Ukuhlala kwabantu sekuyisikhathi eside kudonsela ukunaka kwezilwane nezinambuzane ngokuthola ukudla. Ezinye zazo zibangela inkathazo enkulu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi zize zibe ngabathwali bezifo eziyingozi. Yilokho kanye imbovane yama-pharao, noma njengoba ibizwa nangokuthi "intuthwane yasendlini." Abamele le nhlobo bakwazile ukwandisa indawo abahlala kuyo amakhulu eminyaka, sebezinzile ezindaweni ezinkulu zeplanethi futhi baba yinkinga yomhlaba wezigidi zabantu.
Incazelo nendlela yokuphila yezinambuzane
U-Faro ant - ongomunye wabamele abancane kakhulu bomndeni wezintuthwane. Ubude bomzimba babantu abasebenzayo abudluli kuma-2 mm, amaduna akhula aze afike ku-3 mm, amakhulu kakhulu (aze afike ku-4-6 mm) yisibeletho.
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalolu hlobo lwezintuthwane imizimba yazo, enezingxenye ezintathu. Inombala onsundu okhanyayo, futhi ovame ukuphuzi. Kungakho izintuthwane ze-pharaonic zibizwa nangokuthi zibomvu. Engxenyeni yesisu somzimba kukhona imivimbo ephuzi, noma kunjalo, kubantu abathile, ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuncane, ababonakali kangako.
Isici esiyingqayizivele sesibeletho sama pharao asisi nje kuphela usayizi omkhulu, kodwa futhi nombala waso omnyama, ocishe ube mnyama. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhumbuza kakhulu intuthwane emnyama ejwayelekile ehlala ezivandeni. Abesilisa banombala ofanayo, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, banamaphiko. Izinsikazi ziququda emva kokukhulelwa.
Izintuthwane zikaFaro
Izintuthwane zikaParaonic zithanda ukuhlala emakoloni, inani labakhileyo abangahluka phakathi kwezinkulungwane ezimbalwa. Lezi zinambuzane ziyaphumelela ukufezekisa inani elinjalo ngenxa yokuba khona kwemigqeni eminingana ku-anthill.
Isikhathi sokuphila kapharaohs sincane: abesilisa bahlala izinsuku ezingaba ngu-20, abasebenzi izinyanga ezingaba zimbili, kepha isibeletho sendlovukazi izinyanga eziyi-9.
Okudlayo
Izintuthwane zikaFaro zicishe zibe nzima. Kodwa-ke, iziphuzo zabo abazithandayo ziyimikhiqizo yamaprotheni noshukela. Kungakho “amasela” abomvu kaningi angabonakala ezitsheni ezinoshukela, amaswidi, uju noma amakhukhi. Ngeke benqabe inyama, amasoseji. Kodwa-ke, ama-pharaohs asanikeza ukukhetha emikhiqizweni engaguquguquki ye-liquid noma ye-semi-liquid.
Ukuzalela
Esikhathini sokuphila kwayo, isibeletho esisodwa sizala cishe abantu abangama-500,000. Uzalela amaqanda futhi uphoqelelwa ukuba ngokuzimele afafaze ngama-enzyme akhethekile ngenxa yenani elanele labesilisa. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu ngabanye bayazalwa. Lapho inani lama-enzymes liphela, abesilisa bayathathelwa izinyathelo.
Amaqanda ezintuthwane zoPharao kunzima ukuwabona: imvamisa insikazi izifaka kanzima ukuze ifinyelele ezindaweni. Futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, kunzima ukukwenza ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuncane (kufika ku-0.3 mm). Izibungu ezihlosiwe ekubukekeni azifani kakhulu namaqanda: zimhlophe futhi zidlulile, zinesimo esidlulile. Ubukhulu bemizimba yabo abudluli ku-1.5 mm.
Izibungu eziqhamuka eqandeni zivuthwa ngokocansi ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-1-1,5.
Lapho i-anthill igcwala izinambuzane, ezinye zazo ziyahamba zizakhe izindlu. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba okukhethekile okuhlanganisa isidleke esisha ne-anthill yomzali, izintuthwane zoPharaoh zingagcina ukuxhumana nabantu.
Iqiniso elingajwayelekile mayelana nezintuthwane ziphathelene nobudlelwano babo. OFaro abayihloniphi kakhulu isibeletho, bayibona kuphela njengomuntu ozalayo. Uma kunesidingo, abakhileyo be-anthill bangahambisa ngisho nowesifazane esihlokweni esiseduze. Futhi isibeletho, esibeka inani elincane lamaqanda, sibulawa nje ukungafaneleki.
Habitat
Izintuthwane zeParaonic ziyizinambuzane ezishisayo, amazinga okushisa angaphansi kwama-degrees angama-20 ayingozi kuzo. Izinambuzane zivame ukwakha izidleke ngaphansi kwamabhodi asisekelo, ophahleni lwaphansi, ngaphansi kwamabhilidi, nasemakhabetheni efenisha. Bancamela ukutholakala endaweni engafinyeleleki, maqondana nayo okuhlala kungenzeki njalo ukubhubhisa abahlali base-anthill. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le mvuthuluka, ihamba ngentshiseko emifantwini emincane, ingena ngokushesha ezindlini ezingomakhelwane. Imvamisa, izinambuzane zitholakala ekhishini noma egumbini lokugezela.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Isithombe: uFarole Ant
Kungokokuqala ukuthi le mvuthuluka ebomvu yatholakala emathuneni oPharao. Batholakala emumnyameni, lapho benyuka khona beyofuna ukudla. Ngemuva kokubanjwa, badluliselwa incazelo kwiSwede Karl Linnaeus, usosayensi wemvelo owachaza lesi sinambuzane ngo-1758, besibiza ngokuthi imbovane kaPharaoh. Ubeke phambili uhlelo lokuthi iGibhithe kanye nezindawo ezingomakhelwane beNyakatho Afrika iyizwe labo. Lesi silwane sinezinhlobo eziyi-128 zezihlobo eziseduzane, zazo ezingama-75 ezingomdabu e-East Africa.
Yini ama-pharaoh ayingozi
Njengoba sesizinzile endlini yomuntu, izintuthwane zoaphara ziyimfaka enkingeni enkulu. Lapho zifuna ukudla, izinambuzane ziyagibela endlini, zithinta ukudla, ifenisha, kanye nezinto. Izintuthwane zikaFaro zingaluma kakhulu, kepha zenza lokhu kuhlasela ukuze zivikeleke.
Uma kungekho inani elidingekayo lokudla, ama-pharao akwazi ukubuyisa ngezinwele zezilwane. Ukungena kwezinambuzane zesifo se-ginger emgudwini wokuphefumula wezilwane ezifuywayo kungadala ngisho nesilwane ukwanda kwesilwane.
