Izici ezijwayelekile nezimpawu zensimu

Inyoni enkulu enemilenze emide, intamo kanye noqhwaku. Ubude bomzimba obuyi-100-115 cm, amaphiko angama-155-165 cm, isisindo sezinyoni zabantu abadala ukusuka ku-2,5 kuye ku-4,5 kg. Abesilisa bakhulu ngandlela-thile kunabesifazane, kepha ngaphandle bangaziwa ukuthi banjani. I-plumage imhlophe, indiza emnyama. Uqhwaku nemilenze zibomvu. Lapho ubuka inyoni ezindizayo, intamo nemilenze ephakeme, umehluko omnyama nomhlophe udonsela ukunaka. Uhamba phansi, anikine ikhanda kancane ngesikhathi ngokunyakaza. Ezidlekeni noma ezintanjeni, ingama isikhathi eside emlenzeni owodwa, idonse intamo yayo ku-plumage yomzimba. Imvamisa isebenzisa indiza ekhuphukayo, engenamaphiko okushayeka, iyakwazi ukukhuphuka lapho inyuka imijikelezo yomoya. Ukwehla okubukhali nokubamba - ucindezela kancane amaphiko emzimbeni bese ubeka imilenze yakho phambili. Ama-Flocks akhiwa ngesikhathi sendiza, nawo akhiwa izinyoni ezingadli lapho zizulazula entwasahlobo nasehlobo. Akukho-oda eliqinile emihlambini ezindizayo. Lapho behla bevela phezulu, izinyoni zehla zilandelana. Ihluke ku-stork emnyama kumapayipi amhlophe, kusuka kumakhilogremu namakhala ngombala obomvu woqhwaku lwawo nemilenze. Ngokungafani namakhala, indiza iyanuka kunokuba igoqe intamo yayo.

Vota. Isisekelo sokuxhumana okuzwakalayo kwezingwamza ezimhlophe ukuqhekeka komlomo. Kwesinye isikhathi, umsindo uzwakala. I-repertoire yomsindo yamachwane ihluke kakhulu. Ukukhala kwengulube icela ukudla kufana ne-meow ende. Ingxenye yokuqala yalokhu kumemeza inethoni ephezulu, eyesibili iphansi. Ungase futhi uzwe ukukhala okukhulu nokukhala amachwane esidlekeni; emavikini okuqala empilo, amachwane azama ukuqhekeka ngemilomo yawo.

Incazelo

Umbala. Owesilisa owesilisa nowesifazane. Akukho mehluko wesikhathi ngombala. Iningi lamapayipi amhlophe, izimpaphe zokuqala, isecurity yangaphandle, ihlombe nengxenye yezimpaphe ezimboze ngengalo zimnyama nge-sheen yensimbi. Ama-webs angaphandle ezinhlwane ezincane ezinamabala ansundu eceleni kwesiqu (isibonakaliso siyahlukahluka, kuvame ukubonakala kuphela ebangeni eliseduze). Izimpaphe entanyeni nasesifubeni zinokuphakama okuthile, izinyoni ezijabule (ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi sokuzalelana) zivame ukuzilambisa. Uqhwaku nemilenze zibomvu ngokugqamile. Isikhumba esingenalutho esizungeze iso nangaphambi kwesikhumba se-chin simnyama. Amehlo ansundu ansundu.

Isambatho sokuqala sokwehla. Ngemuva kokuqokwa, iphuphu limbozwa ngefluff engabonakali emfishane emhlophe. Imilenze iphuzi, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa iba mpunga-mnyama. Uqhwaku nesikhumba ezungeze amehlo kumnyama, isikhumba esilevini sibomvu, iris imnyama. Ingubo yesibili eyehlayo. Izansi limhlophe qwa, limanzi futhi lide. Ingena esikhundleni sokuqala esikhathini esingangesonto.

Ngubo yokugqoka. Le nyoni encane ifana ngombala kumuntu omdala, kepha umbala omnyama weplamu uthathelwa indawo ngombala onsundu, ungakhanyi. Uqhwaku nemilenze iba nsundu omnyama, lapho amachwane eshiya izidleke, zivame ukuba nsundu ngokubomvu, kepha uvame ukubona amanetha endizayo ngomlomo omnyama noma onsundu onesihloko esimnyama. Amehlo kaRainy grey.

