Cishe izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha zingesigaba se-ciliates. Lezi zilwane zihleleke kakhulu phakathi kwe-protozoa.
Indawo yokuhlala kwama-ciliates ulwandle namanzi amasha, kanye nomhlabathi omanzi. Inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zemihlobo eyikhulu (cishe inkulungwane eyodwa) liyizingxenye zabantu nezilwane.
Sizojwayelana nezici ze-morphological kanye ne-biological ze-organic celuates sisebenzisa isibonelo sommeleli ojwayelekile - ama-ciliates-slipper.
Isakhiwo sangaphandle nangaphakathi sama ciliates
Isicathu se-infusoria sinosayizi cishe we-0.1-0.3 mm. Isimo somzimba sifana nesicathulo, ngenxa yalokho sathola igama elinjalo.
Lesi silwane sinesimo somzimba esingaguquki, ngoba i-ectoplasm ihlanganiswe ngaphandle nangaphandle amafomu ipellicle. Umzimba we-ciliates umbozwe yi-cilia. Kukhona cishe izinkulungwane eziyishumi nanhlanu zazo.
Isici esibonisa ukwakheka kwama-ciliates ubukhona be-nuclei ezimbili: ezinkulu (macronucleus) nezincane (micronucleus). Ukuhanjiswa kwemininingwane yelifa kuhlotshaniswa nomgogodla omncane, kanye nokulawulwa kwemisebenzi ebalulekile naleyo enkulu. Izicucu ze-infusoria zihamba ngosizo lwe-cilia, umphambili wayo (ophelele) ngaphambili uye ngasikhathi sinye ujikele ngakwesokudla eceleni kwe-eksisi yomzimba wayo. Ijubane eliphakeme lokunyakaza kwama-ciliates kuncike ekunyakazeni okufana nokuhamba kwe-cilia.
Ectoplasm of the shoe kukhona ukwakheka okubizwa ngama-trichocysts. Benza umsebenzi wokuvikela. Ngokucasukela ama-ciliates, ama-trichocysts "adubula" aphume abe yimicu emide emide eshaye umhlaseli. Ngemuva kokusebenzisa ama-trichocysts athile endaweni yawo ku-ectoplasm of the elula kakhulu, intsha ithuthukisa.
Izici, ukwakheka kanye nendawo yokuhlala kwama-ciliates
Isicathu se-ciliates isitokisi esiphilayo eselula kunazo zonke. Impilo esemhlabeni ihlukaniswa yizinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziphila kuwo, kwesinye isikhathi zibe nesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi iqoqo lonke lemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yomzimba futhi ebasizayo ebasiza ukuba baphile kulomhlaba ogcwele izingozi.
Kepha phakathi kwezidalwa eziphilayo kukhona nezinye izidalwa ezihlukile zemvelo, ukwakheka kwazo kungokwasendulo, kodwa bekuyizo ezazike zaba khona kudala, izinkulungwane zezigidi zeminyaka edlule, ezinikeze umfutho ekwakhiweni kwempilo nezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi kukho konke ukuhlukahluka kwazo okuvela kuzo.
Izinhlobo zokuqala zokuphila eziphilayo ezikhona namuhla emhlabeni zibandakanya isicathulo se-infusoriaokungezidalwa ezingezona ezikunhlanganisela ezivela eqenjini le-alveolate.
Ukweleta igama lakhe langempela kanye nomzimba womzimba wakhe owindilinga, ofana nobuso bodwa besihlangu esivamile esinemiphetho ebanzi nangaphansi.
Ama -organorganics afanayo abhekwa ososayensi njengezihlelwe kahle kakhulu i-protozoa ye isigaba se-ciliates, ama-slipper zinhlobonhlobo zazo ezijwayelekile.
Igama lesicucwana se-ciliator kungenxa yesakhiwo somzimba wakhe esimweni sonyawo
Ezinye izinhlobo zalesi sigaba, eziningi zazo ezingamakhasi, ezinezindlela ezahlukahlukene kakhulu futhi ezinokwehluka okwanele, zikhona emanzini nasenhlabathini, kanye nakubameleli abayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu bezilwane: izilwane nabantu, amathumbu abo, izicubu, nohlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi.
Izicucu zivame ukufakwa emanzini amaningi angaxutshwe namanzi apholile, agxilile, inqobo uma kunamakhompiyutha amaningi wokuwohloka ahlukahlukene kule ndawo ephakathi: izitshalo zasemanzini, izinto eziphilayo ezifile, i-sludge ejwayelekile.