Ividiyo: U-Faro Ant
E-Europe, intuthwane ye-pharaoh yatholakala ngonyaka we-1828 eLondon, lapho owokufika ngokungemthetho ehlala ngokuthula ezindaweni zokuhlala ngaphansi kwesitofu seziko lomlilo. Ngo-1862, izintuthwane zafika eRussia, zatholakala eKazan. Ngo-1863 babanjwa e-Austria. Kwenye indawo ngalesi sikhathi, izinambuzane zazitholakala emachwebeni aseMelika. Kancane kancane, izintuthwane zoPharaoh ezivela emadolobheni asemachwebeni zangena zangena phakathi ezwenikazi. EMoscow, indalo yavela ngo-1889.
E-Australia, le nhlobo iphumelele ngokukhethekile. Leli qiniso linelukuluku ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuba khona komndeni wezintuthwane ezinolaka kakhulu, u-Iridomyrmex. Lezi zintuthwane ziyakwazi ukuthola imithombo yokudla ngokushesha futhi zivimbele ezinye izinhlobo zezintuthwane ukufinyelela kuzo. Noma kunjalo, izinhlobo zeMonomorium, yize zinokuthula futhi zincane, ziyakwazi ukuchuma nasezindaweni lapho kubusa khona i-Iridomyrmex.
Le mpumelelo ingachazwa ngesu labo elisebenzayo lokusesha ukudla nokusetshenziswa okufanele kwama-alkaloid anobuthi. Ngalezi zindlela ezimbili zokuziphatha, izinhlobo zeMonomorium zingasheshe ziqhamuke futhi zivikele umthombo wokudla.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Photo: Ngabe ibukeka kanjani imbovane kapharaoh?
Lesi ngesintuthwane esincane kunazo zonke, usayizi womuntu osebenzayo ongama-1.5-2 mm kuphela. Umzimba unombala obomvu-onsundu noma okotshwe kancane ngesisu esimnyama. Iso ngalinye eliyinkimbinkimbi linobuso obungama-20, kanti umhlathi ngamunye ophansi unamazinyo amane. Ama-panto longitudinal kanye nama-methanotic abonakala ngokusobala angahluka. Azikho “izinwele ezimiyo” emhlanjini we-dorsal. Izintuthwane zomsebenzi we-pharaonic zinokuqina okungasebenzi okusebenzayo okusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ama-pheromones.
Abesilisa cishe bango-3 mm ubude, bumnyama, banamaphiko (kepha bangahambi). Ama-Queens abomvu bumnyama futhi ubude bawo bu-3.6-55. Kuqala zinamaphiko ezilahlekile ngemuva nje kokukhwelana. Izintuthwane zikaFaro (njengazo zonke izinambuzane) zinezingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko zomzimba: isifuba, ikhanda nesisu esiswini namabili amathathu wemilenze ekhonjisiwe enamathele esifubeni.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Izintuthwane zikaFaro zisebenzisa i-antennae yazo ukubona ukunyakaza nokuthuthukisa umbono ezindaweni ezingenamuntu. Izinwele ezincane ezingabakhona esiswini zibasiza ukuba bazizwe kangcono ngesimo sezulu.
Ekugcineni, njengawo wonke ama-arthropods, aqukethe i-exoskeleton enzima futhi ngaphezu kwalokho abe ne-wax cuticle ukuvikela ukoma ngaphandle. Amathambo e-Arthropod akhiwa nge-chitin, isithsaba esenziwe nge-polymer yesitashi esifana nezipikili zethu. Izingxenye ze-antenna ziphela ngesigaxa esicacile esinezigaba ezintathu ezandisiwe kancane kancane. Kwabesifazane nabasebenzi abasebenzayo, izimpondo zihlukaniswe zingu-12, kanti kunamabala ahlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu, kuyilapho abesilisa benezingxenye ezi-13.
Ihlala phi imbovane kaPharaoh?
Isithombe: U-Faro ant ngemvelo
Izintuthwane zikaFaro ziyizinhlobo zezitshalo ezishisayo ezikhula manje cishe kuyo yonke indawo, ngisho nasezindaweni ezifudumele, uma nje kunokushisa okuphakathi ezakhiweni. Indawo yokuhlala kwesinambuzane ayikhawulwanga kuphela esimweni sezulu esibandayo. Le ntuthwane ivela eGibhithe, kepha iye yathuthela ezifundeni eziningi zomhlaba. Ngekhulu lama-20, wahamba nezinto nemikhiqizo kuwo wonke amazwekazi amahlanu ezimotweni, emikhunjini, ezindizeni.
Izindlela ezinhlobonhlobo zezindawo i-pharaoh ant engahlala kuzo ziyamangalisa! Ihlala ezindaweni ezimanzi, ezifudumele nezomnyama. Ezimweni zasenyakatho, izidleke zazo zivame ukutholakala emizini, okungukuthi izikhala ezisezindongeni phakathi kwama-racks nokuhlukaniswa, ezinikeza izindawo ezifudumele zokuzalela, ezifihliwe iso lomuntu. U-Ant Pharoah - lokhu kuyinkinga enkulu kubaninikhaya, inani okunzima ukulithonya.
Izintuthwane zikaFaro zihlala emgodini ophelile:
- izikhala esisekelweni nasephansi,
- imikhosi yezindlu
- isikhala ngaphansi sangemuva
- izikebhe
- amabhokisi
- ukugoqa ezingutsheni
- imishini, njll.
Lezi zinhlobo zakha izidleke, isb., I-anthill ngayinye ithatha insimu enkulu (ngaphakathi kwendlu efanayo) ngesimo sezidleke eziningana ezixhumene. Isidleke ngasinye sinezintokazi eziningana ezibeka amaqanda. Izintuthwane zivame ukufudukela ezidlekeni ezingomakhelwane noma zidale ezintsha lapho izimo ziba zimbi kakhulu.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Izintuthwane zikaFaro zilethwe eGreenland, lapho zazingakaze zitholakale khona lezi zinambuzane. Ngo-2013, 2 km ukusuka esikhumulweni sezindiza, kwatholakala owesilisa onekhono walolu hlobo.
Kunzima ukulwa nezintuthwane ze-pharaonic, ngoba yonke intaba yezintuthwane kufanele ibambe umngcele wolawulo lwezinambuzane. Kulula ukuvikela ukungena kwesinambuzane esiyingozi ekhaya ngokubopha imifantu nokuvimba ukuxhumana nokudla. Ngokomlando, uphalafini usetshenziselwe le njongo.
Manje uyazi ukuthi izwe lomlando wezintuthwane ze-pharaonic likuphi. Masibone ukuthi uzondla kanjani lezi zinambuzane.
Ngabe idlani imbovane ye-pharaonic?
Photo: Inambuzane uFaroes Ant
Izinambuzane zisebenzisa uhlelo lokuphendula. Njalo ekuseni, ama-scouts azofuna ukudla. Lapho umuntu eyithola, ibuyela ngokushesha esidlekeni. Ngemuva kwalokho kuthunyelwa izintuthwane eziningana ngomkhondo we-scout ephumelelayo emthonjeni wokudla. Ngokushesha iqembu elikhulu seliseduze nokudla. AbakwaScouts kukholakala ukuthi basebenzisa zombili izimpawu zamakhemikhali nezezibonakaliso ukumaka umgwaqo babuye.
