Imvukuzane eyi-marsupial iyazula e-Australia
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Azikho izitolo, hawu, ngaphansi komhlaba!
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isithombe esivela ku-inthanethi
I-Marsupial mole ingeyohlobo lwe-marusupials lesigaba sezilwane ezincelisayo. Le kuphela i-marsupial engaphansi komhlaba e-Australia.
Lezi zilwane zihlala ogwadule olunesihlabathi, ezindaweni ezinamachibi emifuleni nasezindunduma. Ungahlangana nesilwane enyakatho, enyakatho-ntshonalanga, eningizimu-ntshonalanga kanye nasenkabeni yezwekazi lase-Australia.
Ngobude, umzimba wesidalwa esidala esingama-marsupial sifinyelela ku-15-18 cm, ubude bomsila buqala ku-1,2 kuye ku-2.6 cm. Isilwane sinesisindo esingu-40-70 amagremu.
Njengoba lezi zilwane zihlala zigaya okuthile, imvelo iqinisekise ukuthi azilimazi isikhumba sabo ebusweni. Kulokhu, ipuleti lophondo olukhanyayo olukhanyayo lisekhaleni. Ngale divayisi, imvukuzane idonsa kalula umhlaba nesihlabathi ebusweni ngaphandle kokuzilimaza.
Imilenze yangemuva yenza umsebenzi wokuphonsa inhlabathi nesihlabathi esivulekile ngakho-ke ukugcwala kwalezi zitho zintekenteke.
Lesi silwane sihamba ngokushesha, ngaphandle kwalokho siminyene kakhulu, ngakho-ke, sazi nokuthi imvukuzane ikmba umgodi okwamanje, akunakwenzeka ukusibamba.
Ukudla kuyazifunela ngokwakho ebusweni nangaphansi komhlaba. Isisekelo sokudla siqukethe izibungu, izinambuzane ezindizayo, izibungu, zingadla izintuthwane kanye ne-pupae yazo. Naphezu kosayizi wayo omncane, isilwane siyamamatheka kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, imvukuzane ichitha isikhathi sayo esiningi izifunela ukudla.
Amawundlu amabili angakhula ngasikhathi sinye esikhwameni.
Ku-vivo, lesi silwane singaphila iminyaka engu-1.5.
Indlela yokuphila
Ukubuka okungaphansi komhlaba, okugoqayo okufika ngezikhathi ezithile ebusweni, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kwemvula. Imisele yayo itholakala ezindundwini zesihlabathi kanye nenhlabathi yesihlabathi eduze kwemibhede yomfula. Izilwane zilala ngaphansi komhlaba.
I-marsupial mole ayakhi ama-burow unomphela amasistimu, ngoba ibopha iningi imigudu ngemuva kwayo. Kubukeka sengathi iyantanta esihlabathini. Imigudu yayo itholakala ekujuleni okungama-20 kuye kwangama-100, kuyaqabukela kuze kube ngu-250 cm. Umehluko wokushisa ngokuhlobene nangaphezulu ungasuka ku-15 ° C ebusika uye ku-35 ° C ehlobo.
Okuncane okwaziwayo ngokuziphatha komphakathi kanye nokudla kwezinto eziphilayo kokusakazwa kwezinhlobo. Cishe iphila impilo eyedwa. Akukaziwa futhi ukuthi bobabili ubulili batholana kanjani ukuze bathandane. Ngokusobala, lokhu kwenzeka ngosizo lomqondo wabo okhule kahle wephunga. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezilwane ngazinye mhlawumbe kwenzeka ngosizo lwemisindo ephansi kakhulu.
Ukubukeka
Izimvukuzane zeMarsupial zihluke kakhulu kwezinye izinto zokuhlala ezabelwe emndenini ohlukile. Banomzimba oqinile, othukile ophela emsileni omncane (12-16 mm) we-conical. Ubude bomzimba bungamasentimitha ayi-15-18 kuphela, futhi isisindo singama-40-70 g.Intamo imfushane, i-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho ihlanganisiwe, ikhulisa ukuqina kwentamo. Umsila ulukhuni lapho uthintwa, unamasikali endandatho nopiphu we-keratinized. Ama-paws amafushane anesihlanu anele kahle ukumba. Amacala akhula ngokungalingani. Iminwe yesi-III neye-IV yamaphethelo ihlome ngezihlakala ezinkulu ezingunxantathu, ngosizo lwazo imvukuzane imbe inhlabathi. Emilenzeni wangemuva, uzipho lubekiwe, futhi unyawo luhunyushwa ukuze alahle isihlabathi esimbiwe. Ikhava lezinwele le-marsupial moles likhulu, lithambile futhi lihle. Umbala wayo ushintsha usuka kokumhlophe uye onsundu-onsundu kanye negolide. I-tint ebomvu iyinika le nsimbi, enothile ngesihlabathi esibomvu sezingwadule zase-Australia.