Ngisho ne-aquarium yasekhaya ingaba indawo efanelekayo impilo yayo, kuphela kungenzeka ukuthola nokuhlolisisa izidalwa eziphilayo ezinje kuphela ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, ukuthatha amanzi anothile nge-silt njengesampula yokuhlola. Isitolo semicroscope esihle kakhulu sizokusiza ukuthi ukhethe imicroscope ukubona ama-ciliates.
Ciliates izicathulo – protozoa izinto eziphilayo, ezibizwa ngokuhlukile: Ama-parameciums angcolile, amancane kakhulu, futhi ubukhulu bawo bungamashumi ayisi-1 kuya kwayi-5 kuphela wamamilimitha.
Eqinisweni, zingamaseli ahlukene, angenamibala, wezinto eziphilayo, ama-psychanoids angaphakathi ayizinhlayiya ezimbili, okubhekiselwa kuzo njengezinkulu nezincane.
Njengoba kubonakala ekwandisiwe isithombe ciliates izicathulo, ngaphezulu kwangaphandle kwezinto eziphilayo ezinjengezi microscopic kukhona, ezisezintanjeni ezinde, amafomu amancane kakhulu, abizwa ngokuthi i-cilia, asebenza njengezitho ezinyakazayo zezicathulo.
Inani lemilenze emincane kangako futhi lisukela ezinkulungwaneni eziyi-10 kuye kwezingu-15, ezansi zawo ngazinye kukhona umzimba osisekelo onamathiselwe, futhi endaweni eseduze kukhona isigaxa somhlaba, esidonswa ngaphakathi kolwelwesi oluvikelayo.
Ukwakheka kwama-ciliatesNaphezu kokulula kwayo, inobunzima obanele. Ngaphandle, ingqamuzana elinjalo lokuhamba livikela umucu omncane onciphile kakhulu osiza umzimba wawo ukuba ulondoloze ukwakheka okungaguquki. Kanye nemicu yokuxhasa evikela etholakala kungqimba ye-cytoplasm eminyene eduze kwe-membrane.
I-cytoskeleton yayo, ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu okungenhla, yakhiwa: ngama-microtubules, imigodi ye-alveoli, imizimba ye-basal ene-cilia naleyo eseduze, ingenayo, imicu nemicu, kanye namanye ama-organoids. Ngenxa ye-cytoskeleton, futhi ngokungafani nomunye ummeleli we-protozoa - amoeba, isicathulo se-infusoria ukungakwazi ukushintsha ukwakheka komzimba.
Ukudla okwenziwe ngomsoco nezitho ezibucayi
Ama-organelles wezakhamzimba ezinhlangeni zezi: i-cavity yomlomo, umlomo weseli kanye ne-pharynx. Amagciwane nezinye izinhlayiya ezimiswe emanzini, kanye namanzi, ziqhutshwa yi-cilia esondelene nomlomo ngomlomo ziye emphinjeni futhi zingene endaweni yokugaya ukudla.
Ama-cliates ciliates izicathulo
Ugcwele ukudla, i-vacuole iyaqhuma emphinjeni futhi iqhutshwa yilokho okwenzeka manje nge-cytoplasm. Lapho i-vacuole ihamba, ukudla okukuyo kugaywa ngama-enzymes wokugaya futhi kumunwe kuyi-endoplasm. I-vacuole yokugaya isondela ku-powder bese kudonswa imfucumfucu yokudla ngaphandle. Ama-ciliates ayeka ukondla kuphela ngenkathi yokuzala.
Ama-organelles we-osmoregulation kanye ne-excretion esicathulweni yizinto ezimbili zokuthwala inzalo, noma ukudonsa, izikhala zokushayela ngama-tubules.
Ngakho-ke, ama-ciliates, ngokuqhathanisa namanye ama-protozoa, anesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu:
- Ukwakheka komzimba okungapheli
- ukuba khona komlomo weseli
- ukuba khona kwe-cell pharynx,
- impuphu
- izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zezikhali zenuzi.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-ciliates. Inqubo yokuhlanganisa
Ama-ciliates asakazeka nge-fission eguqukayo, lapho i-fission yenani iqala khona. I-macronucleus ihlukaniswe amitotically, kanti iMicronucleus ihlukaniswe ngokwasemzimbeni.
