi esiyunithi ngokusebenzisa indawo eyiyunithi, kususelwa ekujuleni kobuthakathaka, ebangeni elilodwa lezinkanyezi kusuka eLangeni ngaphandle komkhathi womhlaba, ibizwa ngokuthi yi-solar njalo. Engxenyeni engenhla yomkhathi womhlaba, yonke imitha yesikwele iphathelene nemisebe yelanga ithola i-1,365 W of 3.4% yamandla elanga. Amandla ahlukahluka unyaka wonke ngenxa yobude bendaba yokujikeleza komhlaba, amandla amakhulu amuncwa uMhlaba ngoJanuwari. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi cishe ama-31% emisebe eyamukelwe abonakaliswa abuyele esikhaleni, ingxenye esele yanele ukugcina imijikelezo yasemkhathini neyasolwandle, futhi inikeze amandla cishe kuzo zonke izinqubo zemvelo emhlabeni.

Amandla atholwe ngumhlaba womhlaba ngokuya nge-angle yezinga lemisebe yelanga, likhulu kakhulu uma leli angle liqondile, kepha iningi lomhlaba alibonisi imisebe yelanga. Umthambeka wemisebe uncike ekujuleni kwenhlabathi, isikhathi sonyaka nosuku, mkhulu kakhulu ntambama ngoJuni 22 enyakatho yeTropic of Cancer kanye noDisemba 22 eningizimu yeTropic of Capricorn, ezindaweni ezishisayo kufinyelela izikhathi ezi-2 ngonyaka.

Enye into enkulu enquma ukubusa kwesimo sezulu se-latitudinal isikhathi sokusebenza kwamahora kosuku. Ngaphesheya kwemibuthano enamakhaza, okungukuthi, enyakatho kuka-66.5 ° C. w. naseningizimu ye-66.5 ° S w. amahora okukhanya kwemini ahlukahluka kusuka ku-zero (ebusika) kuya emahoreni angama-24 ehlobo, eikhweyini amahora ayi-12 ngosuku unyaka wonke. Njengoba izinguquko zonyaka ezilinganisweni zokuthambekela kanye nesikhathi sosuku zibonakala kakhulu ekuphakameni okuphezulu, ubukhulu bokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa phakathi nonyaka liyancipha ukusuka ezigodini kuye ekuphakameni okuphansi.

Ukutholwa nokusatshalaliswa kwemisebe yelanga phezu kobuso bomhlaba ngaphandle kokubheka izinto ezakha isimo sezulu sendawo ethile kubizwa ngokuthi isimo sezulu sangalelanga.

Ingxenye yamandla elanga efunwa ngumhlaba iyahlukahluka ngokuya ngesembozo sefu, uhlobo lokuphakama nokuphakama kwendawo, okulinganiselwa ngama-46% wamandla atholwe emoyeni ophezulu. Ukuhlala njalo kunamafu, njengase-equator, kunomthelela ekubonakalisweni kwamandla amaningi angenayo. Umphezulu wamanzi udonsa imisebe yelanga (ngaphandle kwalapho ithambekele kakhulu) kangcono kunezinye izindawo, kubonisa kuphela i-4-10%. Ingxenye yamandla afakiwe ingaphezulu kwesilinganiso eziwugwadule ezisendaweni ephakeme ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, ngenxa yobukhulu obuncane besibhakabhaka esisabalalisa imisebe yelanga.

Izinhlobo zesimo sezulu

Ukuhlukaniswa kwesimo sezulu soMhlaba singenziwa zombili izici eziqondile zezulu (i-V. Keppen's), futhi kususelwa ebuntwini bokujikeleza komhlaba jikelele (ukuhlukaniswa kuka-B. P. Alisov), noma ngesimo sendawo yokuhlala (isigaba se-Ber Ber's). Isimo sezulu sendawo sinqunywa ngokuyinhloko yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi. Isimo sezulu se-Solar - ukuhamba kwe-radiation yelanga iye emngceleni ongenhla womkhathi, kuye ngobude nobude obuhlukahlukene ngezikhathi nezinkathi ezihlukile zonyaka. Noma kunjalo, imingcele yezindawo zesimo sezulu ayigcini nje ngokuhambisana nokufana, kodwa futhi ayihlali ihambahamba embulungeni yonke, kuyilapho kunezindawo ezihlukaniswe zodwa zinhlobo olufanayo lwesimo sezulu. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukusondela kolwandle, uhlelo lokujikeleza kwasemoyeni nokuphakama.

E-Russia nasendaweni ye-USSR yangaphambili, kuhlukaniswa izinhlobo zezimo zezulu ezihlongozwe yisazi sezulu esidumile saseB.S. P. Alisov. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kubhekela ubuntu bokujikeleza kwasemkhathini. Ngokwalolu hlaka, izindawo ezine eziyinhloko zesimo sezulu ziyahlukaniswa endaweni ngayinye yoMhlaba: equatorial, tropical, tropical and polar (enyakatho hemisphere - Arctic, eningizimu hemisphere - Antarctic). Phakathi kwezindawo eziphambili kunezindawo eziguqukayo - ibhande le-subequatorial, subtropical, subpolar (subarctic and subantarctic). Kulezi zindawo ezinesimo sezulu, ngokuya ngokusakazwa kwezixuku zomoya, izinhlobo ezine zesimo sezulu zingahlukaniswa: izwekazi, ulwandlekazi, isimo sezulu esentshonalanga nesimo sezulu sogu olusempumalanga. Ngaphakathi kwezwekazi kunqotshwa kuwo isimo sezulu sezwekazikwakheka ngaphansi kwethonya labantu abaningi bomhlaba. Isimo sezulu sasolwandle lubusa ulwandle futhi lufinyelele ezingxenyeni zezwekazi oluvezwe yimiphumela yezindiza zomoya wasolwandle. Ezifundeni zasempumalanga zezwekazi kuyinto enobuntu isimo sezulu esibilapho isizathu sokushintsha kwezinkathi wukushintsha okuya ngasikhathi sombuso.Njengomthetho, esimweni sezulu esinyantisayo, ihlobo liningi lokushisa kanye nobusika obomile kakhulu.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwesimo sezulu esiphakanyiswe usosayensi waseRussia u-V. Köppen (1846-1940) kudlondlobala emhlabeni. Kususelwa embusweni wokushisa kanye nasezingeni le-hydration. Ukuhlukaniswa kuthuthukiswe kaninginingi, futhi abahleli G.T. Trevarta (English) Russian. Amakilasi ayisithupha anezinhlobo eziyishumi nesithupha zezulu aqhamile. Ngokusho kwesimo sezulu saseKöppen, izinhlobo eziningi zezulu ziyaziwa ngamagama ahlotshaniswa nesimilo salolu hlobo. Uhlobo ngalunye lunemingcele eqondile yokushisa, inani lobusika nokuhanjiswa kwehlobo, lokhu kusiza ukwabiwa kwendawo ethile kohlobo oluthile lwesimo sezulu, ngakho-ke ukwahlukaniswa kweKöppen kudlangile.