Ikhanda le-marsupial moles lincane, li-conical. Ngasohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhala kukhona uphondo lophondo oluphuzi oluvumela imvukuzane ukucindezela isihlabathi ebusweni ngaphandle kokulimaza isikhumba. Amakhala awamancanyana, athambile. Amehlo angaphansi embozwe (1 mm ubukhulu) afihlwe ngaphansi kwesikhumba, awunawo ilensi kanye nomfundi, kanti i-optic nerve iyimbudane. Kodwa-ke, ku-marsupial mole, izindunduma zezindlala ze-lacrimal zithuthukiswa kakhulu - zinisela umgogodla wamakhala futhi zivikele ukungcoliswa komhlaba ngumhlaba. Azikho ama-auricles angaphandle, kepha kukhona okuvulekile (cishe ngamamitha ama-2) okuvulwa kwamazinyo ngaphansi koboya.
Isikhwama se-brood of marsupial moles sincane, sivula emuva, esivimbela isihlabathi ukungena kuso. Ukuhlukaniswa okungaphelele ukwahlukanisa kube ngamaphakethe amabili, ngalinye linengono eyodwa. Abesilisa banobudwayi besikhwama semifino - isibaya esincane esiguqukayo sesikhumba esiswini. Azinayo i-scrotum, izivivinyo zitholakala emgodini wesisu.
Marsupial Mole
I-Marsupial mole (i-Notoryctes) luhlobo lwezilwane ezincelisayo ezincelisayo futhi okuwukuphela kwezilwane zasekhaya ezise-Australia ezihola ekubukekeni komhlaba. Izindunduma zaseMarsupial zihlala ogwadule olunesihlabathi lwezingxenye eziphakathi nendawo nasenyakatho yeZap. I-Australia, eNyakatho Square naseningizimu yeSouth Australia, imvamisa ihlangana phakathi kwezindunduma nezindunduma zemifula.
Kunezinhlobo ezi-2 kuhlobo lwama-marsupial moles:
* Ama-notlicctes typhlops.
* I-Notoryctes caurinus.
ziyahlukahluka ngosayizi nezinye izici zomzimba. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imvukuzane yase-marsupial yayaziwa ngababambazi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, yafika kososayensi ngo-1888 kuphela, lapho umfuyi ngenhlanhla athole isilwane esilele ngaphansi kwesihlahla.
Ngokubukeka nangendlela yokuphila, imvukuzane marsupial ifana kakhulu nama-moles egolide ase-Afrika (Chrysochloridae), yize kungesiyona isihlobo sabo. Ukufana kwazo kuyisibonelo sokuhlangana kwezilwane ezingamaqembu ahlukene ahlelekile, izimilo ezivamile e-Australia azikho, futhi izimayini ezi-marsupial zihlala niche yazo yemvelo.
Izimvukuzane zaseMarsupial zihlukaniswe kakhulu kwezinye izimbotshana kangangokuba zabelwe emndenini ohlukile. Banomzimba oqinile, othukile ophela ngomsila omncane o-conical, kusuka kumamilimitha ayi-12 kuye kwangama-26. Ubude bomzimba bungamasentimitha ayi-15-18 kuphela, nesisindo - 40-70 g. Intamo imfushane, i-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho i-5, ikhulisa ukuqina kwentamo. Umsila uqinile lapho uthintwa, unamasikali endandatho nethiphu ye-keratinized. Imilenze emifushane enezinhlamvu ezinhlanu ivumelane kahle nokumba. Amacala akhula ngokungalingani. Iminwe yangaphambi kwesine ne-4 yodweshu ihlome ngezihlakala ezinkulu ezingunxantathu, ngosizo lwabo imvukuzane igaya umhlabathi. Emilenzeni wangemuva, uzipho lubekiwe, futhi unyawo luhunyushwa ukuze alahle isihlabathi esimbiwe. Ikhava lezinwele le-marsupial moles likhulu, lithambile futhi lihle. Umbala wayo uhluka kusuka kokumhlophe kuya kophinki-nsundu kanye negolide. I-tint ebomvu iyinika le nsimbi, ecebile esihlabathini esimuncu sentethezi yase-Australia.
Ikhanda lama-marsupial moles lincane, lakhiwe ngesigaxa, engxenyeni engaphezulu yempumulo kukhona uphondo olujwayezelwe lilanga, olwenza ukuba imvukuzane icindezele isihlabathi ebusweni ngaphandle kokulimaza isikhumba. Amakhala awamancanyana, athambile. Amehlo ambozwe ngaphansi, ubukhulu be-1 mm, afihlwe ngaphansi kwesikhumba, awunawo ilensi kanye nomfundi, kanti i-optic nerve iyimbudane. Yize imvukuzane marsupial ithuthukise kakhulu izindunduma ze-lacrimal gust - inisela umongo wamakhala futhi ivimbele ukungcoliswa komhlaba ngumhlaba. Awekho ama-auricles angaphandle, noma kunjalo, kukhona amancane, cishe amamitha ayi-2, ukuvuleka kwe-auditory ngaphansi koboya.
Isikhwama se-brood of marsupial moles sincane, sivula emuva, esivimbela isihlabathi ukungena kuso. Ukuhlukaniswa okungaphelele ukwahlukanisa kube ngamaphakethe ama-2, ngalinye linengono eyodwa. Abesilisa banikezwa ubudoda besikhwama semifino - isibaya esincane esidlulayo sesikhumba esiswini. Azinayo i-scrotum, ama-testes asesiswini sesisu.