Ngezikhathi ezithile baba nenqubo yocansi, noma ukuhlangana. Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-ciliates amabili ahlangana futhi anamathele ngokusondelene komunye nomunye ngokuvula imilomo. Ngokushisa kwamakamelo ngale ndlela, zintanta cishe amahora ayi-12. Ama-nuclei amakhulu ayachithwa futhi ancibilike ku-cytoplasm.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-ciliates
Njengomphumela we-meiotic fission, ama-nuclei afudukayo kanye nama-stationary akhiwe asuka kwi-nuclei encane. Unembe ngamunye uqukethe iqoqo lama-chromosomes. I-nucleus efudukayo ihamba ngokuqondile ngokusebenzisa ibhuloho le-cytoplasmic isuka komunye umuntu iye komunye futhi ihlangana ne-nucleus yayo yokumiswa, isb. Inqubo yokumanyelwa yenzeka. Kulesi sigaba, isicathulo ngasinye sakha i-nucleus eyodwa eyinkimbinkimbi, noma i-syncaryon, equkethe isethi yediploid yama chromosomes. Ngemuva kwalokho ama-ciliates asakazeka, aphinda abuyise imishini ejwayelekile yenyukliya futhi anda ngokwengeziwe ngokuhlukanisa.
Inqubo yokuhlangana ifaka isandla ekutheni izimiso zofuzo zabantu abahlukene zihlanganiswa emzimbeni owodwa. Lokhu kuholela ekushintshashintsheni kokukhulisa ifa kanye namandla amakhulu ezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa komgogodla omusha kanye nokubhujiswa kwasendulo kubaluleke kakhulu empilweni yezinduna. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinqubo zokuphila eziphambili kanye nokuhlangana kwamaprotheni emzimbeni we-ciliates kulawulwa ngumongo omkhulu.
Ngokuzala isikhathi eside kwe-asexual kuma-ciliates, i-metabolism kanye nezinga lokuhlukaniswa liyancipha. Ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa, izinga lokugayeka kwezinga kanye nesilinganiso sokuhlukaniswa kuyabuyiselwa.
Inani lama-ciliates emvelweni nasekuphileni komuntu
Kuyasungulwa ukuthi ama-ciliates adlala indima enkulu emjikelezweni wezinto ezisendalweni. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezilwane ezinkulu (i-fish fry) zidla ngo-ciliates.
Basebenza njengabalawuli benani le-algae yama-unicellular and bacteria, ngaleyo ndlela behlanze imizimba yamanzi.
Ama-ciliates angasebenza njengezinkomba zezinga lokungcoliswa kwamanzi okuphezulu - imithombo yokunikezwa kwamanzi.
Ama-ciliates ahlala emhlabathini athuthukisa ukuzala kwawo.
Indoda izalela ama-ciliates ezindaweni zasemanzini ukondla izinhlanzi kanye nefry yazo.
Emazweni amaningi, izifo zabantu nezilwane ezibangelwa abesilisa nabesilisa kakhulu. I-infusoria balantidium, ehlala amathumbu engulube futhi idluliselwa kubantu ivela ezilwaneni, iyingozi enkulu.
Isakhiwo
Umzimba we-unicellular we-ciliates (Izingulube 20, 21) umbozwe ngaphandle yi-membrane ye-plasma, ngaphansi kwawo uzungezwe yi-pellicle emincane futhi eguquguqukayo. UCilia umboza wonke umhlaba womzimba wesicathulo. Zitholakala eceleni komzimba ngemigqa ye-oblique, njengentambo yesikulufa. Ukuhleleka okunjalo kuholela ekushintsheni komzimba mayelana ne-eksisi yayo ende. Phezu komzimba kukhona izimbobo eziholela ekwakhekeni okwenziwe ngathi nge-spindle - ama-trichocysts akhona kwi-pellicle. Uma kwenzeka ubhekene nengozi futhi ugcine inyamazane ngalezi zimbobo ama-trichocysts akhishwa, okusikhumbuza ngemicibisholo emincane eshisiwe.
U-fig. 20. Ukwakheka kwama-ciliates |
U-fig. 21. Isakhiwo sengqimba elingaphezulu le-tep ye-ciliates-izicathulo ngokukhuphuka okuqinile |
Ithrafikhi
Isicathu sintanta ngenxa yeminyakazo ehambisanayo ye-cilia, enye emva kwenye yenza imiculo enesigqi kusukela ekugcineni kuya emuva. Ngasikhathi sinye, kunjengokungathi kunjalo, siklwebheke emanzini, siqhubekela phambili ngesiphetho esimfushane futhi sizungeza i-eksisi yayo ende.