Intuthwane kaFaro iyamangaza, futhi ukudla kwayo okubanzi kubonisa ukubekezelela izindawo ezahlukahlukene. Badla amaswidi: ujeli, ushukela, uju, amakhekhe nesinkwa. Zijwayela nokudla okunamafutha njengamakhekhe, ibhotela, isibindi kanye ne-bacon. Uyakukholwa noma cha, ukugqoka okusha kwezokwelapha kudonsela lezi zinambuzane ezibhedlela. Izintuthwane zikaFaro nazo zingakhuphuka zibe yizihlangu. Izintuthwane zitholakala zijabulisa inyama yesinambuzane esanda kufa, njenge-cockroach noma ikhilikithi. Basebenzisa imizila ebekwa yizisebenzi ukuthola ukudla.
Ukudla okuphambili kwe-omnivore yesidalwa kuqukethe:
- amaqanda
- uketshezi lomzimba
- izaqathe zezinambuzane,
- ama-arthropods asemhlabeni
- imbewu
- okusanhlamvu
- amantongomane
- izithelo
- umpe
- uketshezi lwemifino
- ukhunta
- umdwebo.
Uma inani lokudla likhulu ngokweqile, izintuthwane zoPharaoh zizogcina ukudla okweqile esiswini sekhompiyutha eyingqayizivele yabasebenzi. Amalungu aleli qembu anezisu ezinkulu futhi angakhipha ukudla okugcinwe uma kunesidingo. Ngakho-ke, ikoloni inezindawo zokugcina imali uma kwenzeka kunokudla.
Izintuthwane zikaFaro endlini
Izintuthwane zikaFaroon zathola igama lazo ngesizathu. Isazi sebhayoloji uK. Linney okokuqala sibathole lapho ukumbiwa kwenziwa emiphiramidi yaseGibhithe. Kungakho izinambuzane zathola igama elinje, kepha hhayi ngoba zazingezombusi wasendulo uFaro. Inani lezintuthwane ezibomvu zathuthela eYurophu zivela eNdiya, okwenziwe ukuthi kwenzeke ngenxa yemikhumbi yasolwandle eyayithutha imikhiqizo yokudla ehlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi izinongo. Kancane kancane, inani elibomvu le-goosebump landa futhi lasakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Izintuthwane zathola isiphephelo ezakhiweni zokuhlala, lapho zathola khona izimo ezintathu ezibalulekile zokuphila:
Izintuthwane zikaFaro efulethini zincane kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi ezingeqi i-1,2-2 mm, kuyilapho abesilisa besuka koloni babo bekhula kancane - bakhuphuka ngo-2,5 mm, bese izinsikazi zifinyelela ku-4 mm. Izintuthwane zikaFaro zibizwa nangokuthi zibomvu, ngenxa yombala wesimo somzimba wazo. Izintuthwane ezincane ziphuzi ngombala, eziba nsundu ngokukhanyayo lapho zikhula. Esithombeni esingezansi ungabona ukuthi yini eyakha intuthwane yomndeni wama-pharaonic.
Uma amaduna nezintuthwane ezisebenzayo zinombala obomvu, khona-ke isibeletho simnyama futhi kwesinye isikhathi sifana namaqhubu amnyama ajwayelekile. Isici esihlukile kwezintuthwane ezibomvu umucu ophuzi esiswini, ongatholakala ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu. Uma ungabaza ukuthi izintuthwane zikaFaro sezizinzile ngempela efulethini lakho, khona-ke kwanele ukuthatha ummeleli oyedwa bese umbheka ngengilazi ekhulisayo.
Isiphephelo esiyinhloko sezinambuzane ezinjalo yizindawo ezihluke kakhulu efulethini, lapho zihlala khona futhi zidale izidleke, futhi ngemuva kokuzala, wonke amakoloni. Izindawo ezinjalo izinambuzane ezingazihlala kuzo yilezi:
- ukuvuleka phakathi kwezindonga,
- izincwadi ezindala
- usofa noma isitulo esidala,
- ngaphansi kwesitezi
- ngaphansi kwamabhodi e-skirting
- ezisekelweni noma ekushintsheni,
- ngaphansi kwama-nighttands kanye ne-wardrobe
- ngaphansi kwesiqandisi.
Udinga ukubheka izintuthwane efulethini ezindaweni lapho kungekho khona ukufinyelela kwabantu noma lapho ukuhlanza kungazange kwenzeke khona isikhathi eside, ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi kwekhabethe. Isidleke siyindawo ecashile lapho amaqanda abekwa khona yisibeletho. Kungani isibeletho? Njengomthetho, uhlobo ngalunye lwezintuthwane lunesibeletho esisodwa noma indlovukazi, lapho izintuthwane ezisebenzayo zizungeza. Kepha izintuthwane zoPharaoh zihlukile, zinezintokazi eziningana esidlekeni ngasinye. Ngokuzalwa kowesifazane ngamunye omusha, kudalwa isidleke esisha. Ngakho-ke, kulula ukucabanga ukuthi kuzokwenzekani ngonyaka uma izinambuzane ezinjalo ziqala efulethini lakho. Amaqanda nezibungu kuvikelwe izintuthwane ezisebenzayo. Izinsikazi zihlala esidlekeni sazo futhi azikaze ziphume kuzo, futhi ama-goosebumps asebenzayo awaneli nje ngokudla, kodwa futhi avikele inzalo yazo.
Uma uqale ukuqaphela izintuthwane ezinamaphiko endlini yakho, lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuzalwa kabusha kwezintuthwane kudlulele esigabeni sesibili, ngoba lezi zingabantu besifazane abasebasha abazozihlelela ikoloni labo maduze
Amaqanda izintuthwane ze-pharaoh zinosayizi omncane afinyelela ku-0,3 mm, okuyivelakancane ukuthola efulethini. Inzalo ihlala ivikelwe yizintuthwane nesibeletho, kepha uma kutholakala isidleke sezinambuzane, khona-ke kuyadingeka ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuyiqeda masinyane. Izintuthwane ziyaqonda lapho zitholakala futhi zidinga kuphela amahora ambalwa ukuze zithuthele endaweni entsha eseqisiwe. Kufanele futhi kuqondwe ukuthi impikiswano yokubhubhisa isidleke esetholakele kufanele isondelwe kahle, ngoba isiswebhu lapha ngeke sisize. Kufanele usebenzise ama-insecticides anamuhla noma ezinye izindlela, esizofunda ngazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Izintuthwane ze-pharaonic zingokwe-thermophilic kangangokuba azikwazi ukubekezelela amazinga okushisa ehla ngaphansi kwama-degree angu-18 futhi zife ngokushesha. Kuphela ezimweni ezingandile, izinambuzane zingasinda ekwehliseni kwesikhashana kwezinga lokushisa kuya kuma-10 degrees. Izinambuzane ezisebenzayo ziba ngezinsuku ezishisayo elangeni. Izintuthwane zikaFaro azitholakali endle, ngakho cishe azikaze zilwe nezihlobo zazo zezinye izinhlobo.
Iyini ingozi yezintuthwane zasendlini kubantu?