Futhi ku-Climatology, kusetshenziswa imiqondo elandelayo ephathelene nesimo sesimo sezulu:

• Isimo sezulu sentaba - "isimo sezulu ezintabeni." Isizathu esikhulu somehluko phakathi kwesimo sezulu sasezintabeni nesimo sezulu samathafa ukwanda kokuphakama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici ezibalulekile zakhiwa uhlobo lwendawo (ubukhulu bendawo yokuqhekeka, ukuphakama okuhlobene nesiqondisi sezindawo zezintaba, ukuvezwa kwemithambeka, ububanzi nokuma kwezigodi), izinguzunga zeqhwa nezinkundla zefirn zinethonya lazo. Isimo sezulu sentaba uqobo sihlukaniswa ngamamitha angaphansi kwama-3,000-4,000 m kanye nesimo sezulu esiphakeme sentaba ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu.
• Isimo sezulu esomile - "isimo sezulu esibi nehlane". Lapha kunezindawo ezinkulu zansuku zonke nezaminyaka yonke zokushisa komoya, cishe ukungabikho ngokuphelele noma inani elincane lemvula (100-150 mm ngonyaka). Umswakama obangelwa uvele uvele ngokushesha okukhulu.
• Isimo sezulu esinomswakama - isimo sezulu esine umswakama owedlulele, lapho ukushisa kwelanga kufinyelela khona ngobuningi obanele ukungakhipha wonke umswakama ongena njengemvula
• Isimo sezulu seNival - "isimo sezulu lapho kunezulu elinamandla kakhulu kunokuncibilika futhi kuphume." Ngenxa yalokhu, amafomu eqhwa ahlala kanye nezinkundla zeqhwa zihlala.

Isimo sezulu nesimo sezulu

Emisebenzini yabantu, indima yesimo sezulu ayinakunyazwa. Isimo sezulu sithinta isilinganiso sokushisa nomswakama, sithinta ukuhamba kwezinqubo zokwakha zosizo zanamuhla, siyabandakanyeka ekwakhekeni kwamanzi angaphakathi ezweni, ekuthuthukiseni nasekusatshalalisweni kwezitshalo nezilwane. Kuyo yonke impilo nomsebenzi owenzayo, umuntu kufanele acabangele izici zakhe. Abasunguli be-climatology A.I. IVoeikov, A.A. Kaminsky, P.I. Brounov, B.P. I-Alisov, S.P. Khromov, M.I. UBudyko nabanye

Isimo sezulu - Lesi isimo sezulu sesikhathi eside sici sanoma iyiphi indawo.

Okuhlobene nesimo sezulu:

1. Ngobuningi bemisebe yelanga engena endaweni eyodwa noma kwenye,
2. Ngokunyakaza kwezixuku zomoya,
3. Ngemigqa yasemkhathini,
4. Ngokujikeleza komkhathi
5. Ngomhlaba ongaphansi komhlaba.

Inezinkomba zayo eziphambili:

1. Ukushisa komoya,
2. Umoya onamandla
3. Imvula yonyaka kanye nokubusa kwabo.

Izinkomba zesimo sezulu zifakwa emephini ekhethekile enobunzima, ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Climatic.

Uqedile umsebenzi esihlokweni esifanayo

Isimo sezulu - Lesi isimo somkhathi endaweni ethile futhi ngasikhathi sinikeziwe.

Izici eziyinhloko zesimo sezulu yizinto zalo nezinto ezenzekayo.

Izinto zesimo sezulu zifaka:

1. Ukushisa komoya,
2. Umswakama womoya,
3. Ingcindezi yangemuva.

Isimo sezulu yilezi:

Isimo sezulu singaba yinhlekelele emvelweni, esibonakala ngesimo sesiphepho, imvula, isomiso, ukuduma kwezulu.

Isimo sezulu sibonisa -hlanganisa izakhi nezinto. Isibonelo, emazingeni okushisa afanayo, kepha ngomswakama ohlukile, isimo sezulu sizohluka. Isimo sezulu sasemini singase sehluke.

Izimbangela eziphambili zokuhlukahluka:

1. Inani lokushisa kwelanga elitholwe phakathi nosuku,
2. Ukuhamba kwenqwaba yomoya,
3. Imingcele ye-Atmospheric,
4. Isenzo sesiphepho kanye nama-anticyclones.

Ukutholwa kokushisa kwelanga ezindaweni ezifudumele zemvelo kuvame ukuphazamiseka ukushintshwa komoya, ukuhamba kwama-vortices asemkhathini nasemingceleni.

Izici Zesimo Sezulu Sezulu

Isimo sezulu sanoma iyiphi insimu sakhiwa ngenxa yethonya lezinto eziningi, ezibizwa ngokuthi kwakha isimo sezulu. Ukuhlaziywa kwalezi zinto kuveza ubunjalo besimo sezulu futhi kuchaza ukwabiwa kwezwe kwendawo yalo.

Izici eziyinhloko zokwakha isimo sezulu:

1. Isimo sendawo yendawo,
2. I-Terrain
3. Izici zomhlaba ongaphansi,
4. Izimo zemisebe
5. Ukujikeleza kwe-Atmospheric
6. Izinsimbi zomoya
7. Imingcele ye-Atmospheric.

