Keklik - Umhlambi wezinyoni, okukhumbuza ngokuziphatha kwentsha enelukuluku, esebenzayo. Okungenani yindlela iningi labahambi nabazingeli abakhuluma ngayo ngalolu hlobo lwenyoni. Kulesi sihloko, ungajwayelana nencazelo yamakhekhe, indlela yabo yokuphila, uthole imininingwane ngokuzingela nokuthunjwa kwalezi zinyoni.
Inyoni kaKeklik - umdlalo owuthandayo wabazingeli. Naphezu kokuthandwa phakathi kwabazingeli, lolu hlobo lwe-parridge lubanzi ezindaweni ezinkulukazi emakhoneni angenakubonwa omhlaba. Izinyamazane eziningi azikukhiphi umphako wesidlo sasemini, imvamisa bahlukunyezwa amakhaza nokuntuleka kokudla. Kodwa-ke, izinkomishi zibhekana nabo bonke ubunzima.
Incazelo Nezici
I-partridge yamatshe noma i-mullet iyinyoni encane uma kuqhathaniswa nabalingani bayo ababukeka bebadala - ama-pheasants. Ubude bomzimba abudluli kuma-40cm, isisindo akuvamile ukufinyelela ku-900g, ezimeni eziningi kuyehluka esifundeni sesigamu sekhilogremu. I-Wingspan cishe isigamu semitha.
Izwi likaKeklik Kuzwakala ngakusasa ekuseni, lapho abesilisa behlela "ikholi yokushaya". Ekuzwakaliseni, kufana nobuso be-ke. Ibizwa ngokuthi yi-itshe lentaba i-partridge yokufana kwayo nenyoni nendawo yayo esekuhlala kuyo.
Izitshalo zenhlabathi nenhlabathi zanquma umbala wezinhlobo. Izimpaphe eziningi ze-chamomile eziningi kakhulu. Impunga idala amathunzi. Umbala okhanyayo opinki nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ususa iplamu ebuthuntu. Ikhanda linemibala emibalabala kunomzimba: izihlathi eziphuzi nomphimbo, zincishwe umugqa omnyama ocacile, izimpaphe zewolintshi ezizungeze izindlebe.
Ithonsi lewayini lihlobisa ingaphambili lomhlane. Izindandatho ezibomvu zandisa amehlo. Isisu sikaKeklik sipendwe ngopende olukhanyayo, izimpaphe ezibomvu ezikhanyayo zifakiwe emsileni, kepha zibonakala kuphela ngenkathi indiza. Abesilisa banama-spurs emilenzeni yabo. Keklik esithombeni Kubukeka kukuhle. Ilinganisa imvelo yasekuqaleni kwentaba enezimpaphe ezigqamile.
Ikhekhe lase-Asia
I-chubby yase-Asia yizinhlobo zezinyoni ezivame kakhulu. Imvamisa, yincazelo yakhe esetshenziswa njengotshani lwezinhlobo zonke, futhi ibizwa nje ngokuthi ikhekhe. I-Asiatic Keklik inendawo enkulu yokusabalalisa: ukusuka eCaucasus kuya ePamirs. Leli qiniso linquma ukuthandwa kwezinyoni maqondana nokudingiswa.
Lapho kuhlala khona
Ngokuya ngesakhiwo somzimba, itshe lamatshe lase-Asiya lifana ne-peridge egrey, likhulu kuphela ngosayizi.
IKeklik ihlala izintaba eningizimu yezwe, ukusuka eCaucasus uqobo kuya eTuva nase-Altai. Le nyoni itholakala kuma-vivo eCentral Asia, eTranscaucasia, e-East Kazakhstan, e-Altai Territory nase Tuva Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Ucwaningo ngokuqhakambisa kwalo kanye nokuzalela ngempumelelo lwenziwa ezifundeni zaseTranscarpathian naseCrimea. AbakwaKeklik bahlala eNhlonhlo yeBalkan, eCentral naseNingizimu-Ntshonalanga Asia, kanye naseNyakatho China.
Izinyoni ezinjalo ziyatholakala emigodini yezindawo zezintaba, ezansi kwayo kukhona imifula. Ngokuqala kwezinsuku ezifudumele zasehlobo, izinyoni zigibela eduze komugqa wezinyoka zaphakade. Uma ezintabeni kunesilinganiso esikhulu seqhwa esiwa, i-keklik ithanda ukuthutha iye lapho incane. KwiTien Shan, ihlala endaweni ephakeme cishe ngamamitha angama-2500, futhi eCaucasus inyuka iye phezulu ezintabeni - ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-3000. Kepha inani elikhulu kunazo zonke lezinyoni lihlala ezindaweni lapho kukhona izilimo eziwugwadule.
Kubukeka kanjani
I-chubby yase-Asia inombala we-feather ogqamile kunepherishi elimpunga. Kuyinto i-ash grey, ine-hue e-pink enhle yama-brown. Le nyoni inomucu omnyama kusuka ebunzini kuya endlebeni, okuthi lapho intamo iba yindandatho. Ibunzi ngokwalo lidwetshwe ngombala onsundu. Le nyoni iboniswa ngephethini elimise okwendandatho endaweni yamehlo. Ezinhlangothini ungabona imicu emnyama eshintshashintshashintshashintshayo, isisu sihlukaniswa ngombala obomvu. I-Keklik inama-paws of red saturated color, umlomo omncane. Abesilisa banama-spurs akhule kahle, okungeke kuthiwe mayelana nabesifazane. Ubude bomzimba balolu hlobo oluvame kakhulu lwama-muffin buyi-35 cm, imvamisa bunesisindo kusuka kumagremu angama-350 kuye kwangama-800 futhi bunamaphiko osayizi abangama-47 - 52 cm.
Ngaphezu kwe-Asiatic Keklik, ezinye izinhlobo ziyaziwa, ngokwesibonelo, ezaseYurophu. Ubude bomzimba wakhe bufana nobezilwane zase-Asia. I-chubby yase-Europe inobubanzi bomzimba obungamasentimitha angama-50 kuye kwangama-55. Enyangeni enjalo, umzimba ongaphezulu nendawo yesifuba zidwetshwe ngombala ohlaza grey. I-chamomile yase-Europe inomphimbo omhlophe onomugqa omnyama obekwe kuwo. I-European Keklik inezinhlangothi zayo imicu ehlukile yemibala emnyama, grey, ebomvu-nsundu nemibala ye-beige, enwebeka ngokuqhubekayo. I-European Keklik yathola ngamehlo abomvu ansundu ngokwemvelo, uqhwaku obomvu kanye nomthunzi ofanayo womlenze.
I-partridge ebomvu ifana kakhulu nokubukeka kwaseYurophu - olunye uhlobo lwe-mullet, kanye ne-Barbary partridge. I-Arabian Keklik ibukhumbuza ngokwengeziwe i-Asia.
Ukuzala
Entwasahlobo yokuqala, izinyoni zase-Asia, ukuzalaniswa kwazo kwenziwa emapulazini abo, akha ngababili entwasahlobo. Abesilisa bavame ukuhlela ukulwa nowesifazane othandekayo. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, owesilisa, ngokukhala okukhulu kanye nama-hops amafushane, ufuna ukuheha ukunakwa kowesifazane. Uyakha isidleke. Kwesinye isikhathi izinyoni zivame ukuxhuma eqenjini elilodwa, lapho kukhona izintokazi eziningana.
Inyoni enjalo ayizalela amaqanda angaphezu kwayi-16 ngombala wegobolondo elimhlophe-ngokubakhona okuboshelwa amabala ansundu. Isazi semvelo senzeka sathola ubumbano kwezinye izindawo ezingaphansi kwetshe lamatshe, lapho bekukhona izingcezu ezingama-24. Isikhathi sokufakwa kungamasonto ama-3.
Ukuthola kuphela ukoma ngemuva kokuzalwa, ama-muffin amancane aqala ukufuna ukudla - izinambuzane, izibungu, ama-slugs. I-plumage yezilwane ezisencane inombala onsundu-grey, noma lapho ifika izinyanga ezintathu ubudala, bathola abantu abadala. Ekufikeni kwezinyanga ezi-4, amaKekliks abhekana nokuhlukumezeka ngokocansi, futhi kusukela kulowo mzuzu kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Lapho kufika izinyanga zasekwindla, amaphuphu akha umhlambi kuhlala ikwindla nobusika. Ekuseni nakusihlwa, izinyoni zithola ukudla kwazo, bese zigibela ezintabeni - kuzwakala ukumemeza okukhulu kwe- “ke-ke-lek”. Zaba yisizathu segama lenyoni. Isisindo sabantu besifazane abavuthiwe ngu-370 - 500 amagremu, kanye nabesilisa - 500 - 630.
