Ukuhlonza ubudlelwane phakathi kwesimo semvelo nemisebenzi yabantu yesayensi nezomnotho emkhakheni wezokwakha.

- Ukuze ufunde ngezinkinga zemvelo ezivelayo ngenkathi kwakhiwa kanye nokusebenza kwezakhiwo nezinhlaka,

-Ukufunda izindlela nezindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga zemvelo ezivelayo inqubo yokwakhiwa kanye nokusebenza kwezakhiwo nezinhlaka,

- Ukuze ujwayele abafundi ngezitayela zamanje ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yezokwakha namathemba ayo.

Igama elithi "i-ecology" laziswa ngonyaka we-1866. Isayensi ekhuluma ngobudlelwano bezinto eziphilayo kanye nemiphakathi eyakhelayo phakathi kwayo nemvelo.

Ekhulwini lokugcina, maqondana nomthelela owandayo womuntu emvelweni, imvelo iye yathola ukubaluleka okukhethekile njengesisekelo sesayensi sokulawulwa kwemvelo okunengqondo.

Amadolobha ayizikhungo zokuthuthuka kwezomnotho eRussia; ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-70 abantu balelo lizwe bagxile kuwo, ngakho-ke, emadolobheni lapho kuphakama umbuzo ophuthumayo kakhulu wesidingo sokugcina indawo enhle. Ukuxinana okuphezulu kwenani labantu, ezokuhamba nezamabhizinisi ezimboni ezindaweni ezinomkhawulo kuyimbangela enkulu yezinkinga zemvelo emadolobheni, okuyizinto ezinkulu ezikhona:

• Ukungcoliswa komoya.
• Ukungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi engaphezulu.
• Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
• Ukwephula kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwenhlabathi evundile, usawoti, ukubeka amanzi kanye nokuchithwa kwezindawo.
• Ukukhuphuka kwendawo okuhlala kuyo ukuqothulwa komhlaba ngenkunkuma eqinile kamasipala.
• Ukuntuleka kwendawo eluhlaza okotshani

Kuleli phepha, sidingida kabanzi ngalezi zinkinga nezimbangela zazo.

Sizocubungula lonke uhla lwezinkinga eziphathelene nemboni yezokwakha.

Funda umsebenzi ogcwele (umsebenzi woqobo):

Ukuxhaswa
(495) 589-87-71

Insizakalo "yamazwana" yithuba labo bonke abafundi bethu ukwengeza okuqukethwe okushicilelwe kwiwebhusayithi ngamaqiniso noma ukuveza umbono wabo esihlokweni esimbozwe yilokho okuqukethwe.

Ibhodi lokuhlela le-Igormio.ru ligodla ilungelo lokususa ukuphawula komsebenzisi ngaphandle kwesixwayiso futhi lichaze nezizathu. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kungenzeka kungenzeki uma unamathela kule mithetho elandelayo:

1. Ungathumeli imilayezo engenamqondo engathwali umthwalo we-semantic.
2. Akuvunyelwe ukuthumela amazwana abhalwe aphelele noma ingxenye yemodi ye-Caps Lock. Kwenqatshelwe ukusebenzisa izinkulumo ezihlambalazayo neziqalekiso ezingacasula inhlonipho nesithunzi, kanye nemizwa kazwelonke neyenkolo yabantu (kunoma yiluphi ulimi, kunoma yikuphi ukufaka ikhodi, kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yomyalezo - isihloko, umbhalo, isiginesha, njll.)
3. Inkulumo yokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa notshwala ayivunyelwe. Isibonelo, xoxa ngezinzuzo zokusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lomuthi, zithi alunangozi empilweni.
4. Akuvunyelwe ukuxoxa ngezindlela zokwenziwa, kanye nezindawo nezindlela zokusatshalaliswa kwezidakamizwa, izikhali kanye neziqhumane.
5. Kuyenqatshelwa ukuthumela imiyalezo okuhloswe ngayo ukuvusa inzondo yomphakathi, yobuzwe, yezocansi nenkolo nokungabekezelelani nganoma iyiphi indlela.
6. Kwenqatshelwe ukuthumela imiyalezo ngqo noma ngokungaqondile ebiza ukwephulwa komthetho we Russian Federation. Isibonelo: ungakhokhi intela, ungasebenzi ebuthweni, uketula umsebenzi wezinsizakalo zedolobha, njll.
7. Kwenqatshelwe ukusebenzisa izithombe eziyimfihlo, izithombe ezinophawu lokuthengisa olubhalisiwe nezithombe ezinezithombe zabantu abadumile njenge-avatar. Abahleli banelungelo lokususa ama-avatar ngaphandle kwesixwayiso nencazelo yezizathu.
8. Kwenqatshelwe ukushicilela imibono equkethe ukuhlambalaza komuntu uqobo we-forum interlocutor, umhlaziyi, okunikezwe umbono wakhe esihlokweni, kanjalo nentatheli.

Izimangalo zekhwalithi yezinto zokwenziwa, izihloko, umsebenzi wezintatheli nabezindaba ngokubanzi, ziyathumela ku

Imininingwane itholakala kuphela kubasebenzisi ababhalisiwe.

Bakwethu Abathandekayo. Sikucela ngomusa ukuthi uqaphele kakhulukazi lapho ugcwalisa isicelo. Ngokusekelwe kwifomu eligcwalisiwe, kukhishwa isitifiketi sobuchwepheshe. Uma kunemininingwane ebekwe ngokungeyikho, inhlangano ayinasibopho.

Ukwakha izakhiwo zemvelo ezinobungoti esimeni esilinganiselwe sendawo ehlala emadolobheni nemvelo. Izinyathelo zokuvikela imvelo ngemisebenzi yokwakha. Ukulinganiswa kokungcola komoya. Ukuvikelwa kwamatshe ezikhumbuzo zezwe nezamasiko.

Thumela umsebenzi wakho omuhle kwisisekelo solwazi silula. Sebenzisa ifomu elingezansi

Abafundi, abafundi abaneziqu, ososayensi abancane abasebenzisa isisekelo solwazi ezifundweni zabo nasemsebenzini bazokubonga kakhulu.

Kuthunyelwe http://www.allbest.ru/

Kuthunyelwe http://www.allbest.ru/

Izinkinga zemvelo embonini yezokwakha

1. Isingeniso sezinkinga zemvelo embonini yezokwakha

2. Ukulinganiswa kokungcola komoya

3. Ukungcoliswa kwe-Atmospheric

1. Isingeniso sezinkinga zemvelo embonini yezokwakha

Umhlaba omkhulukazi uba mncane embonini ethuthukayo, amadolobha asanda kwakhiwa, kanye nesibalo sabantu esifika ngokushesha. Izinkinga zemvelo zikhula ngesivinini esifanayo. Minyaka yonke, kushiswa amathani ezi-oxygen eziyizigidi ezingama-20 emhlabeni. Ibhalansi yayo isagcinwa eMhlabeni ngenxa yamahlathi ashisayo. Kepha ziya ngokuya zincipha njalo ngonyaka. Ngokuvamile, amathani angaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane zezinto ezahlukahlukene ngonyaka asetshenziswa emhlabeni. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, kuphela amathani ayizigidi eziyisigidi ama-arsenic, amathani ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane, amathoni ayizigidi eziyi-1,35, ama-silicon, amathani ezinkulungwane ezingama-900 e-carbon monoxide, amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-600 e-zinc akhululwa emoyeni kuphela. Isizinda esisodwa samandla okushisa sisebenza sifinyelela kumathani angama-800 omlotha kanye namathani ayi-125 wesibabule ngosuku. Lolu akulona uhla oluphelele lokuthi yini engena emkhathini evela emisebenzini ye-anthropogenic. Amanzi olwandle nolwandle angaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu yemvelo, okuholela ekunciphiseni kwezindawo zokuhlanzwa kwamanzi olwandle kanye nokwehla komkhiqizo wazo wezinto eziphilayo. Isembozo senhlabathi somhlaba singasakwazi ukubhekana nokungcola okwenziwe ngumuntu, ezimeni eziningi imvelo ingakaguquki ukuze icubungulule ukungcola okuqhelelanisa nakho. Imvelo ibhekana nemithwalo eyeqisayo eholela ekucindezelweni nasekufeni kwayo. Kulesi sithombe esibuhlungu somkhakha wezokwakha, kukhona umnikelo ongabonakala. Isikhathi sesifikile lapho kungekhona kuphela ukuthi kufanele sikhulume kakhulu ngakho, kodwa futhi nokwazi isayensi entsha engasiza ekuxazululeni izinkinga zemvelo. Enye yalezi zesayensi entsha ukwakha imvelo. Iziphi izingqinamba azodingida zona. Uhla lwalezi zinkinga lubalulekile:

Izinhlobo eziphambili zomthelela we-anthropogenic ne-anthropogenic ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa nokusebenza kwezakhiwo nezinhlaka,

Izindlela zokulungisa umhlaba ngesikhathi sokwakha,

· Ukulondolozwa kwe-lithosphere namanzi aphansi komhlaba,

· Izisombululo zemvelo zokwakha,

Ubuchwepheshe bokwakha okuhlaza,

· Ukulahlwa kukadoti ngesikhathi sokwakha,

Ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo,

Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obungeyona imfucuza ekwakhiweni kwezixazululo,

Ukuqapha isimo sendalo kanye nokwenza izinqumo ngemiphumela yako,

· Izici zokwakha nezokwakha zokwakha imvelo,

Izingqinamba ezingokomthetho zezemvelo nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.

Imithelela ye-Technogenic ne-anthropogenic emvelweni ifaka zonke izinhlobo zemithelela edalwe yithekhnoloji futhi ngqo ngumuntu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:

· Ukungcola (ukwethula imvelo yama-ejenti amasha omzimba, amakhemikhali noma webhayoloji angenasici sawo, noma okudlula izinga lemvelo lalawa ma-ejenti),

· Ukuguqulwa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokubhujiswa kwezinhlelo zemvelo namathafa endawo (inqubo yokukhishwa kwezinsiza zemvelo, ukwakhiwa, njll.),

Ukuphelelwa amandla kwezinsiza zemvelo (amaminerali, amanzi, umoya, njll.),

· Imithelela yesimo sezulu somhlaba jikelele (ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu),

Amathonya obuhle (izinguquko ngezindlela zemvelo ezingathandeki ekuboneni nakwezinye izinto).

