Ososayensi baseRussia baxwayise ngokusakazeka okusheshayo emanzini olwandle olwandle olunobungozi be-algae Prorocentrum. Lezi zitshalo zibangela lokho okubizwa nge- "red tide" kanye "nezimvula ezinegazi."
Bandisa ngokushesha indawo abahlala kuyo ngenxa yamakhono abo akhethekile okudla ngezinto ezi-organic and comporganic compounds cishe ezingenamkhawulo, kusho umagazini i-Estuarine, i-Coastal and Shelf Science.
Ngokusho kukaSergei Scarlato weSikhungo seCytology seRussia Academy of Sciences eSt. Petersburg, i-algae ebomvu ithatha i-nitrogen encibilikisiwe emanzini ngokulinganayo, futhi uma akwanele, baphendukela kalula ezinhlotsheni zomanyolo ze-organic noma ezithandwayo.
Izakhamizi zaseSpain nezaseCaribbean, ezisanda kuhlasela ukuhlasela kwe-algae ebomvu, zicubungula amaza nemvula ehambisana nayo, edwetshwe ngombala onsomi, izimpawu zokuphela komhlaba okusondele. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi bayaqinisekisa: akukho lutho olufana noMhlaba olungasongeliyo. Ukungalingani okubonakalayo kubangelwa ukwanda nokuqhakaza kobuncane be-Prorocentrum.
Ngokuya ezweni lezilwane - izinhlanzi, izinyoni, kanye namagciwane - "ama-red tide" kanye "nezimvula zegazi" ziyingozi, ngoba ama-microorganisms ahlala algae secrete nerve paralysis - i-brevetoxin nezinye izinto eziyingozi. Ososayensi bachaze ukuthi ngale ndlela, iplankton enobuthi ihlasela izimbangi ngokuntuleka kwezakhi zomzimba, ngesikhathi esifanayo ibaguqulele ekubeni ukudla kwabo.
Izinhlobo ezingaba ubuthi zama-dinoflagellates Prorocentrum ubuncane (zona ngokwazo ezingadali ubuthi, kepha imikhiqizo yazo edoti ingaba nobuthi) zangena eLwandle iBaltic futhi zalungisa izinhlobo zezilwane ezaziphila lapho ngaphambili kusuka kwababusi. Uzivumelanise nezimo ezintsha futhi ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile waqala ukwakha ukunqwabelana kwezigodi ezisogwini, ezilimaza imboni yezokudoba futhi zaba zimbi kakhulu izimfanelo zokuzithokozisa zaleli golide. Abantu abagcini nje ngokungajabulisi ukugeza ngamanzi aqhakaza, kodwa futhi bayingozi: ubuthi obunqwabelaniswa emanzini ngenxa yokuqhakaza kwama-dinoflagellates kuthinta kabi umzimba womuntu.
Ososayensi baseRussia bathola ukuthi ubuncane be-Prorocentrum, obusanda kuvela oLwandle iBaltic, bucothule ngempumelelo iplankton ejwayelekile kulo. Izindawo ezinkulu ze-algae elibomvu sezivele zakha amabala ogwini lwamazwe aseBaltic naseRussia, zaba usongo empilweni yabantu nasempilweni yezilwandle.
I-red algae ivumelane kalula nanoma yiluphi ushintsho futhi iyakwazi ukuba khona ngokuncipha okunamandla kosawoti wamanzi, kuguqula imetabolism. Lokhu kuhlola kukhombisa ukuthi ngokuncipha kokuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen complements emanzini, abahlali bavele bashintshele kweminye imithombo ye-nitrogen - imisindo yomsebenzi obalulekile wanoma yiziphi izinto eziphilayo, imikhiqizo yabo yokubola, noma umanyolo wamaminerali.
I-Pink salt lake iMasazirgol e-Azerbaijan - elinye lamachibi ayisishiyagalombili emhlabeni apinki.
Ososayensi baseRussia bazolingisa izimo lapho ubuncane be-Prorocentrum bezokwanda ikakhulukazi ngokushesha ukuze babikezele futhi balawule ukusatshalaliswa kwe-algae ebomvu.
Muva nje, ososayensi baseJalimane baphakamise ukuthi ukwanda okubanzi kwe-algae ebomvu kungathinta ngisho nesimo sezulu seplanethi.
Incazelo nezindlela zokukhiqiza kabusha
Ama-red algae (Rhodophyta) ayizitshalo zasemanzini ezitholakala ikakhulu emizimbeni yamanzi asolwandle. Ukutholwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezatholakala kuveza ukuthi izitshalo zaleli qembu sezivele zikhona emhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyinkulungwane edlule. Namuhla, kunezinhlobo ezingama-500 kuya kweziyi-1000 ze-algae ebomvu, phakathi kwazo izinhlobo ezingama-200 zamanzi amasha.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-algae ebomvu:
- i-bangian (bangiophyceae),
- i-floridea (i-florideophyceae),
- I-Anfelcia (ahnfeltia),
- phyllophora (phyllophora),
- i-porphyra (i-porphyra),
- i-gelidium (i-gelidium).
Ama-red algae, abameleli bawo abahlukile kwezinye izinhlobo kokuqukethwe kwe-chloroplast hhayi kuphela i-green pigment chlorophyll, bathola umbala wabo ngenxa yokuba khona kwama-phycoerythrins abomvu, ama-phycobilins aluhlaza kanye ne-carotenoids ephuzi. Lapho kuxuba le mibala ne-chlorophyll, afaka umbala kulesi sitshalo emibhedeni ehlukahlukene ebomvu.
Uma uthanda ividiyo, yabelana ngayo nabangani bakho:
I-algae ingadonsa uhla olubanzi lwemisebe ye-ultraviolet, ukuze ikhule ekujuleni kuka-100 kuya ku-500m. Emanzini, i-algae ibonakala imnyama ngenxa yokufakelwa okunamandla kokukhanya kwelanga, futhi emhlabeni iba bomvu.
