Le mollusk ihlala ekujuleni lapho kungekho khona umoya-mpilo. Hhayi igazi elibomvu elifudumele ligobhoza emzimbeni wakhe, kodwa luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Mhlawumbe yingakho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izazi zezilwane sanquma ukuthi wabukeka njengokuthile okubi, futhi sabiza i-invertebrate - hellish vampire.
Kuliqiniso, ngo-1903, isazi sempilo yezilwane uCard Hun sathi le mollusk ayiwona “ama-monsters” angaphandle, kodwa ayibhekise emndenini wama-octopus. Kungani igama le-hellish vampire labizwa kanjaloAkunzima ukuqagela. Amatende alo axhumeke ulwelwesi, olubukeka njengengubo, i-invertebrate inombala obomvu onsundu, futhi ihlala ekujuleni okumnyama.
Izici nendawo yokuhlala ye-vampire ebukhali
Kusukela ngesikhathi kuvela ukuthi i-zoologist ibinephutha, futhi yize iqiniso lokuthi i-mollusk inezici ezivamile ne-octopus, ayisona isihlobo sayo esiqondile. I-squid engaphansi kwamanzi "monster" nayo ayikwazanga ukubonwa.
Ngenxa yalokhu, i-vampire ye-hellish yabelwa indawo ehlukile, ebizwa ngesiLatin - "Vampyromorphida". Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwesakhamuzi esingaphansi kwamanzi kusuka kuma-squid nama-octopus ubukhona bomzimba wefilidi efifiyelwe engokusho, okungukuthi, imicu yamaprotheni i-vampire engeke ifinyeze.
Njengoba kungabonakala isithombe, i-hellish vampire umzimba unokubukeka kwe-gelatinous. Unama-tentpaper angama-8, ngalinye lawo "lifaka" inkomishi yokudonsa ekugcineni, embozwe ngenaliti ethambile kanye ne-antennae. Ubukhulu be-mollusk bunesizotha impela, ukusuka phakathi kwamasentimitha ayi-15 kuya kwangama-30.
I- "monster" encane engaphansi kwamanzi ingaba bomvu, nsundu, onsomi futhi ibe mnyama. Umbala uncike ekukhanyisweni lapho kutholakala khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-mollusk ingashintsha umbala wamehlo ayo abe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma obomvu. Amehlo wesilwane uqobo asobala futhi makhulu kakhulu ngomzimba wawo. Bafinyelela ngamamilimitha angama-25 ububanzi.
Ama-"vampires" amadala aqhosha ngamafini abunjwe yindlebe akhula kusuka "kwengubo" Ihamba ngamaphiko ayo, imollusk ibonakala indiza olwandle. Ingaphezulu lomzimba wesilwane limbozwe ngama-photophores, okungukuthi, izitho ze-luminescent. Ngosizo lwabo, i-mollusk ingadala ukukhanya, ikhiphe “ama-cohabitants” angaphansi kwamanzi.
Ku-World Ocean, ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-600 kuye kwayi-1000 (abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-3000), lapho kuhlala khona i-hellish vampirecishe awukho umoya-mpilo. Kukhona okubizwa ngokuthi "zone of oxygen oxygen".
Ngaphezu kwe-vampire, ayikho i-cephalopod eyaziwa yisayensi ehlala ekujuleni okunjalo. Ama-zoologists akholelwa ukuthi kwakuyindawo yokuhlala enikeza i-invertebrate infernal infideral esinye isici, i-vampire ihlukile kwezinye izakhamizi ezingaphansi kwamanzi ngesilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu se-metabolic.
Isimo nendlela yokuphila ye-hellish vampire
Imininingwane ngalesi silo esingajwayelekile itholakala kusetshenziswa izimoto ezizenzakalelayo zolwandle. Ekudingisweni, kunzima ukuqonda indlela yokuziphatha kwe-mollusk, ngoba isengxenyeni engapheli futhi izama ukuzivikela ngokumelene nososayensi. Amakhamera angaphansi kwamanzi aqukethe ukuthi "ama-vampires" ahamba kanye nokujula kolwandle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bakhipha i-velar flagella.
Noma yikuphi ukuthinta kwe-flagellum ngento yangaphandle kuyesabisa abahlali abangaphansi kwamanzi; i-mollusk iqala ukuntanta ngokunembile kusuka engcupheni. Ijubane lokunyakaza lifinyelela ubude obukhulu bomzimba ngomzuzwana.
“Izilo ezincane” zangempela azazi ukuthi zingazivikela kanjani. Ngenxa yemisipha ebuthakathaka, njalo khetha imodi yokuvikela ukonga amandla. Ukwenza isibonelo, ziveza ukukhanya kwazo okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokumhlophe, kuminyanisa imvelo yesilwane, kwenze kube nzima ukubona ukuthi sikuphi ngqo.
Ngokungafani i-octopus, hellish vampire ayinayo isikhwama se-ink. Esimweni esibi kakhulu, imbumbulu ikhipha i-bioluminescent mucus, okungukuthi, amabhola akhanyayo, kanti ngenkathi umhlaseli engaboni, izama ukubhukuda ibheke ebumnyameni. Le yindlela yokuzivikela enamandla, ngoba ukululama kuzodinga amandla amaningi.
Imvamisa, umhlali ongaphansi kwamanzi uzisindisa nge "pumpkin pose". Kuyo, imollusk iguqula amatende ngaphakathi futhi awemboze ngomzimba. Ngakho-ke iba njengebhola elinenaliti. Kudliwa yisende lapho kuhlaselwa umhlaseli, lesi silwane ngokushesha sizikhulisa ngokwaso.
Umlando wezinhlobo
I-vampire ebulala umuntu yaqala yachazwa futhi yanikezwa iphutha nge-octopus ngo-1903 nguKarl Hun, isazi sezilwane saseJalimane esasifunda i-cephalopods. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwaba sobala ukuthi lesi sidalwa kufanele sabelwe iyunithi ehlukile. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwama-vampires nama-octopus nama-squid ukuba khona kwama-protein filaments, angenakukwazi ukuwugawula - imicu yama-spheroid.
