Vultures, noma izinsimbi (lat. Gyps) luhlobo lwezinyoni ezinkulu zezinyamazane zomndeni wama-hawk, ezisatshalaliswa kabanzi esimweni sezulu esifudumele se-hemisphere esempumalanga. Zifana nezinsimbi zaseMelika, kepha la maqembu amabili ezinyoni awazona izihlobo ezisondele.

Ama-scavengers ajwayelekile ahlukaniswa ikakhulukazi ngamapayipi amnyama, ikhanda elingachazwanga (abaningi banentamo engachazwanga) namaphiko amade futhi abanzi. I-Prey itholakala kuphela ngokubona (ngokuhlukile, amachwane aseMelika anomqondo omuhle wephunga). Zinezindebe ezinamandla, kodwa imilenze ebuthakathaka, ayikwazi ukubekezelela inyamazane. Isici se-anatomical sesici umthamo omkhulu we-goiter nesisu sokusetshenziswa kwenqwaba yokudla.

Imisuka imvamisa ifinyelela phezulu lapho ifinyelela phezulu, ifuna inyamazane futhi ibuke. Uma omunye wabo ebona ukudla, kwehla, bese ezinye izinyoni zindizela lapho. Izimpi zokudla zivame ukwenzeka lapha, kepha iqembu elikhulu lezinyoni lingabesabisa abanye abazingelayo. Imvamisa ukudla abakudlayo konakaliswa ngokuphelele. Ubomvu noma igazi elisidumbu ligeleza engxenyeni engabonakali yomzimba bese liphuma emzimbeni wentamo lihamba no “khola” okhethekile wezimpaphe. I-acidity ephezulu yejusi esiswini ibulala ama-cadaveric bacteria futhi isiza ukuncibilikisa amathambo, kanti nama-bacteriotic ama-bacteriotic asemathunjini anciphisa ubuthi begciwane. Imicibisholo isabalalisa izimpaphe ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze imisebe ye-ultraviolet ibulale amagciwane kwimpaphe yazo.

Izinhlobo

• I-African Vulture ( Ama-gyps africanus )
• I-Bengal Vulture ( Ama-Gyps bengalensis )
• ICape vulture ( Ama-Coprotheres ama-Gyps )
• I-Griffon Vulture ( Gyps fulvus )
• Isithwathwa seqhwa ( Ama-gyps himalayensis )
• I-Indian vulture ( Isibonakaliso se-Gyps )
• Umlimi wase-Afrika ( Ama-Gyps rueppellii )
• Ama-gyps tenuirostris

Imisindvo ibizwa nangokuthi izinhlobo zezinyoni zezinye izinhlobo zohlobo lwangaphansi komhlaba, kanye namaqhubu aseMelika.

Izici nendawo yokuhlala

Vultures - Lezi zinkulu ngosayizi, izinyoni ezidla inyama. Kuyisiko ukufaka bonke abamele le-subfamily yama-vulture, lapho kukhona izinhlobo eziyishumi nohlobo olunhlanu. Mayelana nabo namhlanje futhi kuzoxoxwa ngakho.

Inyoni Yezinyoni

Kuzinyoni imindeni yama-vulture Ama-Vultures nawo angawokunye okukhumbuza kakhulu ukubonakala kwezidleke zaseMelika, kepha ososayensi abafisi ukuwahlanganisa ngobumbano, kepha babheka amabala asondelene namaqhubu kanye nabesilisa abaneentshebe.

Izinyoni, ngokwesilinganiso, zingama-60 cm ubude futhi zinesisindo esingamakhilogremu amabili. Bakhetha ukuhlala emithambekeni yezintaba, ogwadule nezindawo zokubhukuda, ngoba bathanda izindawo ezibukelwe kahle nezandisiwe, abazishiyi izindawo zabo futhi bangahambi.

Vunda esithombeni ayihlukile ngokubukeka okuhle, isuselwa kumbala wempaphe omnyama: grey, brown or brown, intamo ende, okuthi ezinhlotsheni eziningi ingenazimpaphe futhi imbozwe ngefluff.

Zinezintambo ezinkulu, ezelukiwe futhi, ezihlukaniswa ngamandla, uqhwaku, i-goiter evelele kakhulu, enkulu, iyindilinga emaphethelweni, ngamaphiko ububanzi, ngomsila oshisiwe, ilukhuni.

Imilenze inika umbono wokuqina nokuqina okukhulu, kepha ngeminwe ebuthakathaka engavumeli inyamazane ukuthi ithwalwe ngesigqoko esimfushane nangokufushane, kepha izinyawo ezinjalo zenza ukuba zikwazi ukuhamba ngokushesha futhi zigijime ngezinyathelo ezincane kodwa ezisheshayo.

Izinyoni zingawomndeni wakwa-hawk, zihlala emazweni anomoya ofudumele futhi asakazwa kabanzi endaweni esempumalanga ye-hemisphere. Inyoni enkulu kunazo zonke edla inyama yezinkukhu kusukela ukuphakama ingafinyelela ukukhula kwamamitha, amaphiko angaba cishe amathathu, futhi isisindo somzimba singaba amakhilogremu ayishumi.

Kuyinto inyoni emnyama yasendle, ehlala eningizimu yeYurophu kanye nasenyakatho ne-Afrika, kepha miningi kakhulu ezwenikazi lase-Asia. Efuna ukudla, uyakwazi ukundiza aze afike ku-300-400 km ngosuku.

Isimilo nendlela yokuphila

Inyoni yeVurb iyasebenza ngempela futhi iyaguga, inamandla okwenza izindiza ezinde. Futhi yize i-vishing indiza kancane, iyakwazi ukukhuphukela phezulu.

Ukuhamba kwendiza

Izinyoni aziyona ingxenye yesigaba se-savvy, ngaphezu kwalokho, ziyigwala futhi azinangqondo, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye futhi zinokuzikhukhumeza nentukuthelo yemvelo, zivame ukuguqula zibe yimbudane.