Cishe akukho lutho olwaziwayo ngokuzalwa kabusha kwama-marsupial moles. Ngaphambi nje kwale nzalo, izinsikazi zimba imisele ebanzi yaphakade. Ngoba unesikhwama esine- "compartments" ezimbili, kungenzeka ukuthi alethi ama-cubs ayi-2.
Ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokukhwelana, imvukuzane eyi-marsupial ayimbeki imigodi ejulile. Imvamisa, ubonakala “ebhukuda” engaphezulu kwesihlabathi, ngaphansi kwamasentimitha ayi-8, kwesinye isikhathi esiya ekujuleni okungamamitha ayi-2,5, kuyilapho eqhubukusha inhlabathi ngekhanda nangezimbobo zangaphambili ayiphindisele emuva ngemilenze yakhe yangasemuva. Umhubhe ngemuva kwesigaxa esihambayo awugcinwanga, noma kunjalo, amafomu wethrekhi ejwayelekile kathathu esihlabathini.
Imvukuzane eyi-marsupial ihamba ngendlela emangalisayo ngesivinini esikhulu nangokuzenzakalelayo - kukude kakhulu ukuthi kwenzeke ukubamba imvukuzane. Ekhaleni lakhe uvame ukuba nezithelo ngenxa yokusebenzisa ikhanda lakhe ekumbeni.
I-marsupial imvukuzane iholela ekubonakaleni kwempilo, isebenza usuku nobusuku. Kwesinye isikhathi ihlangana ngaphezulu, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kwemvula. Iyondla, ingaphansi komhlaba nangaphezulu. Isisekelo sokudla kwaso sakhiwe yizikelemu, izinambuzane (oqongqothwane, amabhungane, izimvemvane zokhuni) kanye nezibungu zabo, ipupae yezintuthwane. Imvukuzane eyi-marsupial inobuqili obukhulu, futhi ichitha ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi ifuna ukudla.
Isikhathi sokuphila semvukuzane eyi-marsupial cishe singama-1.5 g; isibalo se-marsupial moles asaziwa. Kungenzeka bahlukunyezwe ukuhlaselwa amakati okungezona, izimpungushe, nezimbaza, nokuqalwa komhlaba ngemuva kokugijimelwa kwezinkomo kanye nokuhamba kwabantu. Ekuthunjweni, abaphili isikhathi eside, bayimfihlo ngokwemvelo, ngalesi sizathu i-biology yabo nemvelo yabo ifundwe kabi.
Ubudlelwano be-phylogenetic bezilwane ezi-mosupial namanye ama-marsupials buhlala bungacaci. Ucwaningo lwama-molekyuli olwenziwe ngeminyaka yama-1980 lukhombisa ukuthi abanalo ubudlelwano obusondelene namanye amaqembu ezindawo zokuhlala zasemalokishini futhi, empeleni, bebodwa eminyakeni engaphansi kwezigidi ezingama-50 edlule. Noma ezinye izici ze-morphological zibonisa ubudlelwane babo nama-bandicoots.
Izinsalela zangaphambi kokumiswa kwezidumbu ezi-marsupial zatholakala ngonyaka ka-1985 endaweni ebekelwa indawo ebunjiwe eQueensland. Bathandana nabaseMiocene. Yize, ngokokwakhiwa kabusha kwesizinda sezulu esisesimo sezulu, ama-mosupial asendulo ayengahlali ogwadule, kodwa emahlathini emvula, ebamba izindiza odoti lwehlathi.
Okunye
Isibalo se-marsupial moles asaziwa. Ngokusobala, bahlaselwa ngokuhlaselwa ngamakati okungelona, izimpungushe kanye nama-dingoes, kanye nokuvela komhlaba ngemuva kokugijima kwezinkomo nezimoto zezimoto. Ekudingisweni, abaphili isikhathi eside, bayimfihlo ngokwemvelo, ngakho-ke i-biology yabo kanye nemvelo yokufunda kwemvelo ifundwe kabi.
Ubudlelwano be-phylogenetic bezilwane ezi-mosupial namanye ama-marsupials buhlala bungacaci. Ucwaningo lwama-molekyuli olwenziwe ngeminyaka yama-1980 lukhombisa ukuthi abanalo ubuhlobo obusondelene namanye amaqembu ezitabane zanamuhla futhi, kusobala ukuthi, bebodwa okungenani eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-50 edlule. Noma kunjalo, ezinye izici ze-morphological zibonisa ubudlelwane babo nama-bandicoots.
Amathambo okhokho bezimvukuzane zasolwandle atholakala ngo-1985 endaweni ebekelwa phansi ngamatshe amatshe eQueensland. Bathandana nabaseMiocene. Kodwa-ke, ngokuya ngokwakhiwa kabusha kwesimo sezulu, ama-mosupial moles asendulo ayengahlali ogwadule, kodwa emahlathini emvula, emba izindiza ehlathini lodoti.