Iya kusihloko sesigaba: Izinhlobo zama-dinosaurs
I-Psittacosaurus mongoliensis psittacosaurus (isiza semvelo saseMongolia)
Ukuma okuhleliwe: Ama-dinosaurs we-Ptitsetazovye, amadayinaso anophondo
Iminyaka yokuthola: Kwasekuqaleni uCretaceous (iminyaka eyi-120-100 yezigidi edlule)
Ilahlekile futhi yatholakala: i-Asia (Mongolia, China, Thailand)
I-Herbivorous
Ngo-1922, amathambo ama-dinosaurs angamamitha amabili anamakhanda angajwayelekile futhi uqhwaku, njengepholiji, atholakala eMongolia emadwaleni asencane yobudala beCretaceous. Thola igama ukuthi ngabe i-psittacosaurus (i-parrot lizard). Uqhwaku olufushane kodwa oluqine kakhulu lwalukhonjwe ngesimo nangamaphethelo wokusika. Ngalo, izilwane zingaluma futhi ziqubule izingxenye zezitshalo ezinamandla kakhulu. Lokhu kudinga ngempela amandla ahlukile, okufakazelwa yisakhiwo esikhethekile sekhesi: kunezindawo eziningi lapho kwakufakwe khona izicubu ezinkulu eziqinile, ikakhulukazi umphetho ophezulu ovela emaphethelweni wangemuva lekhanda.
Ngenxa yezici zobuntu, abacwaningi bakwazile ukuveza kalula ukuthi amathambo amancane ezilwane ezincane ezinhlotsheni ezifanayo, yize kuvame ukuba nzima kakhulu ukuthola ukuthi umuntu omdala nomuntu osemusha bangabezinhlobo ezifanayo. Ubude bama-dinosaurs amancane kunawo wonke alezi zinhlobo ayengamasentimitha angama-24 nama-27 kuphela. Ngokuhambisana nobudala babo, babezungeze amakhanda nemilomo engaphansi eqinile. Kuyiqiniso, lezi zilwane ezincane ezazingakabi namandla zaziyizisulu ezilula ngisho nakuma-dinosaurs amancane adlayo. Ngakho-ke, kuyemukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi amawundlu e-psittacosaurus avikelwe ngunina isikhathi eside. Mhlawumbe waze wabondla "ngephalishi" lamaqabunga achotshoziwe?
*** Isakhiwo sangaphambi kukadwayi sifana nomlomo wesikhwanyana esikhulu. Ama-Paleontologists akholelwa ukuthi imiphetho ebukhali yama-psittacosaurs awo abukhali asika amahlumela, amagatsha ezihlahla nezihlahlana, okuyilokho akudlayo. Izinsalela zentsha zifinyelele kubude obungama-24 - 27 cm kuphela.
*** Psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus), uhlobo lwezilwane ezihubhayo ezingapheli zohlobo lwe-inkukhu-dinosaurs. Wahlala eCretaceous wakuqala. Ubude bomzimba 1-1.5 m. Kushukunyiswe emilenzeni emi-2. Isikhundla eshlelekile siyimpikiswano, ngoba U-P. ubonakala ngezibonakaliso zama-dinosaurs anezimpondo (ukwakheka kwegebhezi), ama-ankylosaurs (uhlobo lwamazinyo) kanye nama-ornithopods (ukwakheka kwezingalo). Ngokunokwenzeka, u-P. umele igatsha lesiqugosaurus isiqu - ama-ankylosaurs, agcinwe amandla okuhamba ngokuxhaxha. Amazinyo amancane, ahlanganisiwe emaphethelweni, ngokusobala, enza ukuba bakwazi ukugedla nokugaya izitshalo ezinzima. Ama-phalanges anjenge-Hoof akhombisa ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokuhamba emhlabathini oshubhile. Ngokusobala, babehlala emathangeni ngasogwini lwamachibi, lapho kwakulula khona ukuthola ukudla nokucasha ezitheni.
*** "I-Psittacosaurus" isho into edlula nje i- "lizard-parrot." Futhi waqanjwa kanjalo ngenxa yesakhiwo semihlathi esingajwayelekile, esifana nomlomo wopholi. Wadonsa amaqabunga namagatsha ezihlahla. I-paolin yahamba ngemilenze emibili, kodwa uma kwenzeka ingozi yangena ngethonya ezine. Ososayensi abakwazanga ukuthola izinsalela zama-dinosaurs amadala kuphela, kodwa nezinsana. Ngisho nezingane zazinamazinyo, ukuze kuthi kusukela zisencane zikwazi ukuthola ezazo ukudla. Njengezinkukhu namadada zanamuhla, ama-psittacosaurs agwinya amatshe amancanyana ukuze ukudla kube ngumhlaba ongcono.