Ama-Scavenger, okungukuthi owendalo kungokwayo, ahluka ngokuziphatha kusuka ezihlotsheni zawo ezidla izambane likapondo, akhetha ukuzingela izisulu bukhoma, ngokuba khona kwezimpawu zokuziphatha komphakathi, eziboniswa ikakhulu ekufuneni ukudla nasekuhlukaniseni inyamazane, lapho abonisa khona ubukhosi obuqinile. Inyoni yesiguli esolisayo futhi ingagcinwa ekudingisweni, ezindaweni zasekhaya, lapho kwakhiwa khona izindiza ezinkulu.

Kwezinye izimo, bayakwazi ukuzalanisa izidleke ezifakwe ngokukhethekile emashalofini, noma kunjalo, izihlahla zisalungele bona, emagatsheni abo baqinisa ipulatifomu ngohlaka. Abantu bade bazama nokusebenzisa imihuzuko, kodwa kulo mkhakha awuphumelelanga impumelelo enkulu. Ukuhluka kwezinye izimo kungukuhlafunwa kwekhanda elimhlophe kuphela.

Kepha eMelika, izingwebu zisengazama ukusebenzela abantu, kusetshenziswa amakhono ezinyoni ukulungisa amapayipi kaphethiloli. Lapho ukuvuza kwegesi okunzima ukukuthola ngezindlela ezijwayelekile, izinyoni ziyagcwala lapho ngamaqembu amaningi, ngoba into enephunga ibakhumbuza ngephunga le-carrion elenziwa yizidleke zivela kude.

Umsoco

Intamo yentamo inomthamo omkhulu, futhi imvumela ukuthi adle inani elithile lokudla. Ijusi le-gastric inamandla amakhulu kangangokuba ingancibilikisa ngisho namathambo ezidla inyama. Lezi zinyoni zingama-scavenger ajwayelekile.

Bayakwazi ukudla ngisho nezilwane ezibolile ngokuphelele nezonakele. Imvelo yenza isiqiniseko sokuthi ubandlululo kusukela kwesidumbu negazi laso elonakele likhanywa kusuka entanjeni yentamo ku-collar ye-fluff iye phansi.

UViet uthanda ukudla inyama

Futhi emathunjini akhe kuphila ama-bacterium akhethekile angafaka ubuthi be-cadaveric. Ukuze ukhubaze i-plumage, izidleke zelule amaphiko azo, ziwaveze emisebeni yelanga.

Ngokungafani nenhlwathi yaseMelika, enomqondo omuhle wokuhogela, lo mbila ojwayelekile ubheka inyamazane ngosizo lokubona, inyukela phezulu emoyeni futhi ibona izidumbu zezilwane eziwile. Kungcono kakhulu ukudla izilwane ezincelisayo ezifile, noma ungazideleli izilwane ezihuquzelayo zezilwane, kanye nezihlobo zazo ezinemibala, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izidumbu zabantu.

Futhi munye kuphela ongathola ukudla, abafowabo baphuthuma khona lapho. Ngalesi sizathu, lapho babelana ngokuphangwa, bavame ukuba nokuxabana, ukuxabana nokulwa. Kepha uma izinyoni ezinolaka zizihlanganisa nezimbangi zazo, zingabesabisa futhi ziphoqe abaphikisi abakhulu nabanamandla ukuba bathathe umhlalaphansi.

Owesifazane ongumunwe wezinwe

Labamele izinyoni bayakwazi ukuhlasela izidalwa eziphilayo kuphela uma kwenzeka kuba nendlala enkulu, kepha ikakhulukazi abagulayo nababuthakathaka bakhethelwa lokhu. Noma inyoni yezinyoni ezidla inyama, kumuntu akuyona ingozi.

Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside

Izinyoni ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza amaphuphu cishe eminyakeni eyisithupha ngemuva kokuzalwa. Phakathi kwamaqhubu, kukhona izinyunyana ezithandanayo kuphela, owesilisa unaka umuntu oyedwa kuphela, futhi bobabili abazali bakhulisa amaphuphu.

Imidlalo yokuhlobanisa iqala ezinyangeni ngoJanuwari, iyaqhubeka kuze kube nguJulayi. Ngalesi sikhathi, umlingani unakekela okhethiwe wakhe, ohambisana nokunaka ukunakwa, imidanso yokuqomisana emhlabathini futhi inyukela phezulu emoyeni.

Izimpiko zentamo ziyamangalisa

Ozakwethu bagijimisana belandelana, basuke bese bechaza imibuthano lapho befika. Inani eliphakeme lomsebenzi wale midlalo libonakala ngoMashi nango-Ephreli. Ngokubeka amaqanda, indawo imvamisa ikhethwa endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ambalwa. Kungaba umgodi noma umdwebo wezihlahla eziwile neziqu ezomile.

Kwesinye isikhathi, izindawo ezikhethekile ziyakhethelwa lokhu ngaphansi kwengqimba yezimila eziningi, ngaphansi kwamatshe nangasemaphethelweni ezulu. Imvamisa lokhu kwenzeka ezindaweni zabantu ezixhotsheni zezindlu nasezakhiweni zezolimo. Ama-Vultures ajwayele ukusebenzisa izindawo ezenziwe ngomumo futhi angazakhi izidleke zawo, futhi nendawo efanayo isetshenziswa iminyaka eminingi.

Inkukhu yeViet

Imvamisa, amaqanda amabili abekwa, kepha angaba munye noma amathathu. Futhi amachwane avela emavikini ambalwa. Abazali bayabondla, bagobe ukudla. Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, amawundlu abopha ngokuphelele.

Ekuthunjweni, izinhlobo ezixubile zingavela kubantu bezinhlobo ezihlukile. Imishanguzo inesikhathi sokuphila esingaba yiminyaka engama-40. Kwenzeka kaningi ukuthi abantu ezinhlotsheni zalezi zinyoni baphila cishe ngokufana nabantu, bafinyelele eminyakeni engama-50.

Ukuvela kwentamo emnyama

Amabhubesi amnyama angenye yezinyoni ezinkulu kakhulu ezidla inyama emhlabeni, ngobude afinyelela amasentimitha angama-95-120, kanti amaphiko lawo ngamamitha ayi-2,5,3.

