Ukutholwa okumangazayo kwenziwa ngabantu be-anthropologists. Lezi zisebenzi zesayensi zikwazile ukufakazela okubonakala ngathi kuyinto engacabangeki: kusuka endaweni yokubukwa kwe-anatomy, izandla ze-chimpanzee zisebenza ngokuphelele kunezandla zabantu.

Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi idlozi elivamile lama chimpanzee nama homo sapiens belingafani ncamashi nama-primates aphakeme anamuhla, angabantu futhi netshimpanzi. Kunoma ikuphi, lokhu yikho kanye okwashiwo ososayensi uqobo emakhasini encwajana i-Nature Comunication.

Isandla se-chimpanzee siphelele ngaphezu kwesandla somuntu.

Ngokusho kwesazi semvelo esivela eNyuvesi yaseKent kuwebhusayithi yejenali iSayensi, u-Owen Lovejoy, ukutholwa okwenziwe ngabaphengulwazi ngemuva kokutholakale izinsalela ze-ardipithecus, ngenhlanhla, kwaqala ukungena ekuqondeni kwezigaba eziningi zomphakathi wesayensi, ovuma kancane ukuthi okuvamile ukhokho we-chimpanzee wayengafani nabo ngokuphelele. Yize kunjalo, chimpanzee ahambisana nendlela yokuphila kumagatsha amade ezihlahla nokudla izithelo, ngakho-ke akunakusetshenziswa njengesibonelo sokubonakala kokhokho bethu abajwayelekile.

Ngokwenzekayo, lesi simangalo sifakazelwe yiqembu lezazi zezimbali nama-anthropologists, eholwa uSergio Almesihi waseD. Washington University. Ukuze wenze lokhu, bekudingekile ukuqhathanisa ukwakheka kwezandla zeAustralopithecus sediba, i-Ardipithecus, abantu nezinduna, kanye nezinye izinkawu zesimanje nezinduna zakudala.

Okokuqala, ososayensi babenesifiso sokulinganiswa kobude, nezinye izinto eziningi zesithupha nezinye izingxenye zebhulashi. Lokhu akuvumelanga ngokunembile ukuthi kungalandelela kuphela, kepha futhi nokubuyisela ukuxhumana okuhlukahlukene okukhona phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zohlobo.

Leli qiniso, elifakazelwa ososayensi, lifakazela umbono kaDarwin kuphela.

Ngenxa yalezi zimpawu zokwakheka komhlaba, izazi zezimbali ziveze ukuthi kwakuyibhulashi lomuntu, hhayi ibhulashi le-chimpanzee, esakhiweni salo esiseduze kwebhulashi le-ardipithecus, i-Australopithecus namanye ama-anthropoids asendulo. Ngakho-ke, ngokwe-anatomical, izandla zethu ziqala ukwedlula izandla zochimpanzee.

Njengoba ososayensi begcizelela, lesi siphetho asigcini ngokuwukhuza umbono kaDarwin wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kodwa, kunalokho, sikuqinisekisa nangokwengeziwe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, ngokuchuma okwenele, izinhlobo eziningi zezidalwa eziphilayo ziqala ngokukhethekile i-niche ethile yezemvelo, zithole, ngenxa yalokho, amadivayisi akhethekile kakhulu futhi alahlekelwe yizici zomhlaba wonke, ngoba yidivayisi ekhethekile eshiwo ngenhla ebasiza ukuba baphile ezimeni ezithile.

Izimpimpi ziyisibonelo esihle sale ndlela, ikakhulukazi izithupha zazo ezimfushane nezandla ezinde, ezivumelaniswe kahle nokuphila emagatsheni ezihlahla.

Ngasikhathi sinye, chimpanzee cishe awakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ethile ngokwejwayelekile kithi, ngokwesibonelo, aphonsa ngamatshe ngokunembile.

Ngasikhathi sinye, yisandla somuntu, yize sesindala ngokwedlulele futhi, ngokufanelekile, simnikeza ithuba lokuxazulula ngokuqiniseka imisebenzi eminingi ehlukene, ukungakwazi ukwenza leyo misebenzi ekhethekile i-chimpanzee ebhekana nayo.

Futhi uma ngokuzayo, ekuqhubekeni kwesifundo, iziphetho zikaSergio Almesihi nabanye ososayensi ababambe iqhaza ocwaningweni kuyaqinisekiswa, khona-ke lokhu kuzokhombisa ukuthi idlozi elivamile lezimpimpi nabantu alizange lifane kangako nelokuqala. Kunoma ikuphi, kuzoba kuncane kunokucabanga kwangaphambilini. Kodwa-ke, njengoba incwadi eshiwo ngenhla ibeka, izazi eziningi ze-anthropologists ezinamathela endaweni ehlukile ekubukeni diametric cishe ngeke zivume ngalesi siphetho.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.