I-hellish vampire yathola igama layo, ngokunokwenzeka, ngenxa yolwelwesi oluxhuma amatende. Bakha uhlobo lwengubo lapho imollusk isongwe khona, izivikele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbala we-vampire ubomvu onsundu, noma ungaphenduka onsomi futhi umnyama, kuya ngokukhanya. Ubuye negazi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kepha qala kuqala.
Ukubukeka
Ubukhulu be-squid ye-vampire incane, ifinyelela ku-30 cm. Ngokwesilinganiso, ubude bayo bomzimba buba malunga nama-15 cm. Ngasemuva komzimba we-vampire kukhona amaphiko amancane, ahamba ngawo. Amaphiko okubhukuda abukeka efana "nokundiza" ngokusebenzisa ikholamu yamanzi. Onke amathebula ayisishiyagalombili we-vampire ye-infernal axhumene nolwelwesi. Elinye lamatende ekugcineni linenkomishi yokudonsa, futhi imbozwe nge-antennae ethambile, ekhumbuza izinaliti.
Umzimba wonke we-mollusk umbozwe ngama-photophores - izitho ezikhethekile ze-luminescence ezisetshenziswa yi-vampire ngokuyinhloko ukuvikela. Amehlo omelele ama-vampireomorphs angama-convex, angaba ngu-2,5 cm ngosayizi, futhi ayakwazi ukushintsha umbala wawo kuye ngokukhanya kusuka eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuya kokubomvu. Ngokulingana nobude bomzimba wonke, i-vampire inamehlo amakhulu kunazo zonke izidalwa ezikule planethi.
Indlela yokuphila
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le nhlobo ayifundiswanga kahle, ngoba ihlala ekujuleni okuhle kwamamitha angama-500. Futhi konke okwaziwayo ngokuziphatha kwabo kutholwe ezingozini ezinobungozi nezimoto zocwaningo olungaphansi kwamanzi. Ekuthunjweni, ama-vampires awahlali isikhathi eside futhi ngokuyisisekelo anamathela kwimodeli yokuzivikela.
Habitat
I-hellish vampire ithanda ukuhlala ezifundeni zasolwandle ezishisayo nezinethezekile, ekujuleni kuka-500-1000 m. Kukhona indawo ebizwa ngokuthi "zone of oxygen oxygen", okuqukethwe kwe-oxygen emanzini kungaphansi kwe-3%. Lokhu kugxotshwa kwe-oksijini kuphansi kakhulu ukusekela i-metabolism ejwayelekile kwizidalwa eziningi emhlabeni. I-vampire engahambi kahle ukuphela kwe-cephalopod engahlala kule ndawo. Into ekhona ukuthi i-mollusk ine-metabolism ephansi kakhulu. Igazi lakhe liqukethe ithusi eliningi, yingakho linombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi libopha ngempumelelo futhi lidlulisele umoya-mpilo.
Imisipha ye-mollusk ayikhuliswanga kahle, kepha ubukhulu bomzimba wayo buhambelana nobuningi bamanzi, obuwukuvumela ukuba buhambe olwandle ngenkuthalo.
Umsoco nokuvikelwa
Ama-Octopuse asebenzisa uyinki ukuvikela ebungozini. I-vampire yethu ayinayo uyinki onjalo, kepha kunezikhwama ezigcwele uketshezi lwe-bioluminescent, ikhipha ulayini lapho imollusk ifiphaza khona isitha, imdumaze, okumnika isikhathi sokuhamba aye emthunzini. Ikhethini elikhanyayo liqukethe i-mucus enamabhola amancane akhanyayo, kodwa isetshenziswa kuphela njengendawo yokugcina, ngoba ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwe-mucus kudinga izindleko ezinkulu zamandla. Futhi, ukuvikela, i-vampire isebenzisa ukukhanya okukhanyayo - izithombe zayo emzimbeni wonke zisakaza ukukhanya okukuzungezile, kwephula ukunqwabelana komzimba nokuhlikihla kusuka ekubukeni okuvela ngezansi.
Indlela yokuvikelwa kwama-mollusk ngokushintsha i-pose iyathakazelisa kakhulu. Amatende we-vampire awanazo izithombe ngaphakathi, ngakho-ke, uma kungaba yingozi, uphenduka, ngokweqiniso, ngaphakathi emboza ikhanda nomzimba ngezitho zakhe, ukuze kube nezeluleko ezikhanyayo kuphela zetende ezihlala ngaphandle. Bayaphazamisa abazingeli ngokwabo, futhi uma kwenzeka belahlekelwe baphinde bavuke. Leli banga libizwa ngokuthi i-pumpkin pose.
Ufuna ukwazi konke
Ngabe ucabanga ukuthi lolu uhlobo lwesilo esivela ku-movie ethusayo? Futhi lesi isilwane sasemhlabeni impela. Manje ngizokutshela okuningi.
Igama elimangalisa ngempela, i-hellish vampire, lithole imollusk encane ye-cephalopod ehlala ezindaweni ezijulile zolwandle ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo nesithokomele.Naphezu kokufana kwayo okusobala nge-octopus ne-squid, ososayensi bahlonze le mollusk eqoqweni elihlukile i-Vampyromorphida (lat.), Ngoba ngokushesha nje ibonakala ngemifanekiso ebuyayo, ebukhali, ye-bichoid. Futhi i-hellish vampire iyona kuphela izinhlobo futhi okuwukuphela kohlobo lwale oda: I-Vampyroteuthis infernalis Chun neVampyroteuthis Chun, ngokulandelana. Ukuhluka kwalesi mollusk nakho kulele eqinisweni lokuthi yi-cephalopod kuphela, okuyindawo yokuhlala yayo ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-400 - 1000 ngobuncane be-oxygen emanzini.
Ubude obuphakathi kwe-vampire ebusayo buyi-15 cm, kanti ubukhulu abudluli ku-30 cm. Umollusk unomzimba we-gelatinous onama-tentpent ayisishiyagalombili axhumeke ulwelw. Unembe ngamunye ophethe izinkomishi zokupheka kanye namadevu ekugcineni. Indima yamatende weqiniso ku-vampire ye-infernal idlalwa yi-velar flagella etholakala izicubu ezithintekayo futhi inwetshwe ubude obude kuneetabernakele.