Isicathu se-infusoria sintanta ngejubane le-1 mm ngomzuzwana, okungukuthi, ngalesi sikhathi simboza ibanga elilingana nobude obungu-4 bomzimba waso. Kulesi simo, isicathulo sisebenzisa amandla amancane kakhulu, silingana ne-1/1 000 yamandla aphelele akhiqizwa ukuphefumula.
Ukuphefumula nokukhipha amandla
Ukuphendula kanye nokuphuma ku-ciliates kuyafana nakwezinye izilwane ezingathandeki.
Izicucu ezimbili zesivumelwano (ngaphambili nangasemuva) ziyancishiswa ngokuhlukile, ngemuva kwemizuzwana engama-20-25 lilinye. Imikhiqizo yokungcola kwamanzi neyonakalisayo iqoqwa kusuka ku-infusoria-shoe kusuka ku-cytoplasm eduze kwama-tubules ahlobene nawo, alungele imigomo yokuvimbela inzalo.
Incazelo nezici zomzimba
Isihlangu se-infusoria - esilula kunazo zonke isilwane. Ngokuhambisana nalokho, kuyindlela eyodwa. Kodwa-ke, kuleli kheji kukhona konke ukuphefumula, ukuphindaphindeka, ukudla kanye nokususa imfucuza ngaphandle, ukuhambisa. Lolu uhlu lwezici zezilwane. Ngakho-ke, izicathulo nazo zingezazo.
Ama-Protozoa abizwa ngokuthi ama-unicellular ngesiqalo sedivayisi ngokuqhathaniswa nezinye izilwane. Phakathi kwama-unicellular kukhona nezindlela ezifakazelwa ososayensi kuzo zombili izilwane nezitshalo. Isibonelo luhlaza we-euglena. Umzimba wakhe uqukethe i-chloroplasts ne-chlorophyll - umbala wezitshalo. I-Euglena iphatha i-photosynthesis futhi icishe inyakaze phakathi nosuku. Kodwa-ke, ebusuku, i-unicellular iya ezintweni eziphilayo, izinhlayiya eziqinile.
Ciliates isicathulisi ne-euglena luhlaza zisezigodini ezahlukahlukene zeketeni lokuthuthukisa ama-protozoan. I-heroine yesihloko yaziwa phakathi kwabo njengesidalwa esiyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke. Umzimba, ngendlela, uyisicucu, ngoba unokufana kwezitho zomzimba. Lezi izinto zeseli ezibhekele imisebenzi ethile. Ama-ciliates awekho kwenye i-protozoa. Lokhu kwenza isicathulo sibe ngumholi phakathi kwezilwane ezineseli elilodwa.
Ama-organelles aholayo we-ciliates afaka:
- Imijovo yokuvimbela inzalo enezihlahla ezinesisu. Lezi zamuva zisebenza njengemikhumbi yasekuqaleni. Ngokusho kwabo, izinto eziyingozi zingena endaweni yokugcina amanzi, okuyi-vacuole uqobo. Basuka kwi-protoplasm - okuqukethwe kwangaphakathi kweseli, kufaka phakathi i-cytoplasm ne-nucleus.
Izinduna zomzimba iqukethe izindlela ezimbili zokuvimbela inzalo. Efaka ubuthi, abalahla ngoketshezi oluningi, kuyilapho eligcina ingcindezi engaphakathi.
- Imijovo yokugaya. Bona, njengesisu, bacubungula ukudla. I-vacuole iyahamba. Ngesikhathi sokuhlangana kwe-organelle engxenyeni engemuva yeseli, izinto ezizuzisayo sezivele zimunwa.
- Powder Lokhu umgodi osekupheleni kwasemuva kwama-ciliates, afanayo ne-anal. Umsebenzi we-powder uyefana. Imfucumfucu yokugaya isuswa esitokisini ngokuvula.
- Umlomo. Lokhu kuphumula kulwelwesi lwesithumba kuthatha amagciwane nokunye ukudla, kudlule kuyi-cytopharynx - ishubhu elincanyana elibuyisela pharynx. Ukuba nayo nomlomo, isicathulo sisebenzisa uhlobo lokudla lwe-holozoic, okungukuthi, ukubanjwa kwezinhlayiya eziphilayo ngaphakathi emzimbeni.
