Inkinga ukuthi umehluko ngobukhulu nezilinganiso awubalulekile, futhi ngenxa yokuhluka ngakunye, kanye nezimo ezikhulayo ezahlukahlukene, ubukhulu bezinyoni bungashiyana ngezilinganiso ezijwayelekile zalobulili: izinsikazi ezinkulu nezinsikazi ezincane zitholakala. Ngisho nasezinyoni ezinjengezinkozi, lapho izinsikazi zivame ukuba zikhulu kunezabesilisa, ngaphandle komthetho kungenzeka, ikakhulukazi lapho kuzaliselwa ukudingiswa, lapho izimo zokukhulisa amachwane zingathinta ubukhulu benyoni endala.
Umehluko ekuziphatheni ubuye ungathembeki, ngoba ezinyoni, ikakhulukazi uma ugcinwe emaqenjini ngesilinganiso sobulili esingalungile, ukwakheka kwemibhangqwana yobungqingili kungenzeka. Kulokhu, owesifazana ovelele elesibili sowesifazane uziphatha njengowesilisa aze afane nokulingisa isimilo sowesilisa ngesikhathi sokuguga, ngokulandelana, ngamabili ngabesilisa, nokuziphatha kowesilisa osebenza njengowesifazane nakho kuyashintsha.
Kwezinye izinhlobo, izinsikazi ezindala kanye nabesilisa kuyahluka ngezwi nokuklabalasa. Njengomthetho, ngabesilisa kuphela abacula ngezinhlobo zezingoma. Kepha inkinga ukuthi kunzima ukwahlukanisa amaphuphu azo zonke izinhlobo zezinyoni ngobulili ngokubukeka kwazo. Ngasikhathi sinye, kubalulekile ukunquma ubulili bezinyoni ezingakhuli. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze kusebenze ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobo ezingandile, ngokuzalanisa izinyoni ekudingisweni. Ngempela, yizinyoni ezincane ezivame ukudluliselwa kwamanye ama-zoo nasezitaladini noma ezithengelwa ukuzalaniswa ekhaya. Kuyadingeka ukwazi ubulili bezinyoni ocwaningweni lwesayensi, ngokwesibonelo, lapho utadisha ukuthuthukiswa kwamachwane, ufunda ukwakheka kokuziphatha kwawo, kubalulekile ukukwazi ukuqhathanisa lezi zinqubo ezingamaduna nezinsikazi ezincane. Kuyadingeka ukwazi isilinganiso sangempela sobulili kubantu bezinyoni zasendle ukuze kuhlolwe ngokufanele ukusebenza kwalezo zinkume, kubalulekile nokwazi isilinganiso sobulili sam amaphuphu asanda kubanjwa, nokubheka umehluko ekufeni kwezinja zamantombazane obuhlobo obuhlukile.
Izindlela ezethembekile zokunquma ubulili bezinyoni ziyizindlela zofuzo. Izinyoni, njengezilwane ezincelisayo, zinama-chromosomes ocansi. Kepha uma ezincelweni ezincelisayo, abesilisa banama-chromosome ahlukile ocansini ahlukahlukene ngobukhulu nokwakheka kwabo, babizwa ngokuthi ama-X nama-ch chososome, kanti izilwane ezincelisayo ezinama-chromosome XX, bese kuthi ezinyangeni, kunalokho, abesifazane babe nama-chromosome ubulili obuhlukile, futhi babizwa ngo-Z no-W, nezinyoni ezingamaduna zinama-chromosome ubulili afanayo Z Z. W - i-chromosome incane kakhulu kune-ch chososome engu-Z. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthola ubulili bezinyoni ngokuthola amalungiselelo we-chromosome. Kepha amalungiselelo e-chromosome atholakala egazini elisha, angagcinwa ezimweni ezikhethekile isikhathi esingadluli izinsuku ezintathu, futhi lokhu kwenza ukuthi kube nzima ukuyisebenzisa kabanzi le ndlela.