Umsoco
I-Asia partridge yamatshe, ukuzalanisa kwayo okwenziwa ngabalimi abaningi bezinkukhu, kudla ukudla kwemvelaphi yezitshalo. Uthanda ukudla amajikijolo nezithelo, efihlekile, okusanhlamvu, imifino. I-Asiatic Keklik ibuye ikhiqize ama-bulbs ahlukahlukene emhlabeni. Ingxenye engasho lutho ekudleni kwansuku zonke kwezinyoni iqukethe izinambuzane nokunye ukudla kwezilwane - njengamabhungane, amacimbi, izicabucabu.
Ubusika isikhathi esinzima sezinyoni, ngoba isembozo seqhwa senza ukuhamba kube nzima nokudla kungafinyeleleki. Ngakho-ke, amakhekhe anindiza ngalesi sikhathi aya emithambekeni eseningizimu, lapho kuneqhwa elingaphansi, bese ehlela emathafeni. Lapho kuqala ubusika obunamaqhwa, inani elikhulu lezinyoni liyafa ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla.
Ngendlela yempilo, yonke imikhakha yamakhekhe iyafana. Ekuseni baqala ukukhala, bese beyofuna ukudla nokunisela. Ngokuqala kokushisa kwasemini bakhetha ukubhukuda esihlabathini baphumule. Kusihlwa, ziyaphuma futhi ziyothenga ukudla ziye emanzini. Uma kwenzeka ingozi, iqala ukubaleka ngokushesha, bese isuka iye phezulu ngenhla bese ishesha iqonde ngezindlela ezihlukile.
Ukuzalelwa kwezilwane ezifuywayo ekhaya kwenziwa ukuze kutholakale inyama esezingeni elifanele. Ukuzalelwa kwezinyoni ekhaya kwenzeka ezimeni zeselula noma zezindiza. Ukudla kwansuku zonke kwezinyoni kuqukethe izinambuzane, ukudla okuluhlaza okotshani, ukudla kwenkukhu.
Keklik Przewalski
IPrzewalski Keklik ngenye indlela ibizwa ngokuthi i-Tibetan Mountain partridge. Kulezi zinsuku akulula ukuhlangana nekhekhe eTibet. Indawo ehlala kuyo amatheku esifundazweni iQinghai. Akunzima ukuyihlukanisa ne-Asia Keklik: inika umbala wezimpaphe, akukho strip esimnyama entanyeni.
I-European partridge ayihlukile neze ezinhlotsheni ezivame kakhulu. Ukwehlukanisa izinyoni, kufanele ujuluke kakhulu, uhlole ngokucophelela futhi ulalele abantu abathile. Hhayi kuphela ukuthi amaplamu anikeza umehluko wawo, uhlobo ngalunye lunolimi lwalo.
I-red partridge ihlala e-Iberian peninsula. Yathola igama layo ngenxa yesizathu. Kunqunywa umbala weplamu. Ngo-1992, uhulumeni waseBrithani wakuvimbela ukuxubana kwekhekhe lase-Asiatic ne-partridge ebomvu ukuze kugcinwe ukubukeka njengengcebo yezwe.
Ikhekhe lase-Arabhiya
U-Arabian Keklik uhlala, njengoba igama lezinhlobo libonisa, eNhlonhlweni Yase-Arabia. Igama lesibili lwale nhlobo yi-mullet enamakhanda amnyama. Akukhona ngengozi. Umehluko omuhle kakhulu ovela kwezinye izinhlobo zamasentaba asezintabeni - izihlathi ezimnyama nomqhele
Habitat
Lezi zinyoni azinakubalwa ngokufuduka. Abendiza ebusika, bakhetha ibanga elifanayo. Ngakho-ke, atholakala endaweni esuka kwi-Alps kanye neNhlonhlo yeBalkan iye eChina, kanye naseHimalaya. Imvamisa amakhekhe atholakala e-Altai, eCaucasus naseCentral Asia. Izinyoni zidla phansi emhlabathini, zithanda indawo enamadwala, ugwadule, imiphetho yamahlathi noma izigodi ezinotshani obuphansi nezihlahlana.
Kude nasidlekeni samadwala elihlala njalo ungathola uhlobo oluthile lwamachibi. Umswakama onikeza impilo ubaluleke kakhulu kubona ehlobo elishisayo. Zivama ukundiza ziyokha amanzi. Ebusika, lapho amanzi ebanda, izinyoni zidonsa iqhwa noma iqhwa.
Ukubonakala kwenyoni
Uma uqhathanisa nabanye abamele umndeni we-pheasant muffins - inyoni encane. Isisindo sepulangwe lamatshe lisukela ku-300-800 g. ubude bomzimba wenyoni endala buyi-35 cm cm, kanti amaphiko afinyelela ku-47-55 cm.
Itshe le-Partridge lihlukaniswa phakathi kwezihlobo zalo ngombala walo wokuqala. Umbala we izimpaphe umjondolo womlotha omhlophe onamabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ibunzi, kanye nebanga ukusuka engxenyeni engaphambili lekhanda liye endlebeni, kupendiwe kumnyama. Ezinhlangothini kukhona imichilo eshintshashintshayo yithoni emnyama, kepha esifundeni sesisu, ithoni ebomvu izoba isimilo. Ngaphansi kwamehlo, amnyama, kunemivimbo ekhanyayo ye-tint ebomvu. Ngokwesilinganiso sazo, izinsikazi zincane izikhathi eziningana kunabesilisa. Enye into ehlukanisa ubulili ubukhona be-spurs ezindongeni zabesilisa.
Izinhlobo Zamakhekhe
Emvelweni kunezinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zemigwaqo esezintabeni, ama-chamois ase-Asiatic aqukethe ububanzi. Yile ndlela yokudlela egcinwa ekudingisweni eCaucasus, eNtshonalanga Asia naseTajikistan.
- Uhla lwephalishi lezintaba lase-Asia lisuka eCaucasus liye ePamirs, ngakho-ke kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi lizokwazi ukuthola i-chubby yase-Asia yokugcina endlini.
- ETibet, indawo ye-Asiatic Keg ixhumana nendawo yokuhlala iPrzewalski noma iTibet partridge.
- Ngasentshonalanga, indawo yezindawo zokuhlala zase-Asiatic Keklik inqamula indawo yendawo yaseYurophu, okugcwele kuwo wonke amazwe aseningizimu ye-Europe, ngaphandle kweningizimu nentshonalanga yeFrance ne-Iberian peninsula. Zonke izinhlobo ezintathu zezinyoni ziyefana kakhulu.
- Uhlobo lwesine lwengxenye yamatshe luhlala e-Iberian Peninsula: i-redridgeridge. Sele ihluke ngokusobala kwezinye ezintathu ngombala wepeni.
- Nge-Strait of Gibraltar enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika, ungathola i-barary yamatshe e-Barbary. Lolu hlobo luphinde lube nzima ukudida nabanye.
- Uhla lwezinye izinhlobo ezimbili zama-muffin asemngceleni wodwa, kepha anqunywe kwezinye izihlahlana ezinhlanu zase-Arabia. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zihlala eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNhlonhlo yase-Arabia. I-arabian ke magazque ifana kakhulu ngombala kumakhompiyutha aseYurophu nase-Asiya, kepha izihlathi ezimnyama ngeke zenze iphutha.
- IKeklik enamakhanda amnyama. I-cap emnyama nokungabi bikho “komcibisholo” emehlweni ethu nakho ngeke kusivumele ukuthi sihlukanise lo mbono nganoma yini enye.
Indlela yokuphila
Kuhlala indawo enezintaba ye-steppe, ugwadule nezindawo eziwugwadule. Ngasikhathi sinye, kungcono kube ngopulasitiki lapho ukhetha izindawo zokuhlala. Phakathi kwazo kukhona imithambeka yezintaba nezintaba ezinezimila ezinotshani ezinotshani nezihlahla eziqhekekile, umhlaba wezolimo, izintaba nezinye, imvamisa ezindaweni eziphakeme ukusuka kumamitha ayi-500 kuye kwangama-2 000 ngaphezu kolwandle. Ngokungafani ne-Ular, ihlala indizela endaweni yokunisela noma iye kuyo ngezinyawo, ebusika idla iqhwa.
Eqhweni elixegayo nelijulile, liyabambeka, liba izisulu ezilula zezitha. Ichitha iningi lonyaka emapaketheni, igcinwe ngababili kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzalela. Lapho ukukhula komzimba wesilisa kusondela kowesifazane bese kumzungeza ekhothamise ikhanda futhi amaphiko ethinta umhlabathi.