Umsila unobude cishe amasentimitha angama-30-45, nezimpiko - amasentimitha angama-75-90. Isisindo somzimba sehluka kusuka kumakhilogremu amane kuya kwayi-14. Entshonalanga izinyoni zihlala, ubukhulu bazo bukhulu. Ngakho-ke ubukhulu bezimpungushe ezimnyama ezihlala eSpain zingaphansi kosayizi bamaqhubu asuka eMongolia cishe yi-10%.

Ukundiza kwale nyoni kubukeka kumangalisa futhi kuqinile.

Izinyoni zalolu hlobo zinenqwaba yombala onsundu omnyama. Ingxenye engenhla yentamo nekhanda ayimbozwa izimpaphe, kepha ngombala obukhulu phansi. Ngaphansi kwentamo kufakelwe izimpaphe ezinde ezikhonjisiwe ezibukeka njengomgexo womgexo.

Izimpiko zibanzi futhi zinde. Uqhwaku lunamandla angenamkhala amakhulu, umbala ongwevu. Imilenze yezinyoni iphuzi. Iris icishe ibe mnyama. Ezinyoni ezincane, iplamu nomobe zimnyama ngokuphelele.

Imisindvo indiza kancane, ngokubaluleka nokuqina. Izinyoni zenza ikhwela, umsindo othulayo, ofana nowomsindo.

Indlela yokuphila yezinsundu ezimnyama kanye nesisekelo sokudla kwazo

Amabhubesi amnyama yiziqaqa ezidla izidumbu zezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, ezihuquzelayo nezinhlanzi. Lezi zinyoni ezinkulu zifuna inyamazane evela emoyeni. Iqiniso lokuthi kunokudla eduzane, amabhulukwe ahlulelwa ngokuqokelelwa kwama kites, amajuba kanye nezimpethu.

Ngokubona isidumbu sesilwane, isilo esimnyama siwela phansi ngetshe, abanye abantu, sebebonile lo mjikelezo, nabo bagijimela ekuphangeni. Eduze kwezidumbu zezilwane ezinkulu kuhlangana kuze kube yi-10-15 scavenger.

Intamo emnyama inombono omuhle kakhulu.

Amaqhubu amnyama emvelweni adlala indima yokuhleleka ehlathini, acekela phansi izicubu zezilwane eziwohlayo. Lezi zinyoni zihlala kuphela ezindaweni ezifudumele, ngoba azikwazi ukubhekana nenyama eqandisiwe. Zidla izidumbu kuphela, kanti nezilwane ezidla emadlelweni awazithokozisi. Ngakho-ke, amabala amnyama awalimazi abantu. Kepha, ngaphandle kwalokhu, inani labantu lehlile kakhulu eminyakeni engama-200 edlule.

Isizathu esikhulu sokwehla kwesibalo sabantu ukwehla kwezidingo zokudla. Abantu bangcwaba izidumbu zezilwane emhlabathini, futhi bangaziphonsi phansi, ngaphezu kwamagundane anobuthi, basebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane, ezifaka izisu zemihlangano ehlathini bese zibabulala.

Kuze kube manje, izindlanzana seziyivelakancane endaweni enkulu ukusuka eKorea kuye ePortugal. Isibalo sabantu abacishe babe ngama-5000. Kepha kuleminyaka eyishumi edlule eYurophu kube nokwanda kwenani lalezinhlobo, futhi nakwamanye amazwe isimo, njengakuqala, siyaqhubeka sicindezela.

Amapheya entamo emnyama angahluka, ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala.

Inyoni yeVietnam. Incazelo, izici, izinhlobo, indlela yokuphila nentamo yokuhlala kwentamo

Ukuvela kwezidleke akubukeki kakhulu. Le nyoni inentamo ende ye-neoprene, uqhwaku olukhulu olugobile, nesigaxa esikhulu. Izimpiko ezibanzi nezinkulu entanyeni zizungezwe ngasemaphethelweni, umsila ungena, ulukhuni, emilenzeni - izifushane ezimfushane, ezimfushane. Umbala wepumage wamaqhubu umnyama, ompunga kakhulu, onsundu noma omnyama.

Ngasikhathi sinye, amabhulukwe ayizinyoni ezindala nezishukumisayo. Bahamba kalula futhi ngokushesha, ukundiza kahle. Indiza entanyeni ihamba kancane, kepha inyoni ingakhuphuka ibe phezulu kakhulu. Izimpungushe nazo zinamehlo amahle kakhulu, ezibavumela ukuba bathole inyamazane bekude.

Imisuka izinyoni ezinamahloni, ezinamacabango futhi ezishesha kakhulu futhi ezingacasuki. Zaziwa njengenye yezinyoni ezinonya kakhulu ezidla inyama.

Izici Zentambo

Imishanguzo i-scavenger ejwayelekile. Zidla izidumbu zezilwane ezincelisayo, ikakhulukazi ezingakhanyisi. Umthamo omkhulu wejusi esiswini uvumela inyoni ukuthi igaye ngisho namathambo, nama-microorganisms akhethekile emathunjini entamo athambise ubuthi be-cadaveric.

Lapho efuna ukudla, lo msebe ukhuphuka usuka kumamitha angama-200 kuye kwangama-500. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubheka ngokucophelela ezinye izinyoni zohlobo oluthile nohlobo lwamafinya, okungamholela nasekuphangeni.

Isidumbu esisodwa sesilwane esifile sidliwa ngabantu abangamatshumi ayisikhombisa ukuya emakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, bayakwazi ukusikaza ngokugcwele isidumbu se-antelope kungakapheli imizuzu eyi-10. Umhlanga owodwa omdala udla kuze kufike ku-1 kg yenyama. Umuthi awukwazi ukubhoboza isikhumba esikhulu, kepha ukwakheka kwekhanda nentamo kuvumela inyoni ukuba ibushelelezi izitho zangaphakathi zezilwane kanye nalezo ezivikelwe izimbambo.