Izintuthwane zikaParaonic ziphethe usongo olufihliwe, oluhlanganisa ukusabalalisa izifo ezahlukahlukene endlini. Izintuthwane azidli kuphela imikhiqizo emisha, kepha futhi zivakashela izikebhe zodoti, zisuka lapho ziletha isidlo sezinduna zazo koloni.Ngokubambisana nokungcola okunjalo okuvela emfucumfucweni wamaphayiphu, izintuthwane ziletha izifo ezahlukahlukene zemvelo endlini, njengokuthi: staphylococcus, streptococcus, chlamydia.
Ekufuneni ukudla, intuthwane eyodwa ingahamba ibanga elingamamitha angama-35 ukusuka esidlekeni sayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uthola indlela ebuyela kalula futhi ngokushesha. Le yingozi enkulu ukuthi izintuthwane ezibomvu zifihla ngaphakathi kwazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi ukukhula kwezidleke kuzoholela ekutheni lezi zinambuzane ezincane zigcwalise yonke indawo ekhoneni lakho. Abesifazane abasebasha ngemuva kokuzalwa kwabo bazandiza ngokushesha bezulazula efulethini, besabisa amalungu omndeni ngokubukeka kwabo okungathandeki. Ngenxa yalokhu, konke kufikelwa ukuthi uzodinga ukuphuma endlini noma efulethini ukuze amaqembu akhethekile alawula izinambuzane ahlanze izakhiwo ngokuphelele ezinambuzaneni.
Ukususa izinambuzane zalolu hlobo akulula, ngakho-ke, indlela yokuxazulula inkinga kufanele ibe eyiyo futhi ephelele. Izintuthwane zizala ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi futhi zinezilinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu zokuphila. Ama-goosebumps asebenza izinyanga ezingaba zimbili, abesilisa banokuncane - kufinyelela ezinsukwini ezingama-44, kanti izinsikazi ziyakwazi ukuzala ngokuzikhandla izinsuku ezingama-273 ngonyaka. Abesilisa bafa ngemuva kokuganisana nendlovukazi, emasontweni ambalwa kamuva.
Izindlela Zokulwa Nezinambuzane
Ukuvela kwezintuthwane ze-pharaoh efulethini kuphenduka into yobusuku bangempela bemizi. Noma zingamhlaseli umuntu, ziba yizisulu zemikhiqizo yokudla eziyidlulisela ngokushesha kwi-anthill yazo. Ungasusa kanjani izintuthwane zasendlini ngokushesha nangendlela efanele? Okokuqala, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ukuqeda izinambuzane ngeke kusebenze masisha, ikakhulukazi uma imizamo ingeyodwa. Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuvakashela omakhelwane futhi uxoxisane nabo ngezinkinga ezinambuzane ezifuywayo. Uma une izintuthwane efulethini lakho, khona-ke omakhelwane ngokuqinisekile bayohlupheka ukuhlaselwa kwabo. Noma yiziphi izenzo zakho zokulwa wedwa nezintuthwane ziyoba nje ezingenamsebenzi. Impela, noma ngabe uthola i-anthill bese uzama ukukuqeda, ngokushesha kuzovela isibeletho endaweni yaso, esizophuma esidlekeni esingumakhelwane bese sakhe ikoloni elisha.
Uma ukutholakala kwezintuthwane eziningana efulethini kutholakala, musa ukujaha ukuzibulala. Kuyadingeka ukubalandela, ngoba nakanjani bazobuyela esidlekeni sabo, futhi uzokwazi ukuzulazula kuliphi indawo lefulethi ukubheka indawo yokukhosela yama-parasites. Uma ikoloni lingakakhiwa, futhi ukwazile ukuthola indawo lapho umhambisi eqala ukusebenza khona lapho kuqala ama-gooseump, khona-ke kwanele ukuthatha indawo yokuhlanza futhi uhlanze indawo kusuka kuzilokazane. Ngemuva kwalokhu, kumele ngezikhathi ezithile uhlole le ndawo nsuku zonke ukuthola ukuthi kukhona izinambuzane ezintsha.
Uma izintuthwane ezihlala eflethini sezihlale isikhathi eside futhi sezivele zikwazi ukuzalela, ngakho-ke kungcono ukungachithi isikhathi, imali nomzamo, kepha ukuxhumana nezinsizakalo ezikhethekile zokuzalela izinambuzane. Bazokwenza ngokushesha, ngempumelelo nangendlela efanele. Lapho izinambuzane ziphinde zivela, lezo zinsizakalo zihlanzwa mahhala. Uma ungakulungele ukusebenzisa imali, ungakwenza ngaphandle kwezinsizakalo ezinjalo, kodwa kuyadingeka ngokuphelele ukuxhuma bonke omakhelwane noma nendlu yonke. Le ndlela ukuphela kwendlela yokubhekana nokulimala okuthe xaxa ezilwaneni ezinyanyisayo zasekhaya. Yiziphi izindlela zokulwa nezintuthwane ezikhona, sifunda okwengeziwe.
- Ama-aerosols. Ngosizo lwama-aerosols, kuyadingeka ukufafaza izindawo nezindawo ezihlala efulethini lapho kuhlala khona izinambuzane. Izidakamizwa ezinjalo zikuvumela ukuthi uthole umphumela osebenzayo kuphela esimeni sokufafaza i-aerosol esidlekeni. Ukufafaza i-ejenti ezintuthwaneni ezizodwa ngeke kuthinte ukuqothuka kwekoloni. Umzuzu onzima kakhulu esimweni esinjalo ukuthola i-anthill, ngoba kwesinye isikhathi kunzima kakhulu ukwenza lokhu.
- Ama-Powder insecticides. Amalungiselelo esenzo esihamba kancane, kodwa ngokusebenza okukhulu ekubhujisweni koloni. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kuyadingeka ukusakaza i-powder kulezi zindawo lapho izinambuzane zihlala khona noma zikhasa ziphume. Ngokuqinisekile bazoyidlula, futhi lapho bezama ukuhlanza ama-paws abo, bazotheleleka ngoshevu. Ukufika koloni, bazoletha ubuthi obuzothinta, uma kungeyona yonke ikoloni, bese iningi layo. Isenzo somuthi siqala ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuba intuthwane ithelelekile.
- Gel insecticides. Inomphumela ofanayo namalungiselelo we-powder, ama-gels kuphela asemgogodleni wawo aqukethe, ngaphezu kobuthi, nawo ayithiya. Izintuthwane zidla lezi zinto zokudla, ngaleyo ndlela zingenwe yilesi sifo. Bathwala ijeli bangene e-anthill, ngaleyo ndlela befaka impilo yezinyoni kanye nezintuthwane ezisebenzayo. Ithuluzi linomphumela ohamba kancane, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ukusebenza kwalo ekubhujisweni okuphelele kwe-anthill kufinyelela ku-100%.
- Amakhambi esintu. Uma kungekho zinambuzane zesimanje zezintuthwane, khona-ke akunandaba. Ungaxazulula inkinga usebenzisa amakhambi esintu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
- I-Boric acid, engathengwa ekhemisi,
- i-borax
- ummbila
- uwoyela sunlighter
- imvubelo.