Ama-Thalliums wezitshalo amelelwa amafomu ama-multicellular futhi anesakhiwo esihlukile:
- bushy
- isiqu seqabunga
- ngentambo
- lamellar.
I-red algae yigama elingahlukile kwabanye abamele lo mnyango. Ngenxa yamandla abo okugcina isitashi obomvu (ushukela we-glucose), babizwa nangokuthi okubomvu njengento yokugcina izinto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaseli alezi zitshalo aqukethe i-polyhydric alcohols kanye nekhabhoni enesisindo esincane.
Kwezinye izinhlobo (ngokwesibonelo, i-coralline), i-magnesium ne-calcium carbonate zikhona, ezenza sikwazi ukwakha ithambo elikhethekile. Izihlahla zeCrimson zakha isisekelo sezidwala zamakhorali. Amaseli we-algae akhiwa kusuka kungaphakathi le-cellulose nengaphandle le-amorphous lapho i-agar ihlukaniswe khona.
Uma uthanda ividiyo, yabelana ngayo nabangani bakho:
Izindlela Zokuzala:
- asexual. Ukuzala kabusha kusetshenziswa izigaxa ze-flagellate. Lesi yisici sezinhlobo eziningi ze-algae ebomvu,
- imifino. Abamele ikilasi iBagnevic neFloridia basakaza ikakhulu
- kwezocansi. Ukusakazwa ngu-oogamy. Le nqubo ingachazwa kafushane kanjena: lapho isitho sangasese sowesifazane se-ogonium sidonsela i-spermatozoa nge-protrusion ekhethekile (i-trichogyna), ngenxa yentuthuko eyinkimbinkimbi, kwakheka i-gonimoblast - isakhiwo esingcolile lapho kukhula khona amabala.
Kusetshenziswa obomvu
Izihlahla zeCrimson zisetshenziswa embonini nakwezokwakha. Ziqukethe inani elikhulu lamavithamini kanye namaminerali, futhi isisekelo sazo singamaphrotheni wokugaya ukudla kalula. Amafutha e-red algae fat asiza ekwakheni isikhumba ngokubamba iqhaza kwinqubo yokwakha ulwelwesi lwamaseli. Ukusuka kubo secar agar-agar, esetshenziswa njengendawo yemvelo ye-gelatin.
Izinhlobo ze-algae ebomvu ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-agar:
- i-ceramium
- gracilaria
- I-Anfelcia
- i-gelidium.
I-Porphyry red algae isetshenziswa njengomkhiqizo wokudla e-USA, Korea, Japan nase China. Ibhekwa njengesitsha se-gourmet futhi ikhule ngesilinganiso esikhulu emapulazini akhethekile. I-Porphyra inothile ngama-proitamin A, i-calcium, i-phosphorus, i-magnesium, i-fluorine kanye namavithamini we-B. Lezi zinto zibuyisela ukulinganisela kwamaminerali nokusiza ukuqinisa izindonga ze-vascular.
Ku-cosmetology, i-crimson isetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwemikhiqizo yokunakekelwa kwesikhumba yokulwa nokuguga. Zingama-antioxidants futhi zivimbela izinqubo ze-oxidative emzimbeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-carotenoids nama-polysaccharides aqukethe kulezi zitshalo athambisa isikhumba futhi abe nomphumela wokuphakamisa.
Uma uthanda ividiyo, yabelana ngayo nabangani bakho:
Izinhlobo ezincane ezibalulekile zobomvu zisetshenziswa kwezolimo ukuvundisa inhlabathi nokondla imfuyo. Njengasemanzini olwandle, asebenza njengomthombo wokudla nendawo yokuhlala yabakhileyo olwandle olujulile.
I-algae ebomvu inezakhiwo ezithilengenxa yokuthi asetshenziswa kanjani kwezokwelapha nasemasimini ahlobene nawo. Babambe iqhaza ekubuyiselweni kwamaseli we-pancreatic, bayingxenye yezidakamizwa ezilindelekile.
Izihlahla zeCrimson zinezimfanelo ezinjalo ezilusizo:
- immunomodulatory
- unqulo wesi arab
- antimicrobial
- antibacterial
- antimutagenic
- anti-ukuvuvukala
- i-antifungal.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-agar akugcini lapho kulungiswa i-jelly, jams kanye ne-marmalade. Kusetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ku-micobiology yokwanda amakoloni wamagciwane kanye nesikhunta kanye nesifundo sawo esilandelayo. I-Agar-agar ibaluleke kakhulu kulo mkhakha, ngoba ngaphandle kwayo bekungeke kwenzeke ukuthuthukisa imithi yokulwa namagciwane ayingozi.
Amakhebuli athambile wezidakamizwa enziwa kusetshenziswa i-agar-agar.ezidinga ukungenwa. Isakhi esibaluleke kunazo zonke zohlobo lwe-chondrus (i-Irish moss) ngama-polysaccharides abizwa nge-carrageenas. Zivimbela ukuvimbela ukukhula kwamaseli wegciwane le-HIV.
Amakhebuli athambile wemithi ayenziwa kusuka ku-algae aga-agar
Ukuzala kuma-Aquariums Ekhaya
Muva nje, ukugcinwa kwama-aquariums akugcini ekunakekeleni izinhlanzi. Umklamo we-Aqua uthola ukuthandwa njalo ngonyaka. I-algae ebomvu njengento eyisisekelo yokuhlobisa kwe-aquarium kuyinika ukubukeka okuhle nesimo sezulu emazweni asishisayo. Kodwa-ke, obomvu abukwazi ukuhlala kahle kahle esimisweni esithambile sendawo ye-aquarium yasekhaya. Zidinga ukwakhiwa kwezimo ezikhethekile nokunakekelwa ngokucophelela.