Umbala we-vampire infernal uyahlukahluka ngokuya ngokukhanya kusuka kokumnyama kuya kokubomvu nobomvu, amehlo - kusuka kokubomvu kuya kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Uqhwaku lwenkilo mhlophe. Enye into ebalulekile yalesi mollusk usayizi wamehlo: ngokulingana nosayizi womzimba, amehlo ayo angabizwa ngokuthi mkhulu kunabo bonke phakathi kwabamele umhlaba wezilwane - ububanzi obuyi-2,5 cm. Amehlo akhe ahlukanisa ngokuphelele i-flicker encane, futhi ama-photoreceptors asekhanda lakhe asiza ukubamba noma yimuphi umsebenzi kuye.
Kubantu abadala, kunamaphiko amise okwendlebe akhula evela ezingxenyeni ezingemuva kwengubo, asebenza njengendlela yawo yokuhamba: amagagasi anamaphiko abukeka “njengendiza” enqamula emgqeni wamanzi. Uqhwaku lwe-vampire ye-hellish imhlophe. Ezicubu ezixhumanisayo kunezikhwama ezimbili ezifihla i-velor flagella ebucayi, ekwazi ukwelula kakhulu kunamatende futhi isebenze njenge-hellish vampire "tentacle".
Cishe wonke umhlaba wesibumbu usibekelwe izitho ze-luminescence - izithombe. Zibukeka njengama-disc amhlophe amhlophe akhula emaphethelweni amatende nasesisekelweni samaphiko. Ama-Photpores awekho kuphela ohlangothini lwangaphakathi lwetabernakele olunama-membrane. I-vampire ebusayo ilawula lezi zinhlaka kahle kakhulu futhi iyakwazi ukukhipha ukukhanya okukhanyisayo kokukhanya okuhlala kusuka kumakhulu eminyaka ngomzuzwana kuya kwimizuzu ethile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingalawula ukugqama nosayizi wezindawo zemibala.
Ama-chromatophores (amangqamuzana e-pigment) atholakala kuma-cephalopod amaningi awakhiqizwa ku-vampire ebabazekayo, ngoba amandla okushintsha kakhulu umbala womzimba, okudingekayo kuma-cephalopods ahlala eshalofini, ekujuleni okukhulu nasebumnyameni eliphelele, awudlali indima ekhethekile.
I-vampire engabonakali iyisibonelo esingajwayelekile sama-cephalopods asolwandle, ehlala, ngokusho kwedatha yanamuhla, ngaphandle komkhawulo wokungena kokukhanya ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-600- 900 nangaphezulu. Kule ndawo yolwandle kukhona indawo ekhethekile, eyaziwa ngokuthi indawo yokuthola umoya-mpilo. Lapha, ukuhlushwa kwe-oksijini kuphansi kakhulu ukusekela i-aerobic metabolism yezidalwa eziphakeme kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, i-vampire engahambi kahle ingaphila futhi iphefumule ngokwejwayelekile kule ndawo enokuhlushwa i-oksijini engu-3%. Ayikho enye i-cephalopod, eyaziwa yisayensi, futhi, ngaphandle kokungajwayelekile, izilwane zezinye izinhlobo ziyakwazi lokhu.
Impilo ekujuleni okukhulu ezimweni zokucindezela okukhulu nokuntuleka komoya-mpilo, i-vampire ye-hellish yakha amadivaysi athile abalulekile. I-vampire ye-infernal inesilinganiso se-metabolic ephansi kakhulu kuwo wonke ama-cephalopods asolwandle. I-hemocyanin, umbala oqukethe igazi lethusi, onikeza igazi lesilwane umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, libopha ngempumelelo futhi lidlulisele umoya-mpilo. Indawo enkulu engaphezulu yama-gill nayo inomthelela kulokhu. I-hellish vampire inemisipha ekhule kahle, kepha isisistimu yokulinganisa efanelekile, emelelwa ngama-statocysts, kanye nokuqina komzimba, ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-ammonia kwezicubu, icishe ifane nobukhulu bamanzi olwandle. Lokhu kukuvumela kakhulu ukuthi ulondoloze ukuzikhandla ngomzamo omncane futhi kunikeza ukuhamba okwanele kwesilwane.
Engxenyeni engenhla yendawo ye-vampire ebukhali, amanzi angenhla kwekhanda abukeka njengesibhakabhaka kusihlwa kubahlali basolwandle abajulile: Amehlo abo abucayi ayakwazi ukwahlukanisa amasilinki ezinye izilwane ezibhukuda kusuka phezulu. Ukuvikela ekutholwa, i-vampire ebukhali ikhipha ukukhanya kwayo okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ukukhanya kufiphaza i-contour yesilwane, kuyisifihla kusuka ekubukeni okuvela ngezansi. Leliqhinga libizwa ngokuthi ukukhanyisela. Ngamehlo akho amakhulu we-vampire ye-hellish ibona ngisho ne-flicker ebuhlungu kunayo yonke. I-pair of photoreceptors etholakala ngaphezulu kwekhanda ingaxwayisa i-vampire ebukhali mayelana nokusuka phezulu.
Njengamanye ama-cephalopods asolwandle olujulile, i-vampire ye-infernal ayinaso isikhwama se-ink. Esimweni sokusongela, esikhundleni se-uyinki, ukhipha kumathiphu we-tentpaper ifu elinamathele le-bioluminescent mucus equkethe amabhola angenakubalwa aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ikhethini elikhanyayo, elithatha imizuzu eyi-10, kufanele kuthiwe lihlasile inyamazane futhi linikeze ithuba elibi kakhulu lokucasha ebumnyameni, hhayi ukuntanta. Le ndlela yokuvikela isetshenziswa kuphela uma kwenzeka kuba nobungozi obukhulu, ngoba ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwe-mucus kudinga izindleko eziphakeme zamandla.
