Amalulwane athela amahlamvu (Phyllostomidae) - morphologic umndeni ohlukahlukene kakhulu kuwo wonke amalulwane. Abamele bayo bahluka kakhulu ngosayizi nokubukeka, noma kunjalo, ekugcineni kwesizalo, izinhlobo eziningi zinombala oshubile, okhomba isikhumba (iqabunga lamakhala), elinikeze wonke umndeni igama. Iqabunga lempumulo livame ukwakheka kalula, uma kuqhathaniswa nokuphuma okufana nalokhu kumalulwane wehhashi le-Old World, ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane kuncishiselwa emigqonyeni yesikhumba bese kugoqwa ozungeze emakhaleni. Amakhala asezinyangeni ngokuvamile anezinwele ne-papillae ezindebeni ezingezansi, ezinye zinesibalo esikhulu sesikhumba ngaphansi komphimbo, okuthi lapho zilala izilwane ziqonde bese zisimboza ngokuphelele isihlakala sezisekelo zezindlebe.
Ubukhulu Amalulwane athela amahlamvu ziyahlukahluka kakhulu: kusuka kokuncane kakhulu kuya kokukhulu kakhulu phakathi kwamalulwane aseMelika (i-vampire yamanga ifinyelela ubude bomzimba ongu-13.5 cm, futhi amaphiko ayo angaba kude kumamitha. Ubude bomsila ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene buhlukahluka kusuka ku-3 kuye ku-57 mm, kwesinye isikhathi umsila awukho. Amaphiko athwala amaqabunga banzi, avumela ukundiza okuhamba kancane futhi okungaqondakali kakhulu futhi kuhamba endaweni. Isembozo sezinwele salawa malulwane sinombala ohlukahluka kakhulu kusuka kombala onsundu omnyama kuya okhanyayo okhanyayo futhi omhlophe omhlophe (onamaqabunga amhlophe), kwezinye izinhlobo umbala unamaphethini ayinkimbinkimbi, kufaka phakathi imivimbo emaphikweni, ekhanda nase emahlombe. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamalulwane anamaqabunga ziyahlukahluka ku-morphology, ecishe ihambisane nendlela yabo yokuphila nokudla. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo ezidla umpetshana zincane, zinama-muzzles amade nezilimi ezinde, ezinomabhulashi omfushane obunjwe ngumbili eduze kwesiqalo. Amazinyo alawa amalulwane mancane futhi ayindabilishi, uhlelo lwamazinyo lulonke luyahlukahluka, inani lamazinyo liyahlukahluka kusuka ku-20 kuye kwengama-34. Indawo ehlafunayo yezinsimbi ye-molars iyahlukahluka ngokuya ngohlobo lokudla okunempilo: ithotshisiwe ezinhlotsheni zomzimba futhi inama-tubercles amaningi abukhali ezinhlotsheni zomzimba. E-bloodsuckers, i-pair yokuqala yama-incisors aphezulu anezici ezibukhali kakhulu nama-blade angemuva athuthukiswa kakhulu.
Indawo yokuhlala nendlela yokuphila
Okuvamile Amalulwane anamaqabunga ezindaweni ezishisayo nezimfunda zombili eziseMelika naseziqhingini zaseCaribbean nasentshonalanga eseningizimu ne-United States kuya enyakatho yeArgentina. Bahlala ezinhlobonhlobo zama jiotope: kusuka ogwadule kuya ezihlathini zemvula ezishisayo. Iyasebenza ebusuku. Usuku lusetshenziswa ezindaweni zokukhosela ezinhlobonhlobo, ukusuka embobeni kuya kokukhanya: emihumeni, ezakhiweni, emigodini yezihlahla, emiseleni yomvundla, emiqheleni wesundu, njll. Zigcinwa zingashaywa noma ngamaqembu amancane, ngokuvamile amakhulukazi amakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi ezinhlotsheni eziningana. Inhlangano ye-harem yeqembu ijwayelekile impela, lapho indawo yokuhlala kuhlala abantu besifazane abangu-10-15 abanezinsana zeminyaka ehlukile nowesilisa oyedwa omdala. Zonke izinhlobo ezidoti zinama-1 cub. Ezinye izihlahla ezinamaqabunga zithuthela ngaseningizimu phakathi nenkathi yamakhaza.