Ngo-1993, uKerry Mullys waklonyeliswa ngomklomelo kaNobel ngokwakhiwa kwendlela yePCR (polymerase chain reaction). I-PCR ikuvumela ukuba uthole ucezwana oluncane lolwazi lozalo (izindawo ezincane ze-DNA noma i-RNA) ezintweni ezifundwayo zemvelo futhi uziphindaphindeke ngokushesha (zikhulise) kudivayisi ekhethekile (i-amplifier). Eqinisweni, indlela ye-PCR ilingisa i-vitro the replication yemvelo (ukuzikopisha) ye-DNA ephinda kuphela ngejubane elikhulu futhi ikuvumela ukuthi uqongelele inani elikhulu lamakhophi e-DVD ehlanganayo (noma i-RNA). Yiziphi izigaba ezithile zeDNA ezokopishwa ezinqunywa kusetshenziswa ama-primers - imbewu. Abaphambili bahlobisa lesi sakhiwo abasifunayo, ngokwesakhiwo sabo banamathele ezingxenyeni ezithile ze-DNA bese benquma isiqeshana se-DNA esizokopishwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, inani elikhulu kangaka lamakhophi esifunda se-DNA lingatholakala ukuthi livumela ukuhlaziywa okwengeziwe kwalezi zingcezu ze-DNA. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, bangahlukaniswa ngosayizi ngama-gel electrophoresis. I-DNA ikhokhiswa ngokungafanele, ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwethonya lamandla kagesi, iqhubekela esigxotsheni esihle. Izicucu ezincane ze-DNA zigijima ngokushesha kwijeli ngaphansi kwesimo samanje, kuyilapho ezikhudlwana zilele ngemuva. Futhi le ndlela yokuhlukanisa izingcezu ze-DNA ngosayizi kwijeli ngaphansi kwethonya lamanje isetshenziswa ukuthola ubulili bezinyoni.
Ekupheleni kwalelikhulu lama-20 leminyaka, ososayensi abaningi bathola izingosi kuma-chromosomes ocansi ezinyoni avumela ubulili ukuthi bunqunywe. Lawa masayithi ayihambelani neze nokwakhiwa kwezimpawu zobulili zezinyoni. Kepha kwatholakala ukuthi lezi zingosi zinosayizi abahlukahlukene kuma-chromosomes angu-Z no-W. Ngemuva kokusakazwa nokwandiswa kwesiza esinjalo, kutholakala izingcezwana zabesilisa abalingana abalinganayo (ama-chromosomes we-ZZ), kuthi kutholakale izinsikazi zezingcezu ezinosayizi abahlukahlukene (ama-chromosomes e-ZW). Ngakho-ke, ngemuva kwe-electrophoresis nokubekwa okhethekile, umucu owodwa ebangeni lowesilisa nowamaqembu amabili kowesifazane uyabonakala kwijeli. Inkinga yendlela ukuthi ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene, izingcezu ezitholwe nge-Z W zingahluka ngenani elihlukile - kusuka kumabili ngazimbili ama-nucleotide kuya emashumini ambalwa wamabili ama-nucleotides. Ngakho-ke, ezinhlotsheni ezihlukile, izimo ze-phoresis zingahluka.
Njengoba i-DNA igcinwa isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwezimo ezikhethekile zokugcina, le ndlela ikuvumela ukuthi unqume ubulili bezinyoni ezikude nelabhorethri. Kungenzeka ukucacisa ubulili bamachwane aqhekekile, noma usebenzisa amagobolondo e-subshell. Unganquma ubulili bezinyoni nezimpaphe. Ukuthola ubulili bezinyoni nge-DNA kukuvumela ukuthi utadishe ubulili bamachwane nezinyoni ezindala emvelweni, usetshenziselwa ukuzalanisa izinyoni ekudingisweni, phakathi nezifundo eziningi zesayensi. Njengamanje, ukuzimisela ngocansi kwe-DNA usebenzisa i-polymerase chain reaction kuye kwaba yingxenye yomsebenzi womabili wemvelo kanye nezifundo eziningi zesayensi. Ibuye isetshenziswe ngabasebenzi bomnyango wesayensi weMoses Zoo.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kowesifazane nowesilisa nokuthi kungani kubalulekile
Iphothi yensikazi ihlukile kowesilisa ngezindlela eziningi ezibalulekile. Ukuthola i-budgerigar, udinga ukunquma indawo yayo futhi ufike negama lesilwane sakho sasekhaya. Abanye abanikazi bafuna isilwane ukuba sifunde ukukhuluma, kuyilapho abanye bengadingi. Izici ngokuya ngobulili benyoni:
- Igama lokuqala Ukwazi ubulili besilwane esinezilwane ezinamehlo, kulula kakhulu ukuthola igama lokuqala kuye. Ukubiza umfana ngokuthi upholi uGosha, kuzomangaza ukuthola isidleke esinamaqanda ekhejini lakhe. Kuhlala kuphela uma ukhetha igama lesidlaliso elingathathi hlangothi, ungabheki izici zenyoni ngayinye.