Uma ungalandeleli imithetho yokunakekela izitshalo, zingatshalwa endabeni yezinsuku futhi zigcwalise yonke indawo ezungezile. Lesi isibonakaliso esikhulu sokungalingani ku-aquarium. Izihlahla zeCrimson, eziyizitshalo ezidala ukhula, azikwazi ukukhula ngeziqu zezinye izidalwa, kepha futhi nasematsheni nakwezinye izinto zokuhlobisa.
Uma uthanda ividiyo, yabelana ngayo nabangani bakho:
Izindawo nezimo zokuhlala
I-algae ebomvu, noma obomvu (Rhodophyta) - uhlala ikakhulu olwandle (imvamisa ekujuleni okujulile kunalokho okuluhlaza futhi, ngenxa yobukhona be-phycoerythrin, ngokusobala ongasebenzisa imisebe eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukungena ngokujulile kunabanye ungene emanzini we-photosynthesis), kancane emanzini amasha nasenhlabathini . Ezinhlotsheni ezingama-4000 ezibomvu, izinhlobo ezingama-200 kuphela ezihlala emizimbeni yamanzi angenamanzi namanzi nenhlabathi. Izihlahla zeCrimson ziyizidalwa zasolwandle ezijulile. Bangakwazi ukuhlala ekujuleni okufika ku-100-200 m (futhi abanye abamele batholakale ekujuleni kuka-300 ngisho no-500 m), kepha bangakhula nasendaweni ephakeme yolwandle, kufaka phakathi i-littoral.
Isakhiwo se-algae ebomvu
Lapho ifushane i-wave waveth, amandla ayo amakhulu, ngakho-ke kuphela amaza okukhanya anamandla amafushane futhi, ngokufanele, ngamandla aphezulu angena ekujuleni okukhulu. Ama-pigment asizayo we-algae elibomvu andisa inani lokukhanya elimunwa yibo esifundeni esiluhlaza okotshani nokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okusobala.
Ukuqala kwama-chloroplasts ku-algae obomvu yi-cyanobacteria. Umbala oyinhloko wokugqwayiza yi-chlorophyll futhi (umbala oluhlaza). Izithambiso ezisebenzayo zokuhlobisa izithombe: i-chlorophyll d (kwezinye izinhlobo), ama-carotenoids (aphuzi) nama-phycobilins (aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - phycocyanin nobovu - phycoerythrin). Ama-phycobilins, anesimo samaprotheni, amukela izinsalela zokukhanya okwesibhakabhaka nokukhanya, zingena ekujuleni okukhulu.
Ngokuhambisana noshintsho esilinganisweni sobukhulu bemibala e-photosynthetic, umbala we-algae obomvu ushintsha ngokujula okuthuthukayo: emanzini angajulile aphuzi aluhlaza (kwesinye isikhathi abe nombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) abese ephenduka apinki, ekugcineni, ekujuleni okungaphezulu kwamamitha angama-50, athola umbala obomvu obukhulu.
Lezi zingwayi zibukeka zibomvu kuphela uma zidonswa ngaphandle. Ekujuleni okukhulu kuya ezinhlobonhlobo, zibonakala zimnyama, ngakho-ke ziwungenisa kahle wonke umcimbi wokukhanya kuwo.
Into yokugcina i-algae ebomvu - i-polymer ye-glucose ibizwa isitashi esibomvu. Ngokwesakhiwo, kusondele nesitashi sezilwane - glycogen.
Thallus (thallus), lezo. umzimba we-algae obomvu uvamisile multicellular (i-filamentous noma i-lamellar), akuvamile ukuba unicellular. Isigaxa esibomvu esithile, ngokwesibonelo ama-corallins anesikhumba esakhiwe nge-calcium carbonate (Caco 3) noma i-magnesium (MgCO 3). Babamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwezixhobo zamakhorali.
Inqubo yezocansi iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Uhlobo lwenqubo yocansi yi-oogamy. Ukushintshwa kwe-haploid (n) kanye ne-diploid (2n) izizukulwane, ezitshalweni ezibomvu kakhulu, lezi zizukulwane ziyi-isomorphic. Amageyimu aswele i- flagella.
Ukuzala kabusha kwe-Asexual - kusetshenziswa ama-spores angenawo ama-flagella.
Ukungabikho kwamafomu we-flagellum kuzo zonke izigaba zokuzala kuwuphawu lwesici se-algae elibomvu. Kukholakala ukuthi i-purplish, ngokungafani nomngani wabo we-algae, ovela kuma-eukaryotes asendulo, asasenayo i-flagella. Ngalesi sisekelo, i-deslish ngokuvamile ivelele embusweni okhethekile Rhodobionta.
I-algae ebomvu: izakhamizi zasolwandle, izilwandle kanye ... nezinhlanzi zasemanzini
Bambalwa kakhulu abamele lolu hlobo lwezitshalo ezihlala emanzini amasha, ngoba indawo yazo engokwemvelo ingamanzi kasawoti olwandle nokujula kolwandle. Imvamisa, lezi yizitshalo ezibonakalayo ngosayizi wazo, kepha futhi kunezincane kakhulu ezibonakala kuphela kumcwaningi ohlomile. Kulolu hlobo lwezimbali zitholakala:
- unicellular
- ezingcolile
- pseudoparenchymal.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kusetshenziswa ama-florideas ekuphekeni umkhiqizo wezinto ze-gelatinous futhi angasetshenziswa kwezokwelapha.
- I-Phyllophora luhlobo oluthile lwe-algae olukhula lufika kuma-50 cm futhi lube ne-lamellar thallus. Indawo yendawo yolwandle ibanda futhi iphakathi nendawo. Isetshenziselwe ukucubungula nokuthola i-carrageenin.