Iminwe

Iminwe yinde, iqinile, iphakeme, kungathi ifakwe ugesi, ithepha kancane emaphethelweni. Ama-phalanges amakhulu weminwe acashile futhi acashile kunalawo aphakathi; ama-phalanges we-terminal mncane kakhulu, amafushane, mancane futhi mancane kunawokuqala. Umunwe wesithathu mude kunabo bonke, umunwe wokuqala umfishane kakhulu. Ngokuya ngezinga lokwehla, iminwe ingafakwa kulayini olandelayo: 3, 4, 2, 5, 1st.

Ukuhlola iminwe kusukela emuva, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi konke kumbozwe ngesikhumba esinyene, esigaxekile, embozwe izinwele kuphela kuma-phalanges amakhulu.

Emingceleni yama-phalanges amakhulu naphakathi emilenzeni emide emine (Cha. 2-5), sibona ukuvuvukala okuqinile kwesikhumba, kwakheka sengathi kungukuthi ama-callosus thickenings athambile, ukuqubuka okuncane kakhulu kuphakathi kwama-phalanges aphakathi nawesiphelo. Ama-phalanges asemaphethelweni aphela ngezinsimbi ezincane ezicwebezelayo, ezine-convex, nezikhonkwane ezinsundu ezimnyama emngceleni wangaphandle ngumucu omncane, omnyama.

Esilwaneni esiphilile, lo mngcele wezipikili uphuma kancane kusuka kupulpinal ye-terminal phalanx yeminwe futhi lapho ikhula ibuyela emuva, ibopha ngendlela yesikhathi esifanele, ezilwaneni ezigulayo kuphela esivame ukuqaphela izipikili ezigcwele.

Ake siqhubekele phambili ekuchazeni imigqa yezandla zesibindi sethu.

Imigqa yezandla

Uma sibamba isandla se-chimpanzee echazwe ngu-Schlaginhaufen "ohm, ongowesifazane osemncane omncane, ngesampula sokuqala sokuqhathanisa, ukuthuthukiswa kwemigqa entendeni yesandla sethu se-Ioni kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. (Ithebula 1.2, Umdwebo 1, (Ithebula B.36, Umdeni 3). )

Ithebula 1.2. Imigqa yesundu kanye nezinsimbi zamachimpanzee nabantu

U-fig. 1. Imigqa yesundu ku-Ioni chimpanzee.
U-fig. 2. Imigqa yesandla sengane yomuntu.
U-fig. 3. Imigqa yodwa ye-chimpanzee Ioni.
U-fig. 4. Imigqa eyodwa yengane yomuntu.

Ithebula 1.3. Ukuhlukahluka kwentambo yesandla neyodwa yesimo se-chimpanzee

U-fig. 1. Imigqa yesandla sesandla sokudla ♂ chimpanzee (Petit) iminyaka engu-8.
U-fig. 2. Imigqa yesandla sokudla ♂ chimpanzee (Petit) iminyaka engu-8.
U-fig. 3. Imigqa yesandla sokudla ♀ chimpanzee (Mimosa) iminyaka engu-8.
U-fig. 4. Izinyawo zesandla sobunxele левой chimpanzee (Mimosa) iminyaka engu-8.
U-fig. 5. Imigqa yesandla sesandla sokudla ♀ chimpanzee (Mimosa) iminyaka engu-8.
U-fig. 6. Izinsika zonyawo lwesokudla imp chimpanzee (Mimosa) iminyaka engu-8.
U-fig. 7. Amanyawo wonyawo lwesobunxele imp chimpanzee (iminyaka emi-3).
U-fig. 8. Imigqa yesandla sesandla sobunxele ♀ chimpanzee (iminyaka emi-3).
U-fig. 9. Izinsika zonyawo lwesokudla ♂ chimpanzee (Petit).

Umugqa wokuqala oqondile (1, noma aa 1) ubizwa ngokuqhamile e-Ioni futhi unesikhundla esifanayo nesimo ngendlela efanayo nakulo mdwebo, kepha uyinkimbinkimbi ngamagatsha angeziwe, kungekudala ngemuva kokusuka kwengxenye yebhulashi (nje endaweni yayo ukuyiwela ngomugqa V mpo, obekwe eceleni komunwe wesi-5), kunika ukhiye obukhali (1a), ukuya kwisisekelo somphetho wangaphakathi we-phalanx yomunwe wesibili, uphumule ngokumelene nolayini wokuqala ophambukayo esisekelweni sayo.