Kuncane okwaziwayo mayelana ne-inclusionsis ye-vampire ebukhali. Ngenqubo yokuthuthuka, badlulela emafomu amathathu e-morphological: abantu abancane kunabo bonke banama-fins, ngesimo esiphakathi izilwane zikhulisa i-jozi entsha futhi, ekugcineni, kubantu abadala, umbhangqwana wokuqala wama-fins degenerates bese kuthi futhi isele elilodwa. Njengoba isilwane sikhula, isilinganiso sendawo engaphezulu komthamo womzimba siyancipha, futhi amaphisi aguqula usayizi wawo nendawo yawo ukufezekisa indlela engcono yokuhamba. Intsha ngokuyinhloko isebenzisa umjelo we-jet ukunyakaza, kuyilapho abantu abadala bekhetha ukusebenzisa amaphiko. Ukwehlukaniswa okunjalo okuhlukile kuholele ekutheni esikhathini esidlule izinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane zazithathelwa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemindeni ngayinye.
Uma kungenzeka ukudonsa ukufana namanye ama-cephalopods asolwandle, i-vampire ebulalayo kungenzeka ivele kabusha kakhulu, ibeke inani elincane lamaqanda amakhulu. Ukukhula kwehliselwa kancane ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezakhi zomzimba ekujuleni kwesimo sendawo yokuhlala kwesilwane. Ngenxa yomthamo omkhulu wendawo nendawo yokuhlala abantu, ukuhlangana kwabantu ababili ngenhloso yokuzalanisa kuba ngumcimbi ongahleliwe. Insikazi ingagcina ama-spermatophores afakelwe ngamanzi okwesikhashana owesilisa isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba ikulungele ukumanzisa amaqanda. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, angakwazi ukuzithwala kuze kufike izinsuku ezingama-400, kuze kube yilapho sekuqhamuka insizwa. Eduze nokubukeka kwakhe, insikazi iyayeka ukudla futhi ifa kungekudala.
Amahlaya, osayizi bawo acishe abe ngu-8 mm ubude, cishe amakhophi amancane abunjiwe abantu abadala. Zivele obala, azinalo ulwelwesi phakathi kwamatende, amehlo mancane, futhi i-flagella ayakhiwe ngokuphelele. Abanye, abangakabi yisikhathi esinqunyiwe, izingane, ngaphambi kokuqala ukudla, bahlala ezimalini ezicebile zangaphakathi zomsoco. Abantu abasha bavame ukutholakala ekujuleni okukhulu, lapho, mhlawumbe, badla khona imfucumfucu evela phansi engxenyeni ephezulu yolwandle.
Konke okwaziwayo kuze kube manje ngokuziphatha kwe-hellish vampire kutholakala ekushayweni okungahleliwe nezimoto ezizenzakalelayo zolwandle.Lapho zibanjwa, izilwane zivame ukulimala futhi zikwazi ukuhlala e-aquarium isikhathi esingadluli izinyanga ezimbili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimweni zokufakelwa kunzima ukuthola imininingwane ethembekile mayelana nokuziphatha okungavikeli.
Ngokwalokho okutholwayo, ama-vampires angomakhelwane ahamba kanye nemisinga yamanzi ajulile, ekhulula i-velar flagella ende. Uma i-flagella ihlangana nanoma yini noma izwa inyakaza yangaphandle, izilwane ziba nesasasa, zenze ukunyakaza okusheshayo kwesiphithiphithi. Bayakwazi ukubhukuda ngesivinini kuze kufike kubude obukhulu bomzimba ngomzuzwana, beshesha imizuzu engaba mihlanu. Imisipha yabo ebuthakathaka, noma kunjalo, ikubeka kancane ukukhuthazela.
Ama-Cephalopods, ahlala ezimweni ezinomoya omuhle wokungenisa izihambi, angakwazi ukukhokha izindleko zamandla eziphakeme zokusheshisa kwesikhathi eside. Ngokungafani nabo, i-vampire ebukhali bekufanele ivelise ezinye izindlela zokonga amandla zokubalekela izitha. Ukwenza ubunzima ekuzingeleni, basebenzisa "iziqhumane zomlilo" okukhulunywe ngazo ngaphambili ngokuhlangana nezinsimbi ezikhanyayo kanye ne-trajectories engalawuleki yesiyaluyalu.
Esimweni esivikelayo, okubizwa nge- "pumpkin pose", i-vampire ebusayo iguqula amatende ngezakhi ngaphakathi ngaphakathi, ukumboza umzimba, bese iba sesimweni esikhudlwana lapho izinaliti ezisongelayo zidaluliwe. Ingaphezulu elingaphakathi lamatende elinama-membranes linemibala futhi licishe lifihla ngokuphelele izithombe. Amathiphu akhanyayo amatende ahlanganiswa ndawonye ephakeme kakhulu kunekhanda, ephambukisa ukuhlaselwa ezingxenyeni ezibalulekile zomzimba. Uma umhlaseli eluma esiqongweni setende, isilwane siyophinda sikhule.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-vampires ama-hellish adla kuma-crustaceans amancane (kufaka phakathi i-shrimp), i-cnidaria. Ngokuvamile, kuncane okwaziwayo ngokudla kwabo, kepha, ngokubona ubuncane bendawo, kungabhekwa ukuthi bangama-omnivores. Ngosizo lwe-scavenger filaments yayo, i-vampire ese-infernal ikhubaza isisulu futhi imunce igazi kuyo, okungcono kunenyama, inomthelela ekwenzeni kabusha kwe-bioluminescent mucus. Imigwaqo ye-hellish ngokwayo yatholakala esiswini senhlanzi enkulu ejulile yolwandle, imikhomo nezikhonkwane, ezikwazi ukudonsa ngokujulile, ngokwesibonelo, amabhubesi olwandle.
Uma sikhuluma ngezakhamizi zasolwandle ezimbi, ngikukhumbuza ngenhlanzi enjengokuthi I-HAULIOD noma mayelana I-Longhorn Saber
Ukudla kwe-Vampire ye-infernal
Isikhathi eside, izazi zezilwane zazikholelwa ukuthi ama-vampires angamakhosi ayizisulu ezidla ama-crustaceans amancane. Njengokungathi kusetshenziswa imfucumfucu yakhona ye-scavenger, “imimoya emibi” engaphansi kwamanzi ikhubaza umhluzi ompofu. Futhi-ke, ngosizo lwabo, uncenga igazi kohlukumezekile. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi yigazi elisiza ukubuyisa i-bioluminescent mucus esetshenziswa kwizinyamazane.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisa ukuthi i-mollusk ayilona neze igazi. Ngokuphambene, ngokungafani squid, hellish vampire kuholela empilweni enokuthula. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imfucumfucu engaphansi kwamanzi inamathela ezinweleni ze-mollusk, isilwane ngosizo lwetabernakele siqoqa le "mpahla", ixubeke ne-mucus, futhi siyidle.
