Omunye wemikhumbi ethwala impahla ethekwini laseYuzhno-Sakhalinsk ugcwele izikhukhula ezingamakhulu amaningana. Lezi zinyoni zabanjiswa, zangena ebusuku emkhunjini iVitus Bering, eyayihamba ethekwini laseKholmsk.
Ngokusho kososayensi bezemvelo, ebusuku izithongwana zingaheha ukukhanya ngomkhumbi. Bafike, kepha babange besakwazi ukuphuma ngenxa yezici zabo zokuthambisa. Izilwane ezibandayo zishona kalula, zindiza zidlule olwandle, zehle zingene emanzini ziqonde esibhakabhakeni ngqo, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye azihambi emhlabeni futhi azikwazi ukuzimela zikhuphukele lapho. Ukuze benze lokhu, badinga ukuba semanzini noma uhlobo oluthile lwegquma ukuze basuke lapho kufika umoyana womoya.
Izazi zezemvelo bezingavunyelwe ukuthi zigibele ebhodini, kodwa kwaqhamuka umlando ezinkundleni zokuxhumana mayelana nokuthi amalungu enhlangano abethela kanjani futhi afafaza kanjani izinyoni emanzini, akunakwenzeka ukuthi avele ezitebhisini ukuze angabambi inyoni eyodwa. Uma kucatshangelwa ukulandisa kofakazi bokuzibonela, izinyoni eziningi zafa ngesikhathi kusenziwa imisebenzi.
Amakhulu amaningi ezigxobo ezisenkingeni asemkhunjini.
- Amakhulu ezinyoni ngoMsombuluko athutha, mhlawumbe, aya ekukhanyeni futhi afika emphemeni. Ngasijwayela lesi simo, njengabantu engikanye nabo, ngevidiyo esatshalaliswa ezinkundleni zokuxhumana. Umbhali urekhode indlela yena, acindezela izinyoni, ihamba ngayo emphemeni. Ofakazi bokuzibonela, babike ukuthi umsebenzi wokulayisha nokulayisha uqalile, ngaphandle kokukhulula emphemeni wezinyoni. Futhi lokhu ngeke kufake ukufa kwezilwane. Indlela yokuphuma kulesi simo ilula impela - vele uziphonse emanzini. Emsebenzini wami wasolwandle, kunecala elifanayo lapho abadlali engangisebenza nabo basindisa amakhulu amaningana amanzi asolwandle ngale ndlela, noma kwakungu-terns ngaleso sikhathi. Ngenxa yesakhiwo se-anatomical, ama-petrels angavele asuswe ebusweni bamanzi futhi aqhubeke nendlela yawo. Ngeke bakwazi ukuthatha izintambo ngokwazo, ”kusho u-Alexander Ivanov, umqondisi we-RIA Novosti weGreen Sakhalin Fund.
Izazi zemvelo zinxuse ubuholi beWestern Seaport ukuthi bavunyelwe ukungena kwiVitus Bering, kepha abatholanga mpendulo.
Igobongo elingwevu alifakiwe kwi-Red Book, ngakho-ke, ngokusho kwezazi zemvelo, uMnyango Wezemvelo wesifunda uphoqelekile ukuthi ungenelele kulesi simo, umthwalo wemfanelo waso wokuthatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela, ikakhulukazi, ukwazisa abanini bemikhumbi ngalokho okufanele bakwenze ezimweni ezinjalo eqenjini ukuvimbela ukufa kwezinyoni.
- Ungagcina izinyoni uma wonke umuntu wethulwa emanzini. Ngikholelwa ukuthi lokhu bekufanele ngabe kwenziwa yibo uqobo ngaphambi kokuqala kokulayisha komkhumbi, ”uqinisekile u-Alexander Ivanov.
