Ukulwa nezinja - ibinzana elalisetshenziselwe kamuva ukubhekisela izinja zensiza eziqeqeshiwe ngokukhethekile ezisetshenziselwa izimpi (izimpi, izimpi) ngamabutho ahlomile enkathi yasendulo kanye neNkathi Ephakathi ngenhloso yokubulala ngqo amasosha ezitha.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinja empini zazisetshenziselwa izinhloso ezahlukahlukene, kepha azizange zisetshenziselwe ukubulala amasosha ezitha ngqo, yize eMpini Yezwe II izinja zazisetshenziselwa nokucekela phansi amathangi.

Isikhathi sasendulo

Ngalesi sikhathi sesikhathi, izinhlobo eziningi zezinja ezifuywayo zazisebenza ngokusebenza ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zokuphila komuntu. Izinhlobo zazishintsha njalo, zixube, ezintsha zazibizwa ngokukhethwa nokulungiswa kwezinhlamvu. Uhlobo olunye lokhokho lwezinja zanamuhla alukho. Ngokusho kwenguqulo eyodwa, zonke izinja zanamuhla zivela ezimpondweni nasezinhlotsheni ezithile zezimpungushe.

Njengezinja ezilwayo, izinja zeqembu lokuzalela amaMolos zasetshenziswa kakhulu.

Izinhlobo zohlobo lweMolossoid ziyiqembu elihlukene lezinja ezinamandla nezinkulu ezinamafinyila amfushane nokubukeka okwesabekayo, okwakukhona lapho izinhlobo zezinja zangaphambili (ezingazinzile), zakhiwa njengesizinda sezinja zezinja zase-Greece yakudala, i-Old States yaseMpumalanga, i-Etruria kanye namaCelts endaweni yoMbuso WaseRoma. Kwakuvinjelwe ukuvikelwa (imihlambi, abantu, njll.), Njengenja yesilo nanjengenja yokuqapha yamabutho nemikhosi yezempi emabuthweni. Amagama "izinja zeMolossoid", "izinja zeMolossoid", "Molossi" zazaziwa e-Europe vele ngeNkathi Ephakathi (kuthiwa, ikakhulukazi, nguSaxon Grammatik). Kwanda kakhulu ngekhulu le-16 eFrance, naseNgilandi ngesikhathi seRenaissance, okungukuthi, kusukela ngekhulu le-17. Igama elithi "iqembu lezinja leMolossian" lalisetshenziswa kabanzi enkulumweni yansuku zonke kuphela ngekhulu lama-20.

Izinhlobo zezinja zasendulo ezabamba iqhaza ekwakhekeni kweqembu lamaMolossian zaziyizidalwa zoMdabu East (Mesopotamia, Persia), iGrisi yaseGrisi yakudala, amazwe ase-Etruria, abantu ababehlala emazweni amaCelts kanye nasendaweni yaseRoma yasendulo. Idlozi lezinja eziningi ezilwayo zasendulo kungenzeka kakhulu iTabetan Great Dane. Lezi zinja zanda eNdiya, eNepal, ePheresiya kanye nasemazweni aseduze naseMiddle East cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezintathu edlule. Lezi zilwane ezinamandla zazisetshenziswa njengabelusi, abalindi, nabazingeli. Nasezingeni lokulwa nalo.

Izithombe zakhe ezindala kakhulu zivela ngekhulu le-12 leminyaka BC - kutholakale indawo yokuzingela ibhubesi nenja yaseTibet endlini engcwele yaseBabiloni.

Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-4 B.C.E. e., endaweni yaseGrisi yasendulo, kwasungulwa umgogodla "wokufuya impahla", okwaba yindawo yokuqala yokwakheka okwengeziwe kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene futhi kwabizwa ngokuthi "izinja zaseMolossian" ngesizwe sasendulo sakwaMolossi esihlala eMolossia - esifundeni esiphakathi ne-Epirus. Le ndawo njengamanje itholakala ezungeze i-Ioannina yanamuhla eGrisi.

Amaqhinga

Kwakusetshenziswa amaphakethe ezinja anjalo ezimpini. Izinja zigqekeza ngokushesha ekwakhekeni kwezitha zesitha, kukhiqize ukudideka okumangalisayo, ukudonsa amahhashi, ukulimaza nokungqongqoza amasosha ezitha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphezu kokuphazamisa ukuhleleka kwempi yesitha nokuphazamisa ukunaka kwakhe, izinja ezilwayo zabhubhisa namasosha ezitha. Uhlelo lonke lokuqeqesha inja elwayo yayihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi, ukubambelela iqhawe, inja yalwa nayo yaze yanqoba noma yafa ku-duel. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukudabula noma ukushaya inja evikelwe kahle, esindayo, enamandla kakhulu, inja eqeqeshelwe ukubulala umuntu kwakunzima kakhulu. Amakhola akhethekile anama-spikes nopende afakwa ezinjeni ezinama-tattoo akhethekile. Ngaphambi kwempi, izinja bezingondliwe isikhathi eside, lokhu kwanda ukufutheka kwazo futhi kwabenza balwa ngempumelelo enkulu. Emzabalazweni wamaphakethe ezinja abashayayo babenakekela, ababesebenza ngokuqeqeshwa nokuyala izinja enkundleni yempi. Ngomyalo wezinja, zancishiswa kusuka ekuqashweni futhi zabhekiswa kumayunithi wesitha (okungcono kusuka kuflank noma emuva). Lokhu kwaba nomphumela omuhle, ngoba izinja ezidwetshiwe ezilambile azibalekanga isitha kuphela, kodwa futhi zaphazamisa ukwakheka kwempi.