Isidleke, esingumgodi omncane oboshwe ngotshani obomile nezimpaphe, sitholakala otshanini, ngaphansi kwesihlahla, ngaphansi kovalo lwamatshe noma edwaleni, ngokuvamile ezindaweni ezivulekile zemithambeka yokuvezwa kweningizimu. Abesilisa abesilisa abashadile banowesifazane oyedwa kuphela futhi bavikela indawo yezidleke, kwesinye isikhathi bahlanganyela ekubumbeni. Usayizi we-Clutch kusuka kumaqanda ayi-7 kuye kwangama-20. Amacala ayaziwa lapho owesilisa wokuqala ebekwa lapho efakwa owesilisa, kwathi owesibili, amabhlogo ahlanganiswa lapho. Imikhaza imvamisa iqhutshwa ngumuntu oyedwa. Phakathi nonyaka, uzalela inzalo kanye. Okuphakelayo kuqoqana emhlabathini.
Ezokuphepha
Isikhathi eside kube nokwehla kwenombolo ye-mullet yaseYurophu: kubonakala sengathi kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1950s e-Alps lo mkhuba ongemuhle usabalale usuka empumalanga uye entshonalanga. Kunezizathu eziningi zalokhu: ukuncishiswa komhlaba otshaliwe, ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo ezinezintaba kanye namadlelo aphezulu ezintaba, amadlelo ngokweqile ezinkomo ezincane, izifo zezifo, ukuzingela. Ngesinye isikhathi, kwenziwa imizamo yokwandisa lezi zinhlobo ngezinhloso zokuhweba, okwasetshenziselwa kuzo abantu bokuhlanzeka kofuzo okungaxinekile nolunye uhlobo lwe-mullet (I-Alectoris chukar) (kwesinye isikhathi zibhekwa njengezincikene), okuholele kuphela ekuwohlokeni okukhulu kakhulu kwesimo.
Ngokombono wesazi sezinto eziphilayo, i-Mountain partridge iyinkukhu. Kuliqiniso, inkukhu enomlingiswa ongenangqondo. Ngakho-ke, amakhekhe angaphakwa ngendlela efanayo nezinkukhu ezijwayelekile, kepha azikwazi ukugcinwa kanye nezinye izinyoni. Lapho zigcinwa ndawonye izigwaca, amabala okuhlangana azoshaya izigwaca, kuthi uma zigcinwa nezinkukhu, izinkukhu zizoqala ukujaha amakhekhe, ngoba izinkukhu zikhulu kaningana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkukhu nazo azifani ku-condescension kumphikisi ongenamandla.
Yize i-partridge ingaziwa kangako eRussia, noma kunjalo, kukhona abathandi abanele balezi zinyoni emhlabeni ukwenza umsebenzi wokufuya ngezinhlobo zasendle. Ekudingisweni aqukethe hhayi kuphela intaba, kodwa futhi nesihlabathi. Ukuhluka kombala kwalolu hlobo sekuvele kukhishwe. Kwesinye isikhathi ukuguqulwa okuzenzakalelayo kwezakhi zofuzo ezibangela umbala kwenzeka bese uthola imigwaqo emhlophe.
Ukuguqulwa okunikeza umbala omnyama (melanism) kuvame kakhulu. Ukondla kuyafana nokwenkukhu, kepha kucatshangelwa isidingo esandayo samaprotheni. I-Keklik inganikezwa okuphakelayo okuxubile kwama-broilers.
Lapho igcinwa endaweni ebiyelwe ngaphansi kwezimo eziseduzane nemvelo, i-parridge yesifazane ingakha isidleke futhi ihlale amachwane. Lapho zigcinwa emgedeni, amabala angahlangani amaqanda, lapho isetshenziselwa ukufukamela i-incubator. Amaqanda eKeklik wesifazane aqala ukubeka amaqanda kusuka ezinyangeni ezi-4. Isisindo seqanda singeqi ku-g. I-Partridge ingabeka amaqanda angama-40 kuye kwangama-60 ngesizini.
Ukukhwabanisa ngokukhanyisa, ungathola amabhuloho abeka amaqanda ama-3 emahoreni angama-48. Ezinyoni ezikhule ezitokisini ngaphandle kokuhamba, ukuthomba kwenzeka ngaphambili kunakulawo akhule eduze kwezimo zemvelo.
Ukufakwa kanye nokukhulisa amaphuphu
Amaqanda e-Keklik angagcinwa kuze kuphele amasonto ama-3 ngaphambi kokufakwa, uma nje izinga lokushisa esitolo ligcinwa ebangeni le-13 - 20 ° C futhi umswakama ungama-60%. Isitoreji eside kangaka ngasikhathi sinye sizobonisa amaqanda ngama-microcracks futhi angakulungele ukufakwa. Amaqanda asayizi aphakathi nendawo angenasici esibonakalayo kugobolondo aqokelwa ukufakwa.
Ukufakwa kwamaqanda eKeklik kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-23 - 25. Ekuqaleni, izinga lokushisa ku-incubator ligcinwa ku-37.6 ° C kumswakama ka-60%. Kusuka osukwini lwama-22, izinga lokushisa lehliswa libe ngu-36,5 ° C, bese umswakama ukhuphuka ube ngu-70%.
Amachwane athambile kakhulu, ngakho-ke ngemuva kokuqokwa ayabanjwa futhi abekwe kuma-brooders okushisa kusuka ku-31 kuye ku-35 ° C. Kepha ngokushisa kungcono ukugxila ekuziphatheni kwam amaphuphu. Uma amachwane ehlangana ndawonye, kuyabanda. Ngisho amakhekhe amancanyana aphikisanayo futhi ezimweni ezintofontofo athanda ukuhlala ngaphandle komunye. Uma uhlangana, lapho-ke udinga ukwandisa amazinga okushisa ku-brooder.
Amapharagri amancane asebenza kakhulu futhi asheshe azimele. Ngenxa yokushayisana, kuyadingeka ukuthi uzibhekele ngokuqinile izinkambiso zezindawo ezidingekayo kwilinja ngalinye. Endaweni engamamitha ayi-0,25 m, awekho amachwane angaphezu kwe-10 asanda kubanjwa angagcinwa ndawonye. Izinyoni kufanele zibe nendawo eyanele ukuze kuthi lapho kungqubuzana khona ongahlekile abaleke. Yize unendawo eyanele yokuboshwa egumbini elilodwa ungagcina ndawonye amachwane weminyaka ehlukene.
Ukudla okubandayo
Emvelweni, izilwane ezincane zidla izinambuzane, ezinamandla okuzibamba. Emabhukwini okuqeqesha, ahilela ukulinywa kwezindawo ezisezintabeni ukuze kuphinde kuzinziswe ezindaweni zokuzingela, kuhlongozwa ukondla amachwane ngezinhlanga, izimpukane, isikhonyane, izintuthwane nezinye izinambuzane. Uma ucabanga ukuthi isidleke ngasinye sizodinga okungenani izinambuzane ezingama-30 ngosuku, lolu hlobo lokudla alwamukeleki lapho kuzalaniswa ama-muffin epulazini.
Kepha udinga ukubheka isidingo esengeziwe samamitha amancane asencanyane kumaprotheni ezilwane. Ngakho-ke, amaphuphu anikezwa i-starter feed yezinkukhu ezingama-broiler, futhi adinga inani elikhulu lamaprotheni ngesikhathi sokukhula. Ungangeza iqanda elibilisiwe eliqoshiwe, ushizi wekhotishi, igazi nenyama kanye nesidlo sethambo ekudleni.
Uma ufuna amaphuphu akhule angondlekile, ayondliwa ezandleni zawo. Kulokhu, kulula kakhulu ukunikeza izinambuzane emaceleni amancanyana, ngemuva kokususa izingxenye ezinzima (imilenze yotshani, i-elytra yamabhungane).
Ungahlukanisa kanjani owesilisa nowesifazane
Kuze kube yizinyanga ezi-4, akunakwenzeka ukwahlukanisa owesilisa noKeklik wesifazane. Ezinyangeni ezi-4, abesilisa baba mikhulu ngokusobala, bese kuvela ibala elimhlophe metatarsus - indawo lapho kuqhuma khona inkungu. Ezinyangeni ezi-5, umbala uguquka kancane. Emadodeni, amabhendi ayi-11 avela ezinhlangothini, kwabesifazane, 9-10.
Uma owesilisa efana nowesifazane kakhulu, udinga ukususwa emhlanjini wokuzalela. Le nyoni eyakhiwe kahle, engakwazi ukunika izingane. Kepha kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi unganquma ubulili benyoni lapho abesilisa beqala ukwanda.