Umsoco
Uhlobo lomsoco Amalulwane athela amahlamvu ukuhlukahluka kakhulu. Ukudla kwabo kufaka izinambuzane, uginindela wezithelo, umpe kanye nempova. Izinhlobo eziningi zingama-omnivores. Ezinye izitshalo ezinamahlamvu zinomthelela ekusakazekeni kwezitshalo, imbewu nezithelo zazo ezidliwayo, nokungcoliswa kwezimbali, kanye nezitshalo eziningi zeNew World zisetshenziselwa ukungcolisa kuphela ngala malulwane. Ezinye izitshalo ezinkulu ezinamaqabunga zidla ama-vertebrates amancane: izibankwa, izinyoni, amalulwane, izinduku. Ngokwesibonelo, I-Vampyrum spectrum ikwazi ukubulala igundane elihlanganisiwe (Ama-Proechimys) ngosayizi waso, nezinhlaka ezinamaqabunga ezinamaqabunga (Ama-trachops cirrhosus) sisebenzisa amasele esihlahleni, siwafuna ngokuyikhala. Ama-Vampires (subfamily Desmodontinae), ukondla kuphela ngegazi elisha lezinye izilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni, okuwukuphela kwezifo ezingamaqiniso phakathi kwama-vertebrates anegazi elifudumele.
Njengawo wonke amanye amalulwane, amabhere anamahlamvu ayazulazula afune ukudla kusetshenziswa amasiginali we-ultrasonic. Ezinhlotsheni ezivundile, ngaphezu kwalokho, umbono nephunga kukhula kahle.
Incazelo yesibuko wamehlo
Umbala waleli bat uvame kakhulu ukuba mpunga, kwesinye isikhathi ube nsundu. Ubukhulu beqabunga lephepha lokubuka lincane - ubude bomzimba bungamasentimitha angama-4.8-6.5, kanti isisindo ngama-gramu ayi-7-15.
Ukubukeka kwamagqabha okubabazekayo (Carollia perspicillata).
Isici esibonakala sebhungane leqabunga “iqabunga lamakhala”, okuwukuqina kwesikhumba engxenyeni engenhla yekhala. Leliqabunga lamakhala likhumbuza ngophondo lukabhejane ngandlela thile. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimpondo kunamehlo amnyama amnyama. Umbono ezitshalweni ezinamaqabunga ubuthakathaka kakhulu; awudlali indima yamalulwane. Kepha izintambo zezwi zakhiwa kahle. Ulimi lude, lumbozwe ngokuphelele ngamaqhubu amancane.
Indlela Yokuphila Leaf
Abalimi abasebenza amaqabunga bazwela kakhulu ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa, ngakho-ke bavamile emahlathini ashisayo aseCentral America naseningizimu yeMexico.
Ikoloni elincane lalawa malulwane lihlala esiqhingini saseTrinidad.
Izitshalo ezinamahlamvu ziyabonakala emihumeni, emigodini yezihlahla, emadwaleni, ezimayini ezilahliwe. Zitholakala ikakhulu ezindaweni ezinomoya omncane.
Izitshalo ezinamaqabunga ezinendawo yokubuka indawo zidlangile eMelika naseMelika Ephakathi.
Lawa amalulwane anobuqili obukhulu; adla ukudla izikhathi eziphindwe izikhathi eziyi-1,5 kanye nobusuku bawo. Lapho befuna inyamazane, abasebenza ngamaqabunga emangalisa bafika kumakhilomitha ayi-5, benze izitobha ezi-2-6. Amahlamvu anamaqabunga agqamile akhiwa ubhanana, i-guava, izinsuku, ukudla okuvame kakhulu ukudla izinambuzane.
La malulwane ahlala aphuza umpe, njengama-hummingbirds.
Amabhungane anamaqabunga agqamile akhiqiza imisindo ehlukahlukene, ngale ndlela axhumana nawo.
Ukubingelela kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ama-trill. Lapho owesilisa ekhala, uxosha izimbangi kubesifazane bakhe futhi ulawula abakhethiweyo. Isikhathi sokuphila kwezitshalo ezinamaqabunga amangalisayo yiminyaka emi-2-6, kepha abanye abantu bangaphila iminyaka eyi-10.
Ukuziphatha komphakathi okubukelwa ngamaqabunga
Izitshalo ezinamaqabunga ezigqamile zihlala emikhakheni emikhulu - isibalo sabantu abayizigidi eziyi-1,5,3. I-koloni ihlukaniswe inani elikhulu labesifazane. Ekhayeni ngalinye kukhona owesilisa oyedwa kuze kufike kwabayisishiyagalombili besifazane abanezingane.