Ama-cores ama-2 enza ama-ciliates alula kakhulu. Enye yazo inkulu, ibizwa ngokuthi yi-macronucleus. Umongo wesibili mncane - i-micronucleus. Imininingwane egcinwe kuwo womabili ama-organelles iyafana. Kodwa-ke, kwi-micronucleus ayithintwanga. Imininingwane yeMacronucleus iyasebenza, igcinwa njalo. Ngakho-ke, enye imininingwane ingalimala, njengezincwadi ezisegumbini lokufunda lomtapo wezincwadi. Uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka okunjalo, i-micronucleus isebenza njengesibekeli.
I-infusoria shoe ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu
Umgogodla omkhulu wamakhilogrethi usesimweni sobhontshisi. Okuyindilinga okuncane. Ama-Organoids acaphuna izicathulo ibonakala ngokucacile ngaphansi kokukhulisa. Zonke ezilula ngobude azidluli ngamamilimitha ayi-0.5. Kulula, lokhu yi-gigantism. Amalungu amaningi esigaba awadluli kumamilimitha angama-0,1 ubude.
Indawo yokuhlala elula
I-heroine yalesi sihloko ihlala ezindlini zokugcina ezintsha, ezingashoni ngamanzi amile nokuningi okubolile kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuguqula ngokunambitha isicucu se-infusoria, amoeba. Badinga amanzi amile, ukuze angahluleki okukhona manje, okuzomane kuvunguze. Amanzi angajulile afudumeza afunekayo ukuze kwenziwe i-unicellular. Ubuningi bezinto ezibandayo yisisekelo sokudla.
Ngokugcotshwa kwamanzi ngama-ciliates, umuntu angahlulela izinga lokungcoliswa kwechibi, izimbotshana, abadala. Izicucu ezengeziwe, isisekelo sezakhi eziningi zazo - into ebolayo. Ngokwazi izintshisekelo zezicathu, zingavuthwa endaweni evamile ye-aquarium, ebhange. Kwanele ukubeka hay lapho futhi uthele amanzi echibi. Utshani obunjiwe buzosebenza njengendawo ebolayo yezakhi.
Habitat ciliates izicathulo
Ukungathandwa kwama-ciliates amanzi anosawoti kuyabonakala lapho kufakwa ezinhlayiyeni ezivamile ze-sodium chloride. Ngaphansi kokukhula kubonakala ukuthi unicellular ubhukude kanjani kuyo. Uma i-protozoa ithola iqoqo lamagciwane, kunalokho, iya kubo. Lokhu kubizwa ukungaphatheki kahle. Le ndawo isiza izilwane ukuthi zigweme izimo ezingezinhle, zithole ukudla nabanye abantu bohlobo.
Umsoco we-infusoria
Ukudla kwama-ciliates kuncike ekilasini lawo. Izicucu ezihlaselayo zisebenza ngamatende. Ama-Unicellular abambelela kubo, anamathele, adlule. Ama-infusoria slippers Kwenziwa ngokuqeda udonga lweseli lesisulu. Ifilimu livela lapho kuhlangana khona amatende. Ekuqaleni, isisulu, njengomthetho, sibanjwa ngenqubo eyodwa. Amanye amatende "asondela etafuleni elivele libekiwe."
I-Ciliary izicathulo zezimo zokuhlobisa idla umhlabeleli onicellular, ibathathe ngomlomo womlomo. Ukusuka lapho, ukudla kungena esophagus bese kungena ukugaya kokugaya. Kuhleliwe "emphinjeni" wehhashi, kuthwebula kuwo yonke imizuzu embalwa. Ngemuva kwalokho, i-vacuole idlula iwashi langemuva kwama-ciliates.Ngesikhathi sendlela, izinto ezinenzuzo zokudla zidonswa yi-cytoplasm. Imfucuza iphonswa ku-powder. Lo umgodi ufana ne-anal.
Ama-ciliates nawo ane-cilia emilonyeni yawo. Ukuhamba phezulu, adala ukugeleza. Iphatha izinhlayiya zokudla emgodleni womlomo. Lapho vacuole wokugaya wenza inqubo yokudla, kwakheka icapsule entsha. Ubuye angene nomphimbo, amukele ukudla. Inqubo i-cyclical. Ezingeni lokushisa elisezingeni eliphezulu lama ciliates, futhi lokhu kungaba ngu-15 degrees Celsius, kwenziwa vacuole wokugaya njalo ngemizuzu emi-2. Lokhu kubonisa isilinganiso se-metabolic of the shoe.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Ciliates isichuse esithombeni ingaba izikhathi ezi-2 ezingaphezu kwelejwayelekile. Lokhu akuyona inkohliso ebonakalayo. Iphuzu yizici zokuzala kabusha kwama-unicellular. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zenqubo:
- Ezothando. Kulokhu, ama-ciliates amabili ahlangana nezindawo eziseceleni. Igobolondo liyancibilika lapha. Kuphendula ibhuloho elixhumayo. Ngalo, amaseli aguqula i-nuclei. Ezinkulu ziyoncibilika ngokuphelele, kuyilapho ezincane zihlukanisa kabili. Amathathu ama-nuclei aphumele obala ayanyamalala. Konke okunye kuhlukaniswe futhi. Ama-nuclei amabili avelayo angena esitokisini esingumakhelwane. Ama-organelles amabili nawo aqhamuka kuwo. Endaweni engapheli, enye yazo iguqulwa ibe yisisekelo esikhulu.