Ngenxa yemithelela ebanzi enjalo, ukwakheka kwe-biosphere, umjikelezo kanye nokulingana kwezinto kuyashintsha. Ibhalansi eshisayo yomhlaba, ukwakheka komhlaba womhlaba (ukwakhiwa, ukubekwa komlotha, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokugcina, ukufakwa komhlaba kabusha, njll.) Kuyashintsha kanti ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo ziyachithwa zithuthelwe ezindlini ezintsha. Yonke imithelela eyenziwe ngabantu iholela ekuwohlokeni kwekhwalithi yemvelo, evumayo, ngoba kukhiqizwe ngaphezulu kwezigidi zeminyaka yemvelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Enye yezinhlobo eziphambili zemithelela emibi ukungcola. Ukungcola kwehlukaniswe ngohlobo lomthombo, imiphumela nezinyathelo zokulawula. Lokhu kungamanzi angcolile, ukuphuma kwamagesi, ukuhambisa indle, ukuhogela umoya-mpilo, ukuthwala izifo, izinto zenani lomsoco zokhula, amaminerali, ama-asidi angapholi, usawoti, izinto zokugcoba eziqinile, izinto ezinomsakazo, njll. Ukungcola kusuka emithonjeni (imfucuza evela kumabhizinisi wezimboni, amasayithi okwakha, imfucuza yasendlini, imfucuza evela kwezokuhamba, amandla, ezolimo, kanye nemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo zamakhemikhali) ingena emkhathini, i-hydrosphere, i-lithosphere, futhi kusuka ku-ecotope (izindawo zomphakathi wama-biotic) zidluliselwa kuzo zonke izakhi ze-biocenosis (izitshalo, izilwane, ama-microorganisms). Ukungcola kungaba yimvelo (imvamisa kubangelwa izinhlekelele - izintaba-mlilo, izikhukhula zodaka, iziphepho, ama-tsunami, ukuzamazama komhlaba, njll.) Kanye nokwenziwe ngumuntu (kusuka emisebenzini yabantu). Ukungcoliswa kwe-anthropogenic kuhlukaniswe i-biological, mechanical, chemical, ngokomzimba. Ukungcoliswa okukodwa okuqonde ngqo ekwakhiweni kungahlukaniswa - okubukwayo nokunobuhle, okubandakanya ushintsho olubi ekubonakaleni komhlaba.

Ukungcoliswa komzimba kungaba okushisa ngenxa yokwanda kokushisa ngenxa yokulahleka kokushisa embonini, ezakhiweni zokuhlala, emafini okushisa, njll., Umsindo ngenxa yokuqina komsindo ngenxa yomsebenzi wamabhizinisi, amasayithi okwakha, traffic, njll, ukukhanya ngenxa ukukhanyisa okuningana ngenxa yemithombo yokukhanya okwenziwe nge-elektroniki, i-electromagnetic ngenxa yesenzo somsakazo, amathelevishini, ukufakwa kwezimboni, okuphathelene nomsakazo ngenxa yokwanda kwezinga lemvelo (ingemuva) lokuqukethwe kwezinto ezinemisebe (ngokwesibonelo, ezintweni ezingavuthiwe zokwenziwa kwezinto zokwakha, kumalahle e- ukuyishisa ngo-boilers wezitshalo zamandla ezishisayo). Ukungcoliswa komzimba kungaholela ekukhuleni kokungahambi kahle kwezilwane, izitshalo nabantu. Ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali kungabangelwa ukwethulwa kwanoma yiziphi izinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali ezintsha (ngokwesibonelo, ngokusekelwe kuma-polymers) noma ngokwanda kokuxakaniseka kwesipho samakhemikhali endaweni yemvelo. Amakhemikhali amaningi ayasebenza futhi angaxhumana nama-molecule ezinto ezakha into ephilayo, noma asebenzele i-oxid emoyeni, kuyilapho eba yingozi ezintweni eziphilayo.

Ukungcoliswa kwemishini okubangelwa izinto ezingenawo umthelela wenyama noma wamakhemikhali emvelweni kunesici ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni nasekwenziweni kwezinto zokwakha. Lokhu kufaka phakathi imfucuza evela kumatshe okwenziwa ngamatshe nokukhiqizwa kukakhonkolo okuqinisekisiwe, imfucuza kusuka kulungiswa kwezakhiwo nezinhlaka. Ukungcoliseka kwendalo kanye nokuvela kwezinto eziphilayo kwenzeka lapho imfucumfucu yezinto eziphilayo ingena imvelo ngenxa yokuphindaphindeka okusheshayo kwama-microorganisms kuma-anthropogenic substrates. Lokhu kungcoliswa kuyimpawu yomkhakha wezokwakha maqondana nokuthuthukiswa komkhakha omusha - i-biology yezokwakha. Zonke izinhlobo zokungcola okungena emoyeni, enhlabathini, emanzini zingena ezintweni eziphilayo, kunciphisa umkhiqizo noma zonakalise imvelo. Umkhakha wezokwakha wenza elikhulu iqhaza esithombeni sokungcoliswa kwemvelo.

Isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa nokwenziwa kabusha kwezindawo zomhlaba ezikhula njalo, njengamanje kuqhathaniswa nendawo engaphezulu komhlaba, akugcini nje ngokufaka ingxenye ethile yomhlaba ekukhetheni okungokwemvelo, kepha futhi kuguqula umbuso wamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ukuhwamuka, njll., Okugcina kuphule lokho okukhona ukuxhumana ohlelweni lwe-biogeocenosis. Kodwa-ke, akekho umuntu osacubungule ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye yaphezulu yomhlaba engambozwa yigobolondo elingenakufinyeleleka, ukuze umonakalo ongalungiseki ubangelwe kuphiko lwezinto eziphilayo. Onjiniyela bezombusazwe besikhathi esizayo kufanele bacabangele futhi bafundisise zonke izinhlobo zemithelela yemvelo ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo nezinhlaka, kanye nokuphakamisa izindlela zokuvikela imvelo ngezinyathelo zokwakha. Le misebenzi ifaka:

Ukuvikelwa nokusizwa ekuthuthukiseni okunengqondo komoya, kwezwe, imvelo ye-hydrogeological yezilwane zasendle (i-biocenosis)

· Ukulawulwa kokungcola: amakhemikhali, okuphilayo, amaminerali, okushisayo, okuphathekayo, okubukwayo,

· Ukusetshenziswa kwezomnotho kwezinsiza ezingavuseleleki zoMhlaba (amandla, njll.),

Ukulondolozwa komhlaba kanye nokubuyiselwa komhlaba ngezinhloso zezolimo, ezokungcebeleka, ukwakhiwa kwamapaki, izingadi, imvelo yolondolozo,

· Ukuvikelwa kwezindawo ezikhumbuzo zamakhemikhali namasiko

· Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezinemvelo ezinendawo elungele ukusebenza yasemadolobheni nemvelo,

Ukuqapha ukwenza izinqumo ngesikhathi.

Ukuqala noma yikuphi ukwakhiwa (izindawo zokuhlala, amadolobha, izinto), kuyadingeka ukufaka isakhiwo esinengqondo (isilinganiso sendawo eyakhiwe ngamadolobha nemvelo), kanye nokwakhiwa kwendawo (kucatshangelwa isimo sendawo nemvelo yendawo). Kuyadingeka ukuthi izinto zokwakha nezokwakha zilinganise into emvelweni. Isiqondiso esiyinhloko sokwakhiwa kwesimanje ukugcina ingaphezulu lomhlaba nokusiza, i.e. ukwenza ukwakhiwa lapho amasimu wezolimo noma ezokungcebeleka engenakusetshenziswa (imithambeka, imigodi, amagquma, izigodi, izindawo ezisogwini). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa ukwakhiwa komhlaba nangaphansi komhlaba, kanye nokwakha izakhiwo eziphakanyiswe ngaphezu kobuso bomhlaba ngezigxobo (izinsika) nezakhiwo ezindaweni ezakhiwe (ngokwesibonelo, ezakhiwe eshalofini). Onjiniyela bezomphakathi kumele bahlakulele ukwakhiwa kwe-biopositive. Ngamabhilidi nezakhiwo ezinhlobonhlobo zakhiwa izakhiwo ezisiza ukuthuthukiswa kwezilwane zasendle - izitshalo nezilwane. Isibonelo, izakhiwo ze-biopositive engineering:

· Izimbali ezigcina imibala

· Izihlangu zemisindo ezibekwe emigwaqweni emikhulu nasezindaweni ezingomakhelwane,

Amaphahla aluhlaza, amathala, izindonga,

· Izakhiwo ze-Biopositive underwater - abaqoqi bezitshalo abahlukahlukene kanye nokuthola ukudla kwasolwandle, njll.

Kufanele kubhekwe kakhulu lapho kuchithwa imfucuza yezimboni neyokwakha ukuze ikhiqize izinto zokwakha ezingabizi futhi isebenzise amandla wesibili - amandla okushisa. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa izinhlobo eziphambili zemfucuza yezimboni:

Amagesi we-Flue amayunithi atholakalayo,

· Amatshe angasetshenziswanga (athwaliswe imithambo),

· Imfucuza evela ekwakhiweni ngokwayo (izakhiwo zokwakha nezinto ezinephutha).

Onjiniyela bezokwakha kumele bazi izindlela zanamuhla nezindlela zokulahlwa kukadoti lapho kukhiqizwa izinto zokwakha ezahlukahlukene (ngokwesibonelo, ezisindayo, ezikhanyayo, ikakhulukazi ekhonkrithi okhanyayo, amatshe okugcwala noma i-tersa - imfucuza yamatshe, njll.), Kanye nezindlela zokusebenzisa ukushisa namagesi avela ekulahlekelweni komhlaba okwenzeka ngemvelo ( okuyinto okwamanje efanele kakhulu).Onjiniyela bezomphakathi badinga ukusebenzisa izimpumelelo zesimanje ekuthuthukiseni nasekwakheni imithombo yamandla engeyona yendabuko (evuselelekayo). Yonke imithombo yamandla engeyona yendabuko ibhekwa maqondana nezidingo zokwakha, i.e. ukuhlinzeka amandla nokushisa ukuze kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezihlanzekile ngokwezomnotho:

· Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla elanga usebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-hita,

· Ukusetshenziswa kokuguqula kwamandla elanga kube amandla kagesi,

· Ukusetshenziswa kwamaphampu okushisa ukuthola kabusha ukushisa,

· Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla komoya kanye nezitshalo zamandla. Izisombululo zemiklamo yeziteshi ezinjalo zingahlanganiswa nezakhiwo ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene endaweni yamanzi nasezindaweni ezinemimoya enamandla eqhubekayo,

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okushisa komhlaba ngaphansi komhlaba.

Onjiniyela bezombusazwe kufanele bazi ukuthi bangasiqapha kanjani isimo semvelo ukuze benze izinqumo ezifika ngesikhathi mayelana nezinguquko ezinhlelweni zokwakhiwa noma kokusebenza kwezakhiwo ezakhiwayo. Kwezindawo (umoya, amanzi, okomhlaba nezilwane zasendle), ukungcoliswa (amaminerali, amakhemikhali, okuphathekayo, okushisayo), kanye nezinga kanye nokunyakaza kwamanzi asemhlabathini, isimo, ukwakheka kobungako kanye nobungako bezitshalo, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, amapayipi okuphuma komoya kuyalinganiselwa namanzi nokuningi. Unjiniyela osebenza embusweni unesibopho sokwazi izindaba ezingokomthetho zokuvikelwa kwemvelo, imisebenzi yakhe kanye nesibopho sokwephulwa kwezenzo zomthetho (kuze kube sebugebengwini).