Ukulungiselela

Izinja zamasosha zaqeqeshelwa ukulwa nesitha kusuka enkulungwaneni. Ngale njongo, izindlela ezisejwayelekile zokuqeqesha zazisetshenziswa namuhla. Uthisha osizayo, egqoke ingubo ekhethekile yesikhumba esikhulu, wahlekisa inja, wayenza yathukuthela. Ngenkathi uthisha ehlisa le nja eweni, waziphonsa “ekuhlekeni” futhi wamququmbela amazinyo. Ngalesi sikhathi, umsizi uzame ukudalula inja ezingxenyeni zomzimba ezingaba sengozini (ebhekisele kumlwi wezempi). Ngaleyo ndlela waba nomkhuba wokuthatha isitha endaweni efanele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinja zazifundiswa amakhono anjengokujaha umuntu ogijimayo kanye nokusebenza nomuntu oqamba amanga. Abantu ababehleka izinja babevame ukushintshwa ukuze bavuse intukuthelo enjeni yabo bonke abantu, hhayi umuntu othile. Esigabeni esilandelayo sokulungiselela, izembatho zempi zesitha zazifakwa ezingutsheni ezivela esikhunjeni, khona-ke izembatho zempi zabekwa inja, kancane kancane ziyijwayela ukuthi ilwe endaweni eseduze ngangokunokwenzeka kulowo olwayo. Izipikili ezisesigqokweni nasekhondweni kwathathelwa indawo izinduku zokhuni. Izinja zazijwayele ukuthuthumela, ukushaya izihlangu, ukukhala ngezikhali, amahhashi.

Impi Yempi Yempi

Ukuze bandise izimfanelo zabo zokulwa futhi, uma kunokwenzeka, ukwenza izinja zibe sengozini encane yensimbi ebandayo, ngaleyo ndlela bekhulisa amathuba okunqoba isitha, izinja zamasosha ngezinye izikhathi zazigqokwa ngezikhali ezikhethekile ezenziwe ngezikhali, ezivame ukuba nesikhumba noma igobolondo lensimbi elimboze ingemuva nezinhlangothi zesilwane. Kwasetshenziswa ne-Chain mail

Ngesikhathi kunqotshwa abaseMelika abanqobi babesetshenziswa kabanzi ezinjeni ezilwa, begqoke izembatho zempi.

Kwakusetshenziswa izigqoko zokuvikela insimbi ukuvikela ikhanda. Ekholathini nesigqoko kwakungekho ameva kuphela, kepha kwesinye isikhathi amabala aqonde nhlangothi zombili asika futhi aqhekule isidumbu sesitha, asika imisipha yemilenze aze aklebhula evula izisu zamahhashi lapho izinja ezilwayo zishayisana nezindiza zezitha.

Ngesikhathi kunqotshwa iMelika, abanqobi babesebenzisa kakhulu izinja ezilwa kangaka. Ngakho-ke, bavikela izidumbu zezinja emicibishweni yamaNative American. Njengomthetho, izambatho zesikhumba nezimbozi ezivulekile zazisetshenziselwa lokhu.

Ukusetshenziswa kokulwa kwezinja ezweni lasendulo

Ubufakazi bokuqala obubhaliwe bokusetshenziswa kwezinja zempi ezimpini buhlobene nesifunda saseMiddle East. Isithombe esijabulisayo sikaTutankhamun odumile wasinda empini (yize engazange ahlanganyele ezimpini). Emfanekisweni, eduze nenqola yamaFarao, izinja zigijimela esitha. Izithombe ezifanayo zingatholakala ezithombeni eziningi zokuphamba ngokuzingela futhi kuyamukeleka impela ukuthi izinja zazisetshenziswa empini njengezinja zempi.

I-Cane Corso isizukulwane sezinja zasendulo zamaRoma ezilwa nezinja.

Kodwa-ke, umlando waseGibhithe wokulwa nezinja uphela lapha. Kodwa sazi okuningi ngezinja zempi zase-Asiriya. Kukholelwa ukuthi abase-Asiriya babesebenzisa izinja ezinkulu ze-molossoid ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesishiyagalombili B.C.E. Izinja zama-Asiriya zaziphatha zombili inkonzo yezempi neyokugada. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokumbiwa eNineve, kwaphethwa ngokuthi izinja ezilwayo zaba nengxenye ezimpini eziningi ezalwa ngu-Ashurbanipal. Lo mkhuba wamabutho ase-Asiriya azuzwa njengefa izindlalifa zawo - amaPheresiya. Babesetshenziswa nguKoresi Omkhulu noCambysus weSibili, abalwa neGibhithe. Izinja ezilwayo zabamba iqhaza ezimpini zasePheresiya kanye nezwe laseGrisi.

Ngemuva kokunqoba kweGrisi embusweni wasePheresiya, izinja zempi zeza njengendebe eGrisi. AmaGrikhi ancoma amandla awo okulwa futhi aqala ukuwazalela ngezinjongo zamasosha nokuthengisa, endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi iMolossia, lapho kwaqhamuka khona igama elijwayelekile lezinja ezinkulu ezicijile. Inkosi yase-Spartan u-Agesilaus yasebenzisa amakilogremu alwa namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili okuvimbezela uMantinea, futhi inkosi yaseLydia Aliatt yasebenzisa izinkonzo zabo ezimpini ezilwa namaCimmerians neMedia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesithupha BC.

Izakhamizi zaseColophon naseCassabalens nazo zazisebenzisa, kodwa njengama-scouts. Uyise ka-Alexander the Great wasebenzisa bona ukulandela labo ababebalekela phezulu lapho enqoba i-Argolis. Indodana yakhe yazuza njengefa ukuthanda kwakhe lezi zinja futhi yaba ngumuntu ozithandayo lezi zinja ezinkulu, ngenxa yalokho zasakazeka kabanzi kuyo yonke indawo yombuso ka-Alexander the Great.

AbakwaSpartans basebenzisa izinja zabo ezingama-100 kg njengezikhali zokulwa nabanqobi.

Lapho iGrisi iba yinto yokwandiswa kombuso waseRoma, izinja ezilwayo zangena ePenennula yase-Apennine.

Esokuqala, kanye nezindlovu zempi, sathathwa nguPyrrhus odumile, owayesebenzisa ukuboshwa kwenja yempi eMzabalazweni weHeracles, ukuze abasindise e-Apennines. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uLucius Emilius Paul waletha izinja eziyikhulu ezilwayo eRoma njengendondo yempi eyathunjwa empini nenkosi yaseMakedoniya Perseus maphakathi nekhulu lesibili leminyaka B.C.E. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngokokuqala ngqa, izinja ezilwayo zahamba emigwaqweni yaseRoma nenkosi eyathunjwa.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi yize amaRoma ayethola izinja ezilwayo kumaGrikhi, awasetshenziswa kakhulu empini. Njengomthetho, basebenzisa izinja njengezithunywa. Umlobi waseRoma uVegetius ushiye umyalezo wokuthi amaRoma asebenzisa izinja kwikhwalithi yezokuvikela ukuze axwayise ngendlela yesitha. Ngokuqondile empini, amaRoma awasebenzisanga izinja. Okuncamelayo kwanikezwa umsebenzi wewashi ukuze kuvikelwe izakhiwo zikahulumeni ezibalulekile, kufaka phakathi izinqaba zemingcele. Ngalezi zinhloso, izinja ezinonya kakhulu zikhethiwe. Kucatshangelwa nokuthi izinja zazisetshenziselwa ukuthungatha ababaleki.