Izici ezijwayelekile nezimpawu zensimu
Ngokubukeka ifana nephephethi elingwevu, kodwa likhulu. Umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ongaphezulu, ingxenye engezansi yomzimba nemithende eguqukayo ezinhlangothini yenza inyoni icishe ingabonakali emthambekeni wezintaba. Uchitha iningi lempilo yakhe emaphaketheni futhi ugcinwa ngababili kuphela ngenkathi yokuzalanisa. Ukubonakala okulinganiselwe ezindaweni ezibucayi kwenza kube nzima ukuxhumana phakathi kwemihlambi nomuntu ngamunye, futhi ngenxa yalokho amasiginali anengqondo ayisisekelo sokuxhumana, phakathi kwalokho isimilo sikhona i-ke-ke-lek (yingakho igama le-onomatopoeic lezinhlobo i- "kelik"). Entwasahlobo, ngababili, bakhuluma ngomsindo othulayo, ojabulisa imisindo ongazwakala buqamama budlula amamitha ayi-20. Lapho kunamakhekhe amaningi, amaphimbo abo angazwakala usuku lonke. Kuphela ngesikhathi sokufakwa futhi ngesikhathi sokukhuliswa kwezinsana kuphela lapho bathula.
Lapho kuphakama ingozi, bagijimela ngokushesha emthambekeni noma bandize, kwezinye izikhathi bacashe. Izinyoni ezigijimayo zinqoba kalula imichilo yama-stony kanye nezingxenye zamawa asezindongeni. Gijimani phansi emthambekeni kaningi. I-Flight isetshenziswa uma kuba nesidingo sokufinyelela ngokushesha phansi komphetho noma ukuphunyuka engozini engazelelwe. Isuka emthambekeni, inyoni ishintshela ekushayweni okusheshayo. Ukuhamba kuqala ngokutholakala njalo, okushintshana nokundiza ngamaphiko okuhamba anganyakazisi. Ibanga eliphezulu kakhulu ukuthi amaKekliks angandiza aqhamuka phezulu esiqongweni sentaba cishe li-2 km (iPopov, 1960).
Zihamba ngokuqinile eqhweni elixegayo nelijulile futhi ebusika elinamaqhwa liba izisulu ezilula zezilwane ezahlukumezanayo.Ezindaweni lapho zixoshwa khona, ama-dumplings anakekela ngokukhethekile, kepha uma engaphazamiseki, avame ukuhlala eduze kwabantu.
Zondla emhlabathini, zidla ikakhulu izitshalo zokudla futhi, ngezinga elincane, izilwane ezi-invertebrate. Ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu, zingadla ezihlahleni. Izindlela zokukhipha okuphakelayo zihlukahlukene. Izingxenye eziluhlaza zezitshalo nezithelo kuqala zibanjwa ngumlomo, bese ziphuma. Izingxenye ezingaphansi komhlaba zezitshalo zezinyoni ezisezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zenhlabathi zembiwa ngokushintshana kokuhamba kwama-paws. Ama bulbs amancane atholakala ekujuleni kwenhlabathi asuswa wonke, kanti lawo makhulu ekhishwa ezingxenyeni ezithile, afakwa ngomlomo emhlabathini, izimbobo zibheke 8-10 cm ngokujulile.
Kubaluleke kakhulu empilweni yamaKeklik izindawo zokunisela, ezizisebenzisa kakhulu ngoJulayi nangoSepthemba. Imvamisa yokuvakasha kuncike kwizimo zezulu nesikhathi sonyaka. Entwasahlobo, lapho izingxenye eziluhlaza zezitshalo zitholakala kakhulu ekudleni, izinyoni azivamile ukutholakala eduze kwamanzi, futhi ebusika zenza ngaphandle kwamanzi, ziqothula iqhwa.
Ukwakheka nobukhulu
Amaphiko amfushane, ayindilinga, umsila ungobude obulinganiselwe, uyindilinga omncane. Abesilisa bahluka kwabesifazane ngokuba khona kwe-spurs. Ukuzimisela okubukwayo kwe-mullet engu-329 okuvunwe eningizimu-mpumalanga yeKazakhstan, kulandele ukuvulwa kanye nokuqalwa kocansi, kubonise ukuthi kwabesilisa abangu-191, ubulili ngokubakhona kwe-spurs kukhonjwe kahle kubantu abangu-187 (ama-97,8%) kanye nezinyoni ezi-4 ezine-spurs kuphela ezazingabesifazane. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwabesifazane abangu-138, ngenxa yokungabikho kwama-spurs, phansi kwafakwa kahle izinyoni eziyi-125 (90,6%), kanti izinyoni eziyi-13 ngaphandle kwe-spurs bekungamaduna. Phakathi kwabantu besifazane abadala abangama-56 abafundwe kulokhu, ama-spurs atholakala kwabangu-10, kwathi kwabangu-7 atholakala kulolo lodwa lwe-paws.
Ubude bephiko besilisa bungu-152-55, abesifazane bangu-142-162. Ubude bomsila emadodeni nakwabesifazane bungama-80-90, ama-metatarsals 43-47. Isisindo sabesilisa yi-450-700, izinsikazi ezingama-360-550.
I-Molting
I-chamomile ayinazingubo zokufunda zobudala ezichazwe ngokucacile. Kusezinsaneni ezi-2 ezineminyaka engu-2 ubudala ezomile, izimbotshana zezingubo eziyisikhombisa zezimpukane eziyisisekelo zibonakala ngokusobala, futhi lapho kuphela inyanga yenyanga iplamu liqukethe izingubo ezi-3 - izinsalela zokuphuma, ukukhula komntwana kanye nezinsiba zokuqala zokuphuma komuntu omdala (isiphunzi sombungu wokuqala we-9, osuvele uhlobene nomuntu omdala, uyavela kanye). Ngosuku lwe-6 lokuphila, izinsimbi zezimpukane zokuqala eziyisihlanu ziqala ukwenzeka, amarobhothi wesibili amelwe amaswidi. Ngasikhathi sinye, izilenge zezimpaphe zomsila, izembozo ezinkulu zamaphiko aphakathi nendawo naphakathi ziyafakelwa. Eemvekeni ezi-4 zokuqala, indiza, umsila kanye nezinsiba zezimpande engxenyeni ebalulekile yomzimba zikhula ngokuqinile. Ekupheleni kweviki lesi-4, isambatho se-Downy sigcinwa kuphela ekhanda, esiswini naku-oblium - masinyane sitshintshwa izimpaphe zesambatho esichazayo, sidlula isigaba sezinswelaboya zentsha.
Ezinyoni ezindala, i-molt eyodwa yasekwindla ivezwa ngokucacile, isikhathi sayo esiyizinyanga ezi-4 - 4,5. Isikhathi sayo sincike ekubambeni iqhaza ekufushweni Abantu abangabambi iqhaza kukho noma abalahlekelwe ngamakhosi bahlanganiswa baba imihlambi bese beqala ukuncibilika. Izinyoni eziboshwe ziqala ukuncibilikisa kuphela ezinsukwini eziyi-10- 10 ngemuva kokubanjelwa. Esiqongweni sesisu sinemisipha ebanzi ye-hemp, kuthi emva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa avele ezinhlangothini zentamo, emuva nesifuba. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuncibilika kwe-flywheel kanye nokuqondisa kuyangena. Ushintsho oluyisisekelo oluqondayo ekuqondisweni kwe-distal ukusuka koku-1 kuye kwelishumi. Ama-flywheel amancane aqala ukuguquka ngemuva kokuba ama-flyworms angama-1 - 1 asekhule ngokwanele. Ukuphambuka ngakunye kubonwa ekuncibilikeni kwezimpaphe ezincane - ukuguquka kwezimpaphe kungaqala nganoma yikuphi ukushaywa kwezimpiko zokuqala kwezine.
Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwabantu abangu-19 abavela ku-Dzhungarskiy Alatau, ukuqala kokushintshwa kwezimpukane zesekethe kusuka ku-1 noma kusuka ezimpukeni ze-1 nelesi-2 kwaphawulwa kubantu aba-2 (10,5%), kusukela kwabangu-2 noma kwabase-2nd nase-3 kwabangu-6 (31,5%), kusukela kwabangu-3 noma ku-4 - kubantu aba-3 (15.8%). Ezinyoni eziyi-8, izimpaphe sezivele zinamahlamvu amaningi kangangokuba behluleka ukwenza i-shift oda. Kuma-5 abantu (26.4%), i-2nd, i-3 ne-4th yayinobude obufanayo, kanti kubantu abathathu (15.8%) i-1, 2nd ne-3 yayiyinde kakhulu. Ukuthululwa kweempukane ezincane ezisondelene kwenzeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Imvamisa iqala esibayeni se-10, kepha kwesinye isikhathi isuka kwelesi-9 bese ihamba, njengomthetho, emikhombeni emi-2 - ku-distal kanye ne-proximal.