2. Ukulinganiswa kokungcola komoya

umkhathi wokwakha imvelo

Ukungcola okungena emkhathini kube nemiphumela ehlukahlukene enobuthi emzimbeni womuntu. Ikhabhoni monoxide Kuthinta amasistimu wezinzwa nawenhliziyo, okubangela ukukhubazeka (kuhlangana ne-hemoglobin yegazi, eyehluleka ukudlulisela i-oksijini kwezicubu). Njengoba i-carbon monoxide iyigesi engenawo umbala futhi inephunga, lokhu kuyenza ibe yingozi ikakhulukazi. Izimpawu zokuqala ze-carbon monoxide ubuthi (ukubonakala kobuhlungu ekhanda) zenzeka ekugxileni kwe-CO cishe ngama-200-220 mg / m 3 isikhathi sokuvezwa amahora angu-2-3. Ekugxilweni okuphezulu okuphezulu kwe-CO, umuzwa wethonya uvela emathempelini, isiyezi. Lapho kukhona ama-nitrogen oxides emoyeni, ubuthi be-CO buyanda, ngakho-ke, ukugxila okuvumelekile kwe-CO emoyeni kufanele kuncishiswe cishe izikhathi eziyi-1.5. I-nitrogen oxides NOx (CHA, N₂O₃CHA₂, N₂O₅) I-ox2 eyakhiqiwe eyinhloko engenawo umbala futhi ayinaphunga, inobuthi obukhulu, iyacasula ohlelweni lokuphefumula lomuntu. Ama-nitrogen oxides ayingozi ikakhulukazi emadolobheni lapho, lapho exhumana namagesi ezimoto we-hydrocarbon, enza inkungu eyizithombe - "smog". Ubuthi be-nitrogen oxide buqala ngokukhwehlela okungatheni. Ngokunyuka kokuxineka kwe-NOx, ukukhwehlela okunzima, ukuhlanza, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuvela ikhanda. Lapho kuthintwa i-nitrogen oxides enamanzi angaphansi omanzi wamaphaphu, ifomu le-HNO acid₃ no hno₂okuholela ku-edema ye-pulmonary edema. Ngamahora amaningi okuvezwa, ukugxila okubekezelelekile okungadluli ku-70 mg / m 3. Ekuqoqweni kwe-nitrogen oxides ka-10-20 mg / m 3 iphunga liyazwakala. Ku-3 mg / m 3 azikho izehlakalo ezenziwayo. Ama-nitrogen oxides axhumana nezinto eziningi, azonakalise. Isibabule sikadayi₂. Igesi engenamibala enephunga le-pungent, esevele ekugxileni okuncane (20-30 mg / m 3) yakha ukunambitheka okungathandeki emlonyeni, icasule ulwelwesi lwama-mucous lamehlo kanye nepheshana lokuphefumula, ekugxileni okungaba ngu-50 mg / m 3 okwakha ngokulandelana N₂Ngakho₃ kanye noH₂Ngakho₄. Umbundu wephunga ngu-3-6 mg / m 3. Emvelweni, ezizwela kakhulu ku-SO₂ amahlathi aqukethe futhi aqobayo, njengoba i-SO2 iqongelela emaqabungeni nasezinalwaneni. Uma iqukethe i-SO₂ emoyeni kusuka ku-0.23 kuya ku-0,32 mg / m 3, uphayini uyancipha eminyakeni engama-2-3 ngenxa ye-photosynthesis nezinaliti zikaphayini. Izinguquko ezifanayo ezihlahleni eziyinqaba zenzeka lapho kugxotshwa i-SO₂ cishe ngu-0.5-1.0 mg / m 3. Ama-Hydrocarbons (uphethiloli, i-pentane, i-hexane, njll.). Banomphumela we-narcotic, ekugxilweni okuphansi banciphisa umsebenzi, babangela ikhanda, isiyezi, njll. Ngakho-ke, lapho kufakwa umoya wamandla kaphethiloli ekuqoqweni okungaba ngu-600 mg / m 3 amahora angu-8, ukuphathwa ikhanda, ukukhwehlela, kanye nokuzwa okungathandeki emphinjeni kwenzeka. Ama-carcinogens ayingozi ethile - ukuthintana ngqo nawo ngezicubu eziphila kungaholela esimweni esibuhlungu. Ukungena okuyingozi kakhulu kwalezi zinto ohlelweni lokuphefumula.

Ama-carcinogens awakhishwa emzimbeni. Izinto ze-carcinogenic zifaka i-benz (a) pyrene (C₂₀N₁₂), eyakheka ezinqubweni ze-pyrolysis yamalahle kanye ne-hydrocarbon fuels (emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-600 ° C), itholakala kumasokisi, amagesi weflue nemagesi aqeda izimoto. I-Aldehydes (ikakhulukazi i-formaldehyde). Lapho zivezwa kubantu, zibangela ukucasuka kulwelwesi lwama-mucous lamehlo kanye nepheshana lokuphefumula. Iphunga le-formaldehyde libonakala ekuhlanganeni kwe-0,2 mg / m 3. Ukuhlala isikhathi eside esimeni esine-formaldehyde okuhlushwa okuyi-1.0 kuye ku-9.5 mg / m 3 kuholela ekucasuleni ulwelwesi lwe-mucous lwamehlo kanye nepheshana lokuphefumula, nokuqukethwe okuhlelekile kwe-20-70 mg / m 3 ikhanda, ubuthakathaka, ukulahleka kokudla kuyaphawulwa, ukuqwasha, ukucasuka okukhulu kwezimpawu zolwelwesi lwamehlo. Uthuli lwe-Atmospheric lwemvelaphi ehlukahlukene nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali. Njalo ukhona emoyeni. Ngokuhlanganiswa okungapheleli kwamafutha, kwakheka umusi, okuyi-powder engahlanzeki ohlakazeka kakhulu, i-90-95% enezinhlayiya ze-carbon. I-Soot inesilinganiso esiphakeme se-adsorption maqondana nama-hydrocarbons asindayo, kufaka phakathi i-benz (a) i-pyrene, eyenza i-soot ibe yingozi kakhulu kubantu. Umthombo wothuli lwasemkhathini umlotha okhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuhlangana kwamafutha futhi, ngobuningi obuthile, obuhanjiswa emkhathini ngamagesi aqeda kakhulu.

Umlotha uqukethe i-carbon, i-hydrocarbons ngesimo sama-resins kanye nama-oyili, kanye nezinto ezihlanganisiwe. Ukwakheka okusakazekile kwezixwayi kanye nokubi kunquma ukungena kwabo emzimbeni womuntu, ukuqina kokuphuma komoya othulini esibhakabhakeni futhi kucishe kube yisici esinqumayo lapho kukhethwa izindlela nezindlela zokuvikela umkhathi ekukhuculweni komoya nothuli. Ingozi ethize kubantu yizinsephe ezinobuthi ezinobuthi obuyizinhlayiyana ezingama-0.5-10 microns angena emkhathini ngokuphuma komoya futhi angene kalula ohlelweni lokuphefumula. Ubungako bezinhlayiya ezinobuntu bezinhlobo ezithile zokungcola okuqinile nokwuketshezi komoya bunikezwa ngezansi:

Ithebula 1. Ubukhulu bezinhlayiya ezinobunzima bezinhlobo ezithile zokungcola okuqinile nokwamanzi komoya

Ubukhulu bezinhlayiyana, amagciwane.

Ubukhulu bezinhlayiyana, amagciwane.

3. Ukuqoqwa kokungcola kunquma umzimba, amakhemikhali kanye nezinye izinhlobo zemvelo yento futhi kuhlobana nemingcele eyinhloko lapho kufakwa emgomeni ukujwayelekile kokungametheki komkhathi.

Ukugxilwa okuvunyelwe okuphezulu kokungcoliswa komoya ezindaweni zokuhlala kulawulwa ngohlu lwe-USSR Ministry of Health No. 1892-78 lwango-Agasti 1, 1978 ngokungezelelwa kweNombolo 2063-79 lwango-Okthoba 11, 1979 kanye no-No. 2394-81 kusukela ngoMeyi 7, 1981, ngokuhambisana lapho kusungulwa isigaba sezinto eziyingozi, inani elivunyelwe lesikhathi esisodwa nokulinganiselwa okujwayelekile kwansuku zonke (Kwizinto ezinobungozi ama-MPC abo angavunyelwe, uMnyango Wezempilo wase-USSR unqume amazinga aphambili wokulimaza (i-SEC) wokungcola emkhathini wezindawo zokuhlala ze-SEC zivunyelwe isikhathi esiyiminyaka emithathu). Ukubekwa phambili kokufakwa kwesayensi kwamazinga wokuqukethwe okuvumelekile kokungcoliseka komkhathi kungokwesayensi yaseSoviet futhi, okokuqala, i-V.Ya. I-Ryazanov. I-MPC ukugcwala okukhulu kokungahlanzeki emkhathini, okuhlobene nesikhathi esithile sokwejwayelekile, okuthi, ngokuvezwa ngezikhathi ezithile noma kuyo yonke impilo yomuntu, akunamphumela olimazayo kukho, kufaka phakathi imiphumela yesikhathi eside, nemvelo yonkana. Uma into inomphumela olimazayo emvelweni ezungezile ekujuleni okuphansi kunasemzimbeni womuntu, lapho-ke lapho belinganisa bephuma bangene emkhondweni wokusebenza kwalesi zinto emvelweni ezungezile.

I-MPC ephezulu yesikhathi esisodwa iyisici esiyinhloko sengozi yento elimazayo. Kusungulwe ukuze kuvikelwe ukuvela kwe-reflex kubantu (ukuhogela, ushintsho lomsebenzi we-bioelectric wobuchopho, umuzwa okhanyayo wamehlo, njll.) Ngokuchayeka kwesikhashana kwesikhashana kokungcoliseka kwasemkhathini. I-MPC ejwayelekile yansuku zonke ukuvikela ubuthi obujwayelekile, i-carcinogenic, i-mutagenic neminye imiphumela yento emzimbeni womuntu. Ukuqashelwa kwezinto ezinobungozi kunqunywa amasampula athathwe ngaphakathi kwemizuzu engama-20-30. Ukulawulwa kwesampula yomoya ezindaweni zokuhlala kuchazwe yi-GOST 17.2.3.01-77. Ukuhlushwa okuphakeme kakhulu. Into ngayinye enobungozi ungqimba olungaphezulu akufanele yedlule inani lokuphakeme elilodwa, i.e.

Ngokuhlushwa okuvumelekile okuphezulu Ngobukhona kanyekanye emkhathini wezinto eziningana ezilimazayo ngesenzo esingaqondakali, ukugcotshwa kwabo okuphelele okungenamkhawulo kumele kusuthise isimo

C1 / PDK1 + C2 / PDK2 +. + Cn / MPCn? ishumi nanye)

lapho i-C1 iyi-C2. I-Cn - ukuqoqwa kwezinto eziyingozi kumkhathi endaweni efanayo endaweni yemvelo, mg / m 3,

PDK1, PDK2. I-MPCn - ubuningi bokuphakama obuvumelekile bokukodwa kwezinto ezilimazayo emkhathini, mg / m 3.

Umphumela wesenzo esingathandeki (i-DRM) unezinto eziningi ezilimazayo, isibonelo, i-sulfur dioxide ne-nitrogen dioxide, i-sulfur dioxide ne-hydrogen sulfide, amaminerali eqinile amaminerali (i-sulfuric, i-hydrochloric, i-nitric), i-ethylene, i-propylene, i-butylene, i-amylene, i-ozone, i-nitrogen dioxide, i-formaldehyde, njll. Isibonelo, ukuphakama kwamapayipi ama-TPPs anamuhla kubalwa kusukela esimweni sokuhlushwa kwe-SO₂ ne-NOx engxenyeni engaphezulu yomkhathi yanelisa isimo se-ССО₂/ MPCSO₂+ СNOx / ПДКNOx? 1.