I-psittacosaurus yayingeyinkulu: ubude bayo babungaba imitha eyi-1, futhi isisindo sayo sasingaphezu kwamakhilogremu ayi-15.
Abanye ososayensi bathi i-psittacosaurus ngokulandelana kwama-ceratops, yize zingenazo izimpondo nokukhula ebunzini. Futhi nokho, imilomo ye-ceratopsians kanye ne-psittacosrens ifana kakhulu, futhi ukwakheka kwekhanda kucishe kufane. Ngokusobala, ososayensi baqinisile: ama-psittacosaurs angaba ngabanduleli abaphambili bama-ceratops. Leli qiniso liqinisekiswa okunye okutholwe eMongolia, lapho kwatholakala khona idayinaso engaziwa kuze kube manje, eyayinekhola yentamo eyayinezikhula ezifana ne-protoceratops, futhi uqhwaku lwayo cishe lwaluyikhophi eliqondile lomlomo we-psittacosaurus.
Ngokokuqala ngqa izinsalela ze “parrot lizard” zatholakala ngezimfundiso zaseMelika zikaHenry Osborne ngonyaka we-1923, ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwezazi zase-Mongolia. Ngemuva kwalokho inhlanhla yahambisana no-Osborne: ukutholwa okumangalisa kwenziwa, okwaphoqa ukubukeka okusha kwama-dinosaurs asendulo.
Isibonelo, uHenry Osborne uphakamise ukuthi ama-psittacosaurs angadla ngokuthula kanye namanye ama-dinosaurs e-herbivorous, ngokwesibonelo, ama-veurosaurs. Ama-psittacosaurs amancane aququda amaqabunga kanye namahlumela amasha aqhamuka ngaphansi, futhi abezokuvakasha abakhudlwana bathola ukudla kwabo phezulu kwezihlahla.
Ngokumangazayo, izinhlobo ezimbili zama-dinosaurs zihlangane ndawonye ukuze zizizwe zisondela ngesikhathi. Lapho nje umzingeli efika emkhawulweni wokubonakala, ama-dinosaurs axwayisa abanye ngokuzwakalayo futhi ahlakazeke ngezindlela ezihlukile, edida izihlobo ezinobuqili.
Kuyamangaza futhi ukuthi izinsalela zamaqhude ezinjalo zitholakala eYurophu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi i-psittacosaurus yake yakha ingxenye yeRussia yanamuhla. Manje ososayensi bacishe baqiniseka ngeziphetho zabo, kusalokhu kubasekela ngomphumela we-paleontological. (http://www.zoohall.com.ua)
Eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-130 edlule, izilwane ezincelisayo zidla ama-dinosaurs
Izinsalela zezilwane ezincelisayo ezisekuqaleni, uzimele wesiteshi esisodwa
Ukutholwa okwenziwe ngemizwa kwenziwa ngabasebenza ngama-paleontologists baseMelika. Kwavela ukuthi cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezili-130 edlule, izilwane ezincelisayo zidla ama-dinosaurs, i-CNN ibika icaphuna i-Associated Press.
E-China, kutholakala izinsalela zesilwane semvelo, esiswini sazo kwakungamathambo edayinaso encane. Imfucumfucu yatholakala eminyakeni emibili eyedlule esifundazweni saseChina iLiaoning, yathuthelwa eLebhu Laborator, lapho yafundwa khona ososayensi baseChina nabaseMelika. Abakutholile kungenzeka, ngokokubona kwabo, ngokuyisisekelo baphambukise imibono yangaphambilini mayelana neqhaza lezilwane ezincelisayo esikhathini sezidina.
I-psittacosaurus encane esiphenduke isisulu sezilwane ezincelisayo - okuthiwa i- "parrot lizard". Yaqanjwa kanjalo ngenxa yesakhiwo semihlathi esingajwayelekile, esifana noqhwaku lompheki, awukhipha kuwo amagatsha esihlahla. I-pangolin yahamba ngemilenze emibili, kodwa uma kwenzeka ingozi ingaba khona ngokugijima kwemine. Ubukhulu babantu abadala abudluli imitha eyodwa nohhafu, nesisindo - ama-15 kilos.