AmaJalimane asendulo ayayazisa le nja ngo-12 shillings, kanti nehhashi lalingu-6 kuphela.

Izinja zempi zazisetshenziswa kabanzi eRoma lasendulo njengezinja ze-gladiator.
Kuliqiniso, amaRoma bekufuze ahlole amandla wokulwa wezinja ezifundiswe ngokukhethekile. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi sezimpi nabantu base-Europe ababedla izindwani. Baqala ukukhulunywa ngabo-101 BC ngesikhathi seMpi yaseVercelli, lapho uGaius Marius anqoba amaCimbrian.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinja ezilwayo zamaBritons namaJalimane zazivikelwe ngezikhali zempi futhi zigqoka amabala anezimbobo zensimbi entanyeni yazo. Akumangazi ukuthi inja yempi yabiza amaJalimane asendulo imali ephindwe kabili ngehhashi. Babazi izinja ezilwayo kanye noHuns. Kepha zazisetshenziselwa kuphela ukuvikela amakamu, hhayi ukuhlanganyela ezimpini.

Izinja Zempi Ezikhathini Ephakathi

Ngokusho kwesazi esidumile sangezikhathi zakudala uDe Barr Dupark, ngesikhathi kulwa uGranzen noMurten ngonyaka ka-1476, kwaqubuka impi yangempela phakathi kwezinja zaseBurgundian naseSwitzerland, ezagcina ngokuqothulwa cishe ngokuphelele kwabaseBergundi. Futhi ngesikhathi seMpi yaseValence, izinja ezazigijima njengama-scouts phambi kwamasosha zahlasela izinja zaseSpain futhi zaqala impi embi yegazi. Kodwa-ke, izinja zaseSpain zalahlekisela kakhulu izinja zaseFrance.

Umdwebo obonisa impi yangezikhathi zakudala nenja imi emajele amasosha.

Ngokwenganekwane, umbusi uKarl, esebonile lokhu, wamemeza amasosha akhe: "Ngiyethemba ukuthi nizokuba nesibindi njengezinja zenu!" Inkosi yamaNgisi uHeinrich the Eight yaze yasiza uMbusi uCharles, yamthumelela ibutho elisizayo, elalinezinja eziyinkulungwane ezine ezilwayo!

UPhilippe waseSpain wasebenza ngokulula: wayala zonke izinja ezazizulazula ezungeze izinqaba ukuba zondliwe, ngenxa yalokho, eqinisweni, zenza umsebenzi wokuhamba nokugada. Kunoma yikuphi, umsindo omncane kakhulu ovela kuma-Austrian uholele ekutheni izinja ziphakamise ibhadi elikhulu. Ngesikhathi sohudo, izinja zazihlala zihamba phambi komgwaqo, zithola ukuqamekelwa yizitha futhi zithole izindlela lapho ziphindela khona.

Ukulwa nezinja ezikhathini zanamuhla

Indima ebalulekile yadlalwa ngokulwa nezinja ngesikhathi sokunqoba kweMelika eSpain. Ukwenza isibonelo, ohlelweni lwamasosha kaChristopher Columbus, kuthiwa kusuka emasotheni angamakhulu amabili amasosha, abamahhashi abangamashumi amabili nezinja ezingamashumi amabili ezilwayo. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, abanqobi babesebenzisa izimpi phakathi kwabantu bomdabu nezinja zonke.

Namuhla, izinja ezilwayo zisetshenziswa kabanzi kwezomthetho, ukufuna izimpahla ezingekho emthethweni, njll.

Ngokusho kukaFernandez de Oviedo, abagadli bebelokhu baphendukela kosizo "lwama-greyhound nezinye izinja ezingakwazi ukwesaba." Izinja ezilwayo zaseSpain zathola udumo oluthile ezimpini zokunqotshwa kwePeru neMexico, futhi eMpini yaseCaxamalca izinja ezilwayo zakhombisa isibindi esikhulu kangangokuba inkosi yaseSpain yayala ukuba zithole izimpesheni.

Ukulandelana kwezikhathi okujwayelekile ukusetshenziswa kwezinja ezilwayo

Ngo-669-627 BC - Izinja ezilwayo ziba yingxenye yebutho lase-Asiriya leNkosi u-Ashurbanipal,
Ngo-628 BC e. - Kwakhiwa iyunithi ekhethekile yezinja ezilwayo eLydia,
559-530 BC e. - Ukusetshenziswa kokulwa kwezinja nguKoresi Omkhulu Wesibili,
Ngo-525 B.C.E. e. - Ukusetshenziswa kokulwa kwezinja yinkosi yasePheresiya uCambysus II empini neGibhithe,
Ngo-490 B.C.E. e. - Izinja zempi zibamba iqhaza empini yemashi,
385 BC e. - Izinja ezilwayo zibamba iqhaza ekuvinjezelweni kweMantinea,
Ngo-280 BC e. - Izinja zempi zibamba iqhaza empini yeHercule,
101 BC e. - - Izinja zempi zibamba iqhaza empini yaseWerzel,
Septhemba 9 y. e. - Ukusetshenziswa kwamaJalimani okulwa izinja empini edumile eHlathini laseTeutoburg,
1476 - Izinja zempi zibamba iqhaza kwiMpi kaMurten.

Kwamanye amazwe, ukulwa kwezinja kusenziwa ngezigaba - omunye wemibukiso ebukisa kakhulu.

Umsuka wezinja ezilwayo

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwakungekho ukukhuluma nganoma yikuphi ukuzalaniswa okukodwa kwezinja ezilwayo ngalezo zinsuku. Izinhlobo zasendulo zazixutshwa futhi zishintshwe. Ngendlela efanayo, akunakwenzeka ukukhuluma ngohlobo oluthile lohlobo lwamadlozi olungashadile wokulwa nezinja. Ukuphela kwento engafakazelwa ngokuphepha ukuthi ezimweni eziningi izinja ezinjalo zazenziwa ama-molossoids, okwakunguqembu le-motley lezinja ezinkulu nezinamandla zokubukeka okwesabekayo futhi, njengomthetho, ngesiphundu esifushane. Lezi zinhlobo ngesikhathi lapho zazisetshenziswa ezimpini zazisesigabeni sokungazinzi, noma njengokusho kwazo, izinhlobo zamatshe zamandulo.