Isikhundla sendawo Insimu inquma inani lemisebe yelanga engena ebusweni bayo. Isikhundla seRussia ngokwezindawo ezifudumele zichaza ushintsho olubukhali enanini lokushisa kwelanga phakathi nezinkathi zonyaka. Isibonelo, isiqhingi saseFranz Josef Land esiqiwini sithola ama- $ 60 kcal / sq cm, kanti eningizimu eshubile yezwe ithola ama- $ 120 $ kcal / sq cm. Ukusondela kwezilwandle nakho kunomthelela omkhulu esimweni sezulu sendawo. Izilwandle zithinta ukwabiwa kwamafu nokungena komoya omswakama emhlabeni. I-Russia enyakatho nasempumalanga ihlanzwa ngamanzi olwandle ezimbili, futhi ingene ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esijabulisayo, ukuthutha okusentshonalanga kwezixuku zomoya, ithonya lemikhawulo yolwandle phakathi komugqa omncane wasogwini. Ehlobo, amafu amakhulu e-Far East anciphisa imisebe yelanga. Egqumeni laseSikhote-Alin, licishe lilingane nemisebe yelanga ephelele enyakatho yeNhlonhlo yeKola, iYamal, neTaimyr.

Isimo sezulu saseRussia sithinteka kakhulu impumuzo indawo. Iningi lengxenye yezwe laseRussia lithonywa yi-Atlantic ne-Arctic Ocean, okuqinisekiswa ngayo ukuvuleka kwayo enyakatho nasenyakatho nentshonalanga. Izintaba ezitholakala emaphethelweni aseningizimu nasempumalanga yeRussia zikhawulela ithonya loLwandlekazi iPacific ne-Asia Ephakathi. Kwakhiwa isimo sezulu esikhethekile sezintaba ezintabeni, okushintshwa ngaso kwenzeka nokuphakama.

Ngaphezu kokukhululeka, ezinye izici zibuye zithonye isimo sezulu. indawo engaphansi. Isibonelo, ukuba khona kwesembozo seqhwa kushintsha isilinganiso semisebe ekhonjisiwe nengene ngenxa yeqhwa eliphezulu leqhwa. Iqhwa elisha libonisa $ 80 $ - $ 95 $% wemisebe. Ukukhombisa okwehlukile kwe-tundra, ihlathi, izitebhisi ezomile, izimfunda. Ukuboniswa okuphansi kuwuphawu lwamahlathi e-coniferous - $ 10 $ - $ 15 $% yayo yonke into. Izindawo zomhlaba omnyama zithatha ukushisa amahlandla aphindwe kathathu kunenhlabathi yesihlabathi emile. Lokhu kuhlotshaniswa nokushintshwa kwezinga lokushisa komhlaba nenhlabathi yomoya.

Imisebe yelanga - Lesi yisisekelo samandla esikhulu sokwenza isimo sezulu. Ukude nekhwetha, imisebe yelanga engaphansi ingena ngaphezulu. Ingxenye yokufaka yebhaladi yemisebe iyimisebe ephelele. Imisebe ekhonjisiwe iyingxenye esetshenziswayo futhi kuya nge-albedo yangaphansi komhlaba. Ngokuvamile, imisebe iqala ukusebenza kahle ukusuka enyakatho kuye eningizimu. Iziqhingi ezisenyakatho neRussia zilinganisela imisebe engemihle. Ifinyelela inani layo eliphezulu kwi-Western Ciscaucasia.

Kanye nemisebe izinqubo zokujikeleza kwegazi eRussia akubalulekile kangako. Umhlaba nolwandle, ngokubheka izakhiwo zazo ezihlukile zomzimba, ziyafudumeza futhi zipholile ngokuhlukile, okuholela ekucindezelweni komkhathi okuhlukahlukene kanye nokunyakaza kwezixuku zomoya - ukusakazwa kwasemkhathini. Kukhona ushintsho emimoyeni esekhona, iletha okuhlukile izindimbane zomoya. Kepha, kufanele ngithi engxenyeni iningi leRussia phakathi nonyaka nokuthuthwa kwentshonalanga kwabantu izindiza kanye nemvula ehambisana nayo. I-Russia ibonakala ngezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zamasosha omoya anquma izici zesimo sezulu sawo.

Izinsimbi zomoya:

1. Isisindo somoya we-Arctic,
2. Umoya wokuzwela okushisayo
3. Isisindo somoya weTropiki.

Ukuhlolwa kwesimo sezulu kwesomnotho

Impilo yabantu nemisebenzi yayo yezomnotho ihlobene. Akuwona wonke umhlaba weplanethi enezimo ezinhle zokuphila, njengoba isazi sokuma komhlaba saseFrance u-E. Reclus sakholelwa emuva ngekhulu lama- $ XIX $. Ubhale ngalokhu emsebenzini wakhe wakudala "Umuntu Nomhlaba." Lezo zindawo lapho izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nonyaka lehlela ngezansi - ama- $ 2 $ degrees, usosayensi wabheka njengengakulungele impilo yomuntu. I-Reclus ibinephutha, ngoba eRussia kunezindawo ezinjalo lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya lonyaka liphansi kunenani elivezwe nguye. Enyakatho-mpumalanga yeRussia ngokuvamile ifinyelela kumarekhodi okushisa aphakathi nonyaka - $ 10 $, - $ 16 $ degrees. Umuntu wafunda ukuzivumelanisa nanoma yiziphi izimo ezingezinhle zemvelo, futhi esikhathini sethu ukuzivumelanisa nakho kusiza ukukhiqizwa kwesimanje, ubuchwepheshe, izindlela ezintsha zokuvikela.