"Ekuqaleni, besicabanga ukuthi kungumbungu wezilwane ezincelisayo uqobo. Uma sesibhekisise kahle, sathola ukuthi kungenzeka kube idayinaso kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathambo atholakala ngqo lapho isilwane esinezinyoni sasinezisu," kusho isisebenzi saseMelika Museum of Natural History (eMelika. Imyuziyamu yoMlando Wezemvelo) Meng Jin.
Njengoba ososayensi betholile, izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulukazi, i-Repenomamus robustus, ezilingana nekati elikhulu, zazithokozela isililozi. Eduze kwatholakala ithambo lesikhumba somunye umbila, futhi lokhu akumangalisi. Iqiniso ngukuthi ubukhulu balesi silwane bukhulu kunenja yesimanje, yize ngaphambili bekukholelwa ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo zesikhathi ngaleso sikhathi zazincane izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili - okuncane kakhulu kune-chipmunk yesimanje.
Isazi se-Paleontologist uZhexi Luo wePittsburgh Carnegie Museum of Natural History sikholelwa ukuthi isitayela sezilwane zasendulo ezisencithisiwe sesichithiwe, nokuthi okutholakele kuwubufakazi bokuqala bokuthi izilwane ezincelisayo zidla ama-dinosaurs amancane ngesikhathi seCretaceous.
Incazelo
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-psittacosaurs ayehluke ngosayizi kanye nezici zesakhiwo skhanda kanye nomthambo, kepha ukwakheka komzimba wazo kwakucishe kufane. Izinhlobo ezifundwe kahle kakhulu, iMongolia psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus Mongoliensis), zafinyelela kubude obuyi-2 metres. Isisindo somzimba esiphezulu sesilwane esidala kungenzeka ukuthi singaphezu kwamakhilogremu angama-20. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-psittacosaurs zazifana ngosayizi amaMongolia (Psittacosaurus ezinkulu, Psittacosaurus neimongoliensis, Psittacosaurus xinjiangensis), ezinye zazincane (Psittacosaurus sinensis, Psittacosaurus meileyingensis).
I-psittacosaurus encane kunazo zonke eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Psittacosaurus ordosensis. Kwakungaphansi kwamaphesenti angama-30 kune-Psittacosaurus mongoliensis. Okukhulu kunabo bonke kwakungu-Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis noPhertacosaurus sibiricus, kodwa behluka kancane ngosayizi weMongolia psittacosaurus.
Igebhezi lama-psittacosaurs lalihluke kakhulu kwezigebhezi zabanye abadayisi bezinyoni zanamuhla abadla izinyoni. I-skull yama-psittacosaurs yayiphezulu kakhulu futhi imfushane, kwezinye izinhlobo ezicishe zizungeze iphrofayili. Ingxenye ephambi kwemigwaqo - imisebe yamehlo - ibalwa ama-40% kuphela ubude begebhezi, okungaphansi kakhulu kwalokho kwezinye izibankwa zezinkukhu ezaziwayo. Ngomhlathi ophansi we-psittacosaurs, uchungechunge lwama-bulge aqonde mpo okwenzeka enkabeni yezinyo ngalinye limpawu. Womabili umhlathi ongaphezulu naphansi wayehlotshiswe ngezinqubo ezishiwo ze-coracoid ezenziwe ngomlomo nangamathambo wangaphambili, ngokulandelana. Isisekelo seqhwa kungenzeka ukuthi simbozwe ngokhuni ukuze kucijiswe indawo yokusika komlomo ukuze izitshalo zisike ngempumelelo. Njengoba kukhonjiswa igama elejwayelekile lezilwane, ugebhezi olufushane noqhwaku lwangaphandle lufana nalolo lopholi wanamuhla. Esakhiweni segebhezi lama-psittacosaurs kunezici ezithile ezibonakaliswa ama-dinosaurs asezimpondweni sekwephuzile, ngokwesibonelo, ithambo lomlomo eliyingqayizivele ekugcineni komhlathi ongenhla, amathambo amakhulu e-zygomatic. Kodwa-ke, ama-psittacosaurs ayengenawo amathambo okwakheka entanyeni noma izimpondo ebusweni, okuyisimo sama-dinosaurs asezimpondo sekwephuzile. Esigebeni se-psittacosaurus yaseSiberia kukhona ukuphuma kwamathambo okwenziwe ngophondo, kepha kubhekwa njengomphumela wentuthuko yabaguquki.