- Ukuzalela amaphuphu. Ukuze uqale umndeni wama-budgies, udinga ukufaka ikheji izinyoni ezimbalwa zobulili obuhlukile. Uma umfuyi engazi ukwahlukanisa phakathi komfana nentombazane, kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukuthola upholi.
- Impilo yezinyoni ezimbili ekhejini elilodwa. Uma abesilisa behlangana ngokuzithoba, izinsikazi ngokuvamile azihlangani. Izinyoni zivame ukuxabana, okungaholela ekufeni komunye wabesifazane.
- Amandla wokudlala imisindo. Cishe wonke ama-budgies angafunda ukukhuluma. Umbuzo uthi kuzothatha isikhathi esingakanani? Umehluko phakathi kowesilisa nowesifazane ngokokukhuluma ukuthi abafana kulula ukuqeqesha. Amantombazane adinga ukubekezela okwengeziwe nesikhathi, kepha akhulume ngokusobala kunabesilisa.
- Izici zokuziphatha. Oganda besilisa banobungane kunamantombazane angenazinkinga. Baphendula kahle ezandleni zomuntu, futhi uma beluma, kungukuzwakalisa nje kuphela ukungathandeki. Abesifazane kakhulu kwesinye isikhathi abathandi ukuxhumana eduze nomnikazi. Lokhu kuvezwa ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa kwama-hormone, lapho ngisho nentombazane ezolile iziphatha kabi.
Ukukhetha i-budgie, umuntu uyazi kusengaphambili ukuthi iyiphi inyoni angathanda ukuyithenga. Uma uphupha inyoni enomsindo, kufanele ukhethe insikazi. Abesilisa baziphatha ngendlela ezolile futhi bafunda ukukhuluma ngokushesha.
Unganquma kanjani ubulili be-budgie nge-wax
Ungahlukanisa umfana nentombazane ngokubheka i-wax yakhe. I-Voskovitsa ukwakheka okungaphezulu kokutholakala kwangaphakathi kwamakhala. Ubulili bupholi bunqunywa ngokufunda i-wax uqobo, noma kunalokho umbala wayo. Kodwa-ke, kukhona i-nuance ebalulekile: ngobudala, umthunzi wokuqalwa kokwenza uqhwaku uyashintsha, ngakho-ke ukuzimisela kocansi kwehlukile kumachwane nakubantu abadala.
Amahlaya
Ukuze unqume ngokunembile ubulili be-budgerigar, udinga ukuba nombono mayelana nokwehluka kwesikimu sombala we-waxes kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Ubulili benyoni bunqunywa ukuqala kusuka emasontweni amane eminyaka. Uma une-budgerigar yowesilisa, ukwakheka kwe-nibble kweta kungaba nezici ezilandelayo:
- Umbala wepinki obaluleke kakhulu, kanye nemibala ebubende ne-lilac,
- IVoskovitsa inombala ofanayo,
- Kwesinye isikhathi ungabona imibuthano eblue ngokungena emakhaleni.
I-waxworm ye-budgerigar yowesifazane inomehluko olandelayo:
- Ukwakheka kuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma kunomthunzi okhanyayo opinki nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka,
- Umbala mkhulu kakhulu, uphenduka imibuthano emhlophe ezungeze emakhaleni enyoni,
- Uqhwaku oluyinqaba lwenzeka eziwombeni zanoma ibuphi ubulili. Naka umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka we-waxworm, isimilo sowesifazane.
- I-pink wax akuyona into ehlukile yenyoni. Kulokhu, udinga ukubheka imibuthano ezungeze amathumbu.
Khumbula inhlanganisela yemibala ngokushesha inzima. Lapho uya esitolo sezilwane ezifuywayo, thatha nawe uhlu lwezimpawu zobulili ezihlangene zama-budgies.
Akukenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi ukwahlukanisa ngokushesha izimbotshana zabafana namantombazane. Emini, umbala we-wax ungashintsha. Uma upholi usuvele usezandleni zakho, kungcono ukuphawula umdwebo wokwakheka komlomo amahlandla ambalwa. Ungathatha izithombe ezimbalwa ukubona ngamehlo ushintsho lombala we-waxworks.
Abadala
Uma i-seweed yamapherothi asemancane eshintsha njalo, khona-ke ukwakheka komlomo wenyoni endala kwakha ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yalokhu, kulula ukuhlukanisa ubulili bama-budgies anezinyanga ezi-3-4 kunasezigabeni zokuqala.
Ukuze uthole ubulili besilwane, kwanele ukwazi imibala emibili ehlukile.