Ithebula libonisa ukugxilwa okuvumelekile kwezinye zezinto ezinesici kakhulu ezingcolisa umkhathi emadolobheni nasemadolobhaneni. Ukuze uqhathanise, ukugxila okuvunyelwe okuphezulu kwezinto ezinobungozi kumkhathi kulawulwa eJalimane. E-USA, i-MPC ephezulu (isilinganiso sehora) sezinto eziyingozi ngu, mg / m 3: othulini - u-0.12, nge-S0₂ - 0.75. Umehluko omkhulu kuma-MPC uhlobene ne-nitrogen oxides, okuyilapho izinkambiso zivame ukungabikho emazweni amaningi. Ku-USSR kuphela kusukela ngo-1966, lapho kumiswa khona wonke amandla, umphumela we-Sox ne-NOx oxides wabhekelelwa. Ukukhishwa okungaphezulu okuvunyelwe (MPE).

Ngokuya ngezidingo ze-GOST 17.2.3.02-78, emthonjeni ngamunye wokungcoliswa komoya, ukutholakala okuphelele okuvumelekile kwezinto ezinobungozi kusungulwa kusukela esimweni lapho kuphuma izinto ezilimazayo ezivela kulo mthombo kanye nokuphelele kwemithombo yedolobha noma enye indawo yokuhlala, kucatshangelwa amathemba wokuthuthukiswa kwamabhizinisi wezimboni nokusakazwa kwezinto eziyingozi Umkhathi ngeke udale ukuqoqeka ngaphezulu kwe-MPC yenani labantu, izitshalo nezilwane.

Isibalo se-MPE senziwa ngokuya nge-SN 369-74. Uma imithombo eminingana emincane yokukhishwa kwomoya (ngokwesibonelo, ukuphuma kwomoya omncane, ukuphuma kwezitshalo zamandla, njll.) Kusebenza endaweni yebhizinisi, lapho-ke sekuqaliwe ukwakhiwa kwe-MPE ephelele yebhizinisi noma yesikhungo. Lapho kusungulwa i-MPE ngomthombo wokungcola komoya, kuyadingeka ukubheka amanani wokugxila kwasemuva kwezinto ezinobungozi emoyeni Сf kusuka kweminye imithombo yokungcola esebenza endaweni enikezwe. Kulokhu, kuyadingeka ukufeza isimo C + Cph? MPC. Ukulawulwa kwe-PDV kwenziwa ngokulinganisa ukugcwala kokungcola imizuzu engama-20, futhi futhi ngokwesilinganiso ngosuku, ngenyanga, ngonyaka. I-SNiP 11-33-75 ilawula okuqukethwe okuvunyelwe komoya kugesi ye-Sv (mg / m 3) komoya wokuphuma komoya wamabhizinisi wezimboni: a) ngokuhamba komoya okuvulekile okungaphezulu kuka-15000 m 3 / hr = 100 K2, b) ngokuhamba komoya okuhamba kancane kwe-15000 m 3 / h nangaphansi

lapho i-Qv - ukuphuma kwe-volumetric, izinkulungwane zamamitha ama-3 / h,

I-K2 - i-coeffnty ithathwe ngokuya ngobuningi obuvunyelwe bokugcotshwa komoya endaweni yokusebenza yezakhiwo zokukhiqiza: Ukuthathwa komzimba kuthathwe ngokuya ngomkhawulo omkhulu wethasi lomoya emoyeni wesizinda sokusebenza sezakhiwo zezimboni, mg / m 3 6 K2 0.3 0.6 0.8 1, 0

Ithebula 2. MPC yezinto ezivelele kakhulu ezingcolisa umoya wasemkhathini

Indlela yemvelo yokwakha

Ukwakhiwa kwezindlu ezisezingeni kuyinzuzo embonini yezokwakha. Kodwa-ke, le nqubo kufanele ihambisane nesimo sokucophelela emvelweni. Akwanele ukwakha isakhiwo sokuhlala esibonakalayo kusuka ngaphakathi nangaphandle, sikuhlomise ngezinhlelo zesimanje zokusekela impilo, futhi siyenze isitayela. Kubalulekile ukuthi izindlu zibe nomoya omuhle, indawo eluhlaza. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma izinkinga zezemvelo ezikhona ekwakheni zisombululwa kancane kancane.

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Okwamanje, izindlela ezimbalwa zemvelo zokwakha, kanye nokuvikela imvelo, sezenziwe. Le mithetho iqondiswe ngokwengxenye emthethweni, ngokulawulwa ngokwengxenye yizindlela nemithetho yokwakha yanamuhla.

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Emazweni athuthukile, kunenqwaba yemibhalo kanye nesitifiketi semvelo esilawula inqubo yokwakha yanoma yini. Le mibhalo iyadingeka ukunciphisa umthelela wezemvelo ekwakhiweni. Abathuthukisi banamathela kulezi zindinganiso ngokuzithandela, kepha umthetho wokuphepha wemvelo olungele lokhu ubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwanamuhla.

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Ukuze unciphise ukulimala kwendawo yokwakha, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe nezinto zokwakha ezingalimazi imvelo. Kulokhu, umgomo wokusetshenziswa kwamanzi kwezomnotho, izinto zokwakha, izinsiza zamandla uyabonakala. Esikhathini esizayo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuxazulula ukungqubuzana komkhakha wezokwakha nokuvikela imvelo.

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Imigomo yokwakha izindlu zemvelo

Njengoba imboni yezokwakha idala inani elikhulu lezinkinga zemvelo, kuyadingeka ukunquma ukuthi ingakhiwa kanjani ubuchwepheshe obukhephile bokwakha. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, abathuthukisi banamuhla bethula ubuchwepheshe bemvelo ngenkathi kwakhiwa izakhiwo zokuhlala nezindawo zezimboni. Kunezindlela eziningi, kepha sizozama ukuveza bonke ubuchwepheshe obukhulu obuluhlaza:

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• ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwakha ezinemvelo ezungezile,
• ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusebenza ngamandla,
• ukudalwa kwe-microclimate efanelekile ekhaya,
• ukuthuthukiswa kokuxhumana okunjengokusebenzisa ngokomthetho nangokomnotho izikhungo zomphakathi (amanzi, ugesi, igesi, ukufudumeza),
• ngesikhathi sokwakha, inani lokulahlwa kukadoti nemfucuza liyancishiswa.

Uma ubhekisisa imininingwane, manje kusetshenziswa izinto zemvelo zokwakha: ukhuni, itshe, izindwangu, isihlabathi. Lapho ukuhlobisa ama-facade nezangaphakathi, kusetshenziswa upende olunamadayi aphephile ngaphandle kwezinto ezinobuthi. Kusetshenziswa ukufakelwa kwama-facade nezindonga, amawindi epulasitiki enziwe ngensimbi, indlu iyafudumala futhi ithule, umsindo ovela emigwaqweni ungaphazamiseki emizini. Izinto zokufakelwa ezishisayo zenza ifulethi lifudumale, okuzonciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokushisa kanye nogesi. Muva nje, abantu baqale ukusebenzisa izibani zokonga amandla ukukhanyisa, futhi okugcina izinsiza nokunciphisa umthelela omubi emvelweni. Akubalulekanga kangako ukuthi inkinga kadoti. Yonke imfucuza ngemuva kokwakhiwa manje isizosetshenziswa, futhi abathuthukisi abaningi basebenza le nqubo.

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Namuhla, kunama-ecotechnologies amaningi lapho asetshenziswa khona, kubandakanya nomkhakha wezokwakha.Uma wazi ukuthi unjiniyela uyazisebenzisa, kufanele unake amaphrojekthi akhe. Inkampani ezama ukunciphisa umthelela wayo omubi emvelweni, iyayazi indlela yokusebenzisa kahle izinsiza, ikufanele ukunakwa nezinqumo zakho.

Izinkinga zemvelo zokwakha edolobheni nezindlela zokuzixazulula

Ukwakhiwa kwanamuhla kwamadolobha amakhulu namadolobha amancane kubandakanya ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlala, ezenhlalo nezentengiso. Ngokuvamile, imboni yezokwakha ithinta ukwakheka kwezinkinga eziningi zemvelo:

• ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwemithombo yamandla, okuholela ekuncipheni kwemithombo yemvelo, ikakhulukazi engavuselelwa,
• ukuguqulwa kwemvelo, imvelo,
• ukucekelwa phansi kwabamele izimbali nezilwane ngenxa yokufuduka ezindaweni zazo ezijwayelekile zokuhlala,
• ukugcwala okuningi kohlelo lokuhamba, okuholela ekungcoleni komoya,
• umthelela omubi wamanzi amdaka,
• ukukhuphuka kwenani lemfucuza yasendlini neyizimboni,
• Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi,
• umthunzi wezindawo lapho intuthuko yenziwa khona, okuholela ekushiseni kwelanga, okudingeka empilweni yezitshalo nezilwane,
• izindawo ziba nzima ekuzamazameni komhlaba,
• ukusebenza kumasayithi okwakha kuyingozi empilweni yabantu,
• imililo kungenzeka.

Inkulumo ngendalo №4 “Izinkinga zokwakha ezemvelo edolobheni”

Inkulumo 4. Izingqinamba zokwakha ezemvelo edolobheni

Impilo yesimanje idala izinto eziningi ezithinta kabi umhlaba kanye nabantu, zidala izinkinga zemvelo yokwakha. Ngokusemandleni akho ukuvikela ikhaya lakho kubo futhi udale isimo esinempilo kulo, ungabheka kuphela izindaba zezemvelo ngesikhathi sokwakha nokusebenza.

Emvelweni, yonke into ixhumekile, futhi akunakwenzeka ukudala ipharadesi endlini evalekile enesimo sokucindezelwa semvelo. Ngakho-ke, wonke umuntu olwela impilo enempilo akufanele anakekele ikhaya lakhe kuphela, kodwa futhi akufanele angcolise imvelo.

Izindlela zezemvelo ekwakhiweni nasekulondolozweni kwendalo zethulwa ngokwengxenye kwimithetho nemithetho, kepha nokho eziningi zazo ezweni lethu naphesheya zenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ngokuzithandela kwemihlahlandlela yizakhamizi ezazi.

MinaIzidingo zemvelo zenhlangano yezokwakha edolobheni

Emazweni athuthukile akhathalela kakhulu imvelo, imigomo yokwakhiwa kwemvelo iye yathuthukiswa (Eng. Ukwakhiwa okuluhlaza okotshani noma ukwakhiwa okuluhlaza kweGreen Buildings).

Zibekiwe ezinhlelweni zezitifiketi zemvelo yezakhiwo, zazo ezithi LEED (The Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design Guidlines for Energy and Environmental Design, USA) kanye neBATRAM (BRE Environmental Assessment Way, izindlela zokuhlola ukusebenza kwezemvelo yezakhiwo, i-UK) ezisetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni.

Ukuqinisekiswa kwemvelo kwezakhiwo kungokuzithandela ngokuphelele.