Bona futhi: izindlela zokupheka eziphumelelayo zentuthwane (ividiyo)
Ngaphandle kokuthi ezinye izidakamizwa zingukudla kwabantu, kepha kwezi ntuthwane zingubuthi bangempela. Ezinye izinto zendabuko ziyingxenye yezibulala-zinambuzane zesimanje. Amalungiselelo anjalo kumele afafazwe ezindaweni zezinambuzane.
Yisiphi isidakamizwa salezi ezingenhla ongasisebenzisa wonke umuntu. Ukhuphula ukusebenza kahle, ungasebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene, kepha ngasikhathi sinye, ungakhohlwa mayelana nendlela ehlanganisiwe yokuxazulula inkinga yamanje.
Ingabe abathengisayo basiza izintuthwane ukuphuma
Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kulula kakhulu ukususa izintuthwane. Ngemuva kwakho konke lokhu, kulokhu kunabathengisi abaningi abahlukahlukene bogesi, iVelcro noma iphunga. Kepha akukhona konke okulula lapha, ngoba ukunqoba izintuthwane kusho ukubabhubhisa, futhi uma ufaka abadayisi, bazovele bavakashele amanye amafulethi, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye bazoqhubeka nokuhlala efulethini lakho, ngemuva kodonga, phansi noma ngaphansi kwekhabethe. Lapho nje isenzo somuthi sesiphelile, khona-ke izintuthwane zizokhasa zibheke kuwe zifuna ukudla namanzi.
Abathengisi abanikezeli nje kuphela ukuthenga okuthengiswayo, kodwa futhi bayabancoma, bekuthethelela neqiniso lokuthi basebenza kakhulu. Ayisebenzi, ngoba azibulali zinambuzane, kodwa ziyesabisa okwesikhashana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izinambuzane zizokhula zingavikeleki kulezi zinhlobo zabathengisi futhi ngeke uzesabe. Ukuvikelwa kwefulethi lakho kuzoncishiswa.
Uma uzonqoba ngempela kanye izinambuzane ezicasulayo, bese usebenzisa izindlela ezinengqondo. Ukuvikelwa okungcono kakhulu kwefulethi ekuangeni ngaphakathi kwezinambuzane ezingalindelekile ukuvimbela.
Izindlela Zokuvimbela Izintuthwane
Uma kungenankinga nezintuthwane endlini, lokhu kuhlanganiswa ngeke kube nentshisekelo kuwe. Umuntu unesifiso semininingwane kuphela lapho kuvela isidingo. Uma kunesidingo sezinto ezibonakalayo, kepha ungafuni ukuthi izintuthwane ziqhume eflethini lakho, khona-ke kufanele kulandelwe imithetho ethile nezincomo. Uma unamathela kule mithetho nemiyalo, khona-ke ungakhohlwa ngenkinga ngezintuthwane naphakade. Kunemithetho eminingi nezincomo ezizosiza ekuxazululeni inkinga:
- Yenza umsebenzi wokuhlanza indlu njalo usebenzisa imikhiqizo yokuhlanza, amanzi kanye noviniga.
Ikhishi iyindawo yokuhlala oyintandokazi kakhulu yezintuthwane nezinye "izidalwa eziphilayo", ngakho-ke kufanele ihlanzeke ngaso sonke isikhathi
- Uma ama-chip atholakala phansi, imifantu ezindongeni nezinye izinhlobo zezimpawu, kubalulekile ukuwaqeda ngokushesha ngazo zonke izindlela ezingakhona. Ukulimala okunjalo kungasebenza njengezifundo ezingaba khona ekuxazululweni kwezinambuzane (hhayi izintuthwane kuphela).
- Sebenzisa umgqomo onesembozo ukuvikela izintuthwane ukungena kuwo. Kaningi ngangokunokwenzeka ukuthatha udoti efulethini.
- Uma unesilwane esifuywayo, khona-ke emva kokudla, kufanele uhlanze ngokushesha ukudla okusele.
- Gcina ukudla ezitsheni, futhi ungazishiyi etafuleni esikhathini eside.
Uma izintuthwane ze-scout zithola ifulethi lakho lifanela ukuba khona, ziyohlala kulo futhi zisabise imindeni yazo ngokubukeka kwazo. Ukugcinwa kwezinyathelo zokuvimbela kuphela okuzogwema ukuhlala kwezinambuzane efulethini.
Bheka futhi: Ungasusa kanjani izintuthwane? Amathiphu awusizo.
Isici
Izintuthwane zikaFaro ziyizinambuzane ezincane ezinobude bomzimba wazo ezingekho ngaphezu kuka-2 mm. Isibeletho sikhulu kancane - cishe u-4 mm, kanye nabesilisa - 3 mm. Iningi labantu kuleli koloni yizintuthwane ezisebenzayo. Yibona esibona ekhishini, lapho abangena khona beyofuna ukudla.
Izinhlamvu zezintuthwane zoPharaoh zinombala onsundu okhanyayo, ovame ukusondelana ophuzi. Kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi babizwa nangokuthi izintuthwane ezibomvu. Onke amalungu ekholoni esiswini anemivimbo ephuzi, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye ekusebenzeni kwezinambuzane acishe angabonakali.
Ngokuvamile zihlomisa isidleke sazo endaweni engenakufinyeleleka kubantu, ngakho-ke amaqanda azo awabonakali. Futhi, mancane kakhulu - cishe ingxenye yesithathu yemililitha, inombala omhlophe nesakhiwo se-translucent.
Isibeletho sezintuthwane ze-pharaonic singummeleli omkhulu wekholoni. Umzimba wakhe upendiwe ngombala omnyama, ocishe ube mnyama, ngenxa yokuthi ukubukeka kwakhe kuyefana nentuthwane ejwayelekile emnyama, evame ukutholakala ezingadini.
Qaphela! Izintuthwane zikaFaro, ezihlala ezweni lethu, azikwazi ukuba ngaphandle kwekhaya lomuntu. Ngalesi sizathu, abakaze bahlangane nabanye abamele imindeni yabo!
Indlela yokuphila
I-colony yezintuthwane ze-pharaonic ziningi kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, inani labantu esidlekeni esisodwa lingafinyelela ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-350, phakathi kwalo kuzoba nabesifazane abangaba ngu-200 abalungele ukuzalaniswa okuthe xaxa. Ngonyaka owodwa wokuba khona kwawo, umndeni wezintuthwane uyakwazi ukukhiqiza izindlalifa eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1-3. Ingxenye ekhulayo yezinambuzane inakekela ukuthuthukisa izilwane ezisencane, kanti amandla abasebenzi cishe ayishumi.
Zihlala ezindlini nasezindlini ezifudumele, lezi zinambuzane azizifihli. Bahlala bekhuthele unyaka wonke futhi basebenza ngokungakhathali ukwandisa inani lamakoloni. Ngaphambi kokuphola, abesilisa nabesifazane banamaphiko, kuthi emva kwawo, izintuthwane ezisebenzayo zilume izimpiko zesifazane. Lapho isidleke sigcwala, kwenzeka kabusha: izindlovukazi eziningana, kanye neqembu elincane labantu abasebenzayo nezibungu, bathuthela endaweni entsha lapho bahlala khona futhi baqhubeke nokuzalela.