- I-Gelidium - izinhlobo ze-algae ze-brown, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezingama-40. Izici ezihlukanisayo: i-thallus eqinile yesakhiwo esinama-porous-bark, ukuphakama okufika ku-25 cm. Indawo yendawo yemizimba yamanzi afudumele anosawoti.
I-algae ebomvu ku-aquarium: kubi noma kukuhle?
Uma i-ecosystem iphezulu futhi isebenza kahle, i-algae izolawula ukukhula kwayo ngokwayo. Kepha kuyadingeka ukucasula ibhalansi ephezulu, ukungena kwe-"algae" kungena. Lesi isibonakaliso sokuqala kumuntu wasemanzini ukuthi kunokungasebenzi kahle ohlelweni. Ukwephula umthetho kuhlobene nokwanda kakhulu komanyolo we-organic, ukukhanya okukhanyayo kakhulu, noma i-mismatch enani le-carbon dioxide. Inkinga ukuthi ukukhula kwezitshalo kufaka isandla ekuvinjelweni kwesigaba esiphansi sezinto eziphilayo - kumane nje kungavunyelwe ukukhula.
Ukunqoba ukuhlaliswa, kuyadingeka ukunciphisa imikhawulo ekuthuthukisweni. Ungakwenza lokhu ngenye yezindlela ezilandelayo:
- Susa i-aeration bese ulungisa “isifafaza” endaweni yokuhlunga. Ngakho-ke izitshalo ziyoyeka ukuthola umsoco.
- Zungeza i-aquarium ngezilwane ezifuywayo ezine-herbivorous.
- Imvamisa kufeza ukudonswa kwenhlabathi, kushintsha kuze kufike ku-20% wamanzi (wevolumu yonke ye-aquarium).
- Umkhawulo amahora wemini - lokhu kuzosiza ukuqeda izimila eziningi.
Ukukhetha izindlela zomzabalazo, kungakuhle ukuphendukela kumakhemikhali athengiswa eminyangweni ekhethekile.
Umnyango weRed Algae ("obomvu") ufaka izinhlobo ezingaba izinkulungwane ezine nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwamakhulu ayisithupha. Abamele abadala kunabo bonke abatholakala emithini yaseCambrian baneminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingama-550.
Ngenxa yobukhona bemicimbi ethile engafani nalutho, ama-algae abomvu abhekwa njengombuso ohlukile ophakathi kuwo. Kuma-chromatophores ezinsimbi, ngaphezu kwama-chlorophylls nama-carotenoids, kunemibala etholakala emanzini enyibilika - ama-phycobilins. Njenge-polysaccharide, i-crimson starch iyasebenza. Izinhlamvu zalo zifakwa ngaphandle kwama-chloroplasts ku-cytoplasm.
Ama-Gametes kanye ne-crimson spores awanayo i-flagella. Umjikelezo wokuthuthuka kwabo ufaka izigaba ezintathu. Kusuka ku-zygote (ngemuva kwe-fusion) kwakhiwa isitho se-diploid - i-sporophyte. Ikhiqiza ama-diploid spores, okwakhiwa kuwo isizukulwane sesibili. Emangqamuzaneni e-sporophyte entsha, i-meiosis yenzeka phakathi nenkathi ethile bese kuvela ukukhula kwe-spores. Isizukulwane sesithathu sakhiwa kubo - i-gametophyte ekhiqiza ama-gametophyte akhiqiza i-gamete.
Ama-membrane weseli we-algae obomvu aqukethe ama-hemicelluloses nama-pectins. Banamandla okudlidliza ngokuqinile, bahlanganiswe nobuningi bebonke be-mussa. Imvamisa imicu ye-thallus (ihlumela) inamathela kanye nezinto ze-mucous bese ishelela lapho ibanjwa. Ama-phycocolloids akhona ezindaweni ezi-interellular kanye ne-algae eminingi ebomvu. Lama-polysaccharides aqukethe i-sulfure asetshenziswa kabanzi emisebenzini yabantu. Okuthandwa kakhulu ngama-agaroids, ama-carrageenan nama-agar. Ama-algae amaningi abomvu ahlukaniswa ubukhona bezindonga zeseli. Le ngxenye inika ukuqina okubomvu.
Inombolo enkulu ye-algae ebomvu, ukwakheka kwe-thalli kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa imicu ye-multicellular ehlanganisiwe. Banamathela kwisigatshana esisetshenziselwa i-rhizoids. Usayizi wethalli usukela kumasentimitha ambalwa ukuya kumitha yonke.
Ama-algae abomvu ahlala ikakhulu olwandle. Kukhona izihlahla ezibomvu komoya ezihlala zinamathiselwe kumagobolondo, amatshe nezinye izinto ezansi. Kwesinye isikhathi i-algae itholakala ekujuleni okukukhulu ngokwanele.
I-Callitamnion corymbose - i-algae ejwayelekile ebomvu. Lo omele amafomu e-purplish afinyelela kahle kakhulu kumabhasi afinyelela ngamasentimitha ayishumi ukuphakama, kupinki. Lawa mabhu aqukethe imicu enemichilo ephakeme kakhulu.
I-Nemalion - omunye ummeleli we-algae obomvu - ukhula emadwaleni olwandle. Izintambo zalo ezipinki eziphaphathekile zifinyelela kumamilimitha amahlanu ngobukhulu namasentimitha angamashumi amabili nanhlanu ubude.
E-algae ye-genus Delesseria, ama-thalli abomvu akhanyayo afana namaqabunga.
Ezilwandle ezifudumele, ubomvu bohlobo lweCorallin buvame. I-thalli yabo inamajoyinti afakwe nge lime futhi ahlanganiswe nokujoyina (ngokuqukethwe okuncane kokhilimu). Lokhu kunikeza ukuguquguquka kwesitshalo, okusiza ukumelana nemiphumela yamagagasi futhi kuthuthukiswe ezindaweni ezinamandla.