Umugqa wesibili ovundlile (2nd, noma i-bb 1), ebekwe engxenyeni yayo yasekuqaleni isentimitha kuya kwangaphambilini, iqala ngemfoloko encane kusukela kumugqa V omile, le foloko kungekudala (endaweni yokuhlangana kwayo nomugqa we-IV omile) ixhunywe egatsheni elilodwa, endaweni yokuhlangana nayo ngomugqa we mphumela we-III, yenza umgwaqo obukhali obheke emugqeni ongu-1 oqondile lapho kuhlangana khona umugqa we-vertical II (dd 1), obhekene ne-eksisi yomunwe inkomba.

Umugqa wesithathu ovundlile (3 noma u-cc 1), osendaweni yawo yokuqala yamasentimitha ama-5 ukuya kulayini wangaphambili we-2, uqala kusukela emaphethelweni engxenye ye-ulnar yebhulashi futhi uthambekele ekukhuphukeleni phezulu ngobude bawo bonke, ezindaweni ezihlanganayo ne-V no. I-IV vertical sludge isivele isentimitha kuphela kusuka emugqeni wesi-2, futhi endaweni yokuhlangana ne-vertical III ihlangana ngokuphelele nomugqa wangaphambilini (2nd). Ngendlela, kufanele futhi kushiwo ukuthi umugqa wesi-3 ekuqaleni kwendlela yawo onqenqemeni lwe-ulnar lwebrashi uthatha i-twig emfishane evundlile, futhi maphakathi nendlela yayo (enkabeni yesandla) iphukile futhi ibanzi umugqa we-10 (incazelo eningilizayo yokuthi iyiphi enikezwe ngezansi).

Kokunye okukhudlwana, okuwela ohlangothini oludlulayo, imigqa yesundu, okulandelayo kufanele kushiwo.

Umugqa wesine (we-4, noma we-gg 1) uqala onqenqemeni lwe-ulnar endaweni lapho umugqa wesithathu oqonde khona ushiya futhi ungene endaweni ethambekele uqonde ngqo kulayini we-1 (noma i-FF 1), uwele owokugcina unikeze amagatsha amancane amathathu , lapho ezimbili (4a, 4b) imfoloko zikhipha khona phansi kwesithupha sesithupha, kuthi enye (4c) yehle iye emigqeni yesandla yesi-7 ne-8 (ii 1).

Cishe ukufana nengxenye yokuqala yomugqa wesi-4 kukhona okukhona okufakwayo okukhona - umugqa wesi-5 ovundlile, othi (endaweni yomhlangano we-5th enezingqimba nge-V mpo) wehlela ngokunqobayo, unqamula umugqa we-III mpo futhi ufinyelela cishe kufushane lokuqala (1a) umugqa wokuqala omile.

Umugqa wesithupha ovundlile (we-6) uqala isentimitha ngaphansi kwaleyo eyedlule, iqonde icishe iqonde ngqo, ngomugqa omncane okhuphuka kancane uphela ngokushesha ngemuva kwendawo lapho behlangana khona (endaweni yokuhlangana ye-6 nge-line VII) enamagatsha amabili angenamandla i-6a ne-6a.

Umugqa wesikhombisa ovundlile (we-7, noma i-hh 1) ungaphansi kwebhulashi enamagatsha ama-2 amancane, aqondiswe ngokungacabangi nangaphezulu ngaphezulu ezansi kwethotho elincane eliphinki.

Umugqa wesishiyagalombili ovundlile (we-8, noma ii-1) umfushane, awunamandla, ucishe ugcwele ngaphezulu nowedlule, utholakala kuphela ephansi futhi unemisebe eminingi.

Umugqa we-9 ovundlile uveze buthakathaka bugijima phakathi nendawo yesigcawu esingu-1 cm ubukhulu besahluko se-10 esivundlile.

Umugqa weshumi ovundlile (we-10), ongaphezulu naphakathi nendawo yesandla, ohambelana nomugqa wesi-2 ovundlile (bb 1) engxenyeni yakhe ephakathi (etholakala phakathi kwemigqa emi mpo ye-IV ne-II), eyi-1 cm ngaphandle kwelena eyedlule, umbono wami ucashunwe kumugqa wesi-3 (cc 1).

Ukuguqukela emigqeni engena phakathi kwesundu ngezikhundla eziqonde ngqo futhi ezithambekele, kufanele sisho okulandelayo: I-vertical line (FF 1) iqala ngenhla komugqa wokuqala onqenqemayo (I, noma aa 1) kude ne-1 cm ukusuka kumaphethelo we-brashi futhi, ububanzi i-arc igoqa ukuphakama kwesithupha, yehlela cishe emgqeni wesandla (7, hh 1).