- Okuphathelene. Ngaphandle kwalokho kubizwa ngokuthi ukwahlukanisa. Izimpawu zemikhovu zihlukaniswe kabili. Iseli lihlukaniswe. Kuvela ezimbili. Ngayinye enesethi ephelele ye-nuclei nezinye izingxenye ze-organelles. Azihlukanisi, zisatshalaliswa phakathi kwamaseli asanda kwakhiwa. Ama-organoid alahlekile akhiwa ngemuva kokuthi amaseli enqamukile komunye nomunye.
Njengoba ubona, ngesikhathi sokuzala ngokocansi, inani le-ciliates lihlala lifana. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-conjugation. Kukhona ukushintshaniswa kwemininingwane yezakhi zofuzo kuphela. Inani lamaseli lihlala lifana, kodwa ezilula ngokwazo empeleni zintsha. Ukushintshaniswa ngofuzo kwenza ukuthi izilimi ezisebenza kahle zisebenze. Ngakho-ke, izicathulo ziphendukela ekuzalweni kabusha ngokocansi ngaphansi kwezimo eziphikisayo.
Uma izimo ziba zimbi kakhulu, ifomu le-cysts le-unicellular. Kusuka esiGrekini lo mqondo uhunyushwa ngokuthi "bubble". Ama-ciliates ayacindezelwa, abe ayindilinga futhi ambozwe ngegobolondo eliminyene. Kuvikela umzimba emiphumeleni emibi yemvelo. Imvamisa, izicathulo zihlupheka ukoma ngaphandle kwamanzi.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-ciliates
Lapho izimo zivuleka, ama-cysts aqonde. Ama-ciliates athatha ifomu lawo elijwayelekile. Kwi-cyst, ama-ciliates angafika izinyanga ezimbalwa. Umzimba uluhlobo lohlobo lwe-hibernation. Ukuba khona okujwayelekile kwesicucu kuhlala amasonto ambalwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingqamuzana lihlukanisa noma lithuthukise isisekelo sofuzo lwalo.
Isimilo kanye nendlela yokuphila ye-ciliates izicathulo
Lezi zidalwa ezinemikroskopu zivame ukuhamba ngokunyakaza okungathi yigagasi, zithole isivinini cishe ngamamilimitha amabili nengxenye ngomzuzwana, okuthi kuzo izidalwa ezinjalo ezinganakwa ubude bawo bungu-5-10 ubude bomzimba wazo.
Ukuhamba kwezilokotho Kwenziwa ukuhlangana okungenamikhawulo kuya phambili, kuyilapho kuthambekela ekujikeni izembe lomzimba wayo.
Isicathululo, eshukumisa kabukhali imilenze ye-cilia futhi sibabuyisele kahle endaweni yabo, sisebenza ngezitho ezinjalo zokunyakaza njengama-oars asesikebheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lokushintshwa okunjalo linokuphindaphindeka kwezikhathi eziyishumi nambili ngomzuzwana owodwa.
Ngokuqondene nama-organelles angaphakathi esicathulweni, umnyombo omkhulu wezinduna ubandakanyeka kumetabolism, ukunyakaza, ukuphefumula kanye nokudla komzimba, kanti okuncane kubhekene nenqubo yokuzala.
Ukuphefumula kwalezi zidalwa ezilula kwenziwa ngale ndlela elandelayo: umoya-mpilo ungena ku-cytoplasm ngokusebenzisa inani lomzimba, lapho, ngosizo lwalesi sakhi samakhemikhali, izinto eziphilayo zidalwa oxhasi futhi ziguqulwe zibe yikhabhoni dioksijini, amanzi nezinye izinto.
Futhi ngenxa yalokhu kuguquka, kwakhiwa amandla asetshenziswa yi-microorganism empilweni yayo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, i-carbon dioxide eyingozi iyasuswa esitokisini ngomphezulu wayo.