Ukwakheka nobukhulu

Njengomthetho, izilinganiso zezingxenye ezahlukahlukene zomzimba wezingwamza zishicilelwa ngaphandle kokwehlukanisa isampula laba ngamaqembu ocansi. Ubude bephiko bokuphakanyiswa okuqokiwe kojantshi omhlophe ngale ndlela yendawo yangaphambili. I-USSR, eyabantu abayisithupha, ama-585-605 mm (Spangenberg, 1951), ese-Ukraine (Smogorzhevsky, 1979) - 534-574 mm. Umbhali wokugcina uphinde abike ukuthi ubude bomsila buyehluka phakathi kuka-206- 232 mm, uqhwaku luse -156-195, kanti ama-lobes angama-193-227 mm. Ukuhlolwa kwamaqoqo eMnyuziyamu waseZoo waseKiev National University noMnyuziyamu Kazwelonke Womlando Wezemvelo wase-Ukraine kunikeze le miphumela elandelayo: ubude bephiko (n = 14) - 513-587 mm, ngenani elijwayelekile elingama-559,9 ± 5.8 mm, umsila (n = 11) - 201 -232, ngokwesilinganiso 222.5 ± 4.2, umlomo (n = 12) - 150-192, isilinganiso 166.4 ± 3.5, tarsus (n = 14) - 187-217, ngokwesilinganiso 201.4 ± 2,5 mm (okwangempela). Kwingulube emhlophe yase-Asiya, ubude bephiko kubantu abangu-9 abalinganiswa babungu-550-640, isilinganiso esingu-589 mm.

Usayizi we-stork emhlophe ngamaqembu ocansi kanye nezinhlobo zemikhakha eyahlukene zinikezwa etafuleni. 31.

Ifomula yephiko (ungabali i-flywheel yokuqala eyindilinga) IV? III? V-I-VI. Ama-webs angaphandle e-II ne-IV flyworms eyinhloko ane-clippings. Umsila uyindilinga omncane, izimpaphe zomsila 12. Uqhwaku lude, luqondile, luphonsa phezulu. Emakhaleni mide, kufane nokuthiwe. Isisindo sabesilisa besilisa abangama-41 besuka eMpumalanga. I-Prussia 2 900-4 400 g (isilinganiso esingu-3,571), izintokazi ezingama-27 - 2 700-3 900 g (3 325). Isisindo sanda kancane ehlobo. Isisindo esijwayelekile sabesilisa abangu-14 ngoJuni sasingama-3,341 g, abesifazane abangu-14 - ama-3,150 g, ngoJulayi-Agasti 12 abesilisa babenesisindo esingu-3,970 g ngokwesilinganiso, izintokazi eziyi-12 - 3,521 g (Steinbacher, 1936).

Ngakho-ke owesilisa, omkhulu kunowesifazane, unomlomo omude nangaphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uqhwaku kowesilisa lunesimo esihlukile ngokuhlukile: uqhwaku olungaphambi kwesihlahla sogobongo lubhekeke kancane phezulu, kuyilapho kowesifazane uqhwaku luqondile (Bauer, Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966, eCreutz, 1988). Ngobude bomlomo, ubulili bezinyoni ezingama-67% bunganqunywa ngephutha lephutha elingadluli ku-5% (Post et al., 1991). Ukuqashelwa komuntu ngamunye kwezinyoni ngephethini yendawo emnyama ku-chin nakho kuyenzeka (Fangrath, Helb, 2005).

I-Molting

Kufundwa ngokungapheleli. Ezinyoni ezincane, ukuqunjelwa okuphelele kwentsha kuqalile, kuya ngezimo, kusukela ngoDisemba kuya kuMeyi wonyaka wokuqala wokuphila. Ezinyoni ezindala, i-molt ephelele ithatha unyaka wonke. Izinyoni zokuqala ziyashintshana ngokulandelana okungajwayelekile kuyo yonke inkathi yezidleke, ezinye ebusika (Stresemann, Stresemann, 1966).