Amacala okuncipha kokuncibilika kwezimpaphe zasemahlombe ayabonakala. Sekukonke, izikhathi eziningi ezingacacile zihlala ku-molt wezinyoni ezindala. Ebusika nasentwasahlobo, kunabantu lapho iziqu nama-kossel ahlukane asala entanyeni nasemhlane (Dementiev, 1952, Kartashev, 1952, Kuzmina, 1955). Ezintabeni zakwaChu-Ili, ngoFebhuwari kwezingama-50 izivivinyo ezihlolisisiwe, ukuqoshwa kwezilokotho kwaqoshwa kwaba ngu-5, kwathi ngo-Ephreli ku-28 kwezingu-40 zezinyoni (70%), kanti nesimo salokhu okuncibilikayo silokhu singacacanga (Kuzmina, 1955).
Izici ezingafani nendawo yokuhlala
Keklik - inyoni incane uma uyiqhathanisa namanye amalungu omndeni. Umuntu omdala unesisindo esukela ku-300 kuye ku-800 g, ubude bawo bomzimba bube ngama-35 cm namapiko angaba ngu-50 cm.
Ikhekhe lase-Asia, uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwamatshe okugcoba amatshe, lineplamu elihle kakhulu lesikali se-grey-ocher. Kusuka enkabeni yomlomo obomvu obukhali ngamehlo kuphuma umucu omnyama ohlukile ovalela intamo, wakhe umgexo. I-plumage engaphakathi kule ring eyingqayizivele ilula ukwedlula yonke iplamu, umbala wobisi olubhakwe.
Amaphiko, umsila, isisu, emuva - i-grey-beige, kwesinye isikhathi i-pinkish tinge encane. Izinhlangothi zekhomishini zidwetshwe ngombala okhanyayo, ocishe ube mhlophe, ngemivimbo egqokile emnyama. Amehlo amnyama amnyama afingqiwe ngokubomvu okukhanyayo - lokhu kuqeda ukubukeka okungathandeki i-partridge.
Kufanekiselwa inyoni yaseKeklik noma i-partridge yamatshe
Izinsikazi zinobukhulu obunesizotha ngokwengeziwe futhi azinama-spurs ezintanjeni zazo. Lezi zinyoni zinezinhlobo ezingama-26, ezihluka kakhulu endaweni yokuhlala futhi ngombala omncane.
Kekliks bukhoma e-Asia Ephakathi, e-Altai, ezintabeni zaseCaucasus, eBalkan, eHimalaya nasenyakatho neChina. I-Partridge chubs khetha izintaba ezinohlonze ezinotshani obuphansi, futhi ingakhuphuka impela - ifinyelela kumamitha angama-4500 ngaphezu kolwandle.
Isimilo nendlela yempilo
I-Kekliki iphila impilo yokuhlala phansi, ihamba kancane noma iphakeme noma iphansi emthambekeni kuye ngesizini. Njengezinkukhu, ama-partridges awathandi ukundiza kakhulu, yize azi ukuthi akwenze kahle.
Ukundiza kwekhekhe kuhlukaniswa ngokushintshana kwamaphiko okushaywa kanye nezikhathi ezimfushane zokunyuka, ngakho-ke le nyoni ikwazi ukumboza ibanga elingaba ngu-2 km. Noma ngabe kukhona isithiyo ngendlela yegatsha noma itshe ngendlela yeKeklik, uzosigxumela, kodwa angahambi.
UKeklik akavamile ukubonwa endiza, uncamela ukubalekela izitha
Lapho ezwa ingozi, amakhekhe azama ukubaleka, imvamisa ekhuphukela egqumeni, uma kwenzeka ephuthumayo ahamba. Ukuthwebula i-keklik ukundiza ngaphezulu komhlaba kuyinkinga impela.
Imigwaqo yamatshe iyakhuluma kakhulu. Izwi likaKeklik, ezindaweni abahlala kuzo, kuzwakale kusukela ekuseni kakhulu, lapho izinyoni zenza uhlobo lwezingcingo, zixhumana nohlobo lwazo.
Ziyasebenza ekuseni nasekuseni kusihlwa, zilinde ukushisa kwasemini ezikebheni ezinomthunzi futhi zithathe izihlambi zesihlabathi ukuze zikhiphe izidakamizwa. UKekliki uchitha sonke isikhathi ephapheme, eqonda emithambekeni yamatshe efuna ukudla nasendaweni yokunisela, ngenkathi evame ukukhuluma nezihlobo zawo ngokuzwakalayo.
I-Subspecies taxonomy
Ukuhlukahluka kwendawo kungokwezokwelapha ngokwesimo futhi kuboniswa ngokuhlukahluka kwemibala yemibala yezingxenye ezahlukahlukene zephaneli futhi akubalulekile ngosayizi wonke. Kuma-subspecies ayi-15 aziwayo asensimini ye-USSR, 6 (Stepanyan, 1975) A. k. i-kurdestanica Meinertzhagen, 1923 isatshalaliswa kanye ne-Main Caucasian Range, eTranscaucasia naseTalysh. A. k. I-shestoperovi Sushkin, yango-1927, ekhanyayo ngombala kunendlela yangaphambilini, itholakala kusukela ogwini olusempumalanga yoLwandle lweCaspian ukuya empumalanga kuya ogodini. IGyaz-Gedyk, enyakatho kuneNhlonhlo iMangyshlak naseningizimu emngceleni wombuso we-USSR. A. k. I-koroviakovi Zarudny, ngo-1914, yasakazeka ngasempumalanga yefomu langaphambilini eya e-Kugitang naseBaysunsky ridge.
Ukubhaliswa okungamagama A. k. kakelik (Falk, 1786) (A. k. falki Hartert, 1917 - isichazamazwi sefomu lesibongo, - R.P.) uhlala ohlelweni lwePamir-Alai (ngaphandle kwaseningizimu yeBadakhshan) neTien Shan. A. k. i-pallescens Hume, 1873, ekhanyayo futhi ibuthuntu ngombala, ihlala engxenyeni eseningizimu yeBadakhshan eningizimu yesigodi somfula. Vanc. A. k. I-dzungarica Sushkin, ngo-1927 isatshalaliswa e-Dzungarian Alatau, eTarbagatai, eSaur, eNtshonalanga naseSouthern Altai, eNtshonalanga Tannu-Ola. Ezindaweni ezisemngceleni, ama-subspecies ahlanganisa.
Ukusatshalaliswa
Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kweKeklik yindawo ebanzi kakhulu - ukusuka eNhlonhlweni yeBalkan, iziqhingi zoLwandle i-Aegean, iCrete kanye neAsia Minor empumalanga iye e-Altai naseNyakatho neChina. Umngcele osenyakatho ugudla iZintaba zaseRhodope, ugu oluseningizimu yoLwandle Olumnyama, umthambeka osenyakatho woMgwaqo Okulu waseCaucasian, iMangyshlak Peninsula, iSouth Chink yase-Ustyurt, umgibeli. IKara-tau, imithambeka esenyakatho yezintaba iTien Shan neChu-Ili, i-Dzungarian Alatau, iTarbagatay, iSaur, iNingizimu Altai, iNtshonalanga Tannu-Ola, iHangai, umgibeli. Hurhu. Umngcele oseningizimu ugudla engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeBalkan Peninsula, e-Asia Minor, eningizimu ye-Middle East, eningizimu ye-Iran, nePakistan, enyakatho neNdiya, kanye nezindawo ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga nezifundazwe zase China - iSichuan neShanxi.
Umdwebo we-12. Ibanga le-Chamomile
Ngaphakathi kwe-USSR, i-chamomile isatshalaliswa kanye ne-Main Caucasus Range, eTranscaucasia (kufaka phakathi iTalysh), entshonalanga nasenkabeni yeKopetdag, iBolshoi Balkhany, nentshonalanga ye-Uzboy, ithrekhi ye-Ustyurt, enhlonhlo yeMangyshlak, kanye naseziqithini zaseBadhyz futhi. Imifula iTedjen neMurghab. Izimpilo ezintabeni eziphakeme zasehlane laseKyzylkum (i-Aristanbeltau, i-Kuygentau, i-Aktau, iTohtatau), izintaba zaseKhoja Baba, eBaysuntau. Ihlala izintaba zasePamir-Alai (ngaphandle kwePamir Highlands, bheka: iPotapov, 1966), uhlelo lweTien Shan, izintaba zakwaChu-Ili, i-Dzungarian Alatau, iTarbagatai, iSaur, iNtshonalanga ne-Altai eseNtshonalanga.