Kepha ayigcini ngokugqamile, kepha futhi ilusizo kubanikazi bezokwakha: ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyasiza ukudala izindlu ngezinga elincishisiwe lokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhulisa ukuqina kwezakhiwo nenduduzo yendawo yangaphakathi. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi ukwakhiwa okuluhlaza kube yithuluzi lomnotho oluzwisisekayo: konga imali hhayi ngesikhathi sokusebenza kuphela, kepha naphakathi nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo.

Imigomo yokwakha izindlu zemvelo ifaka:

1) ekusebenziseni kahle amandla, amanzi nezinye izinsiza,

2) ukunciphisa inani lemfucuza kanye nokunciphisa eminye imithelela emvelweni,

3) ukusebenzisa, uma kunokwenzeka, izinto zemvelo zasendaweni.

Ukusindisa izinsiza, kuyanconywa:

1) khuphula amandla esakhiwo,

2) ukushisa kwamanzi kusetshenziswa abaqoqi belanga,

3) Sebenzisa amandla omoya,

4) ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla,

5) ukuqoqa amanzi emvula ukusetshenziswa ekhaya.

Kunconyelwe futhi ukuthi kusetshenziswe izinto zokwakha eziqinisekisiwe ezinomthelela ophansi kwezemvelo kuwo wonke umjikelezo wempilo wesakhiwo (kufaka phakathi ukulahlwa kwawo), ukusebenzisa kabusha izinto.

Izidingo zemvelo yangaphakathi ye-eco-house:

ukukhanya kwemini okwanele

izinga lokushisa elinethezekile

umoya wangaphakathi osezingeni eliphezulu onikezwa umoya omncane wemvelo,

ukuhlinzeka ngombono omuhle ovela ewindini lokuqabula amehlo.

Izidingo zendlu e-eco-friendly ziyahambisana nezindlela zokuhlanzeka nezenhlanzeko (uhlelo lweSanPiN lwemithetho namazinga okuhlanzeka).

Zingaqondiswa ngenkathi kwakhiwa indlu enobungani bemvelo, ngenkathi kubhekwa imithetho yokulondolozwa kwemvelo (nayo ebekiwe emthethweni) futhi ibhekele amazinga aphakeme kakhulu ezemvelo kanye nobubanzi bendlela yezinkinga zemvelo ezamukelwe emazweni athuthukile.

IIUkuphepha kwemvelo kwezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zokuhlala nezindawo okungezona zokuhlala

Ukuphepha kwemvelo kwamabhilidi, izakhiwo kanye nezinhlelo zokungenisa umoya kubasebenzela muva nje kudonsele intshisekelo ebanzi phakathi kongcweti. Njengamanje, lesi sihloko sisebenza ikakhulukazi ngenxa yesidingo nenhloso yokusabela komphakathi enanini elikhulayo lezibonelo zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nemvelo ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu.

Isidingo sokuklama izakhiwo, izakhiwo, kanye nezinhlelo zokulungisa isimo somoya ezibheka ubungani bazo bendawo kwavela ngokuqondile njengomphumela walesi simo, futhi i-Kyoto Protocol, esayinwe yizo zonke izifundazwe ezinkulu zezimboni (ngaphandle kwe-USA), ibiyinto enqumayo ekusetshenzisweni kwalo mqondo.

I-IIIIzici Zokuphepha Kwendawo

- ukuphuma okuncane kokungcola emkhathini, ikakhulukazi, izinto ezifaka isandla ekwakhiweni komphumela wokushisa komhlaba, ukufudumala komhlaba, imvula ye-acid,

- Amanani amancane wamandla asetshenziswa emithonjeni engavuseleleki, ukuncishiswa kwamandla kanye nokonga amandla,

- Imiholo emincane yemfucumfucu eqinile neyuketshezi, kufaka phakathi ukumiswa kwesakhiwo (isakhiwo) uqobo kanye nokulahlwa kwezingxenye zemishini yobunjiniyela ekugcineni kwempilo yayo ewusizo nokuthuthukiswa kwezinsizakusebenza

- umthelela omncane kakhulu kwimvelo yemvelo endaweni yento,

- ikhwalithi enhle kakhulu ye-microclimate emagcekeni esakhiwo, ukuphepha kokuhlanzeka nokwenzeka kwezifo, izakhiwo zokushisa eziphelele nezomswakama, ikhwalithi yomoya ephezulu, ama-acoustics asezingeni eliphakeme, ukukhanyisa.

Izinga lemvelo ekhaya lithinteka yilokhu: Umoya wangaphandle, izinto ezihlanganisa ukungapheleli kwegesi, izinto ezivelayo lapho kuphekwa, izinto ezikhishwe ngefenisha, izincwadi, izingubo, njll. .

Indlu yesimanje isebenzisa izinto ezahlukahlukene ezisuselwa ezintweni zemvelo, zokwenziwa kanye nezinhlanganisela, inhlanganisela yazo engathinta kabi impilo yabantu.

Emoyeni wefulethi elijwayelekile ngasikhathi sinye kunamakhemikhali angaguquki angaphezu kwekhulu ezigaba ezihlukene zamakhemikhali, amanye awo angaba yingozi kakhulu.

Ingozi enkulu empilweni yabantu i-benzene, i-formaldehyde ne-nitrogen dioxide, imithombo esemqoka yezinto ezinobuthi ezingena emoyeni wendlu akuwona umoya ongcolile wasemgwaqweni, kodwa izinto zokwakha ezisezingeni eliphansi kanye nezinto zokuqeda.

Izindonga ezenziwe ngokhonkolo, ukhonkolo we-slag, ukhonkolo we-polymer - umthombo wemisebe ongavusa isimila. I-Radium ne-thorium zivame ukubola ngokukhishwa kwegesi emisebe ye-radon.

• Yehlisa okuqukethwe i-radon emoyeni; airing ejwayelekile yamakamelo. Ukuphuma kweRadon kuncishisiwe sibonga ku-stucco nakwiphepha elimnyama lephepha.

Amacimbi ekhonkrithi adonsa umswakama odongeni. Umoya owomile ubangela imizwa engemnandi, izifo zepheshana lokuphefumula elingaphezulu, kuholela ekuqothulweni kwezinwele nasekubhobozeni isikhumba, ukwanda kukagesi omile.

• Ngoba humidifires kudingeka. Ungakwazi ukulengisa izitsha ngamanzi emabhethri, faka ama-aquariums asathulisa izinzwa futhi athuthukise imizwa yobuhle.

. I-Linoleum, isebenza njengomthombo wama-hydrocarbon anephunga, okuthi ngobuningi obukhulu bangele ukungezwani komzimba, ukukhathala okwandisiwe, ukungasebenzi komzimba.

• Odokotela batusa ukusebenzisa imbobo ye-linoleum kuphela lapho umuntu engenzi kahle. Kungcono ukusebenzisa isitezi sokhuni - esifudumele futhi esinemvelo.

• Kungcono ukufaka amakhaphethi okwenziwe ngemikhiqizo eyenziwe ngoboya bemvelo nokotini, imake bamboo.

Ifenisha ye-Particleboard iminyaka eminingi ifaka i-formaldehydes kanye nama-phenols, okubangela ukucasuka kwe-mucosa nesikhumba, kune-carcinogenic (okubangela umdlavuza) kanye ne-mutagenic (ekwazi ukudala imiphumela yezakhi zofuzo ezingalindelekile). Ifenisha enjalo iyawuthinta kabi umsebenzi wokuzala komuntu, iyingozi ohlelweni lwezinzwa oluphakathi nesibindi.

• Kuyadingeka ukuyibuyisela ifenisha yemvelo yemvelo noma ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwezinto ezinobuthi usebenzisa upende osuselwa ku-alkyd.

• Kungcono ukusebenzisa upende wokusabalalisa amanzi ekhaya noma uqedele isihlahla ngamafutha emvelo noma i-wax.

Uphahla lumbozwe kahle kakhulu nge-whitewash. "Iyaphefumula" ayibi, futhi idonsa umswakama.

Amakamelo ethu "afakwe" ngemishini kagesi. Inkambu ye-electromagnetic eyenziwe yibo ngokungathandeki ithinta ukujikeleza, izivikeli mzimba, i-endocrine nezinye izinhlelo zezitho zomuntu.

Vele, ukuvezwa isikhathi eside kwe-EMF yemithombo engenhla kumuntu kuyo yonke impilo kuholela ekubonakaleni kwezifo ezahlukahlukene zezifo, ikakhulukazi izinhlelo zenhliziyo nezomzimba womuntu.

Eminyakeni yamuva, izifo ze-oncological zivame ukubizwa ngemiphumela yesikhathi eside.

Ungahlali eduze kwesikrini se-TV noma ikhompyutha yomuntu siqu.

Susa iwashi le-alamu kagesi noma umshini wokuphendula ngocingo ekhanda lombhede.

Indlela eshibhile futhi yobuhle yokunciphisa ithonya lezinto ezilimazayo ukutshala izimbali zasendlini. Amunca isikhutha kanye nezinye izinto eziyingozi, akhulule umoya-mpilo, abe nomthelela wokubulala amagciwane, athambise umoya.

Ungayithuthukisa kanjani imvelo ka-elekthronikhi endlini?

• Khipha yonke impahla kagesi engasebenzi kusuka kuzitolo zikagesi - izintambo zamandla bukhoma zakha amasimu kagesi.
• Beka izinto zikagesi ezivulwa njalo futhi isikhathi eside (i-oveni kagesi, i-microwave, isiqandisi, i-TV, i-hetertha) kude nebanga lamamitha nesiqingatha ukusuka ezindaweni zokuhlala isikhathi eside noma ukuphumula ebusuku, ikakhulukazi izingane.
• Uma ikhaya lakho lifakwe inani elikhulu lemishini yasendlini, zama ukuvula izinto ezimbalwa zokwenza izinto ngasikhathi sinye.
• Ventilate bese uhlanza imvula njalo egumbini lapho kusebenza khona izinto zikagesi - lokhu kunciphisa amasimu kagesi angashisi.

Ikhishi ligcwele amasimu ka-elekthronikhi agqagqana, okushiya abanikazi bengekho ithuba lokuthola "ikona ethule". Umuntu ophile ngokuphelele ongakwazi ukungena ku “bhavu” kagesi izikhathi eziningana ngosuku.

Akunakusho ukuthi kufanele kube nokuphuma kukagesi ekhanda lombhede! Futhi ngisho nangokwengeziwe ngentambo wanamathela kuyo kusukela ku-sconce.

IKhabinethi.
Iphutha eliyinhloko izintambo zamandla ezifakwe ezisekelweni ezungeze iwashi. Ukusebenza nokungasebenzi, kepha kuxhunyiwe ezintweni zikagesi kunika cishe imisebe efanayo. Uma wenza isisekelo-ke, njengoba izazi ziqinisekisa, le radiation izokwehla ka-5-10.

Ingozi enkulu empilweni yomphakathi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali. Emvelweni, amanzi awaveli njengekhompiyutha ehlanzekile yamakhemikhali. Izindlela zokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali zinqume ikhwalithi yamanzi okuphuza. Amanzi angcolisiwe, angena emzimbeni wethu, abangela u-70-80% wazo zonke izifo ezaziwayo, asheshise ukuguga ngama-30%.

Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamanzi anobuthi, izifo ezahlukahlukene ziyavela. Ukwanda kobunzima bamanzi kungenye yezizathu zokuthi kubekhona i-urolithiasis, amatshe ezinso, i-cholelithiasis, i-cholecystitis. Ukuntuleka kwe-fluoride emzimbeni kuholela ekuthuthukiseni ama-caries wamazinyo.

Ukuntuleka kwe-iodine emanzini nokudla kuyimbangela eyinhloko yesifo sabantu abane-thyrotooticosis.

Kuyo yonke intuthuko yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, umuntu uhlobene ngokungalingani nomhlaba wezitshalo. Umuntu wanamuhla uvame ukwahlukaniswa nemvelo, ngakho-ke udinga ukuzungeza nezitshalo, okuthi, ngokuthola konke okulimazayo, kukhiqize nomoya-mpilo futhi kube nomphumela omuhle kubantu nge-biofield yabo.

Isitshalo esiyingqayizivele esingaguqula ugwadule lube yi-oasis - i-cyperus ingakusiza. Yena uqobo uthanda umswakama, ngakho-ke faka imbiza kuye epanini elinamanzi. Ukushintshwa kwegesi-yamanzi egumbini kwenziwa ngcono nge-anthurium, i-arrowroot, ne-monstera. I-Chlorophytum, i-aloe ivy ihlanza umoya kakhulu.

Izindlu eziningi ezindlini zinezakhiwo ze-phytoncidal. Ekamelweni lapho, isibonelo, i-chlorophytum itholakala khona emoyeni iqukethe ama-virus amancane kakhulu. Futhi izinhlayiya zezinsimbi ezisindayo ezikhona nasezindlini zethu zidonsa i-asparagus. IGeranium ayigcini nje ngokundiza, kepha futhi iveza imishanguzo futhi yenze umoya ungasebenzi kahle.

Isihlahla samakamelo wegumbi sizokusiza ukhiphe ukukhathala ngokweqile nokungabekezeleleki.

Izinto ezisetshenziswa ekwakheni nasekuqedeni umsebenzi endlini.

Ifulethi ledolobha nezidingo zokuphepha kwalo kwemvelo.

Umsindo nokudlidliza ezindaweni zasemadolobheni.

Umphumela womsindo nokudlidliza empilweni yabantu basemadolobheni.

Izinkinga zemvelo zokwakha edolobheni.

Izidingo zemvelo zenhlangano yezokwakha edolobheni.

Ukuphepha kwemvelo kwezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zokuhlala nezindawo okungezona zokuhlala

Ukwakhiwa kwemvelo - izinkinga, ucwaningo kanye nokuphepha

Abaningi bethu bezwe ngokwakhiwa kwemvelo, kepha bakuqonda ngendlela ehlukile. Omunye ufuna ukuhlala endlini enemvelo, umuntu udinga ifenisha eyenziwe ngezinto zemvelo. Abantu abanomthwalo wemfanelo wenza imizamo yokugcina imvelo, besebenzisa ukukhiqizwa okungadoti ngesikhathi sokwakha. Konke kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, njengokuphila uqobo.

Qala

Konke kwaqala ngonyaka we-1973, lapho amazwe athumela uwoyela e-OPEC ephakamisa intengo kaphethiloli amahlandla ama-4. Yilapho iYurophu neMelika bacabanga ngokusetshenziswa kahle kwemithombo yamandla. Umhlaba wonke waqala ukucabanga ngempilo, imvelo - inhlanzeko yemvelo.

Uma ukulondolozwa kwezempilo kutholakala ngezinhlelo eziqondakalayo - i-aerobics, ukulwa nokubhema nokudakwa, kwandise ukuvelela kwezemidlalo - baba ngababazekayo kunama-Olimpiki. Ukuthi ngezinhlelo zemvelo bekunzima ngokwengeziwe. Ngo-1975, kwavela izindlu zokuqala ezizimele, zikhombisa isibonelo sokusebenza kahle kwemvelo ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla.

Lo mbono wawucacile kuwo wonke umuntu, ikakhulukazi lapho sibhekene nenhlekelele yamandla namandla kagesi - amandla amancane esiwasebenzisa endlini, ukulimala okuncane esikwenzayo endalweni.Umoya omncanyana ungcoliswa uphethiloli ovuthayo, izilwandle ezivela ekukhiqizweni kawoyela, umhlaba omncane ulinyazwa yimigodi namayini yamalahle.

Ukunyakaza okunjalo kubizwa ngokuthi ukwakhiwa kwemvelo (EC) noma ukwakhiwa okuluhlaza (EC).

Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80s, kwaqondwa imigomo yokwakha izakhiwo kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe AP. Le nhlangano yathola ukwesekwa nguhulumeni: ngonyaka ka-1990 i-UK yamukela inqubo ye-BREEAM, ngonyaka we-1992 uhulumeni wase-US wethula izinhlelo ze-Energy Star. Lezi zinhlelo zokuqala ezilawula amakhodi wokwakha wezinhlelo zezemvelo asasebenza.

Amazwe ehlukene aqondiswa izindlela zawo zokusebenza kahle, kepha imigomo ejwayelekile ihlala ikhona:

1. Ukunciphisa inani eliphelele (phezu kwawo wonke umjikelezo wempilo wesakhiwo) imiphumela elimazayo yemisebenzi yokwakha empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo, etholakala ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha nezindlela.

Indlu yemvelo eRussia

Izindlu zemvelo eRussia zihlukile kulo lonke inani lokwakhiwa, izindinganiso zemvelo zokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ziyancipha ngokwemvelo.

Elinye lamanani aphansi kakhulu ezisetshenziswa zamandla emhlabeni licasulisa ukusetshenziswa kwazo okuphezulu - eRussia kunamazwe aphindeke kathathu eYurophu kumuntu ngamunye, futhi okuphindwe kabili ku-USA.

Ngaphezu kwalokho iRussia ingenye yokugcina emhlabeni lapho kwenziwa khona uMkhandlu Wokwakha Indalo.

Kepha isimo siyashintsha, sekusungulwe uhlelo lukazwelonke lokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ngokusho kwezinhlelo zika-2020 ukusetshenziswa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zamandla kuzokwehla ngo-40%. Ngenxa yomsebenzi omkhulu wokufundisa, ukuqaphela kwesidingo sezinguquko zezemvelo, kubandakanya

ekwakheni. Ngenkathi iYurophu yathuthukisa izinhlelo zokuthuthuka kwezemvelo zezimboni, eRussia kuze kube manje kuphela ukwakhiwa komuntu ngamunye okungenzeka. Yikuphi futhi kuvela kuliphi iqiniso ukwakha indlu enobuhlobo obuhle? Cabanga ngesibonelo samaphrojekthi aphumelelayo asetshenziswe enkabeni yeRussia.

Elula kakhulu ukwakha futhi linamandla eyanele nendlu efudumele efudumele. Lezi zindlu zakhiwe endaweni eyihlathi lase-Russia engxenyeni yeRussia selokhu kwaqala ukulungiswa komhlaba. Luhlaka lwamandla olwenziwe ngokhuni, lugcwaliswe nganoma yisiphi isifinyezo esifanele.

Phambilini kwakusetshenziswa utshani nobumba; kulezi zinsuku kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obonga amandla amaningi - izikhala eziphakathi kwezinsimbi zigcwele utshani obucindezelwe. Utshani yinto etholakala kakhulu yezitshalo ezivame kakhulu kwezolimo eRussia. Inokukhipha okuhle kwe-thermal - izikhathi ezi-4 zingcono kunezinkuni.

Amakhono otshitshi bokubambisana nawo awaziwa kusukela kwakhula isivuno sezolimo; agcwala umatilasi kanye nemicamelo ngotshani, obekuqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu ulala kahle futhi abe nempilo enhle.

Ngaphandle nangaphakathi, udonga oluhlanganisiwe luhlanganiswa ngobumba noma noma iyiphi into elula. Umhlobiso odongeni wamukela noma yiziphi izinto ezitholakala kumakhi - izinkuni, iplywood, amashidi we-OSB, i-drywall.

Ukuze kufudumale futhi kutholakale amanzi asishisayo, kusetshenziswa iqoqo lonke lokuhlinzekwa kwamandla okuthuthukayo: amaphaneli elanga nokufakwa konozungezilanga, okhiqiza umoya nomoya wamaphampu wokushisa. Ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwesiza sendawo, enye yezinhlangothi zophahla iqondiswe eningizimu, imbozwe ngokuphelele ngamapaneli elanga. IWindows neminyango - yesimanjemanje, enamagumbi amaningi, okushisa - ukufudumeza okungaphansi.

Umuntu uthola ini endlini enjalo futhi kubiza malini? Izindleko ze-m2 ziphakeme impela - zifinyelela ku- $ 1000, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla ebizayo - iphampu yokushisa, ukufakwa komoya kanye nokufakwa komoya.

Kepha ukusetshenziswa kwendlu okunjalo kwamandla okushisa kungamaphesenti angama-40, ukubuya ngezindleko eziphakeme zokwakha akudluli iminyaka eyi-10. Ukwanda okungapheli kwezindleko zamandla kunciphisa isikhathi sokukhokha.

Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu - kuvela indlu enobungani bemvelo lapho kuphephile futhi kukhululekile ukuhlala kuyo.

Imininingwane eyisisekelo ngezinkinga zemvelo ekwakheni

Isayensi yokwakha ayithuthukisi kuphela imfundiso yokuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo kanye nobuchwepheshe bokwenza kwabo, kepha futhi inaka kakhulu ukubhekisisa imvelo yezokwakha, okunomthelela omkhulu kwimpilo yabantu.

Izikhungo zokuthuthuka kwezomnotho eRussia ngamadolobha lapho ama-70% abantu bezwe ahlanganiswa khona.

Kungokoqobo emadolobheni lapho ukungaboni ngasolinye okukhulu kubhekwa khona phakathi kokukhula kwezidingo zezinsizakusebenza nezinsizakalo nokubaluleka okubalulekile kokugcina indawo enhle yokuphila.

Ukuxinana okuphezulu kwenani labantu, ezokuhamba nezamabhizinisi ezimboni ezindaweni ezinomkhawulo kuyimbangela enkulu yezinkinga zemvelo emadolobheni.

Emadolobheni, inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinto namandla lisebenza ngaphandle kwezindawo zasemakhaya, ngakhoke umkhathi wamadolobha amakhulu uqukethe ama-aerosols ayishumi futhi namagesi angaphezulu kwama-25.

Amabhizinisi wezimboni akhiwe emadolobheni aseduze akhipha uthuli oluningi, i-nitrogen oxides, i-iron, i-calcium, i-magnesium, ne-silicon emoyeni.

Lezi zingxube ngokwazo azinobuthi obuningi, kepha zinciphisa ukuvela komkhathi, okunomthelela ekwandeni kwezulu, ukubukeka kwenkungu, kanye nokunciphisa imisebe yelanga ngama-30%.

Njengomphumela wokungcoliswa kwezimboni nokukhishwa kwezimoto emadolobheni amakhulu, kwenzeka imvula ye-smog kanye ne-acid. Amadolobha athela amanzi umuntu ngamunye amahlandla ayishumi kunezindawo zasemakhaya. Cishe zonke iziqiwu ezisedolobheni elikhulu lezimboni zingcolile kakhulu, futhi ezinye ziyingozi.