Izinja ezilwayo zakhiwa ngesisekelo sofuzo lwezinja zomdabu zaseGrisi Greece, e-Etruria, ezifundeni zasendulo zaseMpumalanga kanye nezinja ezihlala ezindaweni ezazihlala amaCelt. Ngokuyisisekelo, bathola ukubonakala kwabo okuchazwa okungaphansi noma okungaqondakali kangako endaweni yoMbuso WaseRoma olawulwa.

Kumele ngisho ukuthi amagama athi "izinja zeMolosso", "izinja zaseMolosso" nokuthi "izinja zaseMolossoid" akuzona izinto ezasungulwa ezikhathini zamuva nje, futhi izinja ezilwayo eYurophu zazivele zaziwa ngaleli gama ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Kodwa-ke, enkulumweni yansuku zonke, leli gama laziswa kuphela ekhulwini lamashumi amabili.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.

Impumalanga yasendulo

Ngokuphikisana nezitatimende "zabadumisi" bamanje, ngezikhathi zeSumero-Akkadian nezaseBabylani, izinja ezilwayo eMesophothamiya azibonakali futhi azithandeki. “Empeleni” - ngoba ngesikhathi sokusebenza kulo mbhalo kungenzeka ukuthi kutholakale amadokhumenti afakazela ngokungaqondile ubukhona babo “obufihlekile” empucukweni yasendulo yaseMesopotamia.

Phakathi kwazo, ngokwesibonelo, kuyinganekwane yaseSumerian ngomkhankaso womndeni wezimpungushe edolobheni, futhi impungushe ibiza ifomula efanelekile kumkhuzi wesitha, ithembisa ukunyathela edolobheni elithathiwe ngonyawo lwayo (okusivumela ukuthi sibheke le ntsomi, mhlawumbe incazelo echaza ngezenzo zamabutho ezitha). Kepha, ngaphambi kokufika edolobheni ngezingilazi ezingama-600 (cishe amakhilomitha amathathu), izimpungushe zizwa ukubhonga okugcwele ukuthukuthela kwezinja ngemuva kwezindonga zedolobha futhi zikhetha ukuhamba.

Ngeke siphikise ukuthi umphathi wesitha (uma eqonde ukuthi) ubuyile, esaba ukuhlaselwa ngokulwa nezinja.Kepha, mhlawumbe, lokhu kukhombisa ukuvikelwa kwezindonga ngezinja zensiza (ye-watchdog). Imininingwane encane: ku-3 km (uma lokhu kukude impela, futhi hhayi umhlangano wohlobo lwensumansumane), akuwona wonke amakhanda ezinja azindiza, kepha izwi elinamandla nelinamandla lezinja ezinkulu ezibunjiwe kulelo ibanga lizwakala nje!

Kweminye imithombo yaseSumeriya, izinja njengabangane babaqaphi besango kubonakala kungashiwongo. Kodwa bakhuluma ... amabhere aqeqeshiwe (ngaphansi kukaTsar Shulga)! Kepha lokhu ngokusobala isenzo "sokubonisa", futhi kunzima ukususa umqondo wokuthi amabhere lapha athatha indawo yezinja zokuqapha, amasango aqaphi afanele kakhulu.

Komunye wabekwa uphawu lwedolobha lase-Uri kunenqwaba yezimo, incazelo ejwayelekile okunzima ukuyibamba, kepha eminye imininingwane ibiza ukuhumusha okungcono. Ingxenye yesobunxele yokuqanjwa ikhombisa umlingiswa othile ngenqola yempi okusobala ukuthi, ekwakhiweni kwayo kukhona ukufana okucacile kumasampula we- "Okujwayelekile kusuka e-Uri", kuze kufike ebunzini elivikela ikhanda lekhanda lezinqola (okungenzeka liyinqaba). Futhi inqola ihambisana ne ... inja: i-squat (noma, njengoba kwenzeka kaningi, isilinganiselo sezibalo ezihlukene sephukile?), Sikhonjiswe kakhulu ... (Fig. 1a, b)

Izinqola zaseGibhithe, zase-Asiriya kanye nezaseKrito-Mycenaean zazisetshenziselwa ukuzingela, ngakho-ke ngayinye yazo yayingaba ne-analogue ethile yenja yokujaha, kepha kulokhu, ngaphambi kokuqalwa kokuqalwa kwehhashi, sikhuluma ngenqola yezempi. Njengendlela yokugcina - mayelana nohlobo lwayo oluphelele.

Ohlangothini lwesokunene lophawu olufanayo kuvela omunye umlingiswa (inkosi? Inkosi enesithunzi? UNkulunkulu?), Ephelezelwa inja ekhonjwe kancane ngesikimu. Kuwo wonke amaphuzu amahle wemininingwane, inja iqagelwa lapha, esiseduzane nenhlobo ephakathi nendawo yezinja ezinjengombhokisi: isici somzimba, ubuso obumfushane (ngesililo esithi “bulldog”?) Inhloko ... Ehlombe lomnikazi wayo akuyona into ecace kakhulu, okwakukhona ukungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kososayensi. Silwela ukucabanga ukuthi eqinisweni lokhu akuyona i-hoe (ngokuya ngenguqulo eyamukelwa kakhulu phakathi kwabaSumerologists), kepha inyundela noma imbazo yempi: lokhu kubuye kusondzelwe ukusondela kwenqola yezempi kanye nokufana nesithombe esisodwa se-Elamite (bheka ngezansi), kanye kuzaga eziningi zaseSumeriya, ukungalingani ngokuphelele kwezinja ngokuphila komlimi. Uma kunjalo, inja ehambisana nale ndoda ehlomile (ngendlela, iphoyisa layo linquma kakhulu!), Ngokunokwenzeka, iyayidinga ngezinhloso ezifanayo njenge-klevets!

Ikhalenda laseBabiloni eliqoshwe phansi (elinezimpawu zezinkanyezi kulo) lesidumbu esikhulu futhi, ngokusobala, inja enkulu iyaziwa, ukubukeka kwako kungokuthile phakathi kwendlu enkulu yaseDenmark ne-mastiff yesimanje. Kunzima ukwahlulela ukuqokwa kwakhe: ngaphezu kwesixhumanisi "sekhalenda", ayikho eminye imininingwane. Inja enjalo ilungele kangcono impi kunokuba ibhekwe izinkanyezi, kepha inkinga ayisho ukuthi le ndlela kuphela - kukhona nokuzingela nokuqashwa okukhethekile ...