Izihlahla zeCrimson zisetshenziswa kabanzi ngumuntu emisebenzini yezomnotho. Njengoba wazi, lezi zihlabani zingumkhiqizo obaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuba khona kwamaprotheni, izakhi ezilandelwayo, amavithamini.
EHawaii, emazweni ase-East Asia, kulungiswa izitsha ezahlukahlukene kusuka kubomvu. Sebenzisa la algae kwifomu le-candied noma elomile. Ezimana namabhu obomvu adliwayo, i-porphyry kanye nokuzalwa kwengane ziyathandwa. Lezi zilwane zitholakala olwandle oluningi. EJapan, izitshalo zezimboni zithuthukiswa kakhulu. Ematsheni omdweshu osogwini, amagatsha abekwa emanzini angajulile, noma amanetha akhethekile asuselwa ezintanjeni eziwugqinsi futhi aboshelwe ezigxotsheni ze-bamboo. Ngemuva kwenkathi ethile yesikhathi, zonke lezi zinto zigcwele i-algae.
Isakhiwo seseli
Konke lokhu kuyizigaxa ze-eukaryotic. Udonga lweseli lumelwe yizicubu eziyinhloko ze-cellulose noma i-xylan fibrils kanye ne-amorphous udaba oluqukethe i-agar, agaroids, carrageenan, enezakhiwo ze-gelling. Kwezinye izinhlobo, udonga lweseli luboshwe nge-calcium noma i-magnesium carbonate, okunikeza amandla akhuphukayo. Ngakho-ke, i-coralline algae ibukeka njengamakhorali, ngoba amagobolondo abo abalwa kakhulu.
Kuma-chloroplasts, amaseli aqukethe, ngaphezu kwe-chlorophyll ne-carotenoids, imibala eminingi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nebomvu enquma umbala we-algae. Njengomsoco obhukelayo, isitashi esibomvu (esiseduze nesakhiwo ne-glycogen ne-amylopectin) sinqwabelana emangqamuzaneni e-algae obomvu, aphenduka abomvu kusuka ku-iodine equkethwe emanzini olwandle. Ama-alcohols e-Polyatomic ne-floridoside, i-hydrocarbon ephansi yesisindo, nawo agcinwa kuyi-cytoplasm.
Ukusabalala kwe-algae ebomvu
Ukuzala kabusha kwenzeka ngenqubo yezocansi, yemifino noma esexual. Ukuzala kabusha kwe-Asexual kwenziwa ngama-spores anganyakazi. Ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini, amaseli wesilisa wesilisa (spermations) ahlangana nowesifazane (ama-carpogons). Imishanguzo engaphandle egcwele i-karpospores ivela - isizukulwane se-diploid.
Izihlahla zeCrimson zibamba iqhaza elibalulekile esimweni nasempilweni yempilo yasolwandle. Lezi zitshalo zisebenza njengokudla kwezilwane zasolwandle, zibamba iqhaza ekuzihlanzeni kwemvelo kwemizimba yamanzi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi zinquma uhlobo lwezimbali ezindaweni ezithile.
Inani lezomnotho
Okubaluleke kakhulu yi-anfelium, helidium, phyllophora, furcelia, enikeza izinto ze-gelatinous - i-agar-agar, i-agaroid, i-carrageen. Amanye amabala obomvu, njenge-porphyry, ayadliwa.
Bangian (Bangiophyceae), isigaba se-algae ebomvu. Kubandakanya i-genera engama-24, ehlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-90 zazo zombili izinhlobo ezingafani zama-unicellular ne-multicellular, i-filonous noma i-lamellar alale, ezinamaseli we-mononuclear, ngokungafani nezinye i-algae ebomvu, imvamisa ine-chromatophore eyodwa enenkanyezi ne-pyrenoid futhi ayixhumeki ngama-pores.
AmaFlorideans (I-Florideophyceae), isigaba se-algae ebomvu. I-Thalli yizinhlobonhlobo eziningi, kusuka kumakhroscopic kuya ku-0.5 m mall, kusuka kumugqa owodwa wamaseli noma ngesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi, i-filiform, i-lamellar noma i-bushy, kwesinye isikhathi isuswe ngeziqu nezitho ezinamaqabunga anamaqabunga, emalungeni ama-florida thalli anzima kusuka ekubekweni kukasawoti we-calcium kuwo (i-lithium, njll. .).
Phyllofora (Phyllophora), uhlobo lwe-algae obomvu. I-thallus iyi-lamellar, ilula noma ihlutshiwe ifinyelela ku-50 cm ukuphakama. Ukusakazwa yi-carpospores okubangelwa inqubo yocansi, ama-tetraspores kanye nama-thalli, kwezinye izinhlobo zama-sporophytes akhula kuma-gametophytes ngendlela yokuphuma okuncane. Cishe izinhlobo eziyi-15, olwandle olubandayo nolunomoya opholile, emazweni ase-USSR yangaphambili - ezinhlanu. Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-gelatinous ntho carrageenin.
IGelidium (IGelidium), uhlobo lwe-algae obomvu, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezingama-40 ezihlala olwandle olufudumele. I-thallus ilukhuni, i-gristly, i-cirrus-branched njalo, ukuphakama okungu-1-25 cm. I-Sporophyte ne-gametophyte ziyefana ngesakhiwo. I-Sporophyte inika ama-tetraspores. IGametophyte njengomphumela wenqubo yezocansi yakha ama-carpospores. IGelidium isetshenziselwa ukwenza i-agar agar, ikakhulukazi eJapan. Emazweni e-USSR yangaphambili itholakala olwandle lwaseJapan naseMnyama ngamanani amancane.
yidla eJapan, China, Korea, eziqhingini zase-Oceania nase-USA. I-Porphyry red algae (Fig. 1a) ithathwa njengokudla okumnandi; eJapan naseMelika, itshalwa emasimini akhethekile.