Emadolobheni angaphezu kwelikhulu ezwe lethu, isimo semvelo asilungile. Isimo esinzima kakhulu sezemvelo siqhamuke e-Arkhangelsk, Lipetsk, Norilsk, Bratsk, Yekaterinburg, Kemerovo, Krasnoyarsk, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk nakwamanye amadolobha ambalwa lapho kukhiqizwa khona izimboni.

Ubuningi benani lamadolobha amaningi amakhulu lifaka ukwanda kwenani lokungcola kwezimboni nasezindlini. Ubuningi besibalo sabantu eYurophu sineMoscow - cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi. 1 km2.

Kuleli dolobha, kukhiqizwa amathani angaphezu kuka-20 wezigidi wemfucuza yasekhaya ngonyaka, futhi inani lemfucuza lenyuka njalo ngonyaka.

Zonke izitshalo ezintsha zokucutshungulwa kwazo ziyakhiwa, konke ukuthathwa komhlaba okusha kwenzelwa umngcwabo wabo.

Ubusika obubandayo nobude ezindaweni eziningi zaseRussia zandisa izinkinga zemvelo. Amabhizinisi, ikakhulukazi igesi eyinkimbinkimbi, eshisa inani elikhulu likaphethiloli, abangela ukulimala okukhulu kwemvelo, okuzibonakalisa ekungcolisweni kwamanzi, emoyeni nasemhlabathini.

Ukuguqukela ezinkingeni zemvelo ezihlobene ngqo nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo nezinhlaka, kufanele kwaziwe ukuthi indawo yokwakha, njenganoma yimuphi omunye umkhiqizo, ingenye yemithombo yengozi yemvelo.

Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuqala kokwakhiwa, kukhona ukuhlela (ukukalwa) kwensimu yendawo yokwakha. Amakhodi wokwakha adinga ukuguqulwa nokulondolozwa kwesendlalelo sezitshalo ngenani elikhulu. Ngemuva kokwakha, kufanele kusetshenziselwe ukulungisa, ᴛ.ᴇ.

ukubuyisela ungqimba lwensimu yensimu. Imvamisa ngenxa yokuphatha kabi, lo ungqimba uhlanganiswa nesihlabathi noma ubumba bese ubhujiswa. Izisekelo zezakhiwo nezinhlaka zingathinta ukuhamba kwamanzi aphansi komhlaba, ziguqule izinga lazo.

Lokhu, kungaholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu: ukusuka ekushabalaleni kwamanzi emithonjeni kuya ekunikezelweni komhlaba ezindaweni nasekuguqukeni kwezimila, ngenxa yokuthi kwenzeka olunye ushintsho emhlabeni wezilwane.

Izakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu zivimbela ukuhamba kwezindawo zasemadolobheni, zinomthelela ekuqongeleleni kokukhishwa komoya okulimazayo, ikakhulukazi emazingeni aphansi ezakhiwo zezakhiwo. Ukulimala kwemvelo akufanele kubonakale ngokushesha, ngoba kumane nje abanaki ngakho noma uchungechunge lwezehlakalo lwenzeka kancane.

Izidingo zemvelo zibaluleke kakhulu ukucabanga kakade esiteji sokuqamba. Izinto zokwakha ezikhethiwe kufanele ziphephe kubantu, zingakhiphi izinto ezilimaza impilo yazo, zingabi nomphumela we-carcinogenic, isizinda sazo somsakazo akufanele sibe ngaphezulu kunokujwayelekile.

Lapho kuklanywa izakhiwo zezimboni, futhi ikakhulukazi izakhiwo ezigcwele zezimboni, umuntu kufanele acabangele umthelela wezemvelo, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ bayoba senqubekweni yomsebenzi wabo.

Ukukhishwa kwe-chimneys, kwesinye isikhathi okuphakama okukhulu, kungathwalwa yimimoya ngamakhilomitha amakhulu futhi kuthinte hhayi kuphela amadolobhana angomakhelwane namadolobha, kodwa namazwe angomakhelwane.

Izinqumo zokuklama kufanele zinciphise imiphumela eyingozi yokwakha.

Amabhizinisi wezimboni avame ukusebenzisa amanzi amakhulu. Ngemuva kokusebenzisa, amanzi ayahlanzwa kancane futhi avame ukuthunyelwa emifuleni, lapho izinto ezinobungozi zihlangana kancane kancane. Ukuvimbela umbono onjalo ngokuqondene namanzi, noma esigabeni sokuklanywa kwamabhizinisi, kufanele kunikezwe umjikelezo wokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okuvikelekile ngokuphathwa kwamanzi anezigaba eziningi.

Izingqinamba eziphakanyisiwe zikhulu kakhulu futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi. Basebenza ochwepheshe bezemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu ngamunye kufanele aqaphele isibopho sakhe semvelo futhi enze okungenani umnikelo omncane kulondolozo lwayo.

Ezokwakha nendawo ezungezile - yini efanelekile?

Sifuna ukuhlala ezindlini ngombono wezindawo zokugcina amanzi, siye ezitolo ezinkulu ezakhiwe ezingekho ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-300 ukusuka endlini, uphumule ezitolo nezindawo zokuzijabulisa, nazo ezakhiwe eduzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaningi bethu abacabangi nangokuthi ukwakhiwa kwesitolo esisha noma ikhaya kuzothinta kanjani imvelo esikuzungezile.

Ngokuhambisana noMthethosisekelo weRussian Federation, zonke izakhamizi zinelungelo lendawo enhle. Ngasikhathi sinye, umsebenzi wakhe ukuvikela imvelo nendawo ezungezile, ukuvikela umcebo wemvelo wezwe. Ngokusobala, inqubo yokufundisa imizwa enjalo kwabaningi kuphela ekuqaleni kwendlela.

Ukunyuka kwejubane lokwakha akugcini ngokushintsha ngokungenakuphikwa ukubukeka kwemvelo, kepha futhi kuyithinta kabi. Imiphumela emide yezindawo zokwakha, alas, isivele yaziwa ngabaningi. Noma kunjalo, ngithanda ukugxila kweminye imininingwane.

Maye, umthelela omubi wokwakha wenzeka kuzo zonke izigaba zawo: ukusuka ekutholeni izinto zokwakha kuya kwizakhiwo ezisetshenzisiwe eziqediwe. Umthamo wemfucuza eqinile ngesimo senhlabathi ethuthukisiwe nezinsalela zezinto zokwakha unyaka nonyaka ziyanda kuphela.

Unyaka ngamunye, ukwakhiwa kudinga amamitha angama-cubic million. amamitha enkuni.

Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi, ukugudla kwalo emifuleni, ukucubungula okwenziwa kamuva ukukhiqiza izinkuni, bese kuthi imikhiqizo eqediwe ihlanganiswe nokungcoliswa komoya kanye nesimo somhlaba, umkhathi, amanzi.

Umkhakha wezokwakha udla inani elikhulu lamatshe, isihlabathi, udaka, ukhilimu kanye nezinye izinsiza ezikhishwe emathunjini omhlaba ngendlela evulekile, okudala umonakalo omkhulu wenhlabathi, izimbali nezilwane.

Imvelo yonke kwesinye isikhathi iyafa (ingqikithi yezinto eziphilayo nezinto ezingakhi lapho ukujikeleza kwezinto zenzeka). Ukukhiqizwa kwezinto zokwakha, izingxenye ezahlukahlukene kanye nemikhiqizo kuhlotshaniswa nokukhululwa kothuli, isokisi, igesi, okuholela ekungcoleni komoya ngakho-ke, kuthinta kabi impilo yabantu.

Amanzi asetshenziswa kabanzi njengengxenye yesisombululo ekwakhiweni kwenhlabathi, njll. Ngemuva kokusebenzisa, ayakhishwa futhi angcolise izidumbu zamanzi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo nezinhlaka kuholela ekushintsheni kombuso we-hydrological. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, ukunyakaza kwenhlabathi, ushintsho ekuqondeni kanye nesivinini semithambo yamanzi kungenzeka.

Lokhu kuyingozi ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinokuthenjwa.

Ukuguqulwa kokukhululeka kwezindawo ezakhiwe lapho ziguqula isimo samanzi angaphezulu komhlaba, ukwakhiwa kwezisekelo, ukugcwala komhlaba wokugcwala okukhona ngaphansi komhlaba, ukwephulwa kombuso wokweqa komhlaba nokuhanjiswa komswakama, ukubekwa kwamanethiwekhi okusebenzisa kuholela ekukhuleni okukhulu kwezinga lamanzi aphansi komhlaba. Ukugudluza kwenhlabathi kuthinta ukuzamazama komhlaba kwezindawo ezikhungethwe yizikhukhula, okudala izindleko zokwandisa ukumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba ngesakhiwo.

Ukwakhiwa kwefektri kwakha umthwalo owengeziwe wemvelo futhi kufaka ukuwohloka kwempilo yabantu. Izakhiwo ezakhiwe kanye nezinhlaka esezivele zinethonya elibi emvelweni: ukuguquguquka komhlaba kuyashintsha, isembozo semifino siyashintsha (size sinyamalale ngokuphelele), amasango emvelo athathelwa indawo awokudala.

Maye, akukho lutho namuhla oluvimbayo ekwakhiweni: noma amapaki anamasimu wamahlathi, noma izingadi ezinamapulangwe. Ngamunye wethu wabheka ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani lapho kwakhiwa khona isikhungo sokuthenga esilandelayo.

Kwenzeka ukuthi babhubhise konke lokhu okuyimpande, obekujabulisa abahlali amashumishumi eminyaka. Vele, kwesinye isikhathi umnikazi wento enjalo yokwakha uzama ukuhlela ukutshala kwepaki elisha.

Kepha, ngicabanga ukuthi, konke lokhu kungenzeka ukukhangisa isikhungo sakho kunokunciphisela umonakalo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izithombo ezimbalwa zezithombo ngeke zikwazi ukubuyisela noma yiziphi izinhlobo zokusika, noma ukunxenxa ngomonakalo odaleke kwezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni nezilwane. Lezi zamuva, njengoba wazi, zithola isiphephelo sazo emiqhele yemithi emide. Akumangazi ukuthi ama-landings asemasha ahambisana nezindawo zokuthenga nezokuzijabulisa (ama-SECs) ahlala engenalutho futhi engaphili.

Enye inkinga ukucindezela kwenhlabathi. Ngaphansi kwethonya lobuningi besakhiwo, ukucindezelwa kwamatshe aphezulu kwenzeka (ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-50).Ngaphansi kwento, kwakheka ukwehla kobuso obungamasentimitha angama-30 kuya kwengama 40. Kungabaluleka kakhulu uma izimayini zisondele.

Okunye ukuthinta. Ukwakhiwa kwanoma yisiphi isakhiwo kubandakanya ukwehlukaniswa komhlaba. Okusho ukuthi, inhlabathi iba yinto engafanele ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa kwezomnotho okuthe xaxa.

Ukubekwa kwamapayipi okuhambisa indle, izintambo zikagesi nazo zinomthelela ekulahlekelweni kokuzala. Ngisho nangemva kokuvalwa kwendawo yokwakha, kuba nzima ukubuyisa ukuzala kwenhlabathi.