Ngokuningiliziwe, ukuncibilika kwezimpaphe zezimpukane kwakulandelwa emithini engu-5 egcinwe enkulisa eSwitzerland (Bloesch et al., 1977). Ukukhula kwepeni kwenzeka ngejubane elifanele. Ama-flyworms ayisisekelo akhula ngo-8-9 mm ngosuku, asekondari - ngu-6.5-6.9 mm. Kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-50-55 kuye kwezingu-65-75 ukubuyisela izimpaphe izimpukane. Ezinyoni ezake zabonwa, izimpukane eziyisithupha eziyizimpiko nezingu-13 zamaphiko womabili omabili zathathelwa indawo unyaka ngamunye. Isikhathi sokugqoka izimpaphe ezihlukile asifani, ngoba impukane eyinhloko, yayiqala eminyakeni eyi-1,2 kuye kwengama-2,5. Ukuguqulwa kwezimpaphe kuya ngokuhamba ngezinyathelo. Kuma-flywheel ayisisekelo, iqala nge-XI, ukuthola izimpophoma ezincane, ezivela kumaphuzu amaningana. Imijikelezo yokuhlanza iqala kusuka onyakeni wesibili wokuphila; inkambo yabo yokugcina isungulwa kuphela iminyaka eyi-4-5. Ngesikhathi sokuncibilika kokuqala nokwesithathu, ukushintshwa kwezimpaphe kwaqala ngoMashi-Ephreli, bese kuthi maphakathi noMeyi kuqhubeke kuze kube sekupheleni kukaNovemba. Iningi lezimpaphe zishintshile ezinyangeni zasehlobo phakathi kokuqala kokuqala nokuhamba.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-molting ne-nesting kungabangelwa ukuthi i-stork emhlophe ngalesi sikhathi inomthwalo ophansi kakhulu emaphikweni kunangesikhathi sokufuduka isikhathi eside noma ngesikhathi sokuphila kokuma ngezikhathi zobusika (eCreutz, ngo-1988).

I-Subspecies taxonomy

Kunezindawo ezingaphansi ezi-2 ezihlukile ngosayizi nesimo sendawo yoqhwaku:

1.Cicortia cicottia ciconia

I-Ardea ciconia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, c. 142, Sweden.

Ifomu elincane. Ubude bephiko besilisa buba ngu-545-600 mm, ubude bangaphambili buyi-188-226 mm, ubude bomlomo ungu-150-200 mm. Uqhwaku alushayi phansi ngokuqhamile lubheke phezulu (iStanyany, 2003). Kusatshalaliswa eYurophu, eNyakatho. Afrika, eNtshonalanga Nge-Asia.

I-2.Ciconia ciconia asiatica

UCiconia alba asiatica Severtzov, 1873, Izv. Imp. Iziqhingi zabathandi besayensi, i-anthropology ne-ethnography, 8, cha. 2, k. 145, iTurkestan.

Ifomu elikhudlwana. Ubude bephiko besilisa buyi-580-630 mm, ubude be-foregrip buyi-200-240 mm, ubude bomlomo ungu-184-235 mm. Uqhwaku, ikakhulukazi olusebenzayo, luthuthukiswa kakhulu phezulu (iStepanyan, 2003). Ihlala endaweni ye-Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan neKyrgyzstan.

Ukubhebhetheka

Ububanzi be-Nesting. I-Europe, North-West Afrika, eNtshonalanga nase-Asia Ephakathi.

Umdwebo 78. Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kukogwayi omhlophe:
a - indawo yokunikeza izidleke, b - izindawo zobusika, c - izinkomba eziphambili zokufuduka kwasekwindla, d - izinkomba zokwandisa.

I-subspecies yase-Europe isatshalaliswa iningi le-Europe isuka e-Iberian peninsula iye kwiVolga naseTranscaucasia. Enyakatho, ibanga layo lifinyelela eDenmark, eSouth. ISweden, i-Estonia, inyakatho-ntshonalanga yeRussia. EFrance, izingwamza zihlala ezifundazweni ezimbalwa kuphela, ngakho-ke izindawo ezinikeza izidleke eSpain, Portugal, Zap. IFrance neNyakatho-Ntshonalanga I-Afrika izithola ihlukaniswe nobukhulu baseYurophu. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuhlala kabusha okuqhubekayo, kungenzeka ukuthi lezi zingxenye ezimbili zobubanzi zizovalwa. ENyakatho NtshonalangaI-Afrika, izidleke zamantshontsho amhlophe eMorocco, enyakatho ye-Algeria naseTunisia. ENtshonalanga. I-Asia - eTurkey, eSyria, eLebanon, kwa-Israyeli, e-Iraq, e-Iran, eTranscaucasia - eningizimu ye-Georgia, e-Armenia, e-Azerbaijan, naseRiphabhulikhi yaseDagestan yeRussian Federation. Amacala okuzala ayaziwa nasezindaweni zobusika eziseNingizimu. I-Afrika (Broekhuysen, 1965, 1971, Broekhuysen, Uys, 1966, Hancock et al., 1992). Ngo-2004, kwenziwa umzamo wokuthola isidleke enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNgilandi eYorkshire. Leli yisimo sokuqala sokuzalelwa kwezinguluzi ezimhlophe e-UK ngemuva kuka-1416, lapho izinyoni zazidlela esontweni lesonto e-Edinburgh.