Isici sezicucu izicathulo, njengeseli ephilayo ye-microscopic, iqukethe amandla alezi zinto ezincane zokuphendula imvelo yangaphandle: amathonya emishini nawamakhemikhali, umswakama, ukushisa nokukhanya.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zivame ukuya ekuqongeleleni kwamagciwane ukuze zisebenzise impilo yazo kanye nokudla okunempilo, kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, imfihlo eyingozi yalezi zinto ezincane ezinamandla yenza ukuba izidalwa zentaba zihambele kude nazo.
Izicubu ziyaphendula namanzi anosawoti, ezisuka kuwo zishesha ukuthatha umhlalaphansi, kepha ngentokozo ziqhubekela ekushiseni nakukhanya, kepha ngokungafani ama-euglens, isicathulo se-infusoria yasendulo kangangokuba ayinayo iso le-photosensitive.
Indawo yokuhlala, ukwakheka nokunyakaza
Isicathu se-ciliates sihlala ezindlini zokugcina ezingashoni. Lesi silwane esinama-unicellular 0.5 mm ubude sinomzimba womzimba ongu-fusiform, okusikhumbuza okukude nesihlangu. I-infusoria ihlala ihamba, ibhukuda ekugcineni okungenamsoco. Ijubane lokuhamba kwalesi silwane lifinyelela ku-2,5 mm ngomzuzwana. Phezu komzimba bane-organelles ezinyakazayo - i-cilia. Kunama-nuclei amabili esitokisini: i-nucleus enkulu ibhekele ukondleka, ukuphefumula, ukunyakaza, i-metabolism, i-nucleus encane ibandakanyeka kwinqubo yezocansi.
Ukwakheka kwama-ciliates
Umzimba we-ciliates uyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Ulwelwesi olunwebekile olumboza i-ciliator kusuka ngaphandle luhlala luhlala luhlala lumile. Ama-fibrils asekelwa kahle athuthukile, akhiwe ku-cytoplasm ungqimba eseduze nolwelwesi, ayasiza kulokhu. Cilia cishe i-15,000 ye-cilia e-oscillating etholakala ngaphezu komzimba we-ciliates. Phansi kwe-cilium ngayinye kulele umzimba oyisihlabathi. Ukuhamba kwe-cilia ngayinye kuqukethe ukuswayipha okubukhali kuqonde ngakunye kanye nokubuyela emuva okuhamba kancane, okubushelelezi esimweni sayo sokuqala. UCilia ushintshashintsha izikhathi ezingama-30 ngomzuzwana, futhi, njengama-oars, cindezela i-ciliator phambili. Ukunyakaza okufana negagasi le-cilia kuyavumelana. Lapho ama-ciliates esintanta, ahamba kancane ngokuzungeza i-axis ende yomzimba.
Ukubonakala kwezicucu izicathulo
Ngenxa yokufana kwayo nezicucu zabesifazane kuphela, lolu hlobo lwama-ciliates selithole igama lesibili - "isicathulo". Ukwakheka kwalesi sitho se-unicellular kuhlala njalo futhi kungaguquki ngokukhula noma ezinye izinto. Umzimba wonke umbozwe i-cilia encane, efana ne-euglena flagella. Ngokumangazayo, kukhona cishe izinkulungwane eziyishumi zalezi cilia kumuntu ngamunye! Ngosizo lwabo, ingqamuzana lihamba emanzini futhi lithumba ukudla.
Isicathu se-infusoria, isakhiwo saso esijwayelekile ezincwadini zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, asibonakali ngamehlo. Ama-ciliates yizinto ezincane kunazo zonke ezinama-unicellular, kepha ngokuqongelela okukhulu angabonakala ngaphandle kwamadivayisi akhulisayo. Emanzini anodaka, azobukeka njengamachashazi amhlophe angashintshi.
Ukukhetha
Emzimbeni we-ciliates, izicathulo yizicucu ezimbili zokuvimbela inzalo, ezitholakala ngaphambili nasemaphethelweni angemuva womzimba. Baqoqa amanzi ngezinto ezincibilikisiwe ezenziwe ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwe-oxidation yezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zezinto eziphilayo. Njengoba sesifinyelele inani elinganiselwe, imigomo yokuvimbela inzalo isondela ebusweni bomzimba, nokuqukethwe kuyakuthulula. Emanzini amnandi ama-unicellular izilwane ngokusebenzisa ama-vacuoles contractile, amanzi amaningi ngokweqile ayasuswa, engena njalo emizimbeni yawo evela emvelweni.