Ukuchazwa kwenyoni

Ukuvela kwezidleke akubukeki kakhulu. Le nyoni inentamo ende ye-neoprene, uqhwaku olukhulu olugobile, nesigaxa esikhulu. Izimpiko ezibanzi nezinkulu entanyeni zizungezwe ngasemaphethelweni, umsila ungena, ulukhuni, emilenzeni - izifushane ezimfushane, ezimfushane. Umbala wepumage wamaqhubu umnyama, ompunga kakhulu, onsundu noma omnyama.

Ngasikhathi sinye, amabhulukwe ayizinyoni ezindala nezishukumisayo. Bahamba kalula futhi ngokushesha, ukundiza kahle. Indiza entanyeni ihamba kancane, kepha inyoni ingakhuphuka ibe phezulu kakhulu. Izimpungushe nazo zinamehlo amahle kakhulu, ezibavumela ukuba bathole inyamazane bekude.

Imisuka izinyoni ezinamahloni, ezinamacabango futhi ezishesha kakhulu futhi ezingacasuki. Zaziwa njengenye yezinyoni ezinonya kakhulu ezidla inyama.

I-African Vulture (amaGyps africanus)

Le nyoni iphakathi ngosayizi. Ubude bamaphiko busuka ku-55 kuya ku-64 cm, amaphiko afinyelela ku-218 cm. Umsila ubude bawo bube ngama-24 kuye ku-27 cm, buzungezwe. Umbala we-plumage onsundu noma ukhilimu, abantu abadala bakhanya kunezingane. Esisekelo sentamo kukhona "ikholaji" emhlophe yaphansi. Umlomo unamandla, mude. Ikhanda nentamo ngaphandle kwezimpaphe, zimnyama. Amehlo amnyama. Imilenze imnyama.

Izinhlobo lezi zidlangile emazweni aseningizimu yeSahara (i-Senegal, Gambia, neMauritania, iMali, iNigeria, iCameroon, iSouthern Chad, iSudan, iTopiya, iSomalia, iMalawi, iMalawi, iZambia, iZimbabwe, iNingizimu Afrika, iBotswana, iNamibia, iSouth Angola).

Le nyoni ihlala kuma-savannas, emathafeni nasezigangeni ezinamaqabunga. Kwesinye isikhathi zitholakala ezindaweni ezinamakhaza, ama-shrubbery, kanye namahlathi aseduze nemifula. Umlimi wase-Afrika uhlala ezindaweni eziphakeme aze afike ku-1,500 m ngaphezu kolwandle nangaphezulu.

Amabhubesi ase-Afrika ayizinyoni ezihlala phansi ezihlala phansi, futhi angazulazula nje emva kokuphanga kwazo.

I-Bengal Vulture (ama-Gyps bengalensis)

Inyoni enkulu enobude bomzimba obungamasentimitha angama-75 kuya kwangama-90. Izimpiko ezinamaphiko angama-200 kuye kuma-220 cm. Isisindo sabantu abadala sisebangeni ukusuka ku-3.5 kuya ku-7.5 kg.

Ezingweni ezindala zaseBengal, amapayipi amnyama, acishe abe mnyama, anemifula yesiliva emaphikweni awo. Ikhanda nentamo akunalutho, kwesinye isikhathi kube nsundu phansi. Esisekelo sentamo kukhona "ikholaji" emhlophe ekhanyayo. Umsila umhlophe. Amaphiko angezansi nawo amhlophe, abonakala kahle endizeni. Umlomo unamandla, mfushane, umnyama. Amachaphaza amnyama, anezinhlaka eziqinile. Iris nsundu. Intsha ilula kunabantu abadala.

Indawo yokuhlala yalolu hlobo ifaka i-India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan, Iran. Futhi, le nyoni itholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, eMyanmar, eCambodia, eLaos, eThailand naseVietnam. Umlimi waseBengal uhlala emathafeni nasemathafeni aphakathi kwezintaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uvame ukuhlala eduze komuntu, eduze namadolobhana aseba indawo yakhe yedoti. Izinyoni zidla endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1000 ngaphezu kolwandle.

I-Griffon Vulture (Ama-Gyps fulvus)

Ubude bomzimba busuka ku-93 kuya ku-110 cm, amaphiko acishe abe ngu-270 cm. Inhloko encane yenyoni imbozwe nge-fluff emhlophe, uqhwaku luboshiwe, intamo yinde nge "khola", amaphiko mide futhi ububanzi, umsila umfushane, uyindilinga. I-plumage emzimbeni iba nsundu, esiswini ilula kancane, ibomvu. Izimpiko zinombala onsundu, zicishe zibe mnyama.I-iris nsundu ephuzi, imilenze ingwevu. Izinyoni ezincane zilula, zibomvu.

Izinhlobo lezi zihlala eningizimu yeYurophu, enyakatho nasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika nase-Asia, lapho zihlala khona ezintabeni noma ezintabeni ezomile nezindawo eziwugwadule ezinamadwala. Le nyoni ivame ukutholakala ezintabeni ezindaweni eziphakeme kuze kufike ku-3000 m nangaphezulu.

Isithwathwa seqhwa noma i-Himalayan (Gyps himalayensis)

Inyoni enkulu enesisindo somzimba engama-8 kuya kwayi-12 kg, ubude kusuka ku-116 kuya ku-150 cm, namapiko afinyelela kuma-310 cm. Umbala weplamu ufana nomlindo onamakhanda amhlophe, kepha ngokuvamile inyoni ilula, "ikholaji" layo aligcwele phansi, kepha izimpaphe. Izinyoni ezincane, kunalokho, zimnyama.

Izinhlobo zivame ezintabeni eziphakeme zeHimalayas, eMongolia, Sayan, Tibet, Khubsugul, Pamir, Tien Shan, eDzungarian naseZailiysky Alatau (ezindaweni eziphakeme ukusuka ku-2000 kuya ku-5000 m). Ebusika, azulazula ebheke phansi.

Ngubani emndenini we-vhung ofaka nentshebe?