E-Russia, ibhungane elimhlophe selikade lihlala endaweni yesifunda saseKaliningrad. Kwezinye izindawo, kubonakale muva nje, kukhulisa uhla lokuzalela ezindaweni zasempumalanga nasenyakatho-mpumalanga. Amacala okuqala esidleke emngceleni wanamuhla wesifunda saseLeningrad naseMoscow. kwaphawulwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX. (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983, Zubakin et al., 1992). Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ingulube emhlophe yaqala ukudleka ezifundeni zasePoland, Tver naseKaluga. (Zarudny, 1910, Filatov, 1915, Bianchi, 1922). Ngalesi sikhathi, kwase sekujwayelekile impela ezindaweni ezisentshonalanga zeSmolensk (iGrave, 1912, 1926) nasengxenyeni eseningizimu yesifunda saseBryansk. (Fedosov, 1959). Ukuphinda ungene ezindlini ezintsha bekungajabulisi. Ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwezindawo ezintsha kwaphawuleka ngawo-1970-1990s. Njengamanje, endaweni yaseRussia, umngcele osenyakatho nowasempumalanga wokuhlalwa okuhlala njalo kwabahlali baseMpumalanga YaseYurophu ungadonswa ngombandela ngomgwaqo i-St. kanye ne-Ukraine.

Umdwebo 79. Ibanga le-stork emhlophe eVost. I-Europe kanye neNyakatho. E-Eshiya:
a - nesting ejwayelekile, b - umngcele ocacisiwe ngokungafanele wobubanzi bokuzalela, c - nesting ngokungahambelani. Izingqinamba: 1 - S. k. ciconia, 2 - S. k. asiatica.

Ukuxoshwa okwesikhashana kombhangqwana ngamunye kwabonwa kude kakhulu komkhawulo obekiwe: eningizimu. I-Karelia, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, Perm, Ulyanovsk, Penza, Saratov, Volgograd kanye neRostov Regions, iKrasnodar Territory (Lapshin, 1997, 2000, Bakka et al., 2000, Borodin, 2000, Dylyuk, Galchenkov, 2000, Karjakin, 2000, Komlev, 2000, Mnatsekanov, 2000, Piskunov, Belyachenko, 2000, Sotnikov, 2000, Frolov et al., 2000, Chernobay, 2000a, njll.). Inani labantu baseNtshonalanga Asia lezindawo zokuqokelwa zisatshalaliswa endaweni ephansi yaseTersko-Sulak yaseDagestan (eBabayhure, eKhasavyurt, eKizlyar, ezifundeni zaseTarumovsky), ngezikhathi ezithile izidleke zaqhamuka ngaphandle kwaseDagestan - esifundeni saseStavropol, eKarachaevo-Cherkessia, Proletarsky esifundeni saseRostov. (Khokhlov, 1988a, Bichev, Skiba, 1990). Izingodo ezimhlophe zabhalwa phansi emaphethelweni ezansi kweNyakatho. Ossetia (Komarov, 1986). Isifunda saseRostov ngokusobala siyindawo lapho abantu baseMpumalanga Yurophu nabaseNtshonalanga Asia baphendukela khona lapho bevela khona. Esokuqala singena lapha sisuka enyakatho sigudla iDon futhi sisuka entshonalanga - sisuka e-Ukraine, esesibili - sisuka eningizimu-mpumalanga kanye nengcindezelo yaseKumo-Manychka. Ukuqinisekiswa kokugcina, ukuqondiswa okungaqiniseki kahle kokunyakaza kwezinyoni, kungaba ngumhlangano ngoMeyi 13, 1996 endaweni yeLake. ISadinskoye, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeStavropol Territory, imihlambi yezinyoni eziyi-18 ezifudukele endaweni ephakeme eqonde enyakatho nentshonalanga (iDylyuk, Galchenkov, 2000).

E-Ukraine, umngcele wamanje webanga udlula eNyakatho. naseNyakatho-East. ECrimea, izingxenye eziseningizimu zeZaporizhzhya neDonetsk, isifunda saseLugansk. (Grishchenko, 2005). Ngo-2006, kwaqoshwa amacala okuqala wokudlekwa kwengulube emhlophe eningizimu-mpumalanga yeCrimea ngaseFeodosia (UM. M. Beskaravayny, ukuxhumana komuntu nomuntu).