Isimilo esivamile
Kanye nezinye izingulube, abamele umndeni wakwaPetrel banezimbotshana ezibunjiwe njengothubhu ezingxenyeni engenhla yoqhwaku. Ngalezi zivulekile, kukhululwa usawoti wasolwandle namajusi esiswini. Uqhwaku luhlotshiswe ngemichilo futhi lide, linemaphethelo abukhali nemiphetho. Lesi sici somlomo uvumela izinyoni ukuba zibambe inyamazane egeleza kakhulu, kubandakanya nezinhlanzi.
Amasayizi abameleli be-petrel aguquka ngokuqinile. Uhlobo oluncane kunazo zonke lumelwe yipulishi elincane, ubude balo bomzimba alidluli imitha yekota elinamaphiko angama-50-60 cm, nesisindo phakathi kuka-165-170 g.
Okuhlukile kuvezwe yiziphaphalazi ezinkulu ezifana nokubonakala kwama-albatross amancane. Ubukhulu bomzimba obuphakathi babadala bephalishi elikhulu alidluli imitha, ngamaphiko okufika kumamitha amabili nesisindo kuhlu lwe-4,9-5.0 kg.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Impela bonke abameleli abadala bezilwane ezifuywayo bandiza kahle kakhulu, kepha bahluke ngezitayela ezindiza ezahlukahlukene.
I-plumage yazo zonke izilobe zimhlophe, grey, nsundu noma imnyama, ngakho-ke zonke izinhlobo zalo mndeni zibukeka zingajwayelekile futhi zilula. Njengomthetho, kungaba nzima impela ku-nonspecialist ukuhlukanisa ngokuzimela phakathi kwezinhlobo ezifanayo.
Phakathi kokunye, ubunzima bokwehlukanisa kubangelwa ukungabi bikho kwezimpawu zobulili ezibonakala enyameni. Ama-birds ale nyoni akathuthukiswa kahle, ngakho-ke, ukuze uhlale emhlabeni, i-petrel kufanele isebenzise amaphiko nesifuba sayo ukwesekwa okwengeziwe.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezithixo
Umndeni we-petrel (i-Prosellariidae) uhlukaniswe waba yimindeni emibili esezingeni eliphansi kanye nofuzo oluyishumi nane. I-Fulmarinae subfamily imelwe yizinyoni ezinesitayela sokuhlela sendiza esindizayo. Ukudla kutholakala ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu kakhulu, futhi ngokwamukela kwawo inyoni ihlala phezu kwamanzi. Abamele le nkampani engaphansi engashintshiwe noma iguqulwe ngokungalingani ukuze idaye:
- umdondoshiya omkhulu (Macroesthes),
- iziwula (Fulmarus),
- I-Antarctic petrel (Thalassois),
- ICape Doves (Dartion),
- isigaxa seqhwa (i-ragodroma),
- upelepele oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (Nalobaena),
- izinyoni zomkhomo (iRaschirtila),
- Isiphepho saseKerguelen (Lugensa),
- isivunguvungu (PTerodroma),
- I-Pseudobulweria,
- Isiphepho iMascarene (Pseudobulweria aterrima),
- typhoon boulevards (Wulveria).
I-Puffininae subfamily imelelwa yizinyoni ezinesitayela sendiza ehlelayo.
Ngesikhathi sendiza enjalo, ukushona kwamaphiko njalo nokufika ngokushintshana kwamanzi. Izinyoni zalesi sikhwanyana esincane sikwazi ukutshuza kahle ngokwanele kusuka ehlobo noma endaweni yokuhlala:
- petrel ekhokhelwa ngobukhulu (Prosellaria),
- I-Westland Petrel (Rocellaria Westlindisa),
- umgqomo ogobile (iCalonestris),
- petrel weqiniso (Ruffinus).
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Ngaphandle kokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo ezinkulu, izidalwa ezimbili kuphela esidlekeni sezwe lethu - i-fulmar (i-Fulmarus glacialis) kanye nogologo onhlobonhlobo (i-Salonstris leucomelas).
Umndeni wakwaPetrel ucebe ngobuningi bezinhlobo zomndeni nomndeni ohluke kakhulu owokulandelana kwama-tubopods.