Ukuzala kabusha nokuphila isikhathi eside kwe-vampire ye-hellish
Umhlali ongaphansi kwamanzi uhola impilo eyedwa, azale kabusha kakhulu. Ukuhlangana kwabantu bobulili obuhlukile kuvame ukwenzeka ngengozi. Njengoba insikazi ingalungiseleli umhlangano onjalo, ingakwazi ukuthwala izikhala zesikhathi eside, okufakwa yilowesilisa. Uma kungenzeka, uwafaka njengomanyolo, futhi athwale amazinyane aze afike ezinsukwini ezingama-400.
Ngokomunye umbono, kucatshangwa ukuthi i-vampire yesifazane, njenge-cephalopods, ifa ngemuva kokuqhuma kokuqala. Usosayensi waseNetherlands uHenk-Jan Hwing ukholelwa ukuthi lokhu akulona iqiniso. Lapho ecwaninga ngesakhiwo se-ovary somuntu ongaphansi kwamanzi, usosayensi uthole ukuthi insikazi enkulu kunazo zonke ivele amahlandla angama-38.
Ngasikhathi sinye, kwakukhona "ukushaja" okwanele eqandeni lokungena okungaphezulu kwama-65. Kuze kube manje, le mininingwane idinga ukufundelwa okwengeziwe, kepha uma kuvela ukuthi banembile, lokhu kuzosho ukuthi ama-cephalopods asolwandle angazala amakhulukhulu ezikhathi zokuphila. AmaCuba infernal vampire igobolondo bazalwe ngamakhophi aphelele wabazali babo. Kepha kuncane, cishe ngamamilimitha ayi-8.
Ekuqaleni ziyabonakala, azinalo ulwelwesi phakathi kwamatende, futhi i-flagella yazo ayikakhiwa ngokuphelele. Izingane zidla imfucumfucu evela ezintweni ezingaphezulu kolwandle. Isikhathi sokuphila mhlawumbe kunzima kakhulu ukubala. Ekudingisweni, i-mollusk ayihlali ngisho nezinyanga ezimbili.
Kepha ngokusho kwezifundo zeHothando, izinsikazi ziphila iminyaka eminingana, futhi zizala isikhathi eside phakathi kwama-cephalopods. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi i-vampire ebukhali ingafundiswanga ngokuphelele, mhlawumbe ngokuzayo uzokwembula izimfihlo zakhe futhi azibonakalise ngombono omusha.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Isithombe: Isihogo Vampire
I-infernal vampire (Vampyroteuthis infernalis) ukuphela kwommeleli owaziwayo we-oda Vampyromorphida, umyalo wesikhombisa esigabeni se-mollusk Cephalopoda. Bahlanganisa izici zombili i-octopus (i-Octopoda) ne-squid, i-cuttlefish, njll. Kucatshangwa ukuthi lokhu kungamelela umugqa wamafa phakathi kwamaqembu womabili. Ama-vampires angamakhompiyutha awawona ama-squid angempela, aqanjwa ngenxa yamehlo awo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, isikhumba esibomvu ngokubomvu kanye nolwelwesi phakathi kwezingalo zawo.
Ividiyo: Isihogo Vampire
Iqiniso elihehayo: I-vampire esetshenziswayo yatholakala ngokuxoshwa kokuqala kolwandle okujulile kwaseJalimane ngonyaka we-1898-1899 futhi kungukuphela kommeleli we-oda le-Vampyromorpha, ifomu lokuguqula i-phylogenetic kuma-cephalopods.
Ocwaningweni oluningi lwe-phylogenetic, i-vampire ye-infernal ibhekwa njengegatsha lokuqala le-octopus. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inezici eziningi, mhlawumbe ezivumelana nezimo nemvelo yolwandle ejulile. Phakathi kwalokhu kokugcina, ukulahleka kwesikhwama se-ink nezitho eziningi zama-chromatophores, ukuthuthukiswa kwezithombe kanye nokuthungwa kwe-gelatinous kwezicubu ezinokuvumelana kwe-jellyfish. Uhlobo luhlala emanzini ajulile kuzo zonke izindawo ezishisayo nezishisayo zasolwandle.
Njengengqephu ye-phylogenetic, lokhu kuyilungu kuphela elisele leqembu lakhe. Amasampula okuqala aqoqwa ekuhambeni kweValdivia, futhi ekuqaleni achazwa njenge-octopuse ngo-1903 ngumhloli wamazwe waseJalimane uKarl Hun. Kamuva, i-vampire ye-hellish yanikezwa i-oda elisha kanye ne-taxa eyanyamalala eminingi.
Ihlala kuphi i-vampire yangempela?
Photo: Ibukeka kanjani i-hellish vampire
I-squid vampire ihlala ezindaweni ezijule kakhulu kuzo zonke izindawo ezishisayo nezinamanzi olwandle. Lesi yisibonelo esicacile semollusk ye-cephalopod mollusk ejulile, njengoba kucatshangwa kaningi, ehlala ekujuleni okungamamitha ayi-300-3000, enamamephu amaningi okuphehla angena ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-1,500-2500.
Ukugcwaliswa kwe-oksijini kuphansi kakhulu ukusekela i-aerobic metabolism ezintweni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa-ke, i-vampire ebukhali iyakwazi ukuphila futhi iphefumule ngokujwayelekile ngo-3% kuphela, leli khono likhona ezilwaneni ezimbalwa.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ukuqashelwa eMonterey Bay Oceanarium Research Institute kukhombisile ukuthi ama-vampires angaphansi komhlaba akhawulelwe kongqimba oluncane lwe-oksijini kuleli bay ekujuleni okuphakathi kwamamitha ayi-690 kanye nomoya-mpilo ka-0,22 ml / l.