Vele, ukuze siqinisekise izimo zokuphila ezijwayelekile zabantu ezifundeni ezisenyakatho ezinzima, kudingeka izindleko ezingezekile ezibonakalayo. Izindawo zaseningizimu lapho isimo sezulu sivumela impilo sisetshenziselwa njengezindawo zokungcebeleka ngezinjongo zokungcebeleka, izindawo zokungcebeleka zesimo sezulu zidalwa lapho. Noma imuphi umsebenzi owenziwe ngumuntu kumele acabangele izici zesimo sendawo, kungaba yiluphi uhlobo lokwakhiwa, ukusebenza kwezokuthutha, ukubekwa kwamapayipi, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamandla, njll. Isimo sezulu singumthombo obalulekile wentuthuko yezokukhiqizwa kwezolimo, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uhlolo lwalo lubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuthuthukiswa kokuhlaziywa okunjalo nokubekelwa phansi komhlaba kweRussia kungokwakwa-D.I. Isihloli. Njengoba iRussia iyizwe elisenyakatho futhi ubusika bubaluleke kakhulu, ukunakwa kobusika nokuphakama kwesembozo seqhwa ngesikhathi sokugcotshwa kwemvelo kwabhekwa.

Izinsizakusebenza ze-Agroclimatic - Lesi yisilinganiso sokushisa okusebenzayo ngenhla + $ 10 $ degrees, ukuhlinzeka ngomkhiqizo wezolimo.

Izinga lokushisa livumela ukukhula kwesitshalo, umswakama wenhlabathi endaweni eshintshashintshayo ububanzi obuhlukahlukene. Ukushintsha lezi zinkomba kwenza ukuthi sikwazi ukuhlakulela izitshalo ezinhlobonhlobo kusuka kufilakisi kuye kwitiye, kusuka elangeni, enoshukela kuya kwelayisi no-soya. Ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho ikakhulukazi kwezolimo kwensimu kufanele kubhekelele izehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi.

Lezi zimo zibandakanya:

1. Isomiso nomoya owomile
2. Iziphepho nezivunguvungu zothuli
3. Isithwathwa ngenkathi yokukhula,
4. Iqhwa elibandayo lasebusika
5. Isichotho neqhwa
6. Izinkungu kanye nemikhono.

Ukucabanga ngalezi zinto zesimo sezulu kubalulekile ngoba iningi lomhlaba olimekayo waseRussia lutholakala endaweni eyingozi yokulima.

Izinkomba

• UMnyango weMeteorology and Climatology, Isikhungo SaseMoscow seRussia Geographical Society
• Ukuguquguquka kolwandle nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu S. S. Lappo, A. V. Sokov, V. P. Tereshchenkov, S. A. Dobrolyubov
• A.V. Pavlov, G.F. Gravis. I-Permafrost kanye nesimo sezulu sanamuhla
• UMonin A.S., uShishkov Yu.A. Umlando wesimo sezulu. L., Gidrometeoizdat, 1979.408 k.
• Meinecke Fr. IMontesquieu, iVoltaire kanye neHerder ku-Climate // Meineke Fr. Ukuvela komlando. - UM., 2004

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zezulu ngokusho kukaKöppen
Isigaba A: ITropiki (Af) - UMonsoon (Am) - i-savannah (Aw, As)
Isigaba B: I-Arid (BWh, BWk) - Ugwadule olunesiqingatha (BSh, BSk)
Isigaba B: Isizinda esingaphansi komswakama (Cfa, Cwa) - Olwandle (Cfb, Cwb, Cfc) - IMedithera (Csa, Csb)
Ibanga G: Izwekazi elinomswakama (Dfa, Dwa, Dfb, Dwb) - Subarctic (Dfc, Dwc, Dfd) - I-Alpine medamia (Dsa, Dsb, Dsc)
Isigaba D: Polar (ET, EF) - I-Alpine (ETH)

Isimo sezulu, I-Climatology Ukushintsha kwesimo sezuluI-Paleoclimatology • I-El Nino • Umjikelezo wekhabhoni ye-Geochemical • I-Proterozoic glaciation, i-Ice Age, i-Ice Age engaphansi • I-Thermal ephezulu (I-Late Paleocene ephezulu ye-thermal, i-Last glacial maximum) Ukushisa kakhulu komhlabaUkuqothulwa kwamahlathi • Ukuhlanganisa Ukushintshwa Kwesimo Sezulu • I-Global Climate Model Amandla Aphindaphindekayo • Amathrendi wokushisa • Ukunyuka kwamazinga olwandle • iContenhagen Consensus

Isisekelo seWikimedia. 2010.

Ukuma kwezwe

Indima enkulu kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwesimo sezulu idlalwa yi-latitude yendawo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inani lokushisa engena ebusweni bendawo lincike ekujuleni kwendawo, noma ekhoneni lesigameko sokukhanya kwelanga. I-Russia isendaweni ephakathi nendawo ephezulu - lokhu kuchaza inani elincane lamandla elanga elinikezwe iningi lesifunda salo. Isimo se-latitudinal sinquma indawo eyiRussia ezindaweni ezintathu zesimo sezulu: e-Arctic, subarctic futhi inomswakama (bheka umkhiwane 2).

U-fig. 2. Izindawo zesimo sezulu zaseRussia

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye enkulu yensimu itholakala phakathi kuka-50º no-70º C. w. futhi itholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo nezine-arctic. Cishe ama-95% wabantu baseRussia ahlala ebhandeni elikhulu kunawo wonke - ngokulinganisela - ngendawo.

Ukujikeleza komoya

Ukuze kwakhiwe isimo sezulu, indawo yendawo maqondana nezikhungo zezulu ibaluleke kakhulu. Izindawo zokucindezela komoya ophakeme futhi ophansi zibonisa ukuqondisa kwemimoya ekhona, ngakhoke ukuhamba kwamaza athile omoya. Umphumela wokukhuphuka nokuphakama kwengcindezi kuyehluka ngesizini (bheka fig. 3).

U-fig. 3. Isikimu sokuhamba komoya ku-troposphere, siveza ukwakheka kwamabhande wengcindezi yasemkhathini kanye nokuhanjiswa kwezulu okuhambisana nakho

Ukujikeleza kwe-Atmospheric -ukuhamba kwezindiza zomoya ngaphezulu komhlaba uMhlaba, okuholela ekudlulisweni kokushisa nomswakama kusuka esifundeni esithile kuya kwesinye.