Isikhumba esimhlophe saseTurkestan sisakazeke eCentral Asia - eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Uzbekistan, eTajikistan, eKyrgyzstan, naseningizimu yeKazakhstan. Phambilini, ibanga lifike kuChardjou eTurkmenistan, indawo engezansi kwe-Amu Darya, futhi bekukhona amacala esidlekayo entshonalanga yeChina - eKashgaria (Spangenberg, 1951, Dolgushin, 1960, Sagitov, 1987, Sernazarov et al., 1992). Ngesinye isikhathi, kuye kwenziwa imizamo yokuthola izidleke - okusobala ukuthi isivele isezingeni laseYurophu - eningizimu-mpumalanga yeTurkmenistan (Belousov, 1990).

Isikhungo esincane esidlekayo sogogo omhlophe (cishe amabhangqa ayishumi) savuka eningizimu e-Afrika. Izinyoni ziqala ukuthola izidleke lapha ngoSepthemba-Novemba - ngesikhathi sokufika kwezinkumbi zabantu basenyakatho ngesikhathi sasebusika (del Hoyo et al., 1992).Njengasesimweni sogolantethe omnyama, le micropopulation ivela kubantu abafudukayo, ngasizathu simbe, abaqala ukuzala ebusika.

Ubusika

Izizathu ezibaluleke kakhulu zobusika kubantu abangasentshonalanga kwezingosi zaseYurophu ezisanda kwenziwa zingama-savannas eningizimu yeSahara ukusuka eSenegal entshonalanga kuya eCameroon empumalanga. Izindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokubandakanywa kwezinyoni zobusika yizigodi zaseSenegal, Niger kanye neLake District. IChad. Ama-sworks izidleke ezisenyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Afrika nako ubusika lapha. Ubusika babantu basempumalanga buseMpumalanga. naseNingizimu. I-Afrika isuka eSudan, eTopiya naseSomalia iye eSouth Africa. Izinyoni eziningi zihlala izinyanga zasebusika eTanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Izingwamza ezivela eNtshonalanga. Abase-Asia ubusika ngokwengxenye e-Afrika, ngokwengxenye eningizimu ye-Asia. I-subspecies yase-Asia isebusika ikakhulukazi e-India eningizimu kuya eSri Lanka. Ngasempumalanga, lezi zinyoni zingatholakala ngaphambi kweThailand (Schulz, 1988, 1998, Ash, 1989, Hancock et al., 1992). ENdiya, izindawo eziphambili zokubusika zobusika zezingulube yizifunda zaseBihar enyakatho-mpumalanga neGujarat entshonalanga (Majumdar, 1989). Ngokuthabisisayo, izinyoni ezinamakhwela eYurophu nazo zatholakala eNdiya (Lebedeva, 1979a). Ngokusobala, laba bangamaqhude abalahlekelwe indlela yabo endaweni yase-Iskander Bay - abangaguquki eningizimu, kodwa bayaqhubeka nokuthuthela eningizimu-mpumalanga.

Ezinye izinyoni ebusika ezingxenyeni eseningizimu yohlu lokuzalela. ESpain ngesikhathi sezinkathi zasebusika zika-1991 no-1992 ethafeni lomfula Cishe babalelwa ku-3 000 abantu ababalwa eGuadalquivir nasogwini lwe-Andalusia (Tortosa et al., 1995). EPortugal ebusika buka-1994/95 Izingulube eziyi-1,187 zifihliwe (Rosa et al., 1999). Izinkulungwane zezingwamza zisala ebusika kwa-Israyeli (Schulz, 1998). E-Armenia, amakhulu ezinyoni ebusika e-Araks Valley ngonyaka (i-Adamyan, 1990). EBulgaria, izingwamza zahlala ebusika ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX. Manje inani labo lenyuke kakhulu. Kubalwa abantu ababalelwa kwabayi-10 (Nankinov, 1994). Amacala obusika ayaziwa nakwezinye izindawo ezisenyakatho - e-Ukraine (Grishchenko, 1992), eCzech Republic (Tichy, 1996), eJalimane, eDenmark (Schulz, 1998). E-Russia, ubusika bezinyosi ezimhlophe kwaphawulwa eDagestan (T.K. Umakhanova, V.F. Mamataeva, ukuxhumana komuntu siqu). ECentral Asia, ubusika buhlala ngamanani amancane eSigodini saseFerghana (Tretyakov, 1974, 1990). Kuze kubhalwe izinyoni ezingafika ku-250 lapha endaweni yePungan - Urgench ezinyangeni zasebusika zika-1989. Kukholakala ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa okuyingxenye kwezingwamza ezimhlophe esiGodini saseFerghana kunomthelela ekwandeni okuvamile kwesibalo sazo esifundeni. Ubusika obungajwayelekile babonwa esigodini saseSyr Darya nasemfuleni. Panj eningizimu. I-Tajikistan (Mitropolsky, 2007).