Ama-squid ama-Vampire ahlala engxenyeni engaphansi yolwandle enomoya omningi, lapho ukukhanya kungangeni khona. Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-vampire squid kusuka enyakatho kuye eningizimu kutholakala endaweni ephakathi kwamashumi amane amasheya enyakatho aseningizimu, lapho amanzi esuka ku-2 kuye ku-6 ° C. Empilweni yakhe yonke, asendaweni enokuqukethwe komoya oksijini. IVampyroteuthis ingahlala lapha ngoba igazi layo liqukethe enye i-pigment yegazi (hemocyanin), ebopha umoya-mpilo emanzini ngempumelelo kakhulu, ngaphandle kobungako besibazi sesilwane sikhulu kakhulu.
Manje uyazi ukuthi i-squid infernal vampire itholakala kuphi. Masibone ukuthi udlani.
Idla kanjani i-vampire ebusayo?
Photo: squid Hell Vampire
Ama-squid ama-carnivores. I-vampire squid isebenzisa imicu yayo yomzwilili ukucinga ukudla olwandle olujulile, futhi futhi ine-statocyst ethuthukiswe kakhulu, ekhombisa ukuthi yehla kancane futhi ezilinganisweni emanzini cishe ngaphandle kwamandla. Naphezu kwegama nedumela laso, i-Vampyroteuthis infernalis ayisona isidlamlilo esinolaka. Ngesikhathi sokudonsa, i-squid isebenzisa umucu owodwa ngesikhathi kuze kube yilapho omunye wayo ethinta isilwane esidliwayo. Ngemuva kwalokho i-squid ibhukuda isiyingi ngethemba lokuthi izobamba inyamazane.
Iqiniso elihehayo: IVampire squid inesilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu se-metabolic phakathi kwama-cephalopods ngenxa yokuncipha kwayo kokuncika kwabazingeli olwandle olujulile, olukhawulelwe ukukhanya. Imvamisa uhamba nokugeleza futhi akasebenzi kahle. Amaphiko amakhulu nolwelwesi phakathi kwezandla kuvumela ukunyakaza kufane ne-jellyfish.
Ngokungafani nawo wonke amanye ama-cephalopods, i-vampire ye-infernal ayizibambi izilwane eziphilayo. Idla izinhlayiya ze-organic ezishona phansi olwandle olujulile, okuthiwa ikhephu lasolwandle.
- ama-diatoms
- i-zooplankton,
- usawoti kanye namaqanda
- izibungu
- izinhlayiya zomzimba (i-detritus) yezinhlanzi nama-crustaceans.
Izinhlayiya zokudla zizwakala ngemikhono emibili emincane yokuzwa inwebu izinkomishi zokunye imikhono eyishumi nesishiyagalombili, embozwe ulwelwesi lwezandla eziyisishiyagalombili ezibambe futhi ezixakwe njengesiqu se-mucous ephuma emlonyeni. Zinezingalo eziyisishiyagalombili, kepha azinawo ama-tentacle okondlayo, futhi esikhundleni salokho zisebenzisa imicu emibili engabuyiseki ukubamba ukudla. Bahlanganisa imfucuza ne-mucus ekhishwe ezinkomishini zokugaya ukuze bakhe amabhola okudla.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: Octopus hellish vampire
Ukubuka bekulokhu kubhekwa njengokubhukuda okuhamba kancane ngenxa yomzimba obuthakathaka we-gelatinous. Kodwa-ke, ingabhukuda ngokushesha ngokumangazayo, isebenzisa amaphiko ukuhamba emanzini. I-statocyst yabo eyenziwe kahle kakhulu, isitho esibhekele ukulinganisela, nayo inomthelela ekuqineni kwabo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi i-vampire ye-infernal ifinyelela ijubane lobude bomzimba ngomzuzwana, bese ishesha ngalezi ijubane ngemizuzwana emihlanu.
I-hellish vampire ingakhanya isikhathi eside kunemizuzu emibili, ngenxa yezithombe ezinokukhanya ngasikhathi sinye, noma zikhanye ukusuka kokuphindwe kathathu ngomzuzwana, kwesinye isikhathi ziyahudula. Izitho zamathiphu ezandla zingabuye zikhanye noma zibe mnyama, okuvame ukuhambisana nokuphendula. Uhlobo lwesithathu nolokugcina lwe-luminescence ngamafu we-luminescent, abukeka njenge-matrix ye-mucous enezinhlayiya ezivuthayo kuwo. Kukholelwa ukuthi izinhlayiya zithunyelwa yizitho zamathiphu wezandla noma ngokungavuli izitho ze-visceral futhi zingakhanya kuze kube yimizuzu eyi-9.5.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ama-vampires we-infernal avame ukulimala ngesikhathi sokubanjwa futhi aphile ezindaweni zasemanzini kuze kube izinyanga ezimbili. NgoMeyi 2014, iMonterey Bay Aquarium (USA) yaba ngowokuqala ukukhombisa lo mbono.
Impendulo eyinhloko ekusizeni i-vampire squid ifaka ukukhanyisa amaphaphu ngasemaphethelweni wezandla nasesisekelweni samaphiko. Lokhu kukhanya kuhambisana negagasi lezandla, elenza kube nzima ukuthola ngokunembile ukuthi leli squid likuphi emanzini. Ngokulandelayo, i-squid ifaka ifu le-mucous luminescent. Lapho umbukiso wokukhanya usuphelile, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthola ukuthi i-squid yayihamba yini noma ihlanganiswa nefu emanzini angenamanzi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Isihogo Vampire
Njengoba imigwaqo engenamakhawulo inamanzi ajulile kunama-squid amakhulu, ukuqhuma kwawo kwenzeka emanzini ajulile kakhulu. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi abesilisa badlulise ama-spermatophores kowesifazane besuka emthonjeni wabo. Izinsikazi ze-Vampire zikhulu kunezabesilisa. Baphonsa amaqanda avundisiwe emanzini. Amaqanda avuthiwe makhulu impela, futhi atholakala eshayiseka mahhala emanzini ajulile.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Kuncane okwaziwayo mayelana ne -gengeny ye-vampire ebukhali. Ukuthuthuka kwabo kudlula ezimeni ze-III nezoku-morphological: izilwane ezincane zinezimbotshana ezimbili, ifomu eliphakathi nendawo linamabili amabili, lelo elivuthiwe futhi. Esigabeni sabo sokuqala sokukhula esiphakathi nesisemkhatsini, kufakwa izibunu eduze kwamehlo, njengoba isilwane sikhula, leli bhangqa liyanyamalala kancane kancane.