Umzingeli onentshebe ovela emndenini wezinyoka, ngokungafani nabafowabo abanqunu balolu hlobo, uthwala ukhokho obomvana obumnandi. I-Vallen Bearded inenqwaba yezinwele ezimnyama ngaphansi komlomo wayo - uhlobo lwentshebe. Kungakho bambiza kanjalo. Isitsha esithandekayo salolu hlobo lwamakhaza amathambo. Wondla amaphuphu kanye nawo.

Indoda enentshebe ye-Vulture inyoni edla inyamaKuliqiniso, udla kakhulu ku-carrion, kepha uma ehlangabezana nembuzi yasezintabeni egulayo noma elimele, uyakujabulela ukuyiqeda.

Vored intshebe indoda noma iwundlu.

Kwesinye isikhathi intamo yendoda enentshebe intshontsha amawundlu kubelusi bendawo, yona eyayitholela igama elilodwa ngaphezulu - iwundlu le-vulture.

Ukusakazeka kwentamo

Imishanguzo ifinyelela eminyakeni yobudala engama-6. Lezi zinyoni zodwa kuphela, kanti owesilisa unaka owesifazane oyedwa, futhi bobabili abalingani bakhulisa amaphuphu.

Isizini yokuzalela iqala ngoJanuwari futhi iqhubeke kuze kube nguJulayi. Ngalesi sikhathi, owesilisa unakekela insikazi, uyinaka ngokukhethekile, enza imidanso yokugomela phansi nasemoyeni. Owesilisa nowesifazane bangagijimisana, basuke bese bechaza imibuthano lapho befika. Izinyoni ziyasebenza ikakhulukazi emidlalweni enjalo ngoMashi nango-Ephreli.

Ngokubeka amaqanda, amabele akhetha indawo ephakeme ngamamitha amaningana ukusuka emhlabathini. Imvamisa, lokhu kuyisihlahla noma umgobongo esihlahleni esiwile noma esiqwini esomile. Imisindvo ihlala nasezindaweni ezivikelekile, embozwe ungqimba oluningi lwezimila, ngaphansi kwamatshe amakhulu noma ngisho onqenqemeni lwethafa. Izinhlobo eziningi azesabi izidleke eduze kwezindlu zabantu, ngokwesibonelo, emifantweni yezindlu noma ezakhiweni zezolimo.

Imishanguzo ayizakhi izidleke ngokwayo, kepha zama ukuthola indawo efanelekile kakhulu ngalezi zinhloso, lo mbhangqwana ozoyisebenzisa iminyaka eminingi.

Kwibhodwe elilodwa, insikazi ineqanda ama-1 kuya kwayi-3, imvamisa 2. Amaqanda aqanduselwa amasonto ambalwa. Ababelethi bondla amantshontsho asanda kuzalwa izinyanga ezingama-2-3, bebasondeza ukudla kwabo.

Lapho eneminyaka emibili izinyanga, amaphuphu womhlume agcwele ngokuphelele.

Iminyaka yokuphila okulindelwe kufinyelela eminyakeni engama-40. Ekudingisweni, kwaqoshwa amacala lapho inyoni isinda ifinyelela eminyakeni engama-50.

Ukuziphatha okujwayelekile

Lapho le nyoni indiza ngaphezu komhlaba, kungabonakala sengathi inaka kuphela okwenzekayo emhlabeni, kepha akunjalo. Umhlaseli uhlakaniphile kangangokuba uqapha izihlobo ngasikhathi sinye, nazo eziseduzane ngendiza yamahhala. Lapho nje umuntu ewele phansi emhlabathini, ngoba okusele kuyisibonakaliso - inyamakazi efile ingezansi, futhi nabo balandela phansi. Abantu abasenkingeni, abalimele kakhulu, bakhathele ukoma noma indlala, besaba ize amaqhubu - abasoze bathinta isidalwa esiphilayo. Enye into ukuthi bangasheshisa ngokwengqondo ngokwenzelwa ekufeni ngokuba seduze futhi balinde ukufa "kwesidlo sakusihlwa" esizayo.

Ngisho nomuntu noma isilwane esinganyakazi ngokuphelele, ngeke aqale ukudla.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngenyoni

• Ngenxa yokuncipha kwenqwaba yezidleke, namuhla lezi zinyoni zingaphansi kokubhekwa nokuvikelwa. Izinyoni zivame ukulinyazwa ubuthi nezidakamizwa abantu abajwayele ukuzisebenzisa kwezolimo. Ngakho-ke, emazweni lapho kuhlala khona izidleke, kuvame ukwenqatshelwa ukusebenzisa, ngokwesibonelo, i-diclofenac kwezokwelapha. Ukuzingela i-Vulture nakho kukhawulelwe.
• Emicikilweni yemilingo yaseNingizimu Afrika, umuthi wokubhema omile ubuchopho ubikezela ikusasa. Ngesikhathi seNdebe Yomhlaba eSouth Africa (2010), abantu basebenzise le ndlela yasendulo kaningi ukubikezela imiphumela yalo mqhudelwano kangangokuba bacishe basabisa ngokuba khona kwamaqhubu.

Umehluko ezinhlotsheni ezifanayo

Isilo se-Afrika singadidaniswa neminye imihuzuko emithathu: iCape Vulture evela eSouth Africa, iRippel Vulture, ehlala ezindaweni ezisentshonalanga, enkabeni nasenyakatho ne-Afrika, kanye neVhite enekhanda elimhlophe, ehlala enyakatho yeSudan, Ethiopia, Mali, neMauritania naseSenegal.

ICape Vulture inkulu, inomlomo omkhulu futhi inentamo ende nebanzi. Izinyoni ezindala zinamehlo aphuzi, amapayipi amhlophe xaxa, futhi ezindizayo zikhanya kancane ngaphansi kwamaphiko, izembozo ezinkulu ezimnyama, nezimpaphe ezinemibala emibili ye-oda yesibili ziyabonakala. Izinyoni ezincane zilula futhi zibekeke ngaphezulu, zinentamo emfushane ebomvu.