Isimo sezulu saseRussia sinqunywa yi-arctic, umoya ophansi futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izixuku zomoya ezishisayo.

Ithonya lezilwandle esimweni sezulu saseRussia

Ukubaluleka kokwakhiwa kwesimo sezulu endaweni yezwe lethu ukuba khona kwezindawo ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba, imifino kanye nobude nobude obuqhamuka ezinhlanganweni zamanzi. Ake sibheke kabanzi imininingwane yaseRussia maqondana nolwandle. Izwe lifinyelela kwabathathu babo - e-Arctic, Pacific nase-Atlantic. Ukusondela olwandle, kuba mnyama futhi kube mnyama isimo sezulu, kuya phambili, kwehluka kakhulu futhi kuba manzi. Ezindaweni ezishisayo ezishisayo, kuvunguza imimoya yasentshonalanga, ngakho-ke, ingxenye engaphezu kwengxenye yendawo yezwe ithonywa uLwandlekazi i-Atlantic, yize iqiniso ukuthi likude kunabanye. Indima yoLwandlekazi lwePacific ibalulekile kuphela eMpumalanga Ekude. I-Arctic Ocean, umngcele wayo okude kakhulu, ayithinti kuphela izindawo zasenyakatho ezisogwini. Ngenxa yesimo sefulethi nokuvuleka kwezwe lethu enyakatho, izifunda zalo ezingaseningizimu nazo ziyayithonya. Ubukhulu obukhulu beRussia buthonye iqiniso lokuthi ingxenye enkulu yayo isendaweni ekude nolwandle. Isici esibonakalayo sendawo ekude kuwo wonke olwandle ukubusa kwesimo sezulu sasemazwenikazi esinemvula encane kanye nokwehluka okubukhali ekushiseni kwehlobo nobusika. Amplitude lapha afinyelela ku-90ºC, izwekazi likhuphuka lapha lisuka entshonalanga liye empumalanga njengoba usuka olwandle i-Atlantic.

Ithonya lokungaphansi komhlaba

E-Russia, kunamasimu ambalwa impela okuthi isimo sezulu sihluke kweyemakhelwane. Isizathu sokuphambuka okunjalo kwesimo sezulu ukukhululeka, ukuba khona kobuso bamanzi nezinye izici zomhlaba ongaphansi.

Indawo engaphansi - indawo engenhla lapho kwakhiwa khona umoya futhi kutholakala kuwo.

Usizo luyinto ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwesimo sezulu saseRussia. Azikho izintaba enyakatho nasentshonalanga yezwe, yingakho umoya ovela olwandle lwe-Atlantic nase-Arctic ungena ngokukhululeka ungene ezindaweni ezingaphakathi ezweni (bheka umkhi. 4).

U-fig. 4. Ithonya lokukhululeka ekungeneni kwezixuku zomoya ezivela e-Atlantic nase-Arctic Oceans

EMpumalanga Ekude, amabanga ezintaba adlulela ngokufana ngasogwini, evimba izindimbane zomoya ukuba zingene zingene ezwekazini zisuka Olwandlekazi iPacific, ngakho-ke, umthelela wazo ulinganiselwe endaweni encane encanyana (bheka umkhi. 5).

U-fig. 5. Ithonya lePacific

Ithonya elikhulu kwisimo sezulu futhi linokuphakama okuphelele komhlaba. Kwakhiwa isimo sezulu esikhethekile sezintaba ezintabeni, ezihlukahluka ngokuphakama, kuyilapho ukukhululeka okuhlakazeke ngokuqinile kwamazwe wezintaba kuholela esimweni esihle sesimo sezulu. Ezintabeni zasenyakatho-mpumalanga naseningizimu yeSiberia kunezigaba eziningi eziphakathi nendawo, lapho umoya obandayo ugeleza futhi ugwinye khona ebusika. Kulokhu, umoya ofudumele okhanyayo uyaphoqelelwa futhi ukhuphuke, ngakho-ke, ngokunyuka ebusweni ungene endaweni ye-troposphere, izinga lokushisa alinciphi, kepha kunalokho likhuphuka, elivimbela umoya (bheka umkhi. 6).

U-fig. 6. Ukupholisa umoya kumabheshi aphakathi nendawo

Ubusika obusebusika abugcini nje ngokubanda kakhulu, kodwa futhi baneqhwa elincane. Esimweni esikhulu sokuncipha kwengqondo enyakatho-mpumalanga yeRussia esigodini I-Oymyakon yisigxobo esibandayo se-hemisphere esemhlabeni yomhlaba. Ehlobo, izimbotshana zifudumele kakhulu kunasemithambekeni yezintaba ezungezile, kodwa futhi kunemvula encane. (bheka umkhi. 7).

U-fig. 7. I-Oymyakon - isigxobo esibandayo se-hemisphere esenyakatho

Ithonya lokukhululeka kwesimo sezulu liyabonakala emathafeni. Amathafa namathafa aphansi, izigodi zemifula nezindawo ezihlangana kuzo kuyahlukahluka ngamazinga okushisa, emvuleni, nasendleleni yomoya, kepha lokhu kwehluka akuhlukile kakhulu kunasezintabeni. Lapho izintaba zitholakala endleleni yemiswidi yomoya omswakama, ukuqina kwezulu kukhuphuka kakhulu emithambekeni yomoya. Ezintabeni kukhona izifunda ezixinene kakhulu zezwe lethu, ngisho nase-Urals ephansi emithambekeni esentshonalanga, kunetha imvula ephindwe kabili kunasemathafeni aseduze.

Ibhaladi yemisebe

Ibhaladi yemisebe - umehluko phakathi kokufudumala kokushisa kwemisebe yelanga.

Ibhaladi yemisebe - ingxenye yamandla elanga ichithwa ekufudumaleni ungqimba olungaphezulu, eqhweni elincibilikayo, ekuhwamukeni komzimba. Ibhalansi yemisebe inquma inkomba yesimo sezulu ebaluleke kakhulu - izinga lokushisa lomoya. Inani lebhalansi yemisebe linqunywa yi-latitude. ENingizimu eseningizimu yeRussia, idlula i-50 kcal / cm / ngonyaka, enyakatho ngaphansi kwe-10 kcal / cm / ngonyaka. Kodwa-ke, kunezindawo lapho ibhalansi yemisebe ingaphansi kwe-5 kcal / cm / ngonyaka noma imbi ngisho (bheka umkhi. 9).