Kuyo yonke impilo yakhe, i-wax ye-budgerigar yentombazane igcina imibuthano ecwengekile emhlophe qhwa. Amanye amanye amakhasi we-wax athambekele embobeni ye-beige enobudala, ovame ukuguquka abe nsundu. Uma uqaphele ukwakheka kwensimbi okuvela ensimini, akungabazeki ukuthi insikazi iphambi kwakho. Umbala woqhwaku kuleli cala ungahlukahluka ngokuya ngesizinda se-hormonal. Izinsikazi zibuye zibonakaliswe indawo engalingani, enolaka ye-waxwort. Ngesikhathi sokudlekwa, kungavela ukukhula okuncane kuso, okuthi ngemuva kwalokho kunyamalale. Ama-Albinos, ama-lutinos, nezinye izinhlobo eziguqulisiwe atholakala ngezindlela ezifanayo.
I-budgerigar yesilisa ine-wax eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekhanyayo, futhi umbala woqhwaku lwayo futhi ungashintsha impilo yonke. Uqhwaku lwama-albino nama-lutino awuguquki umthunzi, upinki osele. Kwesinye isikhathi kubafana be-budgie bathambekele ekuguqulweni kwezakhi zofuzo, ungaqaphela izindawo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emqhonyeni.
Indlela yofuzo
Ukuthola ubulili be-budgerigar kusetshenziswa indlela yezakhi zofuzo kusetshenziswa kuphela uma umfuyi ezitholela ubulili bedlanzana evela kubazali abemazi. Ekuzalweni, upholi une-phenotype edalwe yizimpawu zikababa nonina. Le ndlela isetshenziselwa izinguquko ezixhunywe phansi phansi kwenyoni. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-parrots ino, i-aspid, isinamoni, i-opaline, njll. Kungenxa yesisekelo sokuguqulwa ukuthi ubulili bamachwane bunqunywa ngendlela yofuzo.
Isibonelo, uma umthi we-opaline uzalelwe abazali abajwayelekile, lo ngowesifazane, umfana wesinamoni uzozala abesifazane ngombala ofanayo. Indlela yezakhi zofuzo inzima impela, kepha kuzosiza ukwazi ngqo ubulili be-budgerigar.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA
Ukuze uthole ubulili be-budgie ngokunemba kwe-100%, abafuyi abaqeqeshiwe baphendukela elabhorethri. Ukuhlaziywa kwenziwa kusetshenziswa izimpaphe zenyoni noma i-smear ye-anus. Kusetshenziswa le nqubo, abanikazi ngeke babone ubulili kuphela, kodwa nezinye izici zomzimba wesilwane. Ububi obukhulu bokuhlaziywa kwe-DNA izindleko eziphakeme zensiza, ngakho-ke akuwona wonke umuntu ongakwazi ukuthola le ndlela yokunquma ubulili bephalishi.
Ezinye izindlela
Kwesinye isikhathi ubulili benyoni bunqunywa ngokubuka isenzo sobulili noma ukulingisa kwako. I-budgerigar yesifazane isezansi. Owesilisa unesifiso sokubeka unyawo lwakhe kumlingani noma kunoma yini entweni efanelekile.
Unghlukanisa kanjani phakathi kwabesifazane nabesilisa nabesilisa ngokuziphatha? Uma inyoni ifuna ukwazi, iqaphile futhi ithanda ukuhlanza ikheji - lokhu nakanjani kungowesifazane. Amantombazane avame ukuluma, futhi ikakhulukazi. Inani eliphakeme lokufutheka kubo lenzeka phakathi nesikhathi sokuhlinzwa kwe-hormonal. Abesilisa bazolile kulokhu, ukulunywa kwabo kuyabonakala kakhulu. Amantombazane afunda ukukhuluma amagama alula isikhathi eside, futhi abafana benza izingoma eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukunquma ubulili be-budgerigar, kungakuhle ukubheka ethunzini lomthwebe wesilwane. Izindlela ezibizayo, njengokuhlaziywa kwe-DNA, zisetshenziselwa ukutadisha imininingwane yenyoni. Ukwazi ukusebenza nokubukeka kwephariphothi yobulili obuhlukile, ubulili bunqunywa ngokuzimela ngokunemba okukhulu.
Ngabe usinqume kanjani ubulili besilwane sakho sasekhaya? Yabelana ngamazwana! Ukuze ungalahli imininingwane ewusizo, sitshele nge-athikili ekuxhumaneni nomphakathi.