Amanye amathambo we-psittacosaurs ahlukile kancane kumathambo ajwayelekile ezinkukhu ezi-bipedal yenkukhu-dinosaurs. Kwi-psittacosaurus yaseMongolia, njengakwezinye izinhlobo, ubude bezandulelo zingama-58% kuphela ubude bemilenze, lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ama-psittacosaurs achitha cishe yonke impilo yawo emilenzeni emibili. Emilenzeni yangaphambili (“izingalo”) zama-psittacosaurs kwakukhona iminwe emine kuphela, hhayi eyisihlanu, njengakwamanye ama-dinosaurs enkukhu (kufaka phakathi wonke ama-dinosaurs anezimpondo). Ngokuvamile, i-paw enezandla ezinezinyawo ezine yayihluke kakhulu kuma-dinosaurs amancane ezinkukhu.
Umnotho
Igama elithi psittacosaurus laqalwa ngo-1923 nguHenry Fairfield Osborn, isazi se-paleontologist, umongameli weMelika Museum of Natural History, esihlokweni esakhishwa ngo-Okthoba 19. Igama elijwayelekile lenziwa ngamagama esiGreki esiGreek. ψψτψτςς / psittakos (upholi) nesiGreek. I-σαυρος / sauros (i-lizard), futhi ikhombisa ukufana kwangaphandle kwekhanda lesilwane ngomlomo wopholi kanye nemvelo yazo.
Izinhlobo zama-psittacosaurs
Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili zibalwa ngohlobo lwama-psittacosaurs, kepha namuhla kusuka kweziyisishiyagalombili kuya kweziyishumi nanye zazo zithathwa njengezinqunywe ngokuthembekile. Njengamanje, leli inani elikhulu kunazo zonke zezilwane ezihlala zodwa ezinokwethenjwa kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwama-dinosaurs (ngaphandle kwezinyoni). Ngokungafani nama-psittacosaurs, iningi iningi lohlobo lwama-dinosaurs alusilo, okusho ukuthi, amelelwa uhlobo olulodwa. Umehluko onjalo kungenzeka unqunywa yi-arbitrariness yokuthola kwe-paleontological. Ama-Psittacosaurs aziwa njengamakhulu e-specimens, kuyilapho amanye ama-dinosaurs amaningi emelelwa yizinto ezingatholakali, ngokuvamile ezingashadile. Ngenxa yenani elikhulu lamasampula, ukucwaninga okuphelele kwama-psittacosaurs kwenzeka, lokhu kwasivumela ukuthi sikhombe futhi sinqume inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zazo. Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezikhona zimelelwa yizinhlobo eziningi, okubonisa ukuthi kukhona kwezinhlobo eziningi phakathi kwama-dinosaurs, yize iqiniso lokuthi izinsalela zazo azigcinwanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-dinosaurs amaningi aziwa kuphela ngezinsalela zamathambo, ezivumela ukuthi zilinganiswe kuphela yi-morphology yamathambo, ngenkathi izinhlobo ezikhona, ezinamathambo wamathambo kakhulu, ziyehluka kakhulu kwezinye izinhlamvu ezingagcinwanga ngendlela yamathambo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zalokhu nezinye izinhlobo zama-dinosaurs kungaba kukhulu kakhulu kunokuqashelwa njengamanje.
- Izinhlobo ezisungulwe ngokuthembekile psittacosaurus
- I-Mongolian psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus mongoliensis) - IMongolia, inyakatho yeChina.
- I-Chinese psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus sinensis) - enyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina.
- IMaylain psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus meileyingensis) - Enyakatho-maphakathi neChina.
- I-Xinjiang psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus xinjiangensis) - Enyakatho nentshonalanga yeChina.
- I-Inner Mongol psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus neimongoliensis) - Enyakatho-maphakathi neChina.
- I-Ordos psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus ordosensis) - North-Central China.
- Matsongshan psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus mazongshanensis) - I-Northwest China.
- ISiberia psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus sibiricus) - ENingizimu yeSiberia, eRussia.
- I-Lutsijun psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis) - enyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina.
- I-Psittacosaurus enkulu (Psittacosaurus enkulu) - enyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina.
- Cishe izinhlobo psittacosaurus
- ?I-Psittacosaurus Sattayaraki (Psittacosaurus sattayaraki) - EThailand.