Endleleni ebheke engxenyeni ephakathi yebhulashi, lo mugqa oqonde mpo unika amagatsha amaningana: igatsha lokuqala kusuka kulo, ngokwesakhiwo sethu 1a, lisuka ezingeni lokuphela kwengxenye yesithathu salo eliphezulu, licishe liqonde emgqeni ongenamandla (9th), lihamba lingabonakali kahle ngaphakathi engxenyeni yezandla yesandla, iwela umugqa we-4 nowe-6 ovundlile wezandla, igatsha lesibili (1b) I lomugqa oqondile lisuka kulo 2 mm ngaphansi kwangaphambilini (1a) futhi linendlela ecishe ifane nalo, kodwa liphela liphansi kancane kunelangaphambili ukufinyelela imigqa yesandla yesi-7 neyesi-8 (hh 1, ii 1) futhi kube sengathi uyazisika.

Ngaphakathi komugqa othe mpo, ngisuka endaweni yokuphumula eduzane nesithupha, kukhona i-VII ebukhali, ebaluleke kakhulu kuyo yonke imigqa yezandla etholakalayo, lo mzila, ogoba ngokuzungeza esiqongweni sentaba yesithupha, uwela kancane ngaphansi komugqa wemigqa u-Ia no-Ib (FF 1) no endaweni ebheke phezulu iyaqhubeka ibheke phansi, ifinyelele emigqeni yesandla (yesi-7), isika umugqa wendlela wayo we-4 (gg 1) ne-lb.

Kweminye imigqa yesandla eqonde kakhulu noma engacaciswanga kahle, kufanele kushiwo eminye emine. Umugqa omfushane (II) (ohambelana ne-ee 1 ngokusho kwe-Schlaginhaufen "y), otholakala engxenyeni engenhla yebhulashi, uhambe ngqo lapho uhla lwe-axis lomunwe wesibili, uqala cishe ukusuka kugebe phakathi kweminwe yesi-2 ne-3 bese uya ngqo phansi, uhlangana ne isiphelo esingezansi ngomugqa I (FF 1) (endaweni nje lapho umugqa we-10 oqonde khona uhlangabezana nawo).

I-Line III ingenye yemigqa emide entendeni yesandla sakho (ehambelana ne-dd 1 ngokusho kwe-Schlaginhaufen "y).

Iqala phezulu ngensimbi ebunjiwe buthaka ngqo maqondana ne-axis yomunwe ophakathi, ibambeka kancane inqubo ukusuka kumugqa oguqukayo we-1 (aa 1), inqamula umugqa 1 nomugqa 2 ngentambo ebukhali (endaweni lapho lokhu kuhlangana khona nomugqa wesithathu), kunqamula umugqa we-9, I-10 futhi, ibalekela engxenyeni ye-ulnar yesandla, idlula lapho nje ukuhlangana komugqa wesi-4 nowesi-6 ibuye iqhubeke futhi iphansi, iwele ekugcineni komugqa wesi-5 bese ihlumela lisuka kwelesi-7, lifinyelele ngqo emgqeni wesandla (7) th).

Umugqa we-IV mpo (kk 1 ku-Schlaginhaufen terminology a), etholakala ebheke ekseni yomunwe wesi-4, uqala ngohlobo lwe-groove ebuthakathaka (ebonakalayo kuphela ngokukhanya okwaziwayo), isuka kugebe phakathi kweminwe yesi-3 ne-4 futhi iqonde phansi , lo mugqa uba lapho uphinyiswa ngaphezulu komugqa 2. Ukwehla okungaphansi, lo mzila wama mphumela we-IV ulandelana ngokulandelana u-3 no-9 oqondile ovundlile bese unyamalala ngokungafanele, ngandlela thile ungafiki kulayini we-5 oqondile.

Umugqa oqondile ongu-V, omude kunayo yonke imigqa ebheke phezulu yebhulashi, ubekwa maqondana ne-axis yomunwe wesi-5 bese uqala ukusuka kumugqa oguqukayo esisekelweni sawo, wehle, ngokulandelana usike imigqa eshintshashintshayo engu-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 futhi sengathi umhlangano imigqa ye-oblique isuka emgqeni wesi-7 otholakala esihlakaleni.

Kukhanya okuhle, i-jumper x encane evundlile phakathi kwemigqa emi nqo IV no-V ibonakala engxenyeni engenhla yebhulashi, ngaphezulu komugqa 1 (aa 1).