Intamo kaRuppel nayo inkulu kakhulu kunentamo yase-Afrika, enoqhwaku olukhulu, inentamo ende futhi enenyoka. Akunakwenzeka ukudida intambo endala yeRüppel nomhlanzo wase-Afrika, yize izinyoni ezincane zifana kakhulu nayo, kepha zikhanya futhi zibuthuntu, ngamehlo ansundu ansundu, umlomo wensundu nomsipha onsundu. Kulula ukwahlukanisa intambo yeRüppel endizeni: ngaphezulu kwezimpaphe ezimnyama zempukane.

Umuthi we-griffon mkhulu kakhulu, unamaphiko amade kakhulu nentamo emfushane nomsila. Amehlo aphuzi. Umbala weplamu ulula futhi ubomvu kunentamo yase-Afrika. Izimpaphe ezinkulu ezimboze izimpiko zimnyama. Ngaphansi kwamaphiko kunombala ofanayo nesisu, kuqhathaniswa izimpaphe nomsila.

Ngabe adlani amaqhubu?

I-Vonkey iyinyoni edla inyama, noma kunalokho, i-scavenger. Lezi zinyoni azivamile ukuhlasela izidalwa eziphilayo, zincamela ukudla izidumbu zezilwane. Kuphela ngesinye isikhathi ngesikhathi sendlala ebuhlungu, amanqe alinge ukuhlasela izilwane eziphilayo. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nakulesi simo, izinyoni zizama ukukhetha izidalwa ezibuthakathaka noma ezigula kakhulu.

Ososayensi abakubonile ukusebenza kwalezi zinyoni bathi lo mkhuba yiwona ongaluma izidumbu zezilwane ezincelisayo, kepha kwezinye izikhathi awukubi budedengu, izinhlanzi, kanye nezihlobo zayo - ezinye izinyoni. Kuyamangaza ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, eNdiya, izigcwelegwala zithinta izidumbu zabantu abaphonswe njengokujwayelekile ngemuva kokushona eMfuleni iGanges.

Incazelo yeVietnam

Ama-genus Gyps (amaqhubu, noma amabala) ayizinhlobo eziningana ezivela emndenini wabazungu, obizwa nangokuthi yi-Old World enkulukazi. Ziyafana namaMelika (ama-vetures of the New World), kepha noma kunjalo azithathwa njengezihlobo zawo. Futhi ngisho nezimpisi ezimnyama, eziyingxenye yomndeni ofanayo onamakhowe, zakha uhlobo olungafaniyo lwe-Aegypius monachus.

Kuhlala amangaki amaningi

Kukholelwa ukuthi laba bantu abadla ezinye baphila isikhathi eside (bobabili ngemvelo nasekuthunjweni), cishe iminyaka engama-50- 55. U-Alfred Brem ukhulume ngobungani obumangalisayo bomsipha onamakhanda amhlophe nenja endala, owayehlala nomhluzi othile. Ngemuva kokushona kwenja, bayinika umgqomo, kepha yena, ngisho elambile, akazange athinte umngani wakhe, wafisa futhi wafa ngosuku lwesishiyagalombili.

Izinhlobo Zokudlula

Uhlobo lweGyps luhlanganisa izinhlobo eziyi-8:

• Ama-Gyps africanus - i-African Vulture,
• Ama-Gyps bengalensis - i-Bengal vulture,
• Ama-Gyps fulvus - i-griffon vulture,
• Isibonakaliso se-Gyps - i-Indian vulture,
• Amakhophi ama-Gyps - i-Cape voul,
• Ama-Gyps ruppellii - Isidlakela sikaRippel,
• Ama-Gyps himalayensis - isithwathwa seqhwa,
• Ama-Gyps tenuirostris - uhlobo phambilini olucubungule okuyi-subspecies yamaNdiya.

Habitat, indawo yokuhlala

Uhlobo ngalunye lunamathela ebangeni elithile, ngaphandle kokushiya imingcele yalo, lukhetha ukuzijabulisa okuvulekile okungamathafa - ugwadule, amasosevan kanye nemithambeka yezintaba. Umhlando wase-Afrika utholakala emathafeni, emahlathini, emahlathini aseningizimu yeSahara, naphakathi kwezihlahlana, ezindaweni ezinamachibi kanye namahlathi aqabulekile aseduze nemifula. Ama-Gyps tenuirostris ahlala izingxenye zeNdiya, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar neCambodia. IHimalayan vulture (Kumai) igibela ezindaweni eziphakeme zaseCentral / Central Asia, ihlala endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha ayi-2 kuye ku-5.2, ngaphezulu komugqa ophezulu wehlathi.

Umlimi waseBangal uhlala eSouth Asia (Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Nepal) futhi ngokwengxenye eSoutheast Asia. Izinyoni zithanda ukuhlala eduze kwabantu (ngisho nasemadolobheni amakhulu), lapho zizitholela khona ukudla okuningi.

Umlimi waseNdiya uhlala ezifundeni ezisentshonalanga neNdiya naseNingizimu nePakistan eseningizimu. ICape Seth izidleke eningizimu yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Lapha, e-Afrika, kodwa kuphela enyakatho nasempumalanga yayo, kuhlala umdanso kaRippel.

I-Griffon vulture - isakhamuzi sasezindaweni ezomile (ezintabeni nasethafeni) laseNyakatho Afrika, e-Asia naseNingizimu Yurophu. Kwenzeka ezintabeni zeCaucasus naseCrimea, lapho kunabantu abangabodwa. Ngekhulu le-19, izimpungushe ezinamakhanda amhlophe zindiza zivela eCrimea zaya eSivash. Namuhla, izidleke zibonakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukile zePerchula yeKerch: ezindaweni ezigcina iKaradag naseBlack Sea, kanye nasezifundeni zaseBakhchisarai, Simferopol naseBelogorsk.

Ukudla Kwezilwane

Lezi zinyoni zingama-scavenger ajwayelekile, zifuna inyamazane enokuhlela okude futhi zisheshe ukungena kuyo.. Ama-Vultures, ngokungafani nezidlakudla zeNew World, ahlomile hhayi ngomqondo wawo wephunga, kepha ngamehlo abukhali, okwenza sikwazi ukubona isilwane esikhathazayo.