Onke lamaqiniso nokucatshangwa, yiqiniso, akwaziwa ngokuphelele "ngabadumisi" bomlando wokulwa nezinja. Ngakho-ke, bekhuluma ngamaSumerian, amaKhaldeya nezinye izinja, bamane badlulise imininingwane nge-Asiriya kula masiko. Kodwa ngisho ne-Asiriya, yize kunolwazi oluningi olungafinyeleleki ngokuphelele, hhayi konke okucacayo!

Imvamisa, "izinja ezilwayo" zibizwa futhi ngezinja ezivela ezithombeni zesigodlo sase-Ashshurbananapal (indawo etholakele yi-Kuyundzhik, ukuqomisana okwamukelekayo kuyingxenye yokuqala yekhulu lesi-7 BC). Kepha lezi izigcawu zokuzingela ngokusobala! Futhi yize abahlanganyeli abaningi bezokuzingela beba nezikhali zamasosha impela (kufaka phakathi izinkemba, izihlangu namagobolondo, ikakhulukazi lapho kufanele bephume bahlasele isilo esiyingozi, njengebhubesi noma ukuvakasha!) - lezi ziqephu angeke zibizwe njengezempi. Okunye ukuthi izinja ezingazibonakalisa ngesikhathi sokuzingela okunjalo kungaba ngabalingani abalulekile enkundleni yempi. Kepha, ngokunokwenzeka, umkhuba wezenzo zamasosha ase-Asiriya ukuvimbile lokhu. Kusukela ngesikhathi se-Asiriya, izigameko eziningi zempi enembile (imidwebo, usizo, izincazelo) zehlele kithi, kepha azikho izindawo zokulwa nezinja lapho ...

UMnyuziyamu waseBrithani, kepha ugcina impumuzo eyodwa yase-Asiriya evela eNineve (i.e., futhi evela kutholakala e-Kuyundzhik), lapho kuboniswa khona iqhawe lomkhonto elinenja enamandla ehudula phambili lapho libhonga. Imvamisa uhunyushwa ngokuthi "unogada". Yebo, unogada futhi uyimpi, noma engeyona isosha (nokho, lo umfuyi wezinja, uma kungeyona eye-carapace, umboza ibhande lempi elinezakhi zokubhuka ezimboze isisu sonke - uhlobo nje oluvamile lwamadivayisi enkundleni yempi). Futhi uma ukhumbula ukuthi yindawo ebaluleke kangakanani emikhankasweni yabase-Asiriya eyathathwa yidlanzana leziboshwa, ukuvikelwa kwekamu nokuhamba emngceleni wezinqaba ezazivinjezelwe zezitha, khona-ke abasizi abanezinyawo ezine babaqaphi abanjalo bafanelwe igama lokulwa nezinja!

Lokhu, yiqiniso, uhlobo olufanayo olwalusetshenziswa ekuzingeleni kwe-Ashurbanipal. Isibonelo esihle kakhulu senja ebunjwe yinja enobukhulu obukhulu ngokulinganayo, i-athikili nomsipha, ifana nezibonakaliso ezinhle kakhulu zeTurkmen Alabai (futhi lezi zingonogada abaqashelwayo nezimpisi, ababambe irekhodi lokulwa kwezinja). Kepha inja ayinayo amagobolondo noma amabala abunjwe ngommese. Ama-spikes amancane kukhola kungenzeka abe lapho, kepha awabonakali: ngokujwayelekile, ikhola incane futhi akubonakali sengathi inemisebenzi yokuvikela. Lokhu kusebenza nakwimishini (noma kunalokho, cishe ukungabikho kwayo ngokuphelele) kwezinja ezigcawini zokuzingela ze-Ashurbanipal Palace!

Kodwa-ke, kukhona okunye ukukhululeka, okuvame ukuhunyushwa (ngombono wethu, ngokunengqondo) ngokuthi "isithombe" senja elwayo. Sikhuluma ngepuleti le-terracotta ngaphansi kwegama lekhodi "Beer of Nimrud." Ugqoke inja yohlobo oluhluke ngokuphelele: le yinja enezilinganiso ezinhle kakhulu, ezikhumbuza isiqu esikhulu kakhulu. Isisindo sayo kufanele sisondele kumasentimitha owodwa nesigamu. Umzimba onamandla amakhulu wezinja ezinjalo ubenza banciphe futhi banciphe, kepha lokhu kunxephezelwa ngamandla amakhulu kanye nokuzibeka engcupheni (kufaka phakathi isici sokulwa nezinja "ukunganaki" ngisho amanxeba amakhulu), kanye neqiniso lokuthi inja enjalo ayisetshenziselwa ukuxosha isitha, kepha "empini ezayo". Incazelo enikezwe nguConrad Herezbeck ngo-1586 yeqembu "lezisebenzi" zaseBrithani ngaleso sikhathi isebenza impela kuye: "Ngokubonakala kwakhe konke kufanele afane nebhubesi: isifuba esikhulu, sigcwalisiwe, izitho ngamathambo aqinile, ama-paws amakhulu ... akunandaba, ukuthi uyephuza futhi akayona inkani kakhulu, ngoba inja kufanele ilwe kuphela endaweni yayo ... " Sengeza ukuthi lapho sihlasela umuntu, inja enjalo ayidingi ngisho ukusebenzisa ama-fangs, kanye nokushaywa kwama-paws noma umzimba wayo kwanele. Mhlawumbe ukuhlukunyezwa okunjalo kungasebenza ngisho naseku "bhubheni "kohlelo lwesitha, ikakhulukazi uma kungeyona into ebumbeneyo, eqondiswe ekuziphatheni engazivikela ngezihlangu futhi yakhe“ udonga lwensimbi ”. Lokho wukuthi, lolu hlobo lwezinja ezilwayo lungasetshenziswa kahle ngokumelene nabaphikisi abaningi base-Asiriya!