Habitat, indawo yokuhlala
Indawo yokusatshalaliswa nendawo yokuhlala kwezilwane ezifuywayo kuncike ngqo ezinhlotsheni zezinyoni. Ama-Stupys ayizinyoni zamanzi asenyakatho asatshalaliswa nge-circumpolarly. I-Nesting olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean ibonwa eziqhingini ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNyakatho Melika, uFranz Josef Land waseGreenland kanye noNovaya Zemlya, kuze kufike esifundeni seBritish Isles, nasePacific Ocean, izidleke zezinyoni kusuka eChukotka kuya eziqhingini zase-Aleutian naseKuril.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Ijuba le-cape laziwa kakhulu ngamatilosi asezindaweni eziseningizimu, ezihlala zilandela imikhumbi futhi zihlomise izidleke zazo ogwini lwase-Antarctica noma eziqhingini eziseduze.
Izidleke ezifuywayo ezivamile eziqhingini ezisogwini lwaseYurophu nase-Afrika, nase-Pacific Ocean nesting ziyabonakala ezindaweni eziqhamuka eziQhingini zaseHawaii kuya eCalifornia. Izidleke zezilwane ezihlala zikhokhiswa kancane ezindaweni eziseziqhingini zeBass Strait, kanye naseTasmania nasogwini lwaseNingizimu Australia.
I-Giant petrel iyisakhamuzi esijwayelekile sezilwandle ezise-hemisphere eseningizimu. Izinyoni zalolu hlobo zivame ukuthola izidleke ezindaweni eziseNingizimu Shetland nase-Orkney, kanye naseziqhingini zaseMalvinas.
Umsoco we-petrel
Amaphayini, kanye nezimbotshana, adla izinhlanzi ezincane kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zama crustaceans azibhukuda eduze kwamanzi. Njengoba kudingekile, izinyoni ezinjalo zenza idigri iDemo. Ingxenye ebalulekile yamapharele amakhulu idla inani elikhulu le-squid. Ama-Albatrosses, kanye nezilaphaza eziyizidlakudla nezikhulukazi ezidla zisuka ebusweni bamanzi ziyaqabukela zishone futhi zivame ukungena emanzini.
Ebusuku, izinyoni ezinjalo zilangazelela kakhulu ukudla ama-squid, akhuphuka ngamanani amakhulu ebusweni bamanzi, futhi phakathi nosuku isabelo sikole sisuselwa ezinhlanzini zesikole, udoti ovela emikhunjini edlulayo noma zonke izinhlobo zokutholwa. Izilwane ezinkulu ezifuywayo mhlawumbe zingabameleli bodwa bamapayipi okhula abangakwazi ukuhlasela izidleke zamaphinifa amancane kunabo badle izinyoni ezincane.
Ukuzalela inzalo
Njengomthetho, amagilebhu amadala abuyele kumasayithi ajwayelekile wokufuya, noma ngabe ukude kakhulu.. Umncintiswano onamandla kakhulu ukhona ezindaweni ezidlekayo ezindaweni ezinkulu zezinyoni ezinabantu abaningi futhi abagcwele kakhulu abatholakala eziqhingini ezincane.
Ogwini lolwandle phakathi kwabo bonke abamele ukuzalela kwezilwane ezifuywayo, kunemikhosi eyinkimbinkimbi impela, futhi izinyoni ngokwazo azilwi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi zikhalela phezulu nangokuzwakalayo. Lokhu kuziphatha kujwayelekile kwezinyoni ezizama ukuvikela indawo yazo.
Izici ezijwayelekile zezidleke zezinyoni zinomehluko othile obonakalayo phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezifuywayo. Isibonelo, ama-albatross akhetha ukuhlanza ingaphezulu, bese akha inhlabathi futhi athele izimbotshana. Ama-petrels esidlekeni ngqo emaphethelweni, kanye nasenhlabathini yenhlabathi, kodwa ingxenye enkulu yawo, kanye neziphephe zesiphepho, ayakwazi ukumba imisele ekhethekile enhlabathini ethambile noma asebenzise imifantu yemvelo enobukhulu obanele.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Ngaphambi kokuba isidleke siphume esidlekeni saso sendabuko, umbhangqwana wabazali undiza uye olwandle, lapho ngesikhathi sendlala izinyoni zincipha kakhulu isisindo sazo.