Esikhathini sokukhula, isilinganiso sendawo engaphezulu kuya kumthamo wamapisi siyancipha, ayashintsha ngosayizi futhi ahlela kabusha ukwandisa amandla okuhamba kwezilwane. Ukuswida imichilo yabantu abavuthiwe kuyikhambi eliphumelela kunazo zonke. Lokhu kutholakala ku-elugnisis kubangele ukudideka esikhathini esidlule ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ezichazwe njengezinhlobo eziningana emindenini ehlukene.
I-hellish vampire izalela kancane ngenani elincane lamaqanda. Ukukhula okunciphile kungenxa yokuthi izakhamzimba azisatshalaliswa ekujuleni. Ubukhulu bendawo ababehlala kuyo kanye nenani labantu abahlakazekile lenza ubudlelwane bemvelo bube nokungahleliwe. Owesifazane angagcina i-satellite ecylindrical saterm ngesidoda sowesilisa isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokufaka amaqanda. Ngemuva kwalokho, kungadingeka alinde kuze kufike ezinsukwini ezingama-400 ngaphambi kokuba aqandwe.
Amawundlu acishe abe ngu-8 mm ubude futhi amakhophi akhuliswe kahle abantu abadala, umahluko othile. Izandla zabo zintula imichilo, amehlo abo mancane, futhi imicu ayakhiwe ngokuphelele. Amancanyana asobala futhi asinda ku-yolk yangaphakathi esivulekile yesikhathi esingaziwa ngaphambi kokuthi aqale ukondla. Izilwane ezincane zivame ukutholakala emanzini ajulile ezondla nge-detritus.
Izitha zemvelo ze-infernal vampire
Photo: Ibukeka kanjani i-hellish vampire
I-hellish vampire ingahamba ngokushesha amabanga amafushane, kepha ayikwazi ukufuduka isikhathi eside noma indiza. Lapho isongelwa, i-vampire squid yenza ukubalekela okungaxutshwe nalutho, isuse ngokushesha amaphiko ayoya emseleni, kuthi emva kwalokho kuphume indiza engutsheni, evele emanzini. Isimo sokuzivikela se-squid senzeka lapho izingalo kanye nama-cobwebs eseluliwe ekhanda nasembathweni sakhe endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi yi "pineapple posture".
Lesi sikhundla sezandla kanye nama-cobwebs senza ukulimala kwe-squid kube nzima ngenxa yokuvikelwa kwekhanda nengubo, futhi ngoba lesi sikhundla siveza izindawo ezisindayo ezimnyama eziluhlaza esilwaneni, okwenza kube nzima ukusibona ekujuleni kolwandle olwandle. Iminwe ekhanyayo ihlanganiswe ngaphezulu kwekhanda lesilwane, iphambukisa ukuhlaselwa kude nezindawo ezibucayi. Uma umhlaseli eluma empini yesandla sakhe, i-vampire ye-hellish, uzokwazi ukuyiqamba kabusha.
Kutholakale imishayo ye-infernal kokuqukethwe kwenhlanzi enolwandle olujulile, kufaka phakathi:
Ngokungafani nezihlobo zabo ezihlala endaweni enomoya wokungenisa izihambi, ama-cephalopods asolwandle abajulile abakwazi ukukhokhela amandla endizeni ende. Njengoba kunikezwe inani eliphansi le-metabolic kanye ne-dessity encane yezinyamazane ekujuleni okunjalo, ama-vampire squid kumele asebenzise amaqhinga wokuvimbela umhlaseli ukuze alondoloze amandla. "Izibazi zomlilo" esisetshenziselwe zona ngaphambili zihlanganiswa nezandla ezikhanyayo, ukunyakaza okungaqondile kanye nezindlela zokuphunyuka, okwenza kube nzima kumanduleli ukukhomba ilitshe elilodwa.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Photo: squid Hell Vampire
I-vampire ebukhali iyinkosi yobukhosi yolwandle, ekujuleni kwenhliziyo, lapho yona noma yindawo yayo engasongelwanga nganoma iyiphi ingozi. Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi inyamazane yabantu ihlukene kakhulu futhi ayiningi. Lokhu kungenxa yezinsizakusebenza ezimbalwa zokusinda. Ucwaningo lukaGring luveze ukuthi le nhlobo iziphatha njengezinhlanzi emikhakheni yezocansi, iguqula izikhathi zokuzalela ngezikhathi ezithile zokuzola.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ngokuncamela le hypothesis iqiniso lokuthi ngaphakathi kwezinsikazi ezigcinwe eminyuziyamu, kunenhlayiya yamaqanda azayo. Enye yamakhampasi avuthiwe we-hellish eqoqweni lemnyuziyamu lalineqanda elinganiselwa ku-6,5 wamaqanda, futhi endaweni ethile ezungeze izinkulungwane eziyi-3.8 ezachithwa kwimizamo yangaphambilini yokuzalanisa. Ngokusho kososayensi, ukukhula komzimba kwenzeka izikhathi ezingama-38, kwathi ngemuva kwe-100 ye-nuclei yaphonswa.
Ukusuka kulokhu singaphetha ngokuthi inani lama-vampires we-hellish alikho engcupheni, kepha inani labo lilawulwa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwezinhlobo.
Ngokusho kwabaphenyi, ukulinganiselwa kubangelwa izizathu eziningana:
- ukuntuleka kokudla kwabazali nezingane,
- amathuba okufa ayo yonke inzalo ancishisiwe,
- kuncishiswe izindleko zamandla zokwenziwa kwamaqanda nokulungiselela isenzo sokuzala.