Lesi sithombe sinemininingwane eminingi kangangokuba sisivumela ukuthi sifinyelele iziphetho hhayi kubafundisi kuphela, kepha futhi nakubaphathi bezinja. Izimbobo zomlenze nezinyonga zesondo le- "Inja yeNimrud" (kepha hhayi yenja "encane" yaseNineve!) Zibe nezimpawu ezithile ezithile ezenza kube lula ukuthi akhuphuke emilenzeni yakhe yangemuva nasekushayweni okunamandla ngezimbobo zakhe zangaphambili kulele emilenzeni yakhe yangemuva. Kunengqondo impela - ikakhulukazi uma lolu hlobo lokulwa nezinja lwalusetshenziselwa ngempela ukuhlasela uhlelo lwesitha ...

Ikhola yeNimrud ifana kakhulu nemishini yempi kunekhola yaseNineve. Kepha hlobo luni lomdalo oluhlanganisa okhalweni lwenja enkulu? Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibhande elifanayo (?) Kwehla kusuka ku-scruff kuya ehlombe. Njengoba lokhu ngokusobala akusona isilwane esijwayelekile, sifisa ukucabanga ukuthi, ngaphandle kokukhululeka okubonakala kahle kwehlombe, kunomfanekiso obunjiwe wegobolondo. Ngokunokwenzeka, lawa “mahhanisi” ayimiphetho engaphambili nangemuva “yezingubo” ezivikelayo ezenziwe ngezinto ezithambile, ezimboza umzimba kusuka ekushwabeni kuya kwi-sacrum. Ngohlobo, le nsimbi ingaqokwa njenge-corsetras.

Kulokhu, sinesibonelo sokuqala sezibonelo ezaziwayo zengubo ye-canine yase-Middle East. Vele, akaphathi noma yimaphi ama-spikes, kungasaphathwa ama-blades: ngokuvamile kwakunzima ukufeza kulelo zinga le-metallurgy.

Izembatho ezinjalo (uma ngabe kunjalo!) Ziyasebenziseka nasekuzingeleni: asazi ukuthi yinja enjani kanye nomholi wayo olindele. Kodwa ukuthunywa kokuzingela akubeki eceleni ukulwa: khumbula ukuthi abase-Asiriya, kuze kufike e-King Ashurbanipal, bagqoka izembatho ezifanayo zokuzingela njengasem enkundleni yempi.

Kuyathakazelisa ukucabanga ngezikhali (?) Zohlobo lwezinja. Kulokhu, ibhande lakhe liboniswa ngemininingwane engaphansi, kepha kubonakala sengathi usenomsebenzi wokuzivikela. Kepha ibhendi ebanzi (yesikhumba esikhulu?) Ngaphezulu kwesihlombe sesobunxele esimboze isifunda senhliziyo kuyinto esejwayelekile yemishini yamasosha ahlomile, esivame ukuhlangana nawo empini kodwa hhayi izigcawu zokuzingela!

Awekho amaphepha wesayensi ngezinja nemibhalo yesayensi ethandwayo mayelana nokulwa nezinja (uma sikhuluma ngokuqinile, azikho izithombe zesayensi kulesi sihloko esithi "ukulwa") okuyizithombe zeNimrud ezithathwa njengezithombe zezinja ezigqoke izembatho. Umbhali wayevele ngokuziqhenya ukuthi ungumtholi wale nguqulo - kepha ... njengoba kwenzeka, wavezwa okungenani kanye: "Emlandweni Wezilwane", incwadi ka-1952 eyakhishwa ngusosayensi wezinto eziphilayo waseJalimane, uRichard Levinson. Kuliqiniso, uLevinson akazange afundele izinja kanjalo, kepha imibuzo yokuvela kwezilwane ezifuywayo - ngakho ngomqondo othile, mhlawumbe, kufanele usazibheka njengowumbizi ...

Lokhu kuphetha umlando othembekile wezinja zempi zase-Asiriya: konke okunye akusekho amaqiniso, kodwa ukuqagela. Kuliqiniso, enye impumuzo eyinqaba iyaziwa, eyangesikhathi sikaSargon II (VIII century BC) futhi ibonisa esinye seziqephu zomkhankaso wakhe e-Urartu, okungukuthi, eTranscaucasia. Eduze kwethempeli lokuqapha (ngokusobala) elalivinjezelwe idolobha lase-Assassian laseMusashir isilwane esithile, esingabhekwa njengenja yokulwa. Kodwa-ke, ingaphezulu lokukhulu kule ndawo lilinyazwe kabi kakhulu, futhi akukho esingakusho. Kungahle kube ... imbuzi (esimweni sedolobha elivinjezelwe, izimpilo kanye "nezakhamuzi" zihlala ndawonye kakhulu). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imigqa yethempeli ihlotshiswe ngamakhanda aqoshwe ezinja ezinentukuthelo, ezikhumbuza kakhulu izinja "ezincane" ze-Asiriya kunezinja zaseCaucasian Shepherd zezinhlanga zamaTranscaucasian.

Ngaphandle kwabase-Asiriya, izinja ezithintekayo (asifuni ukukhuluma ngomkhuba wokusebenzisa kwabo ukulwa) zaziphakathi kwabantu abangomakhelwane babo. Isibonelo, ama-Elamu.

Kunesithombe esisodwa se-Elam sokuzingela okwasendle, lapho indoda ihlomile ngento engafanele kangako into enjengokunyundela noma imbazo yempi: uhlose ngokusobala kuphela ukuqeda izingulube lapho izinja zenza umsebenzi omkhulu. Umholi wephakethe uyilungu elifanele kakhulu lokulwa nezinja (ngaphandle kwalokho, ubukeka njengekhophi elikhulisiwe le nja evela kwisahluki esisuka e-Uri. Mhlawumbe inenayo nekholaji yokuzivikela kuye.kodwa izinja ezinjalo azitholakali encazelweni nasezithombeni zempi ye-Elam esiyaziyo.

Zonke izincazelo "zezinja ezilwayo" zombuso wasePheresiya (owayengaphambi kwakhe u-Elamu ngezinga elikhulu kune-Asiriya), zihlobene namaphakethe okuzingela. Yebo, ukuzingela kwasebukhosini kwezikhathi zikaKoresi, amaCambyses, njll., Bekukukhulu kakhulu, kepha bekungasho lutho ngezenzo enkundleni yempi.