U-fig. 9. Ibhaladi yemisebe

Cishe kuyo yonke insimu yezwe lethu, ngaphandle kweFar North, ibhalansi yemisebe yonyaka inhle ngokwesilinganiso, okusho ukuthi umhlaba ungathola ukushisa okuningi kunalokho okuphuma kukho.

I-Bibliography

1. IJografi yaseRussia. Imvelo. Isibalo. 1 h. 8 iklasi / V.P. UDronov, I.I. IBarinova, V.Ya.Rum, A.A. Lobzhanidze.
2. V.B. I-Pyatunin, i-E. Umnyango wezimpahla IJografi yaseRussia. Imvelo. Isibalo. Ibanga lesi-8.
3. I-Atlas. IJografi yaseRussia. Inani labantu kanye nomnotho. - M: Bustard, 2012.
4. V.P. Dronov, L.E. Savelyeva. I-UMK (ikhithi lokuqeqesha) "SPHERES". Umbhalo “Russia: imvelo, inani labantu, umnotho. Ibanga lesi-8 ". I-Atlas.

Izixhumanisi ezingeziwe ezinconyelwe izinsiza ze-Inthanethi

1. Izici ezakha isimo sezulu kanye nokujikeleza kwasemkhathini (Umthombo).
2. Isifundo sesethulo "Izici zokwakha isimo sezulu" (Umthombo).
3. Ukuncika kwesimo sezulu ngaphansi komhlaba (Source).
4. Imisebe yelanga (Umthombo).
5. Imisebe yelanga (Umthombo).
6. Ibhaladi yemisebe (Umthombo).
7. Imisebe yelanga (Umthombo).

Umsebenzi wasekhaya

1. Kungani indawo yomhlaba ithola ukushisa okuningi ngokukhanya kwelanga okukhulu kunangesikhathi kukhanya?
2. Ngasiphi isikhathi sonyaka umehluko emisebeni yelanga ephakathi enyakatho naseningizimu yezwe lethu? Ngani?
3. Ngingakwazi ukukhipha ilanga elangeni elinamafu?

Uma uthola iphutha noma isixhumanisi esiphukile, sicela usazise - yenza umnikelo wakho ekuthuthukisweni kwephrojekthi.

Ezindaweni ezishisayo

Ku-zone yengcindezi yomoya ephansi ephakathi kuka-5-10 ° kuzinhlangothi zombili ze-ikhwetha kubusa Isimo sezulu esilinganayo - Ukudangala komoya we-equatorial. Kubonakala ngokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa okuncane kakhulu konyaka (24- 28 ° С), umswakama omningi nomoya, kanye nomoya osindayo osuka ku-1.5, 000 kuya ku-3 000 mm ngonyaka, kwesinye isikhathi emhlabeni kuze kufike kumawaka ayi-6- 10mm, ngaphezulu izilwandle zinokuphakama kwamazinga okushisa aphansi, kwezinye izindawo azidluli ku-1 ° C.

Kuzo zombili izinhlangothi umucu wokucindezela okuncishisiwe eceleni kwekhweyitha izindawo ezinengcindezi ephezulu yomoya. Izilwandle zibusa lapha umoya wokuhweba nomoya oqhubeka njalo we-easterly, okuthiwa. umoya wokuhweba. Isimo sezulu lapha somile (cishe ama-500 mm wemvula ngonyaka), ngesembozo samafu esilinganiselwe, ehlobo izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lingama-20-27 ° С, ebusika - i-10-16 ° С. Ukugcwala kwezulu kukhuphuka ngokunamandla emithambekeni yomoya yeziqhingi zezintaba. Iziphepho ezinamandla ezishisayo ziyaqabukela.

Lezi zifunda olwandle zihambelana nezindawo zogwadule ezishisayo emhlabeni isimo sezulu esomile esishisayo. Amazinga okushisa enyanga afudumele enyangeni eNyakatho Nenkabazwe acishe abe ngu-40 ° C, e-Australia aze afike ku-34 ° C. Enyakatho ne-Afrika kanye nengaphakathi kweCalifornia, kubhekwa amazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu eMhlabeni - 57-58 ° C, e-Australia - aze afike ku-55 ° C. Ebusika, amazinga okushisa ehla afike ku-10 - 15 ° C. Izinguquko zokushisa phakathi nosuku zikhulu kakhulu, zingadlula ku-40 ° C. Izinga lokuphamba liphansi - lingaphansi kwama-250 mm, kaningi lingabi ngaphezu kuka-100 mm ngonyaka.

Ezindaweni eziningi ezishisayo - i-Equatorial Africa, iNingizimu neNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, enyakatho ye-Australia - kubuswa imimoya yezorhwebo esikhundleni subequatorial, noma isimo sezulu esishisayo esishisayo. Lapha, ehlobo, indawo yokuhlangana eyinkuthazo iqhubekela phambili inyakatho isuka ekhwetha. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukuthutha komoya wasempumalanga kwezindiza zomoya kuthathelwa indawo yi-monsoon yasentshonalanga, lapho inqwaba yezulu iwela khona lapha. Izinhlobo zezitshalo ezidume kakhulu amahlathi amakhulu, ama-savannah asehlathini nama-savannas amade otshani.

Esiqeshini esingezansi

Ezingxenyeni ezingama-25- 40 ° ama-latitude asenyakatho ne-latitude yaseningizimu, izinhlobo zezimo zezulu ezingaphansi komhlaba ziyavela, ezakheka ngaphansi kwezimo zomoya eziguqukayo eziqhubekayo - ezindaweni ezishisayo zasehlobo nasehlobo ebusika. Izinga lokushisa lomoya elijwayelekile lenyanga ehlobo lidlula i-20 ° С, ebusika - 4 ° С. Emhlabeni, inani kanye nendlela yokufika kwezulu kuncike ebangeni ukusuka olwandle, ngenxa yalokho, izindawo zomhlaba nezindawo zemvelo zihlukile kakhulu. Kulelo nalelo nalelo lizwekazi, izindawo ezintathu eziyinhloko zezulu zichazwe ngokucacile.