Njengoba izintuthwane zohlobo lwe-pharaoh zingabahlali bendawo ezishisayo, zithanda izindawo ezifudumele. Ziyi-thermophilic futhi azikwazi impilo ejwayelekile emazingeni okushisa ngaphansi kuka + 20 ° C. Kodwa-ke, ezimeni zamakamelo, lezi zinambuzane zingathola ukuphazamiseka kwesikhashana esifushane ngisho ngamanani aphansi - aze afike ku- + 10 ° C.
Qaphela! Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, ezifundeni eziseningizimu, ngamanani anjalo we-thermometer, izintuthwane ze-pharaoh zibanda!
UFaro uhamba nezinyawo lapho kuhlala khona umuntu
Ukulwa nezintuthwane ze-pharaonic efulethini kuyinkimbinkimbi ngoba ngenkathi isidleke sabo sincane, singatholwa amasentimitha ambalwa kuphela endaweni engafinyeleleki kahle, isibonelo:
- ngaphansi kwesitezi
- emgodini ophakathi kwamabhodi e-skirting,
- ngaphansi kwefenisha
- emifantwini
Ngemuva kokuhlala kabusha, kuvela izidleke ezintsha futhi zihlala zitholakala ezindaweni ezifihlwe iso lomuntu. Ngasikhathi sinye, imindeni "ehlakazekile" ihlala ixhumana futhi ingaxabani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, intuthwane ye-pharaoh iyamangaza futhi inganeliswa hhayi kuphela ngemikhiqizo yezitshalo nemvelaphi yezilwane, kodwa futhi nezinsalela ezijikelezayo.
Ezindlini zesimanje, lezi zinambuzane zizizwa zikhululekile. Uma abanikazi bengabatholanga ngesikhathi, khona-ke izintuthwane zizalanisa ngokuzikhandla, zakhe izidleke ezintsha futhi zibe nomthombo wokudla ongapheli. Bathola ukudla emgqonyeni, ematafuleni angahlanzwa kahle, echibini lapho kulele khona izitsha ezingageziwe, futhi ngemuva kwesitofu, esiqandisini neseti ekhishini.
Eminye imindeni "ehlobene" ingahlala ngaphandle kwefulethi, kepha ezindleleni ezinyathelwe, zizobuyela kaningi emthonjeni wokudla. By the way, ukuthola izintuthwane ze-pharaonic kuvame kakhulu ukuvela ngesikhathi lapho zihamba ngendlela ethile ngechungechunge.
Isincomo! Ukubona uhlelo lwezintuthwane, ungagijimisi ukubabulala. Ithrekhi engcono lapho beqonde khona - ukuze uthole isidleke ubhubhise lonke ikoloni!
Izindlela zomzabalazo
Njengoba ngesibalo esikhulu sabantu kwakhiwa iqembu elikhulu, eliqukethe izindatshana eziningana, kuvame ukuba nzima kakhulu ukuqeda izintuthwane ze-pharaoh. Futhi, bakude kakhulu nokuhlala beza ekhaya lakho ukudla. Lezi zinambuzane ziyakwazi ukondla kusuka ku-chute kanye nezinto eziphilayo emgwaqweni. Futhi uma phakathi nomzabalazo hhayi wonke "amagatsha" aqhakazeziwe ebhujiswa, khona-ke izintuthwane ezisindile zizokuthola ngokushesha ukulahleka kwazo, lapho sezazi kahle izindawo ezikhululiwe.
Kungenzeka nje ukubhubhisa zonke izinambuzane ngasikhathi sinye kuphela lapho isidleke sazo kungokokuqala futhi kuphela kuqala ukukhula kwazo. Kulokhu, kwanele ukusebenzisa i-vacuum cleaner futhi uqede umlo. Kodwa uma izintuthwane zikaFaro zihlala endlini isikhathi eside kakhulu, khona-ke lapha kuzofanele usebenze kanzima futhi ngasikhathi sinye kuyalulekwa ukufaka isicelo sokuxhaswa komakhelwane. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izinambuzane ezisinde ezakhiweni ezingomakhelwane zizobuyela ekhaya lakho futhi.
Izidakamizwa zobungcweti
Ungalwa nezintuthwane ze-pharaoh ngokwakho ngama-insecticides asekhaya.
Ama-aerosols. "Dohlos", "Combat", "Raptor", "Dichlorvos" kanye nanoma yimiphi eminye amakhambi afanayo ezinambuzane ezinambuzelayo. Le mishanguzo ilula ukuyisebenzisa futhi ayidingi amanye amalungiselelo. Lesi sinambuzane sifafazwa egumbini elinegciwane kanye namafasitela avaliwe, sinaka kakhulu izindawo okungelula ukufinyelela kuzo lapho isidleke sezintuthwane singatholakala khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igumbi livaliwe amahora amaningi.
Ama-Gels. “Brownie”, “Indlu Ehlanzekile”, “iRaptor”, “Absolute”. Ekubunjweni kwalezi zidakamizwa zinamandla kakhulu ezinobuthi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izintuthwane ezisebenzayo zizothwala amaconsi obuthi esidlekeni sazo, futhi ngenxa yalokho kunethuba eliphezulu lokubhujiswa okuphelele kwalo lonke ikholoni, kufaka phakathi isibeletho.
Uthuli. "Fas-Double", "Mashenka", "House Clean", "Absolute". Ithuluzi lingathatha isimo se-powder noma okuthiwa yi-chalk. Umuthi usatshalaliswa ezindaweni zokuhamba kanye nokunqwabelana kwezintuthwane futhi ngezikhathi ezithile ezindaweni ezivuswayo ezisusiwe. Izinambuzane ziqoqa ubuthi emahlombe azo, ziqale ukuyihlanze futhi ife.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhambi abantu
Ngilungiselele ingxube ye-boric acid nge-yolk yeqanda. Ngahlela iziqukathi eceleni kwezindlela zezintuthwane. Ama-redheads awazange awadle, awazange futhi alingane. Eduze kwe-anthill faka uju nge-borax. Ezinye izintuthwane zazungeza ubuthi, enye imane iye kwenye ingxenye yekamelo. Manje i-anthill yayisendaweni ezimbili. Ukugqama kwamakholoni e-pharaonic ukuthi awanamatheli emizini yawo. Kungaba khona izindlovukazi eziningana esidlekeni esisodwa. Izindlebe zingadlula ishumi nambili, kepha zonke ziyaxhumana. Okusho ukuthi, ngaphansi kwendlu yami (120 sq.m) kwakukhona amakoloni anezindlovukazi eziningana.
Izincomo "zokufika ezimpandeni zesidleke futhi zichithe isibeletho" zifana nokuthola inalithi endaweni yokucasha endaweni eseduze. Ngakho-ke, kwasala ukubabulala ubuthi kuphela ngabantu abasebenzayo, kepha abadlanga lutho. Kwakudingeka ukubathelele noma ube nomthelela omubi ohlelweni lwezinzwa.