Kwimigqa ye-brashi esele ebonakalayo, kufanele futhi sisho umugqa omude we-oblique VI, sinqume engxenyeni engezansi yebhulashi, siqala egatsheni elingaphansi lomugqa wesi-2 futhi siye phansi ngokuqondile size sifinyelele kumaphoyinti wokuphambanisa imigqa emithathu ye-la, i-lb ne-6th eqonde phezulu endaweni yokuhlangana kwayo ne-1c, kuya emugqeni wesandla (7).

Manje siphendukela ekuchazeni kwemigqa ebekwe phansi kweminwe.

Esisekelweni sesithupha, sithola imigqa emibili eqondile ehlanekezela engxenyeni enkulu yesandla: i-VII ne-VIII, ukusuka phansi kwalemigqa - i-VIII, emboza isithupha, kunemigqa emincane emine eguquguqukayo ibheke phansi, ihlanganiswe phakathi kwesithupha ngoguqukayo ukugoqa, okungenhla kwale migqa - i-VII isivele ichaziwe.

Esisekelweni somunwe okhomba kanye nomunwe omncane, sithola imigqa emithathu, inqanyuliwe emaphethelweni angaphandle eminwe futhi iguqukela emagumbini angaphakathi phakathi kweminwe. Kancanyana ngaphezu kwesisekelo somunwe ophakathi nendawo kanye nesendandatho sithola umugqa owodwa oguqukayo.

Ngaphezu kwale migqa, sithola imigqa emithathu eyengeziwe ehlanganayo exhuma iminwe ehlukene kabili: owesi-2 ne-3 (a), owesine kanye no-5 (b), owesithathu kanye no-4 (c).

1. Ukusuka emaphethelweni angaphandle omunwe wesibili kukhona umugqa we-arcuate (a), oya emaphethelweni angaphakathi womunwe wesithathu, ofanele umugqa oguqukayo esisekelweni sawo.
2. Ukusuka emaphethelweni angaphandle omunwe wesihlanu (okungukuthi, kusuka kumugqa ohlukanisayo ophakathi kwesisekelo) kukhona umugqa we-arcuate (b), uya emaphethelweni angaphakathi womunwe wesine, ofanele umugqa oguqukayo wesisekelo salokhu wokugcina.
3. Umugqa we-arcuate (c) uxhuma izisekelo zeminwe yesithathu neyesine, ushiye i-angle phakathi kweminwe yesi-2 neye-3, ubheke ekhoneni eliphakathi kweminwe yesine nelesihlanu (okungukuthi, kulayini odlulayo osisekelo somunwe wendandatho).

Sithola imigqa ehambelana kabili ngaphansi kwesisekelo se-phalanx yesibili yeminwe (ukusuka 2nd kuya ku-5).

Esisekelweni sayo yonke imiphimbo yezikhonkwane yeminwe (1-5), siphinde sibe nemigqa eyodwa eshintshashintshayo.

Ngakho-ke, intende ye-Ioni yethu, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yayo ephakathi, ifakwe umugqa omfishane wemigqa eyi-8 eqondiswe ngokuqondile nemigqa eyi-10 eqondiswe ngokuqondile, engahunyushelwa kuphela ngemuva kokuhlaziywa okungajwayelekile komzuzu.

Impumuzo yesandla sethu se-Ioni iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, hhayi kuphela uma iqhathaniswa nesandla se-chimpanzee ehlongozwe uSchlaginhaufen, ongowesifazane omncane, lapho sibona khona imigqa eyi-10 eyinhloko, kodwa futhi uma siqhathaniswa neminye imidwebo yezandla zezimpimpi ezincane enginazo: chimpanzee osemusha owayehlala eMoses Zoo kusukela ngo-1913 (ahlulela ngokubukeka emncane kakhulu kuno-Ioni) (Ithebula 1.3, Umdwebo 8), isishimane sesifazane esineminyaka engu-8 sasibizwa ngokuthi uMimosa (Ithebula 1.3, Amakhiwane 3 no-5. ) kanye ne-chimpanzee eneminyaka engu-8 ubudala uPetit (Ithebula 1.3, Umdwebo 1, 2), wagcinwa (ngonyaka we-1931) eMos Zoo.

Kuzo zonke lezi zigameko, njengoba izibalo zibonisa, inani lemigqa ephambili alidluli kwe-10.

Ngisho nokuhlolwa okusobala kakhulu kwazo zonke izandla ezethulwe kukhombisa ukuthi yize kunokuhlukahluka okukhulu ekusizeni kwezandla, ukulahleka kwemigqa ethile kanye nesikhundla esishintshile sabanye, ngaphandle komehluko emaphethini angakwesokunene nangakwesokunxele somuntu ofanayo (Amakhiwane. 1 no-2, Amakhiwane. 3 no-5. - Ithebula 1.3), - kepha-ke singawathola kalula amagama wayo yonke imigqa ngokufanekisa.