Iziduna zivame ukuhlala zigada isidleke izinsuku eziningana, kuyilapho izinsikazi zidla olwandle noma ziye ekuzondleni kabusha. Izinyoni ezihlanganisiwe azondli zodwa, kepha zifaka elinye iqanda izinsuku ezingama-40-80. Amachwane azalwa ezinsukwini zokuqala adla ukudla okubucayi nokunamafutha ngesimo sezinto eziphila ngasolwandle ezigaywe ngokugaya izinyoni ezindala.
Amachwane we-petrel akhula ngokushesha okukhulu, ngakho-ke avuthiwe kancane, futhi ayakwazi ukuhlala enganakekelwa ngabazali bawo izinsuku eziningana. Izinhlobo ezincane zezinhlobo ezincane ziqala ukundiza cishe inyanga nesigamu ngemuva kokuzalwa, futhi izinhlobo ezinkulu zenza indiza yazo yokuqala ezinsukwini ezingama-118-120.
Izitha zemvelo
Ngaphezu kwabantu abavakashela izidleke zezinyoni, ama-petrel ama-diving anezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo. Okuyingozi enkulu ama-skuas aseSouth Polar, aqothula izidleke zezinyoni futhi angadle namachwane ezintekenteke. Iningi lezingulube ezivikela ukuzivikela engcupheni liyakwazi ukukhipha okuqukethwe okugcwele esiswini ibanga elanele.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Izilwane ezifuywayo ezijwayelekile zingama-long-livers, endle, iminyaka yenyoni enjalo ingafinyelela isigamu senkulungwane noma ngaphezulu.
Kwezinye izinhlobo, kufaka phakathi i-fulmar, umkhuba onjalo noma ukwesaba, kungasiza kakhulu inqubo yokundiza. Ukukhishwa kwendiza ye-fetid liquid kwenziwa cishe ngemitha, ngokunemba okuphezulu okuphezulu. Izitha zemvelo zezinyoni ezincane zifaka umelusi weviki, kanye namagundane namakati alethwe kulesi siqhingi.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Emndenini ojwayelekile wezilwane ezifuywayo, abamele abafani hhayi ngosayizi kuphela, kodwa nangosayizi wabantu. Isibonelo, ama-fulmar ayizinyoni eziningi kakhulu. Inani labo e-Atlantic licishe libe yizigidi ezintathu, kanti oLwandlekazi iPacific - cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyi-3.9-4.0. Inani eliphelele labantu abasegodini le-Antarctic liyahluka phakathi kwezigidi eziyi-10 ukuya kwezi-10, kanti inani lomhlaba wonke lezithako zeqhwa lizinzile, lifinyelela ezigidini ezimbili.
Ubuningi bezidleke zephaphethi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esiqhingini saseKerguelen abudluli izinkulungwane ezingama-100-200, futhi eziqhingini zaseCrozet nasePrince Edward kukhona amashumi ezinkulungwane zamabili alolu hlobo. Ngaphambili, inyamazane yodoti waseMedithera yayivinjelwe e-Italy naseFrance kuphela, kepha ezinye izindawo zezinyoni zivikelwe eziqhingini eziseduzane neCorsica.
Okwamanje, esigabeni zezinyoni ezingavamile futhi ezisengcupheni yokuqothulwa umndeni Procellariiform zihlanganisa Balearic Shearwater (Ruffinus mauretanisus) Rozovonogy Shearwater (Ruffinus sreatorus), Trinidad petrel (Rterodroma arminjoniana) White petrel (Rterodroma alba), The Madeira petrel (Rterodroma Madeira), petrel Hawaiian (I-Pterodroma sandwichesis) nabanye.