Umdwebo 13. UKeklik usabalale e-USSR
1 - I-Alectoris kakelik caucasica, 2 - A. k. laptevi, 3 - A. k. shestoperovi, 4 - A. k. kakelik, 5 - A. k. pallescens, 6 - A. k. dzungarica. (Umaki wombuzo ubufakazi bobuciko obutholakele.)
Imingcele yasenyakatho nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yebanga ayiqondakali ngokuphelele. Kuvela khona kwalesi zinhlobo ogwini olusentshonalanga yoLwandle i-Aral eningizimu yeKeratamak (ukuqoqwa kweBurachek yangomhlaka 21 IV 1924, ikhol. IZIN ye-USSR Academy of Science) nase-Sayans (amaqoqo ka-A. Ya. Tugarinov kusuka ku-24 IX 1908 edolobhaneni lomfula iTurbota, 30 km ukusuka emfuleni I-Kemchik, amaqoqo kaS. I. Snigirevsky ovela emfuleni i-Abakan III 1936, ikhol. ZIN, i-USSR Academy of Sciences). Kukhona futhi amakhophi atholakele ehhovisi lokuthengwa kwempahla kwa-Abakan ngoJanuwari-Ephreli 1936, angafika lapha evela entshonalanga neTannu-Ola. Kuze kube manje, umbuzo ngendawo yokuhlala yamaKeklik eMugodzhary (Zarudny, 1888), Ulutau (Pavlov, 1934), eduzane naseSemipalatinsk naseSemeytau (Khakhlov, Selevin, 1928) udinga ukucaciswa.
Ihlanganisiwe ezintabeni zaseCrimea.
Ubusika
Ubusika isikhathi esinzima kunazo zonke empilweni yamakhekhe. Ukuwa kweqhwa okujulile kubeka imingcele ekunyakazeni kwezinyoni futhi kunciphise kakhulu indawo eyindawo yedoti. Lapho uhamba eqhweni, umthwalo osindayo ethrekhi wenza ama-43-51 g nge-cm2 ngayinye i-Keklik, ngenxa yalokho inyoni ibambeka ngokuqinile (Kuzmina, 1955). Lapho zifuna ukudla, izinyoni ziyaphoqeleka ukuba zithuthele emithambekeni eseningizimu, lapho isembozo seqhwa singaphansi ngokujulile futhi kunezindawo ezisulwa ngokushesha kukho. Izikhukhula zeqhwa ezivama ukwenzeka ngamafrimu isikhathi eside ziholela ekufeni kwama-muffin avela ku-starfree. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, ukunyakaza kwamakhekhe asuka ezintabeni kuya emathafeni kwakubonwa. Uma ubusika bungebunzima kakhulu, khona-ke amakhekhe ancamela ukuhlala ezindaweni ezifanayo. Isibonelo, eziNtabeni zaseChulak (Kazakhstan), ebusika, kwakumakwa izinyoni eziyi-128 ezindaweni zokudla, zazo eziyi-15 zaphinde zabanjwa lapho ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-10, ezingama-13 zaqoshwa noma zabanjwa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-62-422, zingu-2 kuphela ezathutha ezingama-300 nezingu-1. Amamitha angama-500. Ukumakwa kwezinyoni nakho kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukusungula ukushintshana kwezinyoni phakathi kwemihlambi eyehlukene.
Ebusika, impilo yasemini ye-chamomile yehla ukuzothola ukudla. Kuphela ngezinsuku ezicacile nezifudumele ezingabonakala lapho zihlala zinganyakazi phezulu kwamatshe. Ngisho nasekuseni kakhulu kusuka ezindaweni lapho uchithe khona amakhekhe ebusuku uzwakala.Ukushaya ucingo kuvame ukuthatha imizuzu embalwa. Lapho ilanga liphuma, imihlambi iyavuselelwa futhi izinyoni ziqala ukundiza ziye ezansi kwethambeka futhi ziye ezansi kwama-gorges, lapho kunezindawo ezingenawo iqhwa. Lapha izinyoni zichitha iningi losuku. Kusihlwa bavuka baye ezindaweni zokuchitha ubusuku, ezibekwe ngaphansi kwamapulangwe amadwala noma emaphethelweni ezihlahla. Kwesinye isikhathi, phakathi nobusika bonke, umhlambi ulala endaweni efanayo, embozwe ungqimba omdaka. Eminye imihlambi ayishiyi amasayizi angama-200 ukuya kwangama-300 ubukhulu phakathi nezinsuku. Izimpophoma azivame ukuhanjelwa ebusika, kunalokho ngamathuba, ziyanelisa isidingo samanzi ngokuqothula iqhwa. Amaqhwa amakhulu asindayo alinde izihlahla noma ngaphansi kwamatshe amatshe. Uma izimo zezulu zisebenza isikhathi eside, zingalamba izinsuku ezingama-2-3. Ngaphambi kokuwa kweqhwa badla kakhulu kuze kube yilapho iqhwa limboza izindawo ezingenalutho zomhlaba. Umbiko othokozisayo nguR. G. Pfeffer, owabona ebusika bonyaka ka-1974/1975, uhlukile. e-Alma-Ata Nature Reserve, ngemuva komhlambi omncane wezinyoni eziyi-10- 10 ze-mullet, ezondliwa njalo ngezikhathi zasemini ezansi kwendawo eshaweni phakathi kweziqu ezomile ze-tatarnik. Lapha, ipulatifomu engu-15X15m ngaphansi kwengqimba yeqhwa yayigxunyekwa ngamaphasi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi lapho isondela kuyo kwakudingeka ukwethusa izinyoni ezindiza ngaphansi kweqhwa. Ngokusho kukaR. G. Pfeffer, amakhekhe abeka izindinyana eqhweni efuna imbewu ye-tatarn.
Ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari, lapho kunezindawo eziningi ezivezwe yiqhwa, ama-chummon ayeka ukutholakala emihlambini emikhulu (kwesinye isikhathi ebusika izinyoni eziyi-100-150 zigxiliswa ezindaweni zokudla ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kukaMashi ziqala ukugqekeza zibe ngababili.
Habitat
I-Keklik iyinyoni ejwayelekile yezwekazi le-steppe, indawo esehlane nehlane le-Palearctic. Uhla lwayo olukhulu luhlanganisa izindawo ezihluke kakhulu ekusizeni, ezimeni zezulu nakwezimila, ezigcizelela ukubumbana kwemvelo kwalezinhlobo. Ngaphakathi kwe-USSR, ihlala ezindaweni ezinamathafa aseTurkmenistan, lapho ihlala khona emawondweni amathafa obumba (iDementiev, 1952), kuya emithambekeni yezintaba zePamirs ezindaweni eziphakeme ngamamitha angama-4,000 ngaphezu kolwandle. m. (uStepanyan, 1969). Okujwayelekile kakhulu futhi kuningi amakhekhe asebangeni elingamamitha ayi-500-2,000 ngaphezu kolwandle. m. Ukungaziwa kwe-alpine zone akaziwa. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zezinhlobo zamaqembu aphansi asezintabeni atholakala ogwadule nasezitebhisini, kanye nethambeka lendawo, ihlathi-ishibhu-isifunda kanye nezindawo ezisezintabeni ezinkulu zezintaba ezinkulu.
Njengoba inezindawo ezihlukile zokuhlala, iKeklik isalokhu ikhetha izitaladi ezinamatshe angaphandle kanye nemithambeka lapho amadwala e-talus ehlangana khona nezindawo ezinotshani ezivulekile, kwesinye isikhathi agqunywe izihlahla. Indima ebalulekile idlalwa ukuba khona kwezindawo zokunisela (imifula yezintaba, imifudlana, iziphethu), ezimeni ezingejwayelekile, izinyoni zisebenzisa amanzi anosawoti ababayo. Kwezinye izindawo, amakhekhe atholakala ezimweni ezingejwayelekile ngokuphelele - ngokwesibonelo, emathafeni phakathi kwesihlabathi kude nebanga elisuka ezintabeni eziseduze (iSerzhpinsky, 1925, Molchanov, 1932, Schnitnikov, 1949, Ishadov, 1970).
ECaucasus, iKeklik ihlala ezinhlobonhlobo zama-biotope ukusuka emthambekeni owomile wezintaba kanye namagquma ezinyawo afinyelela ku-3 500 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. m., lapho ahlala khona kubabeka eduze kweqhwa (Satunin, 1907). Izingxenye zezintaba ezingenalutho ezingenalutho, zehlela cishe ethafeni, lapho zitholakala khona lapho kuhlala khona izidleke phakathi kwezihlahlana kanye ne-turuch. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo luhlala luthandeka emithambekeni yezinyawo noma emifantwini yemifula yezintaba enamadwala angaphandle namadwala e-rockus, lapho izimila ze-xerophytic ezingaziwa zivame kakhulu. Ngokuvamisile, ihlala phakathi kwezithambeka zasenyakatho namahlathi omjunipha, ukugwema, njengomthetho, izindawo ezinomswakama ezinotshani obunothile.