U-fig. 1. I-red algae: a) i-porphyry, b) i-anfeltsia, c), d) izinhlobo ezihlukile zama-chondruse
Kusuka kusolwandle obomvu uthole i-agar agar. I-Agar-agar ingxube yama-carbohydrate aphezulu wesisindo. Lapho ifakwa emanzini ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 20 - 1: 50, kwakhiwa i-jelly (jelly) eqinile, egcina ukungaguquguquki kwayo ngisho nangaphansi kwezinga lokushisa eliphakeme (40-50 °). Le mpahla ye-agar agar isetshenziswa kabanzi. ku-microbiology lapho kulungiswa imidiya eqinile yezakhi kudingekile ekukhuleni amabhaktheriya ahlukahlukene kanye nesikhunta. Uma amabhaktheriya angashadile noma isikhunta siwela kupuleti we-agar kusuka emanzini noma emoyeni, khona-ke ngemuva kwesikhashana amakoloni angamagciwane noma fungal abonakala ngokucacile futhi alungele ukuhlaziywa angakhula kuwo. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ufunde ama-microorganisms: hlaziya izakhiwo zawo nokukhetha kokuziphatha. Ngaphandle kwemidiya yesiko eyaguga, ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokuhlaziywa kwamagciwane kuma-microbiology emtholampilo, ukuhlolwa kokuhlanzeka kwamanzi, imikhiqizo yomoya kanye nokudla, kanye nokuthola izingqinamba zezinto eziphilayo ezincane ezikhiqiza ama-antibiotics, ama-enzyme, amavithamini nezinye izinto ezisebenzayo ngezinto eziphilayo akunakwenzeka.
I-Agar-agar isetshenziswa embonini yokudla. ukulungiswa kwe-marmalade, ama-marshmallows, u-ayisikhilimu, izinhlaka ezingekho ushukela, isinkwa esinga-nsundu, inyama nenhlanzi ebunjiwe, kanye nokuhlanzwa kwewayini.
Embonini yezemithi amaphilisi kanye namathebulethi anamaphilisi, ama-vithamini kanye nezinye izidakamizwa kwenziwa ngesisekelo sawo, lapho kudingeka ukungena kwawo kancane.
Ezweni lakithi, okubalulekile okwenziwe ngezinto ezikhiqizwe nge-agar-agar yi-red algae anfelcia (Fig. 1b).
Kusuka ku-algae ebomvu thola ama-polysaccharides akhethekile - I-carrageenas evimbela ingculaza (etholwe i-immunodeficiency syndrome). Izinto ezingavuthiwe zokwenziwa kwe-carrageenas yi-algae chondrus ebomvu ("i-Irish moss") ilayisi. I-1c, i-Red algae, njengolunye ulwelwe, ingasetshenziswa ku ukudla kwemfuyo Futhi Kanjani Umanyolo.
Ukuba nombala obomvu obukhulu. Njengamanje, zingaphezu kuka-600 izinhlobo zofuzo nezinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu zalezi zitshalo. Abamele leli qembu yi-porphyry, gracillaria, anfelium. Isigaxa sobomvu se-fossil besaziwa kusukela kumaCretaceous. Ngenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, zithathwa njengezitshalo zangaphambili kunazo zonke - izendulelo zezinhlobo ezihleleke kakhudlwana.
Cishe zonke izinhlobo ze-algae ezibomvu ziyizakhamizi zemizimba kasawoti wamanzi (ulwandle, izilwandle), izinhlobo ezingama-200 kuphela eziyizinhlobo zamanzi amasha. Scarlet futhi uhlale strip ngasogwini, futhi ekujuleni okukhulu (kuze kufike ku-200 m), lapho imvamisa amafomu asezindunduma zasolwandle. Ezilwandle zaseRussia kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-400.
Imvamisa i-algae ebomvu iyizitshalo ezinkulu esikhundleni salokho, okujwayelekile ukuthi iyizilwane ezincanyana kakhulu. Kuleli qembu kunezindlela ezinama-file kanye nama-pseudoparenchymal, izinhlobo ezingandile ze-unicellular (bapgian). Ukungabikho kwamafomu we-parenchymal weqiniso kuyinto ebonakalayo.
Kude . I-thallus yommeleli ojwayelekile weqembu inesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi se-anatomical. Umbala uhlukile - kusuka kokubomvu okukhanyayo, okusajingijolo kuya kumithunzi ophuzi noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwemibala ehlukahlukene kuma-chloroplasts amaseli.
Isakhiwo seseli . Konke lokhu kuyizigaxa ze-eukaryotic. Udonga lweseli lumelwe yizicubu eziyinhloko ze-cellulose noma i-xylan fibrils kanye ne-amorphous udaba oluqukethe i-agar, agaroids, carrageenan, enezakhiwo ze-gelling. Kwezinye izinhlobo, udonga lweseli luboshwe nge-calcium noma i-magnesium carbonate, okunikeza amandla akhuphukayo. Ngakho-ke, i-coralline algae ibukeka njengamakhorali, ngoba amagobolondo abo abalwa kakhulu.
Kuma-chloroplasts, amaseli aqukethe, ngaphezu kwe-chlorophyll ne-carotenoids, imibala eminingi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nebomvu enquma umbala we-algae. Njengomsoco obhukelayo, isitashi esibomvu (esiseduze nesakhiwo ne-glycogen ne-amylopectin) sinqwabelana emangqamuzaneni e-algae obomvu, aphenduka abomvu kusuka ku-iodine equkethwe emanzini olwandle. Ama-alcohols e-Polyatomic ne-floridoside, i-hydrocarbon ephansi yesisindo, nawo agcinwa kuyi-cytoplasm.