Izindawo ezinjengalezi zivame ukuqala ukusetshenziswa njengezindawo zokulahla umhlaba, kufaka phakathi ezingagunyaziwe. Ngakho-ke, le nkinga ihlala ivulekile.

Ukuvela kwanoma yisiphi isakhiwo kufaka ukukhishwa kwengxenye entsha yokushisa imvelo. “Ukungcoliswa” okwengeziwe okwengeziwe kuyenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhungo zokuthenga nokuzijabulisa zingumthombo owandayo womsindo nokukhanyisa, okuthinta isimo sabantu abanesimo sengqondo naphezu kwengqondo.

Ngaphezu komthelela omubi ezitshalweni nasemhlabathini, into eyakhiwayo ishintsha izimo zokufakwa ngaphansi kwayo (izinga lokuvezwa kwelanga yizakhiwo, izakhiwo kanye nengaphakathi lazo). Izakhiwo zifihla insimu, zishintsha indlela yokuhwamuka komswakama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphuma komoya phakathi kwezakhiwo kuba kubi kakhulu, futhi lokhu kuholela ekwandeni kwezinga lokushisa.

Basho ukuthi inqubo yokwakha ayinakuphikwa. Futhi lokhu kunjalo: kancane futhi akukaze kuthintwe ngokwakhiwa komhlaba nezitshalo. Kodwa-ke, ukulimala kwemvelo kungancishiswa. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kuncane okudingakalayo: ukugcina irekhodi eliphoqelekile lezinqumo ezenziwe, ukuba nesazi semvelo esifanelekile ezinhlanganweni ezinkulu zokwakha, kanye nokwenza izinyathelo zemvelo ngesikhathi.

Lapho kuklanywa izinto zokwakha, kuyadingeka ukuthi unake ukuthi ukubukeka kwesakhiwo kuzothinta kanjani imvelo, kodwa nokusebenza kwayo kanye nokupheliswa kungenzeka. Akumele sikhohlwe ngokuxhumeka okungenakuqhathaniswa phakathi komuntu nendawo ezungezile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzicekela phansi inzuzo yomunye umuntu ..

Imininingwane ewusizo

• ekhaya
• Imibhalo
• Imininingwane ewusizo
• Imininingwane ewusizo - TechnoNICOL

Ukubopha indawo - Lokhu kungophahla olusongelwe nokuthanjiswa okungangeni manzi, okwenziwe ngesisekelo sethala elingabuni futhi lisebenzela ukwenziwa kwamaphephethi ophahla lwezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene nezakhiwo, kanye namabhuloho angenamanzi, izisekelo, imigudu.

Enye yezindlela ezingabizi kakhulu nezisebenzayo - ezivundlile udonga lwamanzi. Ukuze kuqalise ukusebenza kwayo, izindonga zakhiwa ngendiza enezingqimba, emva kwalokho zigcwalisa igebe eliphumela ngezinto ezibonakalayo ezingavikeleki amanzi. Enye indlela ukujova koketshezi okuvimba ama-capillaries noma enze izindonga zawo zibe yi-hydrophobic.

Okweqile kophahla kubandakanya nezenzo eziningi:

• ukususwa kwophahla lwakudala,
• ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo sokhuni noma sensimbi esisebenza njengophahla lokuthwala, futhi uma kunesidingo, ukubuyiselwa okuthile,
• ukuphathwa kokubuyisa kanye nokubuyisa umlilo kwesakhiwo esisekelayo,
• uma ubuqotho besithiyo se-vapor bephulwa - ukubuyiselwa,
• ukubuyiselwa kokufakelwa okushisayo,
• idivaysi yophahla,
• uma kunesidingo - Umbala ophahleni.

Okweqile kophahla

Kunezimpawu ongakwazi ngazo ukunquma isimo sophahla bese unquma ukuthi kunganjani ukufakwa kophahla.

Hlola uphahla - lubukeka kanjani? Ngabe loluphahla luhambisana nokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sisonke? Mhlawumbe ungathanda ukwenza ikhaya lakho libe lihle kakhulu futhi libe lesimanje, noma mhlawumbe, ngokuphambene nalokho, libuyisele ukubukeka kwalo kwangaphambilini? Imvamisa, ukufaka indawo ophahleni kungakushintsha kakhulu ukubukeka kwesakhiwo.

Ukufakwa kwamatshe odongeni enze konke ngaphandle kwesakhiwo nangaphakathi.

Usebenzisa idivaysi yokufakelwa odongeni lwangaphandle, unga:

• vikela udonga emathonyeni ahlukahlukene asemkhathini, ngokwesibonelo, ukuqandisa kanye nokubamba,
• ukuhambisa indawo yamazolo engxenyeni engaphandle yokufaka ukufudumeza, ngenxa yokuthi kungenzeka ukugwema ukumanzisa engxenyeni engaphakathi odongeni,
• ukungafaki ukubukeka kwemikhuba esilinganisweni esikhulu sodonga, ngaleyo ndlela sikhulisa ukuqina kwezindonga,
• dala imodi evumayo yokusebenza kodonga ngokuya ngokuqina kwayo,
• ukwakha i-microclimate enhle yekamelo,
• ngcono ukubukeka kwama-facade.

Uboya obunamaminerali - Lokhu kungukuthile okusansimbi okutholakala emadwaleni ancibilikisiwe, kanye ne-metallurgical slag kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwayo.

Imvamisa, abakhiqizi bomhlaba wonke bemikhiqizo yamaminerali basebenzise amadwala njengezinto ezingavuthiwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, uboya bamaminerali butholakala ngekhwalithi ephezulu, bungasebenza isikhathi eside.

Lapho ukusebenza isikhathi eside nokuthembekile kokusebenza kwezakhiwo nezinhlaka kudingekile, uvolo onjalo wamaminerali uvame ukusetshenziswa.

I-Styrofoam ekhutshiwe (noma igwebu le-polystyrene extruded) igama elisha emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe bokufakelwa kwe-thermal. Noma lokhu okwenziwayo kwaqala ukukhiqizwa iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-60 edlule, kusenezinto ezingafani naseRussia noma emhlabeni. I-polystyrene TECHNONICOL enwetshiwe iyisiteshisi sendawo yonke kuzo zonke izindlela.

Lapho ukhetha izinto zokuphahla ikhaya lakho, kufanele ucabangele ubuhle nobubi bengubo ngayinye enikelwe emakethe namuhla. Uphahla lwekhwalithi ephezulu luyisiqinisekiso sokuvikela igumbi kunoma yisiphi isimo sezulu.

Izinto zokufulela ezinophahla namuhla zithandwa kakhulu embonini yezokwakha hhayi yezimboni kuphela kepha nezakhiwo zokuhlala.

Amophahla, okwenziwa ngawo izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwenziwa, awasindi, athembekile futhi futhi ngokomnotho.

Ikhaphethi yophahla ikhiqizwa ngemikhawulo, ukubeka kuyenziwa ezingxenyeni ezimbili, kuthi phezulu imbozwe ngengubo ekhethekile yokuvikela.

Ukufulela amaflethi kungenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokuhlelela ophahleni lwezakhiwo zokuhlala kanye nezimboni. Intengo engabizi, isisindo esiphansi, amandla okuthola isikhala esengeziwe sophahla, ukusebenziseka lula nokusebenziseka kalula kophahla oluyicaba - konke lokhu kwenza kuthandwe futhi kufunwe.

Idivayisi yophahla lwamafulethi

Ukushisa okuphezulu kwephansi kuyinkomba ebalulekile yezinga lenduduzo yekhaya. Yingakho ukufakelwa phansi kufakwa kunoma yiliphi igumbi lokuhlala.

Uma isakhiwo sendawo yokuhlala sisondelene nomhlabathi, uma ukufudumeza okuvamile kwendlu kushiya kufiseleka kakhulu, uma ngasizathu simbe phansi endlini kubanda, ukufakwa okushisa komhlaba phansi kuyadingeka.

Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhloso ezimbili zingafinyelelwa ngasikhathi sinye: ukwandisa induduzo yegumbi futhi unciphise izindleko zokushisa.

Emakethe yesimanje yezinto zokumboza ophahleni, ukufulela uphahla kuyadingeka kakhulu. It is a mass viscous homogeneous mass, okuthi, ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kobuso nokwenziwa lukhuni, iphenduke i-coating monolithic. Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kakhulu kwe-mastic yophahla ukufakwa nokulungiswa kwamaphahla, kanye nokuvimbela amanzi.

Ukwebhula mastic noma i-bitumen-polymer mastic

Isixazululo sezinkinga "ezejwayelekile" nezinkinga ezivelayo ngenkathi kufakwa uphahla, ukuvimbela amanzi.

Ukwakhiwa kwanamuhla akunakucabanga ngaphandle kokufakelwa okushisayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, noma impahla esezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu yokufakelwa ngeke ikwazi ukusebenza kahle ngokwanele uma ingavikelwe yisithiyo se-vapor efakwe kahle.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwendlu ngenxa yomsindo wangaphandle ngokuyinhloko induduzo ethinta inhliziyo, okuvumela abahlali ukuzwa kuphela leyo misindo abangathanda, futhi bazivikele ekungeneni kwemisindo engafuneki evela ngaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvimbela umsindo efulethini futhi kuhlinzeka nokufakelwa okuthembekile kokushisa. Kuhlanganisa hhayi kuphela ukufakwa phansi phansi nezindonga kusuka imisindo extraneous, kodwa futhi ukuvimbela umsindo iminyango kanye ukwahlukaniswa.

Izinto ezidumile zokuvimbela amanzi namuhla ziyizitho zokufulela ophahleni. Ukukhula okusheshayo kokuthandwa kwabo kungenxa yezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zomsebenzisi nezobuchwepheshe. Okokuqala, ukufakwa kolwelwesi lwe-pvc oluhlala isikhathi eside kakhulu, imvamisa impilo yawo yenkonzo ingaba yiminyaka engama-50.

Izici zesimo sezulu saseRussia ziningi kangangokuba kudingeka ukuthi usebenzise imali enkulu ekuphepheni izakhiwo nasekugcineni ukushisa kuzo. Umnotho waseRussia uyathuthuka namhlanje ohlangothini lokonga uwoyela kanye nezinsimbi zamandla. Enye yezisombululo eziphumelelayo zenkinga yokulondolozwa kokushisa ukufakwa kwamapayipi.

Izinto zokuphahla ziyindawo yokufaka ophahleni yokufaka ophahleni, etholakala ngokubopha amakhadibhodi ophahleni ngamafutha bitumen nangokunamathisela phezulu kwaphezulu kwephansi kwento yophahla enengqimba yebitume yokuphamba.

IRuberoid nezinhlobonhlobo zayo

Ukuvimbela amanzi ophahleni kuyisinyathelo esidingekayo esenza umsebenzi obalulekile: kuvikela uphahla emiphumeleni emibi yomswakama nezixazululo zamanzi-usawoti. Uma ungakunakekeli ukuvimba amanzi ophahleni ngendlela esifike ngesikhathi, umswakama nokuhanjiswa kwezulu kuzodala ukugqwala kophahla ngokushesha. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuzodingeka wenze ukulungiswa kophahla okubizayo.