ECopetdag, iKeklik ihlala emigodini emincane ephakeme ngamamitha angama-500-600, ngesinye isikhathi ikhuphukela ekuphakameni okuphezulu kweraba (amamitha ayi-2 000 ngaphezu kolwandle), kepha inamathela ezindaweni lapho kunezindawo zokunisela. Umngcele ophansi wokusatshalaliswa ulele lapha e-wormwood-ephemeral semi-desert, futhi ongaphezulu uxhunyiwe nezindawo zezintaba xerophytes. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chamomile iyatholakala futhi phakathi kwezimila ezinotshani, ezisakazeka emaphethelweni ezintaba ziye eziqongweni zazo - ezihlahleni zemijuniper, iziqu ze-tragacanth astragalus, ezinye izihlahlana ezikhula ezihlakaleni nasemadwaleni, phakathi kwamathanga amagilebhisi asendle, amajikijolo nezihlahla zezithelo ezahlukahlukene nezihlahlana (Fedorov, 1949). Ihlala nasogwini olunesihlabathi olude lwase-Uzboy endaweni yamachibi amasha, lapho itholakala phakathi kwe-saxaul ne-sand acacia (Molchanov, 1932).
UKeklik ufinyelela eziphakeme kakhulu e-USSR eBadakhshan. Esigodini saseShahdara, umngcele ophezulu wokusatshalaliswa kwawo udlula ezindaweni eziphakeme ngamamitha angama-4,000 ngaphezu kolwandle. I-Keklik itholakala kuwo wonke umfula ogcwele umfula, kepha ubuningi bawo bincane, nobukhulu buphakeme kunamamitha angama-2,300-2,600 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Kulezi zimo ezihlala ezintabeni, izinyoni ziphila impilo yokuhlala lapho futhi zihlala phakathi kokudlela nobusika emithambekeni enamadwala nasezimweni zokuziphatha phakathi kwesikali (iStepanyan, 1969).
E-Tien Shan, umkhawulo ophansi wokusatshalaliswa komile kwe-chamomile ugcwele endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-300, kuyilapho ephezulu ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-3,600 ngaphezu kolwandle. m. Lapha izinyoni zihlala zizinze, zenza ukunyakaza okuncane kuphela. Imithambeka enamadwala kuhlalwa kuyo ama-xerophytic forbs kanye nama-berry bush (ama-cherries, i-cotoneaster, i-honeysuckle, ephedra). Ezindaweni ezinkulu zezintaba, ama-keklik atholakala onyaweni lwamabanga afike ku-3,600 m, kuthi lapho kugibela khona iKyrgyz ngenani elincane kutholakala emimangweni engapheli (Spangenberg, Sudilovskaya, 1959), kepha akukhona, nokho, endaweni evulekile yeLake. I-Sonkol nezinye izigodi eziphakeme zezintaba zeCentral Tien Shan (Yanushevich et al., 1959).
E-Kyrgyz Alatau, izidleke zaseKeklik ezindlezwini zasendle zasendle, emaphethelweni amahlathi aqobayo nacobayo, phakathi kwamadwala ne-talus. Ekwindla, imihlambi ivame ukutholakala ezindaweni zokudilika ezintabeni noma osebeni lomfula. E-Talas Alatau, ihlala kusuka kubhande lesiko kuya ngaphansi kwe-subalpine (1,0003,000 m ngenhla kolwandle). Kuhlala imithambeka eyomile enamadwala anezihlahla ezinotshani ezinotshani kanye nezihlahla eziqhekekile. Okuvamile ehlathini lejuniper. Kwesinye isikhathi ihlala ngaphansi kwezintaba ezindaweni ezingenamathafa amatshe anezimila zemvelo ngaphandle kwesimo se-steppe (Kovshar, 1966).
EZeravshan, eTurkestan naseGissar kusuka lapho kuhlala khona imithambeka enamadwala ngamabhishi, akuvami kakhulu ukuhlala emadwaleni angenalutho nakuma-talus, futhi kuvame kakhulu emithambekeni enotshani. Imikhawulo yokusatshwa kokuphakama kulezi zindawo ingamamitha ayi-1,200 ukuya ku-3 500 ngaphezu kolwandle. m
Emaphethelweni we-Dzungarian Alatau, iKeklik ichichima kakhulu ezindaweni eziphakeme ngamamitha angama-500 ukuya kwangama-500 ngaphezu kolwandle. m., lapho kuhlala khona ugwadule, i-steppe ne-bush-meadow-steppe zone. Kutholakala ngobuningi kuma-spurs asentshonalanga (Mount Chulak kanye neMalay-Sary), emngceleni wehlane eliwugwadule. Ihlala emadwaleni amatshe anemithi eminingi enamadwala nezihlahla zotshani nezimila ezinotshani, phakathi kwezihlahla ze-mullein, ephedra, meadowsweet, hens of lanceolate ne-hawthorn.
Ethafeni elisentabeni laseMalay-Sary, iKeklik ihlala imifula emincane ebheke ethafeni, elisetshenziselwa ukuhlwanyela izilimo zokusanhlamvu. Ngemuva kokuvuna, izinyoni zidla okusanhlamvu okusalile. Ngo-hr. I-Altyn-Emel Keklik inyukela endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-2 000 ngaphezu kolwandle. m., lapho izimila zinenambitheko ethile yasenyakatho futhi imelelwa yizihlahla eziqhakazayo, zakha imifula i-urea eminyene yemifino, imichilo kanye nezihlahla zezinyoni. Ngasemifudlaneni kunezindawo ezinezimbozo ezingotshani ezihlala ziluhlaza. Inani elikhulu lezinyoni nokushintshashintsha okuncane kwamanani kwenzeka ezindaweni eziphansi zezintaba ezinkulu ezifika ku-2 000 m ngaphezu kolwandle. m. Lapha, izinyoni zithola izimo ezifanele kakhulu zokuba khona.
Umsebenzi wansuku zonke, yokuziphatha
Umsebenzi wansuku zonke weKeklik uhlukaniswa ngokucacile kube izikhathi ezi-2 - imini nobusuku. Ngesikhathi sokukhanya kwemini, izinyoni zisebenza ikakhulukazi ekuseni nase kusihlwa kusihlwa. Ehlobo ngokuphuma kwelanga, amakhekhe amakhekhe avame ukutholakala edla, futhi ngamahora ashisayo osuku aphumula emthunzini wamabichi noma emadwaleni. Ngokuqala kokuphola kwakusihlwa, umsebenzi wabo uphinde ukhuphuke futhi wondle, kancane kancane bakhuphukela ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zemithambeka, lapho bahlala khona ubusuku. Ukuna kwemvula kunciphisa kakhulu umsebenzi wezinyoni, futhi bazilinda emahlathini, futhi ekugcineni kwesimo sezulu badla eduze nalezi zindawo.
Isici esibonakalayo sokuphila kwamakhekhe ngasekupheleni kwehlobo nasekwindla yakuqala ukuhambela njalo izindawo ezinisela. Ekuntweleni kwemihlambi, imihlambi yehlela emithonjeni nasemifuleni, imvamisa ukunqoba ibanga emoyeni. Izindawo zemigodi yokunisela ziyizingxenye ezivulekile zamabhange emifula, iziphethu, noma i-talus yehlela emanzini. Ngezinsuku ezishisayo, zivame ukuphumula emasimini asondelene nomgodi wokunisela, lapho zigeza khona emgodini wokugeza ofana nothayela bezidleke ngaphandle kwezinto zokwakha.
Ama-keklik ayizinyoni zomphakathi futhi achitha iningi lonyaka amaphakethe. Kungaleso sikhathi sokuzalela kuphela, futhi ngaleso sikhathi hhayi konke, gcina ngababili. Ekupheleni kwesizini yokuzalela, abantu abangabambi iqhaza ekwakheni imfuhlumfuhlu nokukhulisa izilwane ezincane bahlanganiswa ezikoleni. Ngemuva kokuqokwa, amantshontsho ahlala emhlambini ohlukile, noma ahlangane emhlambini omkhulu, ovame ukungafani ngokuzalwa okukhulu. Isibonelo, ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti nasekupheleni kukaSepthemba, imihlambi yabantu abangafika kwabayikhulu ivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezinokudla ezindaweni ezihamba emithambekeni yezintaba nasezindongeni zezigodi, kepha uma iphazamiseka, ibola kalula. Izinyoni zezinyoni ezindala, ezihlukaniswe zodwa ngoJuni futhi zinezinsikazi eziye zalahleka, kanye nabesilisa abangazibandakanyi ekubambeni, ukubola kuphela kwentwasahlobo elandelayo, njengoba kufakazelwa ukubanjwa kwezinyoni ezimakiwe. Emihlambini enjalo, imvamisa ayidluli abantu abangama-8-12.