Kuzo zonke izigxivizo zeminwe ezinhlanu, indawo engenakufinyeleleka futhi engaguquguquki umugqa oqondile ugoqeka ku-1 (aa 1), i-2nd enezingqimba bese esigabeni sayo sokugcina sihlangana nesokuqala (njengoba kwenzeka ku-Fig. 8, 1), bese kuba ngokuphelele. ngokwayo (njengasoskimu iSchlaginhaufen "uhlelo) ku-Fig. 3 no-5, inika kuphela igatsha kulowo ovundlile wokuqala (njengoba kunjalo ku-Fig. 2).

Ulayini we-3 ovundlile (cc 1) uhluka kakhulu kunalowo owedlule womabili ngobukhulu (cf. Fig. 8, 5 nabo bonke abanye) nasendaweni: ngenkathi kuse-Figs. 1, 3, 5, 8 has ngokuphelele isikhundla esihlala sodwa (futhi esimweni sokugcina kunika kuphela igatsha elibuthakathaka phezulu), ku-Fig. 2 (njengase-Ioni) uwela kulayini wesibili ovundlile, uhlangana naye ngokuphelele engxenyeni eshisayo yebrashi.

Umugqa we-4 ovundlile, ovezwe kahle e-Ioni, ubuye ukhonjwe nakanjani kuPhi. 5, emkhiwaneni. 8 no-2, sikufaka ku-inthanethi kuphela, sibonisa ukwahlulela kwe-tuber yomunwe omncane kuya phansi kwesithupha sesithupha nangamagatsha amathathu (kungenzeka ukuthi sikuxuba nokwazi oku-5 noma kwe-6). Lo mugqa wokugcina oledlule wesi-6 ungenziwa ngokungenasici ku-Fig. 1 no-5, sinesikhundla nesiqondisi esifanayo ncamashi nesikaJoni, nesikhiwane. 2 no-3, sithambekele ekulungiseleleni ingxenye yaso yokuqala, etholakala kwihillock encane epinki, isuka phansi kusukela phezulu kuya phezulu.

Kwimigqa esele evundlile ekhonjiswe kuzibalo ezinamathiselwe, kufanele kubhalwe futhi ngemigqa engezansi yesandla, eyethulwa noma ikhulu (njengaku-Fig. 8) noma ngenani elincane (njengakuThebula 1.3, Amakhiwane. 1, 2, 3) , kanye nomugqa we-9, kudlula phakathi kwesundu, kutholakala kuwo wonke amacala angu-5 (okungukuthi ku-Fig. 3).

Ukuguqukela emigqeni yezandla eziqonde phezulu, kufanele sisho ukuthi konke kunqunywa kalula ngokufanekisa, ngesisekelo sesikhundla sendawo kanye nobudlelwano nemigqa yezandla esele ichaziwe, yize iveza ngokuningana ukuphambuka okuthile kulokho u-Ioni anakho.

Isikhundla esihlala njalo somugqa I (njengoba sibona ku-Fig. 8, 2, 1), ku-Fig. 5, 3, sibona ukuthi lo mugqa ufushaniswa kanjani futhi uthambekele ekusondeleni, futhi mhlawumbe ukuhlangana ngomugqa VII.

Kweminye imigqa emi mpo, i-III iphinyiselwe kahle (itholakala kuzo zonke izibalo ezi-5 futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuphela iphambuka endaweni yayo evamile ngokumelene ne-axis yomunwe wesithathu) no-V oya emunweni omncane.

Ngokuphikisana nalokho i-Ioni enakho, lo umugqa wokugcina we-V emacaleni amathathu awugcini ekugcineni kwesikhundla sawo (ngokumelene ne-axis yomunwe wesi-5), kodwa uhamba ngendlela eyi-VI, njengokungathi ukuhlangana nalomugqa wokugcina, uthathe izingcezu yonke eminye imigqa emi mpo (IV, III, II, I), njengoba ibonakala kakhulu ku-Fig. 8, 3 futhi ngokwengxenye emkhiwaneni. 1. Ezimweni ezimbili (Izingulube 2 no-5) lo msele we-V akekho ngokuphelele.

Kukhona umugqa we-vertical IV ngaphandle kokunye okuhlukile, kepha kuyahlukahluka ngosayizi nesimo. Ukuthi imfishane kakhulu (njengasendabeni ye-8 ne-1), ihlala isikhathi eside futhi yinde, iphambuka ngokuqinile endaweni yayo evamile ngokumelene ne-axis yomunwe we-4. Umugqa we-II oya emunweni we-index ubonwa endaweni eyodwa kuphela.