Kuhlotshwe kokudlule. Izinyoni ezimhlophe zase-USSR zatholakala phakathi nobusika ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Afrika, ezinye izinyoni - e-Ethiopia, eSudan, e-Uganda, eKenya, eNamibia, eZap. I-Afrika (Lebedeva, 1979; Smogorzhevsky, 1979).

Njengoba kusungulwe nguH. Schulz (Schulz, 1988), ukusatshalaliswa kwezingwamvubu ezindaweni zobusika e-Afrika kunqunywa ngokuyinhloko ngezinqolobane zokudla. Okokuqala, izinyoni zikhetha ama-biotopes ezimanzi, kepha zingahlala nasezindaweni ezomile ezicebile ngokudla. Imihlambi emikhulu itholakala ngisho nasehlane, nasezintabeni. ELesotho ngo-1987, kwatholakala umhlambi wezingulube ezingama-200 endaweni ephakeme cishe. Amamitha ayi-2 000. Izinyoni ezondliwe emithonjeni yezilwane zinwebeka ngabantu abasemanzini. Ezindaweni ezicebile ngokudla, izingwamza zinganqwabelana ngobuningi obukhulu. NgoJanuwari we-1987, eTanzania escebeni esingama-25 km2, babalelwa ezinkulungwaneni eziyikhulu. Izinyoni zidla emasimini alfalfa, lapho amacimbi kwesinye sezimvemvane sendawo siphindaphindeka enhlanganisweni. ENingizimu. I-Afrika kule sizini cishe azikho izingwamza ezimhlophe.

Ngenxa yemiphumela yokukhala kanye ne-satellite telemetry, kwatholakala ukuthi izingosi zasebusika zabantu basentshonalanga nabasempumalanga azihlukanisiwe. Kulesikhungo. I-Afrika inendawo ebusika ehlanganisiwe lapho kutholakala khona izinyoni ezivela kuzo zombili izihlambi. Lapha, abantu besibalo esisodwa bangathathwa ngemihlambi yezingwamza kusuka kwesinye isibalo bese babuyela entwasahlobo ngendlela ehlukile nakwezinye izindawo ezizaliswayo (Berthold et al., 1997, Brouwer et al., 2003).

Ukufuduka

Ingwamza emhlophe ingumhambi okude. Izinyoni ezivela engxenyeni esenyakatho-empumalanga yebanga zindiza ngaphezu kwe-10 000 km. Kunezindawo ezimbili eziyinhloko zezindawo ezise-Europe, ezihlukile ezindleleni zezindiza nasezindaweni zobusika. Umugqa ohlukanisayo phakathi kwabo udlula eHolland, eHarz, eBavaria, e-Alps (Schuz, 1953, 1962, eCreutz, 1988, Schulz, 1988, 1998). Izinyoni ezihlala entshonalanga zalo ziyafuduka ekwindla ziye eningizimu-ntshonalanga ngeFrance, Spain, Gibraltar.Ngemuva kwalokho indiza idlula eMorocco, eMauritania, entshonalanga yeSahara. Lezi zinyoni ebusika eNtshonalanga. I-Afrika. Izingwamza ezidonsa empumalanga yalayini ahlukanisayo zindizela eningizimu-empumalanga ekwindla, futhi zisuka eningizimu, eRussia, e-Ukraine, eBelarus naseBaltic. Ngomkhawulo we-Ukraine ekwindla, kunezindlela ezintathu eziphambili zokundiza ezihlanganisa ukuhamba okufudukayo okunamandla kugudla ugu olusentshonalanga yoLwandle Olumnyama (Grishchenko, Serebryakov, 1992, Grischtschenko et al., 1995). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingwamza zindizela eBalkan naseTurkey, zidlula eBosphorus, e-Asia Minor. Ukusuka e-Iskander baya ogwini lwaseMedithera, lapho baphinde babheke eningizimu futhi bathuthele emfuleni omncane onqamula eLebanon, kwa-Israyeli, eNhlonhlo yeSinayi kuye esiGodini saseNayile. Ngaphesheya kwalo mfula kanye neRift Valley kukhona okunye ukufuduka okuya ezindaweni eziphambili zobusika eMpumalanga. naseNingizimu. I-Afrika. EMpumalanga Izingwamza zaseSudan zima isikhathi eside amasonto angama-4-6 futhi zondla kakhulu ukubuyisa izindawo ezigcina amafutha ukuze ziqhubeke nokufuduka (Schulz, 1988, 1998).