Ukusabalala kwe-algae ebomvu . Ukuzala kabusha kwenzeka ngenqubo yezocansi, yemifino noma esexual. Ukuzala kabusha kwe-Asexual kwenziwa ngama-spores anganyakazi. Ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini, amaseli wesilisa wesilisa (spermations) ahlangana nowesifazane (ama-carpogons). Imishanguzo engaphandle egcwele i-karpospores ivela - isizukulwane se-diploid.
Izihlahla zeCrimson zibamba iqhaza elibalulekile esimweni nasempilweni yempilo yasolwandle. Lezi zitshalo zisebenza njengokudla kwezilwane zasolwandle, zibamba iqhaza ekuzihlanzeni kwemvelo kwemizimba yamanzi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi zinquma uhlobo lwezimbali ezindaweni ezithile.
Inani . Okubaluleke kakhulu ukusebenza kwe-algae kulo mnyango, njenge-anfeltia, i-phylloflora, i-helidium, i-furcelium, lapho kutholakala khona izinto zokwakha ujeli - i-agar-agar, i-carrageenne, i-agaroid. Ezinye izinhlobo zobomvu zidliwa (i-porphyry, gracillaria).
Ekujuleni okukhulu, kuze kufike kumamitha angama-250, ayakhula ulwelwe olubomvu ngokubizwa ngenye indlela obomvu . Ngokuhlanganiswa namakhorali nenhlanzi ekhanyayo, ama-crimsons anemibala ehlukahlukene adala ubuhle obuyingqayizivele bomhlaba ongaphansi kwamanzi. Lokhu kungamabala amakhulu amakhulu, kepha, ngokwesibonelo, i-microscopic red algae nayo iyisigaba se-bangian.
Kungani ukhula olubomvu lungakhula ngokujula okuphawuleka okunje? Lo mbuzo wabuzwa ezivivinyweni zebhayoloji. Umbala obomvu uvumela i-algae ukuba ikhule ekujuleni okukhulu phycoerythrin . Ngibonga kuye, ngesikhathi se-photosynthesis, i-algae ebomvu idonsa imisebe eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Yile misebe, ngokungafani nobomvu, engangena ngokujulile kwikholamu yamanzi.
I-red algae ibonakala ngokuzala okungaphandle kwe-asexual, kanye nokuzala ngokocansi (i-oogamy), ngesinye isikhathi ukutholakala kokutshala ngezitho ze-thallus nakho kutholakala.
I-algae ebomvu ifaka phakathi i-phyllophora, i-porphyry, i-gracillaria, izinkukhu, i-chondrus, konke kukho kunezinhlobo zezinkulungwane ezinhlanu.
Okuhlosiwe - ipuleti le-oval elicashile futhi elincanyana lifinyelela kuhafu wemitha ububanzi Kuyena, ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngokocansi kuphela. Amaseli wegciwane lesilisa awanayo i-flagella (isidoda). Lokhu kuyaqondakala, ngoba ekujuleni okukhulu ngaphansi kwekholomu lamanzi kunzima ukuhambisa ngosizo lwe-flagellum.
Beka ngamaketanga wokudla, umthelela emvelweni
1. Isigaxa esikhulu se-algae sakha i-phytoplankton, futhi ngisho nasezintabeni zase-Arctic kukhona abantu abayizigidi ezingama-20-30 kumitha ayi-cubic lamanzi. Lo ngumkhiqizo oyinhloko owakha isisekelo soxhaxha lokudla.
2. I-Phytoplankton isebenza njengokudla kwe-zooplankton (imikhiqizo yesibili), edliwa yimpilo enkulu yasolwandle, efana nemikhomo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uThor Heyerdahl ngesikhathi sokuhamba kuKon-Tiki raft wanambitha i- “soup” yaseCon-Tart futhi wakuthola kumnandi futhi kunempilo.
3.I-algae ephansi ihlinzeka indawo yokukhosela yezinhlanzi kanye nezilwane zasolwandle ezahlukahlukene futhi futhi kungukudla kwazo. Isibonelo, i-Laminaria idla i-urchin yasolwandle ngobumnandi.
4. I-algae igcwalise ulwandle kanye nomoya nomoya-mpilo.
5. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi kusakazeka inqwaba ye-algae (ngokwesibonelo, i-chlamydomonas) ngesikhathi okuthiwa "ukugeleza" kwamanzi, okuqukethwe komoya-mpilo kuyehla futhi namanzi kugcwele ubuthi. Ngenxa yokushoda komoya-mpilo, izakhamuzi zasemfuleni ziyafa.
Inani lomuntu
1. I-algae ezifundeni eziningi idliwe izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Kugcwele ikakhulukazi ialgae elinsundu nelibomvu njenge kelp, undaria, porphyry, hijiki (futhi ngokuvamile isargassa).
2. I-red algae - umthombo we-iodine, ikakhulukazi ezinye izinhlobo ezicebile kuyo.
3. Futhi, i-algae ebomvu ingumthombo we-agar-agar - into ye-gelling esetshenziswa embonini ye-confectionery, ekutshalweni kwamagciwane, njll.
4. Ngokusebenzisa i-algae, amanzi angcolile ayahlanzwa kusuka ku-fluorine, i-nitrogen, njll, kanye nomoya ovela ku-carbon dioxide (chlamydomonas, chlorella, euglena uphumelele kulokhu).