] Umbono uqiniswa umdwebo nencazelo yeSchlaginhaufen "a, okholelwa ukuthi umugqa we-cc 1 uqukethe izingxenye ezi-2.

Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi ubunzima bokuhlaziywa banda lapho kusebenza ngesandla esivela esilwaneni esifile, ngesimo semodeli ye-wax, lapho ukukhululeka komugqa kuguquka kakhulu ngokuya ngezimo zokukhanya. Kungakho, ukuqondisisa okulungile futhi ngenkathi kwazisa imigqa, kwakudingekile ukulandelela umugqa ngamunye ngaphansi kokukhanya okushintshashintshayo, ukukubheka kuwo wonke amaphuzu okubukwa futhi kuphela lapho kusungulwa indlela eyiqiniso yokuhamba kwayo: amaphuzu okuqala nowokuphetha, kanye nakho konke ukuxhumana okungenzeka nezinto eziseduze zokuxhumana.

Yonke imidwebo yezandla eziphakamisweni zami nangobuciko bami yenziwa kusukela emvelweni incane. V. A. Vatagin, ecaleni le-2 - kwabafileyo, e-3 kanye ne-4 - kusuka kusampuli ebukhoma.

Ngithatha leli thuba ukubonga ngokubonga usizo esinikezwe lona (kimina futhi oluncane. IVatagin) ngesikhathi somdwebo kaM. A. Velichkovsky, owasisiza ekwelashweni kwezimpimpi eziphilayo ukudweba izandla nezinyawo.

Imvamisa kubekwa kithi umbono wokuthi umuntu wehla enkawu. Futhi ukuthi isayensi ithole ukufana okunjalo kwe-DNA yomuntu nama-chimpanzee okushiya kungangabazi ngemvelaphi yabo kwokhokho abajwayelekile. Ingabe kuliqiniso? Ingabe abantu bavele bavelela izinkawu? Cabanga ngomehluko okhona phakathi kwezinkawu nabantu.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iDNA yomuntu isivumela ukuba senze ukubala okuyinkimbinkimbi, sibhale izinkondlo, sakhe amakati, sihambe enyangeni, ngenkathi amachwane ebamba futhi edla amazeze kusuka komunye nomunye. Njengoba imininingwane inqwabelana, igebe phakathi kwabantu nezinkawu liba sobala ngokwengeziwe. Uhlu olungezansi ingeminye yemehluko engenakuchazwa yizinguquko ezincane zangaphakathi, ukuguqulwa okungashintshiwe, noma ukusinda kokuqina.

1 Imisila - kuyiwe kuphi? Asikho isimo esiphakathi nendawo yokuba khona komsila nokungabikho kwayo.

2 Izinsana zethu ezisanda kuzalwa zihlukile kumawundlu ezilwane. Izitho zabo zemizwa zikhuliswa ngokwanele, isisindo sobuchopho nomzimba sikhulu kakhulu kunesezinkawu, kepha ngakho konke lokhu, izingane zethu azikwazi ukuzisiza futhi zincike kakhulu kubazali bazo. Izinsana ze-Gorilla zingama ngezinyawo zazo emavikini angama-20 ngemuva kokuzalwa, futhi izingane zabantu kuphela ngemva kwamasonto angama-43. Emnyakeni wokuqala wokuphila, umuntu uthuthukisa imisebenzi amawundlu ezilwane anayo ngaphambi kokuzalwa. Ngabe le ntuthuko?

3 Iningi lezinyamazane nezilwane eziningi ezincelisayo zizenzela ngokuzimela kukhiqiza u-Vitamin C. We, “onamandla kunabo bonke,” ngokusobala balahlekelwa yileli khono "endaweni ethile yokusinda."

4 Izinyawo zezinkawu ziyefana nezandla zazo - izinzwani zazo ezinkulu ziyashukumiseka, ziqondiswe ohlangothini futhi ziphikisana neminye iminwe, zifana nozwane olukhulu. Ebantwini, izinzwani enkulu iqondiswa phambili futhi ayiphikiswa okunye, ngaphandle kwalokho besingasilahla izicathulo zethu, siphakamise kalula izinto ngesithupha noma size siqale ukubhala ngezinyawo zethu.

5 Izinkawu ezinyaweni azinayo i-arch! Lapho uhamba, unyawo lwethu, ngenxa ye-arch, lubamba yonke imithwalo, ukushaqeka kanye namaqhubu. Uma umuntu ehla ezinkombeni zakudala, khona-ke i-arch kwakufanele ivele onyaweni “kusukela ekuqaleni”. Kodwa-ke, i-arch yasentwasahlobo akuyona nje ingxenye encane, kepha inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphandle kwakhe, impilo yethu ibiyohluka ngokuphelele. Cabanga izwe elingenakho ukuma okuhlelekile, ezemidlalo, imidlalo nokuhamba amabanga amade!