Imenyu iqukethe ngokuphelele izidumbu ezingabumbanga (okokuqala) futhi kusuka ezinsaleleni zezinye, izilwane ezincane. Ekudleni kwemvelo:

Ezintabeni naseziwugwadule, izinyoni ziphenya ngezinto ezizungezile zivela phezulu noma zihambisane nezilwane ezihlaselayo ezimemezele ukuzingela okungafanele. Esehlakalweni sesibili, izimpungushe zimane nje zilinde isilo esinegazi ukuba sidedele eceleni. Amaqhubu awashesha futhi, uma isilwane silimele, linda ukufa kwaso okungokwemvelo bese kuthi lapho-ke siqale ukudla.

Kubalulekile! Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo ethandwayo, ama-sipes awalokothi aqede isisulu, asondeze ukufa kwabo. Uma "isidlo" ngokungazelelwe sikhombisa izimpawu zokuphila, isithombo siyancipha okwesikhashana, siye eceleni.

Uqhwaku lubhoboza isisu sesisu sesidumbu bese lunamathela ekhanda ngaphakathi, luqale isidlo sakusihlwa. Ngemuva kokugcwalisa indlala yokuqala, lo msindo ukhipha amathumbu, uwakhiphe bese uwagwinya. Ama-Viking adla ngokuhaha futhi ngokushesha, athela imbobo enkulu emhlanjini wezinyoni eziyishumi ngemizuzu eyi-10-20. Imvamisa, izinhlobo eziningi zezimpisi ziqoqelwa idili eduze kwesisulu esikhulu, ngenxa yokudla kwazo okuhlukile.

Ezinye zenzelwe izingcezwana ezithambile zesidumbu (uginindela wenyama kanye ne-offal), ezinye zilukhuni (i-cartilage, amathambo, imisipha nesikhumba). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo ezincane azikwazi ukubekezelela i-carrion enkulu (ngokwesibonelo, indlovu enesikhumba sayo esikhulu), ngakho-ke ilinde izihlobo zayo ezinkulu. Ngendlela, i-antidote ethile - ujusi wesisu othambisa wonke amagciwane, ama-virus kanye nobuthi - usiza ukumelana ne-cadaveric poves. Kufakazelwa ukuthi amachwane ayakwazi ukudonsa indlala isikhathi eside.

Ukuzalela inzalo

IViet ubusa nge-monogamy - imibhangqwana ihlala ithembekile kuze kube sekufeni komunye wabalingani. Kuliqiniso, azifani nge-fecundity, zikhiqiza inzalo kanye ngonyaka, noma iminyaka emi-2.

Ezinguzwini ezihlala endaweni enesimo sezulu esishisayo, isikhathi sokuzalela siwela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Owesilisa uzama ukuguqula ikhanda lowesifazane nge-aerobatics. Uma ephumelela, ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile kuvela iqanda elimhlophe esidlekeni, kwesinye isikhathi kube amabala ansundu. Isidleke esinamaphiko, esakhiwe egqumeni (edwaleni noma esihlahleni) ukuvikela izinyamazane, sibukeka njengesixa samagatsha awugqinsi lapho phansi kufakwe khona ngotshani.

Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Ubaba wesikhathi esizayo ubandakanyeka enqubweni yokufukamisela, ehlala izinsuku ezingama-47-57. Ababelethi bafudumeza ukubumbeka ngokunye: kuyilapho inyoni eyodwa ihlala esidlekeni, enye iphambuka ifuna ukudla. Lapho uguqula "unogada", iqanda liphendulwa ngokucophelela.

Leli thambo liqoshwe embozwe nge-fluff emhlophe, eyehla inyanga kamuva, yaqala ukuba mhlophe njenge-buffy-white. Abazali bondla ingane ngokudla okugaywe ngogqinsi, beyikhipha kusukela kuyilo. Isidleke sihlala isikhathi eside esidlekeni, sikhuphuka ohlangwini hhayi ngaphambi kwezinyanga ezingama-3-4, kepha ngalesi sikhathi akukwenqabeli ukondliwa ngabazali. Isidalwa esincanyana esizimele sizimela ngokuphelele ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, futhi ukuthomba akukona ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-4-7.

Izitha zemvelo

Izitha zemvelo zezidleke zifaka izimbangi zayo zokudla ukudla okwe-carrion - izimpungushe, amabala abonakalayo nezinyoni ezinkulu zezinyamazane. Iqa ukusuka kokugcina, i-sip izivikela ngentambo yephiko ebukhali, ehunyushelwe endaweni emile. Imvamisa inyoni egxekayo ithola ukushaya okubonakalayo bese isuswa ekhaya. Ngezimpungushe kanye ne-hyenas kuyadingeka ukuqala ukulwa, ukuxhuma hhayi kuphela amaphiko amakhulu, kodwa futhi nomlomo onamandla.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Inani lamaqhubu oMhlaba oMdala selinciphile kakhulu cishe kuzo zonke izifunda zokuhlala kwendawo yalo. Lokhu kungenxa yezizathu ze-anthropogenic, okusongela kakhulu ukuguqulwa kwezinga lokuhlanzeka kwezolimo. Ngaphansi kwemithetho emisha, izinkomo eziwile kufanele ziqoqwe futhi zingcwatshwe, yize ngaphambili zazishiywa emadlelweni. Ngenxa yalokhu, isimo sabo sokuhlanzeka siyathuthuka, kepha ukudla kwezinyoni ezidla inyama, kufaka phakathi amabala, kuyinto engenampilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lezinsimbi zasendle liyancipha unyaka nonyaka.

Ngokombono wezinhlangano zezemvelo, amaKumai, Cape kanye neBengal manje asesimweni esiyingozi kakhulu. Uhlobo olusengozini yokushabalala (ngokusho kwe-International Union for Conservation of Nature) luyisihlahla sase-Afrika, yize kusatshalaliswa izakhamizi ezweni lonke lase-Afrika. ENtshonalanga Afrika, inani lezinhlobo lehle ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwama-90, isibalo sezinyoni zingamakhanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-270.

Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Umsebenzi wezomnotho wabantu kumele futhi unecala lokwehla komqubuko wase-Afrika, kubandakanya nokwakhiwa kwamadolobhana amasha / amadolobhana esizeni se-savannah, lapho kusuka khona izilwane ezincelisayo.

Ama-sipes ase-Afrika azingelwa ngabantu bendawo, abasebenzisela isiko le-voodoo. Abantu abaphilayo babanjwa bathengiswe phesheya.. Amanenjana ase-Afrika ajwayele ukufela ngogesi wamanje, ehleli ezintanjeni ngaphansi kwamandla aphezulu. Amadlozi ase-Afrika nawo afa ngokudla ubuthi lapho ama-pesticides anobuthi (ngokwesibonelo, i-carbofuran) noma i-diclofenac esetshenziswa ngabadokotela bezilwane ukwelapha izinkomo zingena emzimbeni wazo.

Olunye uhlobo izinombolo zalo ezihamba kancane i-visher enamakhanda amhlophe. Le nyoni nayo igcwele ngaphandle kwendawo yayo yendabuko yabantu futhi ayinakho ukudla kwayo okujwayelekile (ama-ululates). Kodwa-ke, i-International Union for Conservation of Nature ayizibheki njengalezi zinhlobo ezisengozini, ingakunaki ukuncipha kobubanzi bawo nesitoko. Ezweni lethu, isivini esinamakhanda amhlophe kasijwayelekile, yingakho safika emaphepheni eNcwadi Ebomvu Yombuso WaseRussia.

I-Indian Vulture (ama-Gyps tenuirostris)

Inyoni ephakathi nendawo, efana kakhulu ne-Indian vulture. Ubude bomzimba wakhe buvela ku-80 kuye kuma-95 cm. I-plumage igcwele ngwempunga, ikhanda limnyama. Intamo ende ayinamibala.

Izinhlobo zitholakala eNdiya, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar naseCambodia.

Habitat

Indawo yokuhlala yindawo yama-savannas, amathafa kanye namahlathi anqabile. Iyatholakala nasezindaweni ezinamashibhi, ezihlahleni nasezihlathini ezingama-sparse eduze nemifula. Izinyoni zivame ukubonwa zihlala ezihlahleni. Izimpungushe zase-Afrika azihlali emahlathini aminyene. Bahlala eduzane nezilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo, imihlambi yezilwane ezingekho emthethweni, eduze kwepulazi lezinkomo kanye nabelusi abangabafuduki. Izinyoni zihlala kude nemizi nemizana emikhulu. Iningi lihlala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1,500 ngaphezu kolwandle, kepha ezinye izinyoni zitholwe endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-3,000 eKenya namamitha ayi-3 500 e-Ethiopia.

Ukufuduka

Izinyoni zihlala phansi noma zihlukane. Lapho zifuna ukudla, izinyoni ezindala zingandiza ezindaweni ezinkulu ngosuku. Ukufudukela endaweni entsha kwenzeka ngenxa yokufuduka kwezihlambi zezulu, okuvame kakhulu lapho kutholwa inani elanele le-carrion noma ngenxa yokuqala kwemvula. ENingizimu Afrika, izinyoni ezintathu ezindala ezinamaphiko zithuthele ezindaweni ezintsha ezikude ngamakhilomitha angama-67- 342, nezinyoni ezincane eziyisishiyagalombili - ku-117-980 km !.

Inombolo

Yize iqiniso lokuthi umdwebo wase-Afrika ubhebhethekile futhi uvame ukutholakala endaweni enkulu ye-Afrika, ngokusho kwe-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), kuyizinhlobo ezisengozini yokuphela. Isibalo sabantu ngamunye silinganiselwa ku-270,000.ENtshonalanga Afrika, inani labantu lehle ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwama-90, lancipha kakhulu eGhana, eNiger (le nyoni ayikaze ivele epaki likazwelonke kusukela ngonyaka we-1997), eNigeria (akukho okuqashelwayo kusukela ngonyaka ka-2011), eSudan, eSouth Sudan, eSomalia naseKenya (kubantu baseMasai Mara kwehle ngo-52% eminyakeni engu-15 edlule). Kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, inani labantu lihlala lizinzile e-Ethiopia, eTanzania nakuyo yonke iNingizimu Afrika, lapho inani lezinyoni lilinganiselwa kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-40. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi okwamanje lo mkhuba wase-Afrika awusongelwanga ukuqothulwa, kukhona ubungozi bokuthi inani lalezi zinyoni lingancipha ngokushesha.

Enye yezizathu zokuncipha kwenani labantu yile nto ebangelwa yi-anthropogenic - izindawo zama-savannah ziya ngokuya zincipha ngenxa yokukhula kwamadolobhana nemizana, futhi kanye nabo isibalo se-unulates, okuwumthombo ophambili wokudla kwamaqhubu, kuyancipha. Imishanguzo yase-Afrika yafa ngenxa yezintambo zokuhambisa ugesi ngokuthuthumela. Futhi, amacala okufa kwezidleke zase-Afrika ngenxa yobuthi kuvame ukurekhodwa, okuvela ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kokubulala izinambuzane ezinobuthi (kufaka phakathi i-carbofuran) ngumuntu, futhi nangenxa yokusebenzisa i-diclofenac ngezinhloso zezilwane - umuthi ongayingozi ezinkomeni, kepha obulala izinsimbi. Izingwe zase-Afrika ziyazingelwa njengoba zisetshenziswa ezenzweni ezinjenge voodoo. Amacala okuthengiswa kwezinyoni phesheya ngabashushumbisi nawo aqoshwa.

Izinyathelo zokuphepha

Inani lezinsizwa zase-Afrika lihlala ligadiwe. Lolu hlobo luvikelwe ezindaweni ezithile. Abantu sebeyazi kabanzi ngobungozi bokusebenzisa ubuthi ukulawula izinambuzane. Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezinobuthi kanye ne-diclofenac ekwelashweni kwezilwane akuvunyelwe. Kuthathwa izinyathelo ezahlukahlukene ukufundisa abantu ukuze kunciphise ubungozi bokufa kwezinyoni ngenxa yobuthi noma ukuzingela.