Ugwababa, njengomhlaba ukhuphuka, ugwema ukundiza okude phezu kolwandle, ngenxa yalokho, ukufuduka kuhamba phakathi komfula. Ama-Storks avela esifundeni esentshonalanga, enyakatho nasenkabeni ye-Ukraine athuthela ogwini olusentshonalanga yoLwandle Olumnyama aze adlule eBosphorus, nezinyoni ezivela eMpumalanga. I-Ukraine indiza ngaseningizimu-mpumalanga ukuya ogwini olusempumalanga yoLwandle Olumnyama. Amaqhude avela engxenyeni esempumalanga yebanga eRussia nawo andiza lapha. Ezinye zezingwamza, yize zingabalulekile, zisandiza ngqo olwandle ngokuqondile. Kukhona indiza “ephakathi nendawo” enqamula e-Italy naseSicily iya eTunisia. Ngo-1990-1992 eCape Bon eTunisia, kwaqoshwa izingquza ezingama-1,378 futhi ezingama-67 eduze kwaseMessina eSicily (Kisling and Horst, 1999). Kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi izinyoni ezivela kwabasentshonalanga nabasempumalanga basebenzise le ndlela (Schulz, 1998). Ukutholwa umuntu ngamunye eLatvia kwatholakala ngoSepthemba eduze kwaseNaples (Lebedeva, 1979). Futhi isigaxa esisodwa esine-satellite transmitter sindiza sadlula uLwandle iMedithera ngqo sisuka eSt Tropez eFrance saya eTunisia, indlela enqamula olwandle yayingamakhilomitha angama-752 okungenani (Chemetsov et al., 2005). Mhlawumbe ingxenye yezingwamza indiza eLwandle Olumnyama, iwele eCrimea.

Ukufuduka kwamantshontsho asuka eTranscaucasia, e-Iraq nase-Iran akuqondakali kahle. Kucatshangwa ukuthi indiza iqonde eningizimu-mpumalanga eSouth. I-Asia (Schtiz, 1963, Schulz, 1998). Kwatholakala inyoni e-Armenia eNakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic km km ngaseningizimu mpumalanga (Lebedeva, 1979). Umugqa wokuhlukanisa phakathi kwabantu abafudukela e-Afrika nase-Asia awaziwa namanje. Ngokusobala, kudlula endaweni ethile empumalanga yeTurkey. Okungenani kule ndawo, imihlambi yezinyoni ifuduka isiya eningizimu-mpumalanga nasentshonalanga ekwindla (Schtiz, 1963).

Ekwindla, izingwamza zaseTurkestan zindizela eningizimu zidlula e-Afghanistan ziye eNdiya, zinqamula eHindu Kush zidlula eSalang Pass (Schtiz, 1963, Schulz, 1998). Izingulube ezinemichilo e-Uzbekistan zazimbiwa entwasahlobo e-Afghanistan nasePakistan (Lebedeva, 1979).

Ukuhlaziywa kokulandelelwa kwesiphuphutheki sezingwamza ezingama-140 zaseJalimane kwabonisa ukuthi izindlela nezinsuku zokufuduka, izindawo zasebusika nezindawo zokuma zingashiyana kakhulu phakathi kwalezi zinyoni, kodwa, uma kunokwenzeka, zihlala zingagcineki. Izinguquko zibangelwa yizinto zemvelo, ikakhulukazi izimo zokondla (Berthold et al., 2004). Izinsuku zokuhamba ezivela kumasayithi wobusika zixhomekeka esimweni sezulu. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, izinyoni zingahlala. Ngakho-ke, ngonyaka we-1997 ongathandeki kakhulu, amahlosi aqala ukusuka ezindaweni zawo zobusika ngemuva kwenyanga ngokujwayelekile (Kosarev, 2006). Kungezwe kulokhu ukubambezeleka ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibanda isikhathi eside eMiddle East. Ama-Storks ahlome ngezinto zokuhanjiswa enza amabanga amade eSyria naseTurkey. Indiza yokubuya yaphawulwa (Kaatz, 1999). Ngenxa yalokhu, ngonyaka we-1997, zingama-20% kuphela izinyoni ezivela kubantu basempumalanga abafika ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile, iningi lazo ngokubambezeleka kwamasonto angama-4-6 (Schulz, 1998).