6 Umuntu akanayo i-hairline eqhubekayo: uma umuntu ahlanganyela idlozi elijwayelekile nezinkawu, izinwele zobukhulu ezivela emzimbeni wesidumbu ziye kuphi? Imizimba yethu ayinazinwele (ayinasici) futhi ayinazo ngokuphelele izinwele zezinwele. Azikho ezinye izinhlobo eziphakathi nendawo, ezinezinwele ezithile ezaziwayo.

7 Isikhumba somuntu sinamathele ngokuqinile emthanjeni wemisipha, obonakala kuphela ezincelisayo zasolwandle.

8 Abantu ukuphela kwezidalwa zasemhlabeni ezikwazi ukubamba umoya wazo. Lokhu, ekuqaleni nje, "imininingwane engasho lutho" ibaluleke kakhulu, ngoba isimo esibalulekile sekhono lokukhuluma sisezingeni eliphakeme lokulawula ukuphefumula, okungafani nezinye izilwane ezihlala emhlabeni. Benesifiso sokuthola umhlaba "oxhumekile" futhi osuselwe kulezizinto ezihlukile zabantu, abanye abakholelwa ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo baphakamise kakhulu ukuthi sivela ezilwaneni zasemanzini!

9 Phakathi kwama-primates, ngabantu kuphela abanamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nezinwele ezigobile.

10 Sine-device eyingqayizivele yokukhuluma enikeza ukukhuluma okuhle kakhulu nokukhuluma kahle.

11 Ebantwini, i-larynx inesikhundla esiphansi kakhulu maqondana nomlomo kunangezinkawu. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-pharynx kanye nomlomo bakha “ithubhu” elijwayelekile, elidlala indima ebalulekile njengomsunguli wenkulumo. Lokhu kuhlinzeka ngomqondo ongcono kakhulu - imfuneko yokuphamisa unkamisa. Ngokuthabisako, i-larynx esehlisiwe iyisitayela: ngokungafani nezinye izinto zasendulo, abantu abakwazi ukudla noma ukuphuza nokuphefumula ngasikhathi sinye ngaphandle kokujaha.

12 Isithupha sesandla sethu sithuthukiswe kahle, siphikisana kakhulu nokuphumula futhi kuselula kakhulu. Ezinkomeni, izandla ezibunjiwe zenziwe ngesithupha esifushane nezibuthakathaka. Ayikho into eyodwa yesiko ebingavela ngaphandle kwesithupha esiyingqayizivele! Ingozi noma umbono?

13 Umuntu kuphela odalwa esimweni sangempela sokuma. Kwesinye isikhathi, lapho izinkawu zithwala ukudla, zikwazi ukuhamba noma ukugijima emilenzeni emibili. Kodwa-ke, ibanga abalimboza ngale ndlela lilinganiselwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela yokuhamba kwezinkawu emilenzeni emibili ihluke ngokuphelele ekuhambeni ngezinyawo ezimbili. Indlela ekhethekile yomuntu idinga inhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi yezici eziningi zamathambo nezemisipha okhalweni lwethu, emilenzeni nasezinyaweni.

14 Abantu bayakwazi ukugcina isisindo somzimba wabo ezinyaweni zabo ngenkathi behamba, ngoba okhalweni lwethu lugelezela emadolweni ethu, bakha i-angle ekhethekile engafani nama-degree angu-9 nge-tibia enkulu (ngamanye amagama, sinamadolo asontekile). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-chimpanzee nama-gorilla asakazeke kabanzi, imilenze eqondile enekheli lokuthwala elilingana ne-zero. Lezi zilwane zisabalalisa isisindo semizimba yazo ezinyaweni zazo ngenkathi zihamba, ziguquguqula umzimba zisuka ngapha nangapha futhi zihamba ngosizo lwe- “monkey walk”.

15 Ngokuyinkimbinkimbi kwayo, ubuchopho bomuntu bukhulu kakhulu kunobuchopho bezinkawu. Iphakeme cishe izikhathi ezingama-2,5 kunobuchopho bezinkawu eziphakeme ngevolumu futhi iphindwe izikhathi ezingama-3-4 ngobukhulu. Umuntu une-cortex ethuthukiswe kakhulu yama-cerebral hemispheres, lapho kutholakala khona izikhungo ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-psyche nokukhuluma. Ngokungafani nezinkawu, ngabantu kuphela abane-furyl ephelele ye-Sylvian, enezingqimba ezingaphandle zangaphakathi, ukunyuka kwangaphandle namagatsha angaphandle.