Entshonalanga yamazwekazi kuyabusa Isimo sezulu saseMedithera (ama-subtropics ama-semi-omile) anama-anticyclones asehlobo kanye nezivunguvungu zasebusika. Ihlobo liyashisa (20-25 ° С), kunamafu futhi komile, kunetha ebusika, futhi kubanda ngokwedlulele (5-10 ° С). Imvula ejwayelekile yonyaka imayelana nama-400-600 mm. Ngaphezu kokulungele iMedithera, isimo sezulu esinjalo siyenzeka ogwini oluseningizimu yeCrimea, entshonalanga neCalifornia, eningizimu ne-Afrika, nasentshonalanga esentshonalanga ye-Australia. Uhlobo oluvelela lwezimila amahlathi nezihlahla zaseMedithera.

Isimo sezulu esomile esomile ubusa izindawo ezingaphakathi komhlaba ngomfutho ophakeme wezulu. Ihlobo liyashisa futhi kunamafu, ubusika bupholile, kukhona iqhwa. Ezintabeni eziphakeme zase-Asiya (Pamir, Tibet), amakhaza anqoba Isimo sezulu esishisayo sezintaba zasezintabeni. Ehlobo kupholile, ubusika buyabanda, futhi kunetha imvula encane. Izinhlobo zezimila ezibaluleke kakhulu kukhona ama-steppes, ama-semi-desertertert kanye namahlane.

Empumalanga yezwekazi kuyabusa Isimo sezulu esingezansi kwe-monsoon. Izimo zokushisa zemishado yasentshonalanga nasempumalanga yezwekazi ihlukile kancane. Izimvula ezinkulu ezilethwa yi-sea monsoon ziba lapha ikakhulukazi ehlobo.

Isimo sezulu Sasemanzini Esisolwandle lubonakala ngoshintsho oluncane kumazinga okushisa asezingeni lenyanga unyaka wonke - ukusuka ku-12 ° C ebusika kuya ku-20 ° C ehlobo. Ebusika, kuhlangana izindimbane zomoya ezilinganiselana ngokuhamba kwezokuvakasha ngasentshonalanga kanye nesivunguvungu. Ehlobo, kubusa umoya otshisayo. Imimoya iningi ingazinzi, kuphela emaphethelweni empumalanga yezwekazi imimoya yaseningizimu mpumalanga iyavunguza njalo.

Izinga lesilinganiso

Ebhande lokuxhaphaka unyaka wonke kwezixuku zomoya ezilinganiselwe, umsebenzi oqinile we-cyclonic ubangela ushintsho olukhona njalo futhi olubalulekile ekucindezelweni komoya nasezingeni lokushisa. Ukwanda kwemimoya yasentshonalanga kuyabonakala kakhulu olwandle nasentabeni eseningizimu. Phezu kwezinkathi ezinkulu zonyaka - ubusika nehlobo, kukhona okubonakalayo futhi okuhle okuguqukayo - ekwindla nasentwasahlobo. Ngenxa yokuhluka okukhulu okushisa kanye nomswakama, abacwaningi abaningi bathi isimo sezulu esenyakatho nendawo ethambile sifinyelela kwi-subarctic (i-Köppen ngezigaba), noma ihlukanise i-boreal njengendawo ezimele yesimo sezulu.

Isimo sezulu sasolwandle esishisayo kwakheka phezu kwezilwandle futhi kwasakazeka ngokwanele ezifundeni zasentshonalanga zezwekazi ngenxa yobuningi bezokuhamba komoya ukusuka entshonalanga kuye empumalanga. Kubonakala ngamahlobo ashisayo kanye nobusika obufudumele, ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwezimvula, isilinganiso esingu-900-1200 mm ngonyaka, isembozo seqhwa singazinzi. Inani lezulu lihlukahluka kakhulu ukusuka ezinhlangothini ezihlukile zemigqumo ehlanganisiwe: isibonelo, eYurophu, eBergen (entshonalanga yezintaba zaseScandinavia) imvula engaphezu kuka-2500 mm imvula njalo ngonyaka, naseStockholm (empumalanga yezintaba zaseScandinavia) - kuphela ngama-540 mm, eNyakatho Melika, entshonalanga Izintaba ze-Cascade zinemvula evamile yaminyaka yonke engama-3-6 000 mm, empumalanga - 500 mm.

Isimo sezulu esijwayelekile sokuthambisa kwemvelo kusabalele eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, eNyakatho Nenkabazwe ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezindawo ezinkulu ngokwanele kuleli bhande, isimo sezulu esise-inland asakhiwa. Kubonakala ngamahlobo afudumele ehlobo kanye nobusika beqhwa - izanda zokushisa eziphakeme zonyaka ezanda ezweni. Inani lemvula liyancipha lapho lihamba lijula ​​emazwenikazi futhi lisuka enyakatho, elinekhava eliqinile leqhwa liye eningizimu, lapho ikhava leqhwa lingazinzile. Ngasikhathi sinye, izindawo ezisemahlathini zithathelwa indawo yi-steppe, i-semi-desert nehlane. Isimo sezulu esiseduze kakhulu enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Eurasia sise-Oymyakon (Yakutia), izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile likaJanuwari li-−46.4 ° C, ubuncane - −71.2 ° C.

Isimo sezulu se-Monsoon sokukhanya okubandayo isimilo sezingxenye ezisempumalanga ye-Eurasia. Ubusika bunamafu futhi kubanda, imimoya yasenyakatho nentshonalanga iqinisekisa ubukhulu bomoya bezwekazi. Ihlobo lifudumele impela, eningizimu mpumalanga nomoya oseningizimu uletha imvula eyanele, ngezinye izikhathi imvula eyeqile evela olwandle. Kuneqhwa elincane ezindaweni zamazwekazi; eKamchatka, eSakhalin naseHokkaido, isembozo seqhwa siphakeme impela.