Isifinyezo
I-Keklik, ngaphezu kwenyama namaqanda amnandi, inokubukeka okuhlobisa okungamangaza omakhelwane nabangane. Inyoni exotic izothuthukisa ukunakwa, futhi ukugcina nokuzalanisa kwalezi zinqamu akukho nzima kangako kunezigwaca noma iziloba. Imfashini yezigwaca manje isinciphile, mhlawumbe ukuthanda abalimi abasha bezinkukhu kuzonikezwa ikhekhe.
Inani lezomnotho, ukuvikelwa
Ukuzingela amakhekhe ezinkomeni ezintabeni zaseCaucasus, e-Asia Ephakathi naseKahastan kudala kwathandwa. Eminyakeni yama-30s. yekhulu lamanje, ukuvunwa kwezentengiselwano kwalolu hlobo lomdlalo oluyigugu, olungangeni nje ezimakethe ezifuywayo kodwa nakwamanye amazwe, nakho kwenziwa. Kuphela ngokusebenzisa isisekelo sokukhipha seLeningrad ngo-1927 kuya ku-1928. Kudlule izingcezu eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-166.7 (13.6% womdlalo ophelele owenziwe lapho), ubusika obulandelayo - izinkulungwane eziyi-198.1 (17.9%), naphezu kobusika obulandelayo - ngaphezulu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-70 ngonyaka, ngenani eliphakeme lezinyoni ebusika (1930-19-31). ) afinyelela ku-233,2,000 (Rudanovsky, Nasimovich, 1933, - ekhonjiwe nguGrachev, 1983). Ngokusho kwedatha engaphelele, iKeklik ngo-1962-1963. uthathe indawo yesibili eKazakhstan ngemuva kokugaya izimayini, kwathi ngo-1965 - okokuqala.
Ezinkathini zokuzingela zika-1962-1965. kusuka ezinkulungwaneni eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-16 kuye kwezingama-53 zazimbiwa minyaka yonke (Kondratenko, Smirnov, 1973). Eminyakeni "ethelayo", i-chamomile iba uhlobo oluyinhloko lomdlalo wezintaba obanjwe ezindaweni eziphakathi kweCentral Asia neKazakhstan futhi inesisindo esikhulu emqolweni wezinyoni ezizingeli ezizingeli. Izikhala ezihleliwe okwamanje azenziwa. Izindlela eziningi zokukhiqiza ezingenazikhali ezichazwe ekuqaleni ezincwadini (iButurlin, 1932, Naumov, 1931, Popov, 1956) zilahlekelwe inani lazo noma azisebenzi ngenxa yomonakalo omkhulu wabantu. Umugqa oyinhloko wokusebenzisa i-chamomile njengamanje ukuzingela izibhamu kwezemidlalo.
Ingxenye yesibili kaNovemba - ingxenye yokuqala kaDisemba, lapho izinyoni zinenqwaba enkulu (abesilisa abadala 613 g, abesifazane abadala 504, abesilisa nabasha besifazane abangama-553 no-475 g, ngokulandelana) kufanele babonwe njengesikhathi esifanele sokuzingela ama-chamois.
I-Biology yaseKeklik eyingqayizivele inomthelela ekugcineni kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane eminyakeni evumayo futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ekwandeni okusheshayo kwenani lemfuyo ngemuva kokufa ngobuningi. Ngokucabanga ngokubaluleka komnotho kwe-Keklik njengenye yezindawo eziphambili zokuzingela ezintabeni eziseningizimu ye-USSR, umuntu kufanele aqaphele kakhulu ngesitoko sayo. Lokhu kusho ukwenza izibalo ezihlala njalo zenani lemfuyo, izindlela zokuphila ezisebusika ngezikhathi ezinzima zobusika eziqhwa kakhulu (ikakhulukazi ukuzondla) kanye nokwenqatshelwa kokuzingela okungenani iminyaka emi-3 ngemuva kobusika obukhulu.
Ukuzalwa kwamakhekhe ekhaya
Keklik empeleni akayona into edlula inkukhu efuywayo. Ngakho-ke, ukulondolozwa kwayo akuyona into eyinkimbinkimbi ukwedlula ukuhlinzeka ngezinkukhu. Amapulazi amaningi enza Ukuzalela kwe-Keklik. Ngasikhathi sinye, amabala angahlangani nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni: uhlobo oluthile lwenkukhu noma i-pheasant luqala ukushaya olunye.
Ama-Keklik axhumana nabantu ngenkuthalo. Abazingeli kuphela. Amabhuleki agcinelwa ubumnandi: ahlobisa izindlu noma alwe ezinhlakeni zezinyoni. ETajikistan, iKeklik ingaba impahla yendawo yonke!
Ubunzima bokuzala izinkomishi wukuthi emakhejini, izinsikazi azihlali emaqanda. Izinkukhu zingakhutshwa kuphela ngosizo lwe-incubator. Iqanda le-Keklik ngokufakwa ngaphakathi, ungagcina cishe amasonto amathathu! Ngalesi sikhathi, ungakhetha amaqanda aphezulu, ngaphandle kwemifantu.
Amaqanda afakwa ku-incubator cishe izinsuku ezingama-25. Ngezikhathi ezithile, udinga ukushintsha izimo zomswakama kanye nokushisa komoya. Masinyane nje ngemuva kokuqokwa, amaphuphu ayasebenza, ngakho-ke avakashelwa ku-brooder ekhethekile, lapho kugcinwa khona izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu - cishe ngo-35 ° C.
Izimo eziku-brooder kulula ukuzilawula ngokubheka amabanga amade. Njengoba abamele le nhlobo bekhohlakele, bakhetha ukuhlala bodwa. Ngakho-ke, isimo lapho amachwane ehlangana komunye nomunye kufanele asole - lokhu kusho ukuthi amaphuphu ayabanda, kubalulekile ukukhuphula izinga lokushisa.
Ngesikhathi sokukhula, amakhekhe ngokuvamile ahlela ukulwa. Ukuze izehlakalo ezinjalo zokuphila kwezinyoni zingadali ukulimala, kubalulekile ukugcina umthetho wokugcina amaphuphu: kubantu abangu-10 - ikota yemitha skwele. Uma le ndawo ivumela, ama-broods ahlukene angagcinwa esibayeni esisodwa!
Abathunjwa abasebasha abagqotshwe ekudingisweni, njengezihlobo ezikhululekile, badinga iprotheni yemvelaphi yezilwane. Ezindaweni zemvelo, lapho izinyoni zisatshalaliswa khona ngenjongo yokuzalanisa emvelweni, amaphuphu adla izinambuzane: izintethe, izimbungulu nezimfene.
Ekhaya nasemapulazini ezinkukhu lokhu akwenzeki. Ngakho-ke, abalimi bezinkukhu bafaka ama-broiler feed nesidlo sethambo ekudleni. Kusanconyelwa ukondla abantu ngezinambuzane, ngemuva kokuba ususe zonke izingxenye ezinzima: amaphiko nemilenze.
Ukuzingela kwamaChamois
Ama-keklik abanjwa ikakhulukazi ngosizo lwezingibe. Ukuzingela ngesibhamu akuvamile. Abathandi bokuzingela izibhamu basebenzisa isihlangu esikhethekile sokufihla ukubizwa ngokuthi i-chordak.
Idivaysi yenziwa nge-burlap, yelulwa ngezinduku eziwela. Imibuthano emnyama idonswa ngesihlangu, izimpaphe zemuffin, izikhumba zomunye umdlalo zinamathiselwe. UChordak usiza umzingeli ukusondela kumakhekhe ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwensiza chofoza ukuzingela ngokungathandeki ngoba amakhekhe anamahloni.
Ukufingqa, singasho ukuthi i-chamomile noma i-mountain partridge iyinyoni emangalisayo. Muhle, unamahloni, unakekela futhi unobuhlakani futhi unemikhuba. Ukuhlanganiswa kwazo zonke izimfanelo zalo kunquma indlela yokuphila nokuziphatha, ngaphandle kokuthi abantu bangakwazi ukusinda endalweni, lapho izilwane ezidla izinyoni, izinyoni, abantu, kanye nesimo sezulu kudala ubunzima obukhulu.