Ukucasuka
Ama-ciliates, izicathulo ziyahlangana ukuze ziqongelele ama-bacterium ukuphendula isenzo sezinto ezikhululwe yizo, kepha zintanta kude nesolaka njengosawoti wethebula.
Ukucasulwa kuyimpahla yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo ukuphendula ezenzweni zabaphathe kabi abanye - ukukhanya, ukushisa, umswakama, amakhemikhali, izingcindezi zemishini. Ngenxa yokucasukela, izilwane ezingafundile zivimbela izimo ezingezinhle, zithole ukudla, abantu bonyaka wazo.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-ciliates
Isicathu se-ciliates siphindaphindeka ngokuhlukaniswa. Cishe kube kanye ngosuku, i-nuclei, enkulu nelincane, iphambukelana ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, yelule ihlukanise kabili. Kumuntu ngamunye omusha, kusala eyodwa futhi eyodwa vacuole contractile. Elesibili lakhiwa emahoreni ambalwa. Isakhiwo ngasinye sezicucu ze-ciliates sifana kumzali.
Kumakhubalo ahlukane ngokwehlukana okuningi, into enjengokuzala ngocansi iyabonakala. Abantu ababili baxhumene. Ngaphakathi kweseli elikhulu okuphumayo, i-fission yenuzi nokushintshaniswa kwe-chromosome kwenzeka. Ngemuva kokuphothulwa kwenqubo yamakhemikhali eyinkimbinkimbi enjalo, ama-ciliates ayaxoshwa. Isibalo sabantu abavela kulokhu asikhuphuki, kodwa baba ngcono ngokuguquguquka kwezimo zangaphandle.
Ukwakheka nomsebenzi wezicucu zesicathulo kuncike kakhulu ezicini zangaphandle. Zonke izicathulo zibukeka zifana, zinesimo nobukhulu obufanayo, ngaphandle kwezimo. Umsebenzi obalulekile uqhubeka ngokuya ngesimo esisodwa. Ukushisa nokukhanya kuphela yizinto ezibalulekile. Ama-ciliates azwela kakhulu ushintsho ekukhanyeni. Ungenza isivivinyo esincane: wenze mnyama umkhumbi lapho kuhlala khona ama ciliates, ushiya iwindi elincane elikhanyayo. Emahoreni ambalwa, bonke abantu badonswa kule umgodi. Futhi, ama-ciliates ayaqonda nezinguquko zokushisa. Lapho lehla laya ku-15 ° C, izicathulo ziyeka ukondla futhi zanda, ziwe uhlobo lokugqwayiza okumisiwe.
Okuphathelene
I-infusoria imvama ukuzala kabusha i-asexally - ihlukanisa kabili. Ama-nuclei ahlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili, futhi ku-ciliator ngayinye entsha kukhona isisekelo esisodwa esikhulu nesisodwa. Ngayinye yezimbangi ezimbili ithola ingxenye yama-organelles, kanti ezinye zakhiwa kabusha.
Ezothando
Ngokuntuleka kokudla noma ushintsho lokushisa, ama-ciliates athuthela ekukhiqizweni ngokocansi, bese ephenduka i-cyst.
Ngesikhathi senqubo yocansi, ukwanda kwenani labantu akwenzeki. Izinduna ezimbili zixhunywe isikhashana komunye nomunye. Ephuzwini lokuthintana, igobolondo liyancibilika kanye nezindawo ezixhumanisa ibhuloho phakathi kwezilwane. Umnyombo omkhulu we-ciliator ngayinye uyanyamalala. Umongo omncane uhlukaniswe kabili. Kwi-ciliator ngayinye, kwakheka ama-nuclei endodakazi amane. Amathathu awo abhujiswa, kuthi owesine ahlukaniswe futhi. Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-cores amabili asala kulelo nalelo. Ukushintshwa kwe-nuclei kwenzeka kanye nebhuloho le-cytoplasmic, futhi lapho lihlangana ne-nucleus esele. I-nuclei esanda kwenziwa yakha i-nuclei enkulu nelincane, kanye ne-ciliates diverge. Le nqubo yezocansi ibizwa nge- conjugation. Kuhlala cishe amahora ayi-12. Inqubo yezocansi iholela ekuvuseleleni, ukushintshaniswa phakathi kwabantu kanye nokwabiwa kabusha kwezinto zofuzo (zofuzo), ezikhulisa amandla ezinto eziphilayo.