Amakhambi esintu
Manje ake sibheke ukuthi zingasuswa kanjani izintuthwane ze-pharaoh efulethini kusetshenziswa amakhambi abantu. Okudume kakhulu kufaka phakathi:
- Izinhlobo ze-Herb kukhona i-peppermint, i-elderberry, i-clove, umhlonyane kanye nesiqongo setamatisi.I-decoction ilungiswa kusuka ezintweni ezikhethiwe zokusetshenziswa bese besula yonke indawo egumbini elinegciwane nayo. Ngemuva kwamaviki amabili, lokhu kwelashwa kuyaphindwa kusabise abantu abasanda kubanjwa. Leli thuluzi alikwazi ukuqeda ikholoni yezintuthwane, kodwa liziqhumisa ngempumelelo.
- Izicupho ezinamathele - zingenziwa ngokuzimela kusuka kumathayi wokunamathela afafazwe ngoshukela, noma athengwe esitolo ngomumo eyenziwe. Kepha khumbula ukuthi ngale ndlela ungaqothula ingxenye encane kuphela yabantu abasebenzayo. Izicupho azikwazi ukuthinta isibeletho nezinye izintuthwane esidlekeni.
- Ijusi yegallic kungenye indlela yokuvimbela esetshenziselwa ukuthambisa izindlela zentuthwane. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinambuzane azikwazi ukuthola indlela yazo yokudla, futhi ngenxa yephunga eliphikelelayo zingashiya ifulethi lakho isikhashana.
- Amafutha elanga - ngosizo lwazo izintuthwane zivimba indlela eya emabhange nakwezinye iziqukathi ezinemikhiqizo. Amafutha angahlosiwe kumele asetshenziselwe ukuthambisa imiphetho yeziqukathi futhi isilokazana esidambisa izinambuzane siyovikela izinambuzane ekufinyeleleni ekudleni.
- Isiraphu - ilungiselelwe kusuka emanzini ngokufakwa ushukela, uju noma ujamu. Uketshezi olumphumela luthululelwa ezitsheni ezincane nososheni bese lubekwa ngakuzungezo lwegumbi. Izintuthwane, zikhangwa iphunga, zingena ogibeni bese ziyafa. Kepha le ndlela, njengasendabeni yegalikhi, isebenza kuphela ngokumelene nalabo bantu abahamba ngaphandle kwesithako.
- I-Boric acid - ingasetshenziswa ngawodwana, ifafaza i-powder ezungeza uzungeze wegumbi, noma ulungiselela izicupho ezinobuthi ngokufaka i-yolk eluhlaza noshukela engxubevange. Ukusuka kwisisindo esiphumela, kuyadingeka ukuthi ugoqoze amabhola amancane uwasakaze eduze kokuqhekeka namakhona.
Kodwa noma kunjalo, ukuvikeleka okungcono kakhulu kwefulethi ukuvimbela: zama ukugcina inhlanzeko endlini, uthathe udoti ngesikhathi futhi uhlanze njalo. Vumela indlu yakho ihlanzeke njalo bese kuba ukungathandeki kwezintuthwane ze-pharaoh nezinye izinambuzane ezifuywayo.
Izindlela zamakhemikhali
Amakhemikhali athola ukusetshenziswa kabanzi ngohlobo lwama-gels (I-House Ehlanzekile, IQhawe Elikhulu, I-Globol noma Usizo), i-aerosols (i-Raptor, Get, Combat noma i-Raid), kanye namakhrayoni kanye nezindunduma (iDelisia, iVesta noma iMuratsid).
Ngalezi zinhloso, ungasebenzisa futhi izicupho maphakathi kwazo okuyisihego. Njengoba sezingenele design efananayo, izinambuzane zithatha ubuthi emahlombe azo futhi ziyilethele e-anthill, zenezela izihlobo zazo.
Ukulimala kwezinambuzane
Izindlela zabantu
Enye yezindlela zabantu ezisebenzayo ukusetshenziswa kwe-boric acid. Ukuheha ukunaka kwezinambuzane, i-powder ihlanganiswa noju, ujamu, inyama egayiwe noma amazambane abunjiwe.
Imvubelo inika imiphumela emihle kakhulu kulawulo lwezinambuzane. Ziphinde zixube nejamu futhi zibekwe ezindaweni zokuqongelela izinambuzane.
I-Semolina, umhlonyane, ama-clove, ama-elderberry noma ama-top top weetamatisi kunomthelela ovimbayo. Kwanele ukuhlobisa izindawo zokuhamba zoPharao ngesibopho salezi zitshalo, kanti izintuthwane ngeke zisabonakala lapho. Ijusi yegallic inezakhiwo ezifanayo.
Kodwa-ke, ukuhlanzwa kwendlu okujwayelekile nokulahlwa kukadoti kuphela okungavimbela ukwanda kwezinambuzane.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Izintuthwane ezibomvu
Njengamanye ama-hymenoptera, izintuthwane ze-pharaoh zinesistimu yofuzo e-haplo-diploid. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho owesifazana eshada, ugcina isidoda. Lapho amaqanda ehamba emiseleni yayo yokuzala, angakwazi ukukhiqiza umquba, abe insikazi yediploid, noma angasebenzisi umquba, iphenduke iduna elihlanzekile. Ngenxa yalesi simiso esingajwayelekile, izinsikazi zihlobana kakhulu nodadewabo kunokuba zinezizalo zabo. Lokhu kungachaza ubukhona bezintuthwane ezisebenzayo. Izintuthwane ezisebenzayo zifaka: abapheki bokudla, ama-nannies, amaqanda akhulayo, nabaqaphi / izidleke.
Isidleke siqukethe abantu abasebenzayo, indlovukazi noma izindlovukazi eziningana, nezintuthwane zesilisa / zowesifazane ezinamaphiko. Izisebenzi abesifazane abayinyumba, kuyilapho abesilisa bavame ukuba namaphiko kuphela, benomsebenzi ophambili wokuzala. Izintuthwane zabesifazane nezinamaphiko zesifazane zinikeza nokuvikelwa esidlekeni okujwayelekile. INdlovukazi iba ngumkhiqizi weqanda owenziwe njalo. Njengoba isilahlekelwe ngamaphiko ayo ezinsukwini ezinhlanu ngemuva kokukhwelana kwayo, ngokushesha indlovukazi ihlala phansi emvakwakhe.
Emakholoni wezintuthwane ze-pharaonic kunezindlovukazi eziningi. Inani lezindlovukazi kubasebenzi liyahlukahluka futhi kuya ngosayizi wekoloni. I-colony eyodwa ivame ukuqukethe izisebenzi ezi-1 000 nezingama-2 500, kepha isikhathi esiningi izidleke zinikeza umbono wamakoloni amakhulu. Kuzoba khona izindlovukazi ezengeziwe kwikholoni elincane uma kuqhathaniswa nezisebenzi. Lesi silinganiso silawulwa ngabasebenzi bamakholoni. Izibungu ezikhiqiza izisebenzi zinezinwele ezifakiwe kuyo yonke indawo, kuyilapho izibungu ezizokhiqiza abesilisa noma abesifazane abesilisa nabesilisa abahamba ze.