Kodwa-ke, kunesiqephu esisodwa esingazange siqashelwe ngabadali bezinganekwane zezinja ezilwayo zasePheresiya. UDariyu I, efulathela izikebhe zamaSkithe, washiya ngamabomu izimbongolo nezinja ekamu elivinjezelwe: ekuzwa ukubhonga nokukhonkotha kwabo, amaSkithe ayecabanga ukuthi ibutho lasePheresiya lalisesemabhodleleni. Ngokusobala kwakungezona izinja ezizingelayo: babengenandawo emkhankasweni onjalo. Mhlawumbe sikhuluma ngezilwane kunogada nomelusi (amaPheresiya aqhuba izinkomo eziningi), hhayi empeleni alwa. Kodwa ngisho nakulesi simo, babekwazi ukugada ikamu impela "ngesitayela se-Asiriya!"

IKHALENDA

IMINININGWANE EBONAKALAYO YENKOLO

Izinja ezilwayo - zazisetshenziswa ezimpini zamasosha enkathi yasendulo kanye neNkathi Ephakathi ngenhloso yokubulala ngqo amasosha ezitha. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinja zaba yizinja zenkonzo, yize eMpini Yezwe II izinja zazisetshenziselwa nokucekela phansi amathangi.

Izinhlobo zohlobo lweMolossoid ziyiqembu elihlukene lezinja ezinamandla nezinkulu ezinamafinyila amfushane nokubukeka okwesabekayo, okwakukhona lapho izinhlobo zezinja zangaphambili (ezingazinzile), zakhiwa njengesizinda sezinja zezinja zase-Greece yakudala, i-Old States yaseMpumalanga, i-Etruria kanye namaCelts endaweni yoMbuso WaseRoma. Kwakuvinjelwe ukuvikelwa (imihlambi, abantu, njll.), Njengenja yesilo nanjengenja yokuqapha yamabutho nemikhosi yezempi emabuthweni.

Amagama athi "izinja zeMolossoid", "izinja zeMolossoid", "Molossi" zaqala ukusetshenziswa * ngekhulu le-16 eFrance naseNgilandi - eRenaissance, okungukuthi, ngekhulu le-17. Igama elithi "iqembu lezinja leMolossian" lalisetshenziswa kabanzi enkulumweni yansuku zonke kuphela ngekhulu lama-20.

Izinhlobo zezinja zasendulo ezabamba iqhaza ekwakhekeni kweqembu lamaMolossian zaziyizidalwa zoMdabu East (Mesopotamia, Persia), iGrisi yaseGrisi yakudala, amazwe ase-Etruria, abantu ababehlala emazweni amaCelts kanye nasendaweni yaseRoma yasendulo. Idlozi lezinja eziningi ezilwayo zasendulo kungenzeka kakhulu iTabetan Great Dane.

Lezi zinja zanda eNdiya, eNepal, ePheresiya kanye nasemazweni aseduze naseMiddle East cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezintathu edlule. Lezi zilwane ezinamandla zazisetshenziswa njengabelusi, abalindi, nabazingeli. Nasezingeni lokulwa nalo.

Izithombe zakhe ezindala kakhulu zivela ngekhulu le-XII BC - isithombe sokuzingela ibhubesi nenja yaseTibetan satholakala endaweni yaseBabiloni.

Kusukela ngekhulu le-IV BC, endaweni yase-Greece yasendulo, kwasungulwa umgogodla "wokufuya impahla", okwaba yindawo yokuqala yokwakheka okwengeziwe kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene futhi kwabizwa ngokuthi "izinja zeMolos" ngegama lesizwe sasendulo samaMoloss esasihlala iMolossia - esifundeni esiphakathi ne-Epirus. Le ndawo njengamanje itholakala ezungeze i-Ioannina yanamuhla eGrisi.

Kwakusetshenziswa amaphakethe ezinja anjalo ezimpini. Isibonelo, phakathi kwabaseRoma lasendulo bakha umugqa wokuqala, kwesibili kwakukhona izigqila, kwathi kowesithathu - amaqhawe. Izinja zigxumela ngokushesha ekwakhekeni kwezitha zesitha, zikhiqize ukudideka okumangalisayo, ukudonsa amahhashi, ukulimaza nokungqongqoza amasosha ezitha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphezu kokuphazamisa ukuhleleka kwempi yesitha nokuphazamisa ukunaka kwakhe, izinja ezilwayo zabhubhisa namasosha ezitha. Uhlelo lonke lokuqeqesha inja elwayo yayihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi, ukubambelela iqhawe, inja yalwa nayo yaze yanqoba noma yafa ku-duel. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukudabula noma ukushaya inja evikelwe kahle, esindayo, enamandla kakhulu, inja eqeqeshelwe ukubulala umuntu kwakunzima kakhulu.

Izinja zamasosha zaqeqeshelwa ukulwa nesitha kusuka enkulungwaneni. Ngale njongo, izindlela ezisejwayelekile zokuqeqesha zazisetshenziswa namuhla. Uthisha osizayo, egqoke ingubo ekhethekile yesikhumba esikhulu, wahlekisa inja, wayenza yathukuthela. Ngenkathi uthisha ehlisa le nja eweni, waziphonsa “ekuhlekeni” futhi wamququmbela amazinyo. Ngalesi sikhathi, umsizi uzame ukudalula inja ezingxenyeni zomzimba ezingaba sengozini (ebhekisele kumlwi wezempi). Ngaleyo ndlela waba nomkhuba wokuthatha isitha endaweni efanele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinja zazifundiswa amakhono anjengokujaha umuntu ogijimayo kanye nokusebenza nomuntu oqamba amanga.

Abantu ababehleka izinja babevame ukushintshwa ukuze bavuse intukuthelo enjeni yabo bonke abantu, hhayi umuntu othile. Esigabeni esilandelayo sokulungiselela, izembatho zempi zesitha zazifakwa ezingutsheni ezivela esikhunjeni, khona-ke izembatho zempi zabekwa inja, kancane kancane ziyijwayela ukuthi ilwe endaweni eseduze ngangokunokwenzeka kulowo olwayo. Izipikili ezisesigqokweni nasekhondweni kwathathelwa indawo izinduku zokhuni. Izinja zazijwayele ukuthuthumela, ukushaya izihlangu, ukukhala ngezikhali, amahhashi.

Imvamisa babegqoke izembatho zempi ezikhethekile ukubenza bangazitholi izisulu zemimese futhi kwandise amathuba okuphumelela kwesitha.Izembatho zempi, njengomthetho, zaziqukethe igobolondo lensimbi elimboza ingemuva nezinja zenja, ne-imeyli eyindandatho yezindandatho zensimbi noma amapuleti ayevikela izingxenye ezishukumisa kakhulu zomzimba (isifuba, izingalo ezingaphezulu, isisu, njll.). Kwesinye isikhathi kufakwa isigqoko sensimbi ekhanda lenja.