5. Ama-algae yizithasiselo zokudla: i-spirulina, i-kelp, i-fucus, i-ulva, i-chlorella nabanye.
Imibhalo efanayo
Izici zezindawo zokuhlala kwe-algae ebomvu, umbala wazo kanye nenqubo yokumuncwa kokukhanya kwelanga. Isici samaseli wokuzala we-algae ebomvu. Ukuthuthukiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-yazgote eyakheka ngemuva kokukhulelwa, nokwakhiwa kwe-karpospores.
isethulo sengezwe i-03/26/2012
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezitshalo eziphansi. Isakhiwo nezindlela zamagciwane, indima yazo nokusatshalaliswa kwemvelo. Incazelo yeminyango eluhlaza okotshani obuluhlaza okotshani, i-diatom, brown and red algae. Izici zesakhiwo sabo nokuzala, izindawo zokuhlala, ukubaluleka komnotho.
iphepha lesigamu, lingezwe nge-2/11/2014
Isakhiwo se-Thallus se-algae ebomvu. Ukusakazwa kwemifino - ngokuqhekeka kwethallus. Inqubo yocansi e-oogamous. Umjikelezo wokuthuthuka kwe-Isomorphic noma heteromorphic diplo-haplobiont. Umkhiqizo obaluleke kakhulu wokubuyisa we-polysaccharide isitashi obomvu.
Abstract, wanezela i-1/08/289
Izici ezijwayelekile ze-algae eluhlaza zingamaqembu ezitshalo eziphansi. I-Habitat ye-algae eluhlaza yasolwandle. Ukuzala, ukwakheka nezindlela zokudla, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali. Incazelo yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zasolwandle zoLwandle lwaseJapan.
Abstract, wanezela 02.16.2012
I-algae izitshalo eziphansi kakhulu ezihlukaniswa njenge-spore-forming. Indlela yokuphila yokuzimela ye-algae ngenxa ye-chlorophyll, ukulungiselela kwabo izinhlanganisela ezidingekayo ze-organic ezivela ezingafaniyo. I-Habitat nezinhlobo zohlobo lwe-algae.
Abstract, wanezela Disemba 16, 2009
Izici zemvelo ze-algae, isakhiwo sazo se-anatomical.Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-alicicularular algae. Imikhombandlela yokuthuthukiswa kwe-algology esetshenzisiwe. Umsuka nokuvela kwe-algae, amaqembu abo emvelo. I-algae yezindawo zasemanzini, iqhwa, iqhwa.
isethulo singezwe ngomhlaka 11/25/2011
Ukwahlukaniswa kwe-algae kube amaqembu ahlelekile wesikhundla esiphakeme kakhulu, ukuhlangana kwako nesimo semibala nezimpawu zokuhleleka. I-membrane yeseli ye-algae. Ukuzala kabusha kwe-Asexual kanye nezocansi. Ukufana kanye nomehluko phakathi kokukhanya okuluhlaza nokuluhlaza.
Abstract, kwenezelwe ngo-09/06/2011
I-algae njengabamele izidalwa ze-photoautotrophic zomhlaba wethu, imvelaphi yabo kanye nezigaba zokuthuthuka. Izindlela nezimo zokudla kwe-algae. Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kohlobo lwawo ku-algae ngokusebenzisa ukukhiqizwa kokutshala imifino, i-asexual kanye nezocansi.
Abstract, wanezela 03/18/2014
I-Trophic chain ecosystem yedamu. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-algae, ukusatshalaliswa kwawo kuya kubunzulu, ukusatshalaliswa kanye nendima kuma-biogeocenoses. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-algae ngabantu. Imifino, i-esexual, ukuzala kabusha kwezocansi. Amaqembu algae womhlabathi.
isethulo, singeziwe 02.19.2013
Inhlabathi yomhlabathi njengabahlanganyeli ezinhlelweni zokwenziwa kwenhlabathi. Ukutadisha nokwenziwa kwesakhiwo se-algae efanelekile enhlabathini yomnyango waseCyanophyta. Isakhiwo nokusakazwa kwe-algae eluhlaza okotshani. Ukuqhathanisa ukwakheka okuhle nokubungako kweCyanophyta.
I-algae izitshalo ze-oda eliphansi, elinokungafani kokunamathisela ezingibeni, futhi ziphinde zihlale ngokukhululeka kwikholamu yamanzi. Umbala, njengezinhlobo zezitshalo, wehlukile. Isizathu se-multicolor yezitshalo ukuthi ayiqukethe i-chlorophyll kuphela, kodwa futhi nemibala ehlukahlukene yokufaka imibala. Ukuvela kwe-algae nakho kungacishe kube yilutho: ukugoqa ngesimo se-mucus, i-mossy tufts, izitshalo ezinde ze-fibrous noma izinqubo ezinzima ezifana nebhulashi.
Impendulo
I-algae ebomvu izitshalo zasolwandle ezixubile kakhulu. Kunezinhlobo ezithile kuphela ezibomvu ezitholakala emizimbeni yamanzi entsha. Ambalwa kakhulu ama-algae abomvu ama-unicellular.
Osayizi bezikhwama zivame ukusukela ngamasentimitha ambalwa kuya kumitha ubude. Kepha phakathi kwazo kukhona amafomu amancane. Ngaphezu kwe-chlorophyll, amangqamuzana e-algae abomvu aqukethe imibala ebomvu neblue. Ngokuhambisana nenhlanganisela yazo, umbala obomvu uyahluka kusuka kokubomvu okukhanyayo kuya kokuluhlaza okotshani nokuphuzi.
Ngaphandle, ulwelwe olubomvu luhluke kakhulu.
Olwandle, i-algae ebomvu itholakala yonke indawo ezimweni ezahlukahlukene. Imvamisa ifakwa emadwaleni, emadwaleni, ezakhiweni zokufakelwa kwesinye isikhathi, kwesinye isikhathi nakwezinye izihlabani. Ngenxa yokuthi imibala ebomvu ikwazi ukuthwebula ngisho nokukhanya okuncane kakhulu, obomvu bungakhula ekujuleni okukhulu. Zitholakala ngisho ekujuleni kuka-100-200 m. I-Phyllophora, i-porphyry, nezinye zidlangile olwandle lwezwe lethu.