Kukholelwa ukuthi abasebenzi bangasebenzisa lezi zici ezihlukanisayo ukukhomba izibungu. Abasebenza “abasebenza ezindlini” bangadla izibungu ukuqinisekisa isilinganiso esihle se-caste. Isinqumo se-cannibalism ikakhulukazi sinqunywa ubudlelwano obukhona be-caste. Isibonelo, uma izindlovukazi eziningi ezivundile zikhona, izisebenzi zingadla izibungu zobulili. Ubudlelwano be-Caste bulawulwa emzameni wokukhulisa ukukhula kwe-colony.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: U-Faro Ants
OFaro bezintuthwane banezitho zokulinganisa zomanyolo. Ngemuva kokuthi indlovukazi entsha inyane okungenani nowesilisa (kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezulu), izogcina isidoda esibelethweni sayo bese isisebenzisa ukufaka umquba amaqanda impilo yakhe yonke.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ukulinganiswa kwentuthwane ye-pharaoh kubuhlungu kowesifazane. I-valve yepenisi iqukethe amazinyo abukhali, ahleliwe kungqimba oluwugqinsi oluthambile lowesifazane. Le ndlela yokulingisa inesisekelo sokuvela kwemvelo. Amazinyo aqinisekisa ukuthi ubulili buhlala isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukudlulisa isidoda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlungu ezihluthwe ngowesifazane, ngandlela thile, zinganciphisa isifiso sakhe sokulingisa futhi.
Njengamantuthwane amaningi, izinhlanzana zocansi (ezingakwazi ukuzalanisa) zilinganisa “ekubalekeni kwendiza”. Yilapho izimo zezemvelo zivumela ukukhuthaza ukuzala, futhi izintokazi kanye nezindlovukazi kanyekanye zindizela emoyeni ziyothola umlingani. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, abesilisa bafa, futhi izindlovukazi ziphulukene nezimpiko zazo futhi zithola indawo yokuqala yokwakha ikoloni lazo. Indlovukazi ikhiqiza amaqanda ngamaqoqo ayi-10 kuye kwayi-12 ngasikhathi. Amaqanda avuthwa aze afike ezinsukwini ezingama-42.
Indlovukazi uqobo inakekela izingane zokuqala. Ngemuva kokuvuthwa kwesizukulwane sokuqala, bazonakekela indlovukazi nazo zonke izizukulwane ezizayo njengoba ikoloni likhula. Ngaphezu kokuthola ikoloni elisha nendlovukazi esanda kwenziwa, amakoloni nawo angaziqhakaza. Okungukuthi, ingxenye yekholoni ekhona idluliselwa kwenye indawo “entsha” esidlekeni nendlovukazi entsha - imvamisa yindodakazi yendlovukazi yalowo mzali.
Izitha zemvelo zezintuthwane zikaPharaoh
Photo: Ngabe ibukeka kanjani imbovane kapharaoh?
Izibungu zezintuthwane zikhula futhi zikhule zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-22 kuye kwezingama-24, zidlula ezigabeni eziningana - izigaba zokukhula ezigcina ngokuncibilika. Lapho izibungu sezikulungele, zingena esigabeni sezimbungulu ukuze zibhekane ne-metamorphosis ephelele, iphela ezinsukwini eziyi-9 kuya ku-12. Isigaba sezingane sisengozini enkulu yemvelo nakwizilwane ezidla ezinye. Ngesikhathi sokuvela kwemvelo, izintuthwane zifunde ukuluma nokugwaza kakhulu.
Yiziphi izitha eziyingozi kulawa makhukhamba:
- amabhere. Babheka i-anthill ngemizwa yabo futhi bazijabulise ngezibungu, abantu abadala.
- ama-hedgehogs. Izilwane ezinamandla amakhulu, ngakho-ke zizoba nokudla okungenamsoco eduze kwethotho.
- amasele. Lawa ma-amphibians nawo awagcini ekudleni izintuthwane zoPharaoh.
- izinyoni. Izintuthwane ezisebenzayo nesibeletho ezishiywe i-anthill zingawela emilonyeni yezinyoni eziyishumi.
- imvukuzane, izihlakala. Babamba inyamazane ngaphansi komhlaba. Kulondolozwa "umhubhe", izibungu nabantu abadala bangadla.
- izibankwa. Bangabamba inyamazane noma kukuphi.
- intuthwane ibhubesi. Ngokulinda ngesineke ekuqothulweni kwezinambuzane.
Amagciwane ama-microscopic angahanjiswa yilezi zintuthwane ngezinye izikhathi angama-pathogenic, kufaka phakathi iSalmonella, iPseudomonas, Clostridium, neStaphylococcus. Futhi, izintuthwane ze-pharaonic zingacasukela abanikazi bendlu, zigibela ukudla futhi zishiya izitsha ezingalungiswa. Ngakho-ke, abanikazi bezindlu kwezinye izikhungo bafuna ukuqeda ngokushesha indawo enjalo.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Photo: Inambuzane uFaroes Ant
Le ntuthwane ayinaso isimo esikhethekile futhi ayinangozi. Ikholomu eyodwa yembewu ingangena esakhiweni esikhulu samahhovisi ngokucishe iqede zonke ezinye izinambuzane esikhathini esingaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha. Kunzima kakhulu ukubasusa futhi ubalawule, ngoba amakoloni amaningana angahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amancane ngesikhathi sokubhubhisa izinhlelo, ukuze kuthi lapho kamuva bakwazi ukuphinde bavele.
Izintuthwane zikaFaro seziphenduke inkathazo enkulu cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezakhiwo. Bangadla izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokudla, kufaka phakathi amafutha, ukudla okunoshukela kanye nezinambuzane ezifile. Bangakwazi nokugaya izimbobo kusilika, i-viscose nemikhiqizo yenjoloba. Izinzwa zingaba zincane kakhulu, okwenza ukuthi ukutholwa kube nzima ngokwengeziwe. Lezi zinambuzane zivame ukutholakala kuma-voids odongeni, ngaphansi, noma ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zefenisha. Emakhaya, kuvame ukutholakala ezindlini zokugezela noma eduze kokudla.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Akunconyelwe ukubhubhisa izintuthwane ze-pharaoh ngezikhukhula ezilwanyayo, ngoba lokhu kuzobandakanya ukusakazeka kwezinambuzane nokuqothuka kwamakoloni.
Indlela enconywayo yokuqeda izintuthwane ze-pharaoh ukusebenzisa imisebe ekhangayo kule nhlobo. Izinto zanamuhla zisebenzisa abaqondisi bokukhula kwezinambuzane (IGR) njengento esebenzayo. Izintuthwane zikhangwa yihethi ngenxa yokuqukethwe kokudla bese kukubuyisela esidlekeni. Emasontweni ambalwa, i-IGR ivimbela ukukhiqizwa kwezintuthwane zezisebenzi futhi zibulale indlovukazi. Ukuvuselela ukudla kanye noma kabili kungadingeka.
Intuthwane kaFaro njengazo ezinye izintuthwane, nazo zingabhujiswa ngeziphuzo eziphekiwe ezivela ku-1% boric acid namanzi noshukela. Uma lezi zindlela zingasizi, kufanele uthinte uchwepheshe.