I-Subpolar

Umsebenzi omkhulu we-cyclonic wenzeka phezu kwezilwandle ezingaphansi kwe-subpolar, isimo sezulu sinomoya futhi sinamafu, futhi kunina kakhulu imvula. Isimo sezulu esise-Subarctic kubusa enyakatho ye-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika, kubonakaliswa imvula eyomile (imvula engekho ngaphezu kwama-300 mm ngonyaka), ubusika obude nobubandayo, nehlobo elibandayo. Naphezu kwenani elincane lezulu, amazinga okushisa aphansi kanye ne-permafrost aba nomthelela ekubuthweni kwendawo. Isimo sezulu esifanayo e-hemisphere eseningizimu sinjalo Isimo sezulu esiphansi ithumba umhlaba kuphela eziqhingini ezingaphansi komhlaba naseGraham Land. Ehlukanisweni laseKöppen, isimo sezulu esingaphansi kwesiphephelo noma i-boral iqondwa njengokusho kwesimo sokukhula kwe-taiga.

Polar

Isimo sezulu Polar kuboniswa amazinga okushisa womoya amibi unyaka wonke nokuqothuka kwezulu (100-200 mm ngonyaka). Ezweni Olwandle i-Arctic kanye ne-Antarctica. Okumnene kakhulu emkhakheni we-Atlantic we-Arctic, obunzima kunabo bonke - ethafeni lase-East Antarctica. Ekuhlukaniselweni kweKöppen, isimo sezulu esingenamakhaza sihlanganisa hhayi kuphela izindawo zokushisa zeqhwa, kodwa futhi nesimo sezulu sokusabalalisa kwe-tundra.

Isimo sezulu nabantu

Isimo sezulu sinomphumela onqumayo kuhulumeni wamanzi, umhlabathi, izitshalo nezilwane, kanye nokuthi kungenzeka ukutshala izilimo. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, isimo sezulu sincike emathubeni okuphinde kwenzeke kubantu, ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo, imboni, amandla nezokuhamba, izimo zokuphila nempilo yomphakathi. Ukwehla kokushisa komzimba womuntu kwenzeka ngemisebe, ngokushiswa komoya, ngokushintshana kanye nokuhwamuka komswakama ovela ebusweni bomzimba. Ngokwanda okuthile kwalokhu kulahleka kokushisa, umuntu uzwa imizwa engathandeki futhi kungenzeka ukuthi isifo sinokuvela. Esikhathini sezulu esibandayo, lokhu kulahleka kuyanda; ukufinyela nomoya onamandla kukhulisa amandla okupholisa. Ngesikhathi sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izingcindezi ziba kaningi, isifiso sokudla, ama-biorhythms ayaphazamiseka, futhi ukumelana kwezifo kuyehla. Isimo sezulu sibangela ukuthi lesi sifo sihambisane nezinkathi ezithile nezifunda, ngokwesibonelo, inyumoniya kanye nomkhuhlane kuthinteka kakhulu ebusika ezindaweni ezifudumele ezishisayo, umalaleveva kwenzeka ezindaweni ezinomswakama kanye nezindawo eziphansi, lapho izimo zezulu zibamba iqhaza ekusakazeni komiyane bomalaleveva. Isimo sezulu siyabhekelelwa ekunakekelweni kwezempilo (izindawo zokungcebeleka, ukulawulwa kwezifo, inhlanzeko yomphakathi), futhi kuthinta ukuthuthukiswa kwezokuvakasha nezemidlalo. Ngokwemininingwane evela emlandweni wesintu (indlala, izikhukhula, izindawo ezishiywe dengwane, ukuhlalwa kabusha kwabantu), kungenzeka ukuthi kubuyiswe izinguquko ezithile zesimo esidlule.

Ushintsho lwe-anthropogenic esimeni esisebenzayo senqubo yokwenza isimo sezulu sishintsha uhlobo lwenkambo yabo. Imisebenzi yabantu inethonya elikhulu esimweni sezulu sendawo. Ukushisa ukushisa ngenxa yokushiswa kukaphethiloli, imikhiqizo yezimboni kanye nokungcoliswa komoya, okuguqula ukufakwa kwamandla elanga, kubangela ukukhuphuka kokushisa komoya, okubonakalayo emadolobheni amakhulu. Phakathi kwezinqubo ze-anthropogenic ezithathe umlingiswa womhlaba jikelele

• ukulima kwengxenye ebalulekile yendawo - kuholela ekushintsheni kwe-albedo, ukushesha kokulahleka komswakama wenhlabathi, ukungcoliswa komoya ngothuli.
• ukugawulwa kwamahlathi - kuholela ekunciphisweni kokukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-oksijini, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuncishiswa kokufakwa kwe-carbon dioxide kusuka kumkhathi woMhlaba, ushintsho lwe-albedo nokudlanga.
• ukushiswa kwamafutha okugcwala komhlaba - kuholela ekukhuphuleni kwomoya ongcolisayo emoyeni.
• Ukungcoliswa komoya kweminye imfucumfucu yezimboni, ukukhipha i-carbon dioxide, i-methane, i-fluorocarbons, i-nitrous oxide ne-ozone, okwandisa umphumela wokugcina ukushisa, kuyingozi ikakhulukazi.

Ukudonswa kwamanzi, ukunisela, ukudalwa kwamahlathi okuvikela kwenza isimo sezulu salezi zindawo sithandeke kubantu.

Ukwanda komphumela wokugcina ukushisa komhlaba ngenxa yokwanda kokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni dioksi esemkhathini woMhlaba ngenxa yokushiswa kwamafutha nokugawulwa kwamahlathi ngokusobala kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokushisa komhlaba kwamuva. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuphuma kwe-anthropogenic okunobuthi noma kumane kungcolise umkhathi, kudaleke ukushisa komhlaba, kungavumeli ingxenye yemisebe yelanga ingene emkhathini ophansi, ngaleyo ndlela yehlise izinga lokushisa layo futhi inciphise nokushisa komhlaba.