Psitaccosaurus
Psitaccosaurus : "dinosaur enezimpondo ezintathu"
Isikhathi sokuba khona: ukuphela kweCretaceous - cishe izigidi ezingama-70-65 zeminyaka edlule
Isigcawu: Izinkukhu
Isizinda: Izindlela zokwelapha
Izici ezejwayelekile zabelaphi:
- uhambe ngemilenze emine
- udle imifino
- Izimpondo nezimbobo zamathambo zazigqokwa ekhanda
- isikhumbuzo saphela ngomlomo onjengepholior
Ubukhulu:
ubude - 1.5 m
ukuphakama - 1.4 m
isisindo - 40 kg.
Umsoco: dinosaur herbivorous
Kutholakele: 1923, iMongolia
I-Psitaccosaurus - i-dinosaur ye-Cretaceous. I-psitaccosaurus imele iqembu lama-dinosaurs abizwa ngokuthi ama-Therapies, athandwa ngesikhathi se-Cretaceous.
Idayinaso yakudala yalolu hlobo yayingamamitha ayi-1,5 ubude, futhi yayingaba nesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-40. Ubude bama-psitaccosaurus cubs babuyizingqimba zamasentimitha angama-25.
I-psitaccosaurus, ummeleli wakudala wama-ceratops, ayengafani kakhulu nezihlobo zakhe ezedlule. Kunalokho wabukeka njengommeleli we-ornithopod. Ezinye izazi zize zikubheke njengommeleli wama-ornithopods amancane.
Ngokunokwenzeka, i-psitaccosaurus yayingeyasesigabeni sezinguquko phakathi kwala maqembu ahlobene. Ngama-ornithopods ulethwa ndawonye ngamandulelo amafushane ngeminwe emincane. Kepha ekwakhekeni okungunxande kwekhanda kukhona izici zama-ceratops: uqhwaku olukhulu esihlathini, imihlathi ngaphandle kwamazinyo ngaphambili. I-crestst itholakala kwisigaxa, kanti izicubu zomhlathi zinamathiselwe kuyo. Lokhu kuqubuka emuva kwesikhathi kuzojika kube yikhola yethambo nesihlangu kuma-ceratopsid aphuzile. I-psittacosaurus yayinezinzwane ezine. Igama elejwayelekile lesidina liqukethe amagama esiGreek athi "parrot" ne "lizard", akhombisa ukufana kwekhanda ledayinaso ngomlomo wopholi.
Izidumbu ze-psittacosaurus zatholakala eMongolia ngo-1922-1925 ngohambo olwalwenziwa yiMelika Museum of Natural History. Ukuchazwa kokuqala kwezinhlobo ezintsha kwashicilelwa ngumongameli walesi sigcinimagugu, uHenry Fairfield Osborne, ngonyaka we-1923. Ngesikhathi sokuhamba, ezinye izimodeli nazo zahlungwa, ezahlala zingafakwanga lutho kuze kube ngu-1980. Kwatholakala kamuva ukuthi amanye amathambo ngele-psittacosaurus encane.
Ukuhlukaniswa
Ama-Pittacosaurs ayizinhlobo zohlobo lomndeni we-psittacosaurus. Kanye nama-psittacosaurs, uhlobo olulodwa kuphela, ama-gonshanosaurs, okwamanje abelwe lo mndeni. I-Psittacosaurus yabeka isisekelo cishe sayo yonke imidlwane eyaziwayo enezimpondo, ngaphandle kohlobo lwe-Yinlong futhi, mhlawumbe, umndeni kaChaoyangsauridae. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ama-psittacosaurs ayengamagatsha okuqala esihlahla somndeni wama-dinosaur anezimpondo, ama-psittacosaurs uqobo kungenzeka awazange abe okhokho abaqondile kwamanye amaqembu ama-dinosaurs anophondo. Zonke ezinye izibankwakazi ezazinezimpondo zazigcina umunwe wesihlanu ezinqamweni zazo, kanti ama-psittacosaurs aba nemifino emine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohlelweni lokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ama-psittacosaurs alahlekelwe ama-preorbital foramen agcinwe kuma-dinosaurs amaningi anezimpondo cishe nawo wonke amanye ama-archosaurs. Amathuba wokuphinda akhule ngomunwe wesihlanu noma i-infraorbital foramen kubhekwa njengengathandeki kakhulu.
Ngaphandle kokuthi izinhlobo eziningi zama-psittacosaurs zikhonjwe, ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlobo bezingakatholakali ngokugcwele, futhi akukho ukuqonda okugcwele phakathi kososayensi ngalokhu. Imininingwane yokuhlaziywa kwakamuva nephelele kwe-phylogenetic yashicilelwa ngu-Alexander Averyanov nozakwabo ngo-2006:
Psittacosaurs |
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