Amanye amaqembu aqukethe owesilisa kuphela noma amalulwane angahlanzekile.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwezimila ezithwele amaqabunga
Isikhathi sokukhwelana kuncike esikhathini semvula. Abesifazane abakhulelwe batholakala kunoma yiziphi izinyanga zonyaka, kodwa iziqongo zazibonakala ngokufanele ngenkathi yezimvula. Kwowesifazane ngamunye, ngemuva kwezinyanga ezingama-2,5 kuya kwezingu-2, kuzalwa ikonyana elilodwa. Izinsuku ezimbalwa zokuqala, insikazi ithwala iwundlu ngokwayo.
Ukuvuthwa kwezinsikazi zezitshalo ezihehayo ezinamaqabunga emangalisa kwenzeka ngonyaka owodwa, futhi emadodeni ngeminyaka engu-1-2.
Cishe i-2/3 yezingane ezisanda kuzalwa zingabesilisa, kodwa inani lokufa kwabantu besilisa liphakeme, futhi ngenxa yalokho, isilinganiso phakathi kocansi lapho sesikhulile 1: 1.
Indaba Yokuphila Kwezitshalo Zomaqabunga EseMoscow
Ngo-1999, amabhungane amaqabunga amangalisa alethwa kwi-Zoo yaseMoscow. Namuhla basesiteji esithi "Night World". Bahlala endaweni ebiyelwe efanayo ngengalo eyindilinga.
Abasebenzi bavame ukuhlola ukwakheka kweqembu futhi bahlole bonke abantu. Izikhathi ezimbalwa izingane kwakudingeka zondliwe ngokwezifiso. Lokhu kwasivumela ukuthi sithole umbono wamaphethini wokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo ezihlume ngamaqabunga.
Ukucinga ukudla, okunamaqabunga anamaqabunga avela kumakhilomitha ayi-5,
Lapho amaqabunga esephumule, alengiswa odongeni, kuyilapho engenzi iziqubu eziminyene. Ukubona amabhungane amaqabunga akulula, kepha abanye abantu bazalwa benamathegi ezindlebeni zabo. Amakhadi ngazinye adonswa izingane ezinjalo ukuze kube nethuba lokulandela impilo yazo.
Kube nezigameko ezinhlanu zokuzalwa kwama-albino; kulezi zinhlobo, yilezi ezingamacala okuqala aziwayo. I-albino eyodwa yabesifazane ngezikhathi ezithile iletha izingane, kodwa zonke zinombala ojwayelekile.
Izibuko zamehlo zondliwa nsuku zonke.
Ukudla kwabo kufaka ama-apula aphelele, amagilebhisi, ubhanana, ukwatapheya, i-kiwi, amawolintshi, impova, uju, ukhukhamba, ushizi we-cottage, utamatisi, i-bio-yogurt, uwoyela we-olive nowezimbiwa.
Ngesikhathi sokudla, izitshalo ezinamahlamvu azihlali ku-feeder, ziyandiza, zibambe ucezu, zisukume, zinamathele odongeni, zidle ukudla zibheke phansi. Ukuphuza, lesi silwane sihlehla ngaphezu kwesondli futhi sikha amanzi emlonyeni waso.
Isici esahlukile somthwali wamaqabunga "iqabunga lamakhala" - uphawu engxenyeni engenhla yesikhumba sekhala.
Izimo zokugcina abathwali bamaqabunga bemangalisa
Indawo ebiyelwe yezitshalo ezihlotshiswe ngamahlamvu kufanele ibanzi. Bayibeka endaweni emnyama, ngoba lezi zilwane azibekezeleli ukukhanya okukhanyayo. Iqembu elinamaqabunga angama-20-50 ligcinwa endaweni yezindiza elinganisa 1.5 ngamamitha ama-3.
Izinga lokushisa ku-aviary ligcinwa ngaphakathi kwama-25-27 degrees. Umswakama kufanele ube cishe ama-70%.
Uma i-leafleaf igcinwa emgedeni efulethini, kufanele ikhishwe ngaphambi kokudla kwakusihlwa ukuze ikwazi ukufudumala. Ifolishi linikezwa amabhungane amaqabunga ngokweqile. Amanzi okuphuza kumele ngaso sonke isikhathi abekhona endaweni ebiyelwe. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo zokugcina, izitshalo ezinamaqabunga amangalisayo zanda ngempumelelo, futhi izinsikazi ziyakwazi ukondla izingane zazo.
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