Isihogo somlilo, njengezinto eziningi zasolwandle ezijulile, kunzima kakhulu ukutadisha endaweni yemvelo, ngakho-ke akukho okuncane okwaziwayo ngokuziphatha kanye neningi lalezi zilwane. Ngethemba ukuthi, ngokuqhubeka kokuhlola olwandle olujulile, ososayensi bazofunda kabanzi ngale nhlobo yezilwane ezihlukile nezithandekayo.
Intuthuko
Kuncane okwaziwayo mayelana ne-inclusionsis ye-vampire ebukhali. Ngenqubo yokuthuthuka, badlulela emafomu amathathu e-morphological: abantu abancane kunabo bonke banama-fins, ngesimo esiphakathi izilwane zikhulisa i-jozi entsha futhi, ekugcineni, kubantu abadala, umbhangqwana wokuqala wama-fins degenerates bese kuthi futhi isele elilodwa. Njengoba isilwane sikhula, isilinganiso sendawo engaphezulu komthamo womzimba siyancipha, futhi amaphisi aguqula usayizi wawo nendawo yawo ukufezekisa indlela engcono yokuhamba. Intsha ngokuyinhloko isebenzisa umjelo we-jet ukunyakaza, kuyilapho abantu abadala bekhetha ukusebenzisa amaphiko. Ukwehlukaniswa okunjalo okuhlukile kuholele ekutheni esikhathini esidlule izinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane zazithathelwa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemindeni ngayinye.
Uma kungenzeka ukudonsa ukufana namanye ama-cephalopods asolwandle, i-vampire ebulalayo kungenzeka ivele kabusha kakhulu, ibeke inani elincane lamaqanda amakhulu. Ukukhula kwehliselwa kancane ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezakhi zomzimba ekujuleni kwesimo sendawo yokuhlala kwesilwane. Ngenxa yomthamo omkhulu wendawo nendawo yokuhlala abantu, ukuhlangana kwabantu ababili ngenhloso yokuzalanisa kuba ngumcimbi ongahleliwe. Insikazi ingagcina ama-spermatophores afakelwe ngamanzi okwesikhashana owesilisa isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba ikulungele ukumanzisa amaqanda. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, angakwazi ukuzithwala kuze kufike izinsuku ezingama-400, kuze kube yilapho sekuqhamuka insizwa. Eduze nokubukeka kwakhe, insikazi iyayeka ukudla futhi ifa kungekudala.
Amahlaya, osayizi bawo acishe abe ngu-8 mm ubude, cishe amakhophi amancane abunjiwe abantu abadala. Zivele obala, azinalo ulwelwesi phakathi kwamatende, amehlo mancane, futhi i-flagella ayakhiwe ngokuphelele. Abanye, abangakabi yisikhathi esinqunyiwe, izingane, ngaphambi kokuqala ukudla, bahlala ezimalini ezicebile zangaphakathi zomsoco. Abantu abasha bavame ukutholakala ekujuleni okukhulu, lapho, mhlawumbe, badla khona imfucumfucu evela phansi engxenyeni ephezulu yolwandle.
Ukuziphatha
Konke okwaziwayo kuze kube manje ngokuziphatha kwe-hellish vampire kutholakala ekushayweni okungahleliwe nezimoto ezizenzakalelayo zolwandle. Lapho zibanjwa, izilwane zivame ukulimala futhi zikwazi ukuhlala e-aquarium isikhathi esingadluli izinyanga ezimbili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimweni zokufakelwa kunzima ukuthola imininingwane ethembekile mayelana nokuziphatha okungavikeli.
Ngokwalokho okutholwayo, ama-vampires angomakhelwane ahamba kanye nemisinga yamanzi ajulile, ekhulula i-velar flagella ende. Uma i-flagella ihlangana nanoma yini noma izwa inyakaza yangaphandle, izilwane ziba nesasasa, zenze ukunyakaza okusheshayo kwesiphithiphithi. Bayakwazi ukubhukuda ngesivinini kuze kufike kubude obukhulu bomzimba ngomzuzwana, beshesha imizuzu engaba mihlanu. Imisipha yabo ebuthakathaka, noma kunjalo, ikubeka kancane ukukhuthazela.
Ama-Cephalopods, ahlala ezimweni ezinomoya omuhle wokungenisa izihambi, angakwazi ukukhokha izindleko zamandla eziphakeme zokusheshisa kwesikhathi eside. Ngokungafani nabo, i-vampire ebukhali bekufanele ivelise ezinye izindlela zokonga amandla zokubalekela izitha. Ukwenza ubunzima ekuzingeleni, basebenzisa "iziqhumane zomlilo" okukhulunywe ngazo ngaphambili ngokuhlangana nezinsimbi ezikhanyayo kanye ne-trajectories engalawuleki yesiyaluyalu.
Esimweni esivikelayo, lokhu okubizwa nge- "pumpkin pose," i-vampire ebusayo iguqula amatende ngezakhi ngaphakathi ngaphakathi, ukumboza umzimba, bese iba sesimweni esikhudlwana nezinaliti ezisongelayo. Ingaphezulu elingaphakathi lamatende elinama-membranes linemibala futhi licishe lifihla ngokuphelele izithombe. Amathiphu akhanyayo amatende ahlanganiswa ndawonye ephakeme kakhulu kunekhanda, ephambukisa ukuhlaselwa ezingxenyeni ezibalulekile zomzimba. Uma umhlaseli eluma esiqongweni setende, isilwane siyophinda sikhule.
Ama-vampires we-infernal adla nge-detritus. Izifundo ezinemininingwane ethe xaxa ze-anatomy zokuphuma isikhathi eside kwamafilimu zenza ukuba kuqondwe ukuthi i-vampire ye-hellish idla kanjani. Lezi ziphuma zimbozwe izinwele ezinamathele, kuthi lapho umollusk zigcina zivulekile, noma yiziphi izinto ezincane zinamathele kuzo. Ube esekhipha lokho okunamathele ngosizo lwezinto ezinkulu zetende, ezakha isembatho, bese epakisha imfucumfucu emgqonyeni. Lapho-ke kusele kuphela ukugwinya umphumela wokuxubha we-mucous.