Ngaphezu kwezembatho zezinja, inja yayihlome ngezikhafu ezinde noma imisebe ecijile ecijile okhalweni nesigqoko. Ngosizo lwabo, inja yathuka futhi yahlakaza isidumbu, imilenze nezingalo zempi eyayihlaselwe yiyo, yalimaza imisipha yemilenze futhi yaklebhula yavula izisu zamahhashi ngokushayisana nangezinyawo zezitha.

Ubufakazi bokuqala bokusetshenziswa kwezinja emisebenzini yezempi eyehlele kithi ingeyabantu baseMiddle East. Futhi okokuqala kwa-Asiriya. Abase-Asiriya basebenzise uhlobo oluthile lwezinja ukusiza empini - iGreat Dane (mastiffs), eyayingagcini ngokulwa kuphela, kodwa futhi nenkonzo yokuqapha.

Ukuvubukulwa eNineve (i-Asiriya) kufakazele ukuthi izinja ezilwayo zahlanganyela ezimpini eziningi ebuthweni lenkosi yase-Asiriya, u-Ashurbanipal (669 - 627 BC). Umbuso wasePheresiya wayengumlandeli wazo. Lapho uKoresi ii the Great wayesekhona ngonyaka ka-559 - 530 BC. e. wasebenzisa izinja ezintabeni. Nenkosi yasePheresiya uCambyses Ii ngonyaka ka 530-522. BC wasebenzisa zona empini neGibhithe. Eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, ebuthweni laseXerxes, izinja zalwa neGreece.

AmaGreek athola izinja ezilwayo ngemuva kokuhlula ama-Xerxes njengethofu. Ngenxa yezimpi, izinja eza ku-Epirus. Lapha zazinikezwe ngenhloso yezidingo zamasosha futhi zithengiswa, esifundeni saseMolossia. Ukusuka lapha kwaqhamuka igama elithi Molotsky Great Dane kanye ne-molosser.

Ngesikhathi sokuvinjezelwa kweMantinea, u-Agesilaus wasebenzisa izinsiza zokulwa nezinja - amasentiff kilos, ne-Aliatt, inkosi yaseLydia, yasebenzisa izinja ezilwayo ezimpini zayo namaMede namaCimmeriya angama-580-585. BC AbakwaCassabalens kanye nabakhileyo eColophon basebenzise izinja ukucwaswa kabusha. UPhilip waseMacedon, onqoba i-Argolis, wasebenzisa usizo lwezinja eziqeqeshiwe ukuphishekela abaphezulu. Ugcine izinja eziqeqesheke ngokukhethekile ebuthweni lakhe kanye nendodana yakhe u-Alexander, uba ngumthandi wezothando wama mastiffs, futhi ngenxa yakhe baba baningi emhlabeni.

Ngesikhathi sezimpi zaseRoma kanye namaGrikhi, lezi zinja zawela eRepublican Roma. Ngokokuqala ngqa bona, kanye nezindlovu, balethwa nguTsar Epirus Pyrrhus emkhankasweni wakhe owenziwa e-Italy, futhi baba nengxenye empini kaHeracles (280 BC). Futhi-ke izinja eziyikhulu ezilwayo zalethwa eRoma nguLcius Emilius Paul ukuze abambe iqhaza emcimbini wokunqoba emcimbini wokunqoba owanqotshwa ePidne ngo-168 BC. phezu kwenkosi yaseMakedoniya uPerseus. Izinja ezilwayo zahamba emigwaqweni yaseRoma njengokuphangwa kwemikhosi, kanye neNkosi uPerseus eyisithunjwa, iboshwe.

IRoma yathola futhi izinja ezilwayo ezivela eGrisi, kepha azizange zisetshenziswe lapho. Kuqala, izinja ezazisenkonzweni yezempi yaseRoma zazisetshenziswa kuphela ukuthumela imiyalezo ebalulekile. Futhi, uVegetius ku “Military Art” yakhe uthi imvamisa izinja ezinemizwelo ecashile zaziphoqelelwa ukuba zilele emibhoshongweni yezinqaba, ezazithi lapho isitha sisondela, zikhonkothe ​​zixwayise ikamu.

Kepha amaRoma akwazile ukuhlola ukusebenza ngokugcwele kwalolu hlobo lwesikhali lapho alwa nabashokobezi eYurophu. Enye yezinkomba zokuqala kungu-101 BC. e., lapho amabutho kaGayuus Maria enqoba amaCimbrian empini yaseVercellus. Izinja ezilwayo zamaJalimane nama Britons zazimbozwe ngezikhali, kanti ikhola ekhethekile eyayinezikhafu zensimbi yayigqokwa entanyeni. Akumangalisi ukuthi amaJalimane asendulo ayenenja ebiza ama-shillings ayi-12, nehhashi - ayisi-6 nje kuphela. AbakwaHuns nabo bagcina izinja eziningi bazisebenzisa ukuqapha amakamu.

IRoma yayikwazi ukuthi ifundwe kanjani, futhi ngokushesha kwavela izinja ezazilwa ngamabutho, zahamba emgqeni wokuqala, ngaphambi kwezigqila. Ngesikhathi sokumbiwa kweHerculaneum, kutholakale isizulu sendawo esibonisa izinja ezigqoke izembatho zempi nokuvikela iposi lamaRoma elihlaselwe abarberbi.

Iminyaka engama-669 - 627 BC e. - Sebenzisa ebuthweni lase-Asiriya yinkosi u-Ashurbanipal.
Ngo-628 BC - Kwakhiwa uphiko olukhethekile lwezinja ezilwayo eLydia.
Iminyaka engama-559 - engama-530 BC e. - U-Cyrus Ii the Great wasebenzisa izinja emikhankasweni.
Ngo-525 BC - Inkosi yasePheresiya uCambyses Ii wasebenzisa yona empini naseGibhithe ..
Ngo-490 BC - Impi kaMartha.
Ngo-385 BC - Ukuhlaselwa kukaMantinea.
Ngo-280 BC e. - empini yeHercules
Ngo-101 BC - The War of Vercellus
Kusuka ku-101 BC - amaRoma asebenzisa izinja ezilwayo emajoni.

Ukulwa kokusetshenziswa