Ukusuka ezindaweni zobusika, ukuhamba kwesisindo ngakolunye uhlangothi kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari noma ngoFebhuwari. Kwa-Israyeli, ukuqala kokufuduka kwentwasahlobo kwezinyoni ezindala kuyaqapheleka maphakathi noFebhuwari, inani eliphakeme lokufuduka livela engxenyeni yesibili kaMashi, ikakhulukazi ukunyakaza okuphawuleka kahle okuphela ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli, izinyoni ezincane zidlula kwa-Israyeli ngo-Ephreli-Meyi (van den Bossche et al., 2002). Ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke enyakatho ne-Afrika, kuvela izingquza ngoDisemba -Febhuwari.Inani eliphakeme eGibraltar libonakala ngoFebhuwari-Mashi, ngaphezulu kweBosphorus - ukusuka ngasekupheleni kukaMashi kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Ephreli (Schulz, 1998).

EMoldova, izingwamza esezifikile ziye zaqashelwa kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala kaMashi (Averin et al., 1971). E-Ukraine, abafikayo baqoshwa kusukela ekuqaleni konyaka ka-Mashi kuya engxenyeni yesibili ka-Ephreli, izinsuku zokufika eziphakathi kweminyaka eyishumi kaMashi - ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli. Okokuqala, kuvela izinyoni ezifundeni zaseLviv naseChernivtsi, zindiza eCarpathians, bese-ke ukufuduka kuqhubeka ngemifudlana emibili: ezinye izinyoni zindizela enyakatho-mpumalanga, ezinye ziye empumalanga kanye nezifunda eziseningizimu ye-Ukraine. Kamuva, kuvela izingwamza ezifundeni ezisempumalanga naseCrimea (Grishchenko, Serebryakov, 1992, Grischtschenko et al., 1995). Enyakatho yeSumy esifundeni Ukufika kwaqoshwa kusuka ngoMashi 18 kuya ku-Ephreli 26, usuku olujwayelekile lweminyaka engu-16 Mashi 30 (Afanasyev, 1998). Eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeBelarus, ukufika kwezingwamza kubhekwa eminyakeni eyishumi yesithathu kaMashi - ingxenye yokuqala ka-Ephreli (Shokalo, Shokalo, 1992). Ama-Storks izidleke engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia afika ezweni lakubo ekuqaleni kukaMashi nengxenye yokuqala kaMeyi. Ensimini yesifunda saseKaliningrad engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-XX. izinyoni zokuqala zavela ezidlekeni ezisukela ngoMashi 19 kuya ku-Ephreli 12 (idatha yeminyaka engama-23, iTischler, ngo-1941). Ngeminyaka yo-1970 ukufika kwezingwamza kwenzeka kusukela ekuqaleni kukaMashi (Belyakov, Yakovchik, 1980). Ngo-1990, izinyoni zokuqala izidleke esifundeni saseKaliningrad. kumakwe ngoMashi 18 (Grishanov, Savchuk, 1992). Esigodini saseSebezhsky esifundeni seP Pskov. Ukufika kwabonwa ngasekupheleni kukaMashi kanye neshumi leminyaka lokuqala lika-Ephreli (Fetisov et al., 1986). Okwesikhathi esisuka ku-1989 kuya ku-1999. ukubhaliswa kokuqala esifundeni saseKaluga. iqoshwe ngoMashi 20 (1990), yakamuva - Ephreli 8 (1991 no-1997), ngokwesilinganiso Mashi 30. Eminyakeni ethile, izinyoni zokuqala zivela entwasahlobo ngesembozo seqhwa emasimini angama-30- 40 cm. Inani eliphakeme lokufika kwezingulube zokuqala ezidlekeni esifundeni saseKaluga. iwela ngesonto lesibili lezinsuku ezinhlanu lika-Ephreli (1990-1999) (Galchenkov, 2000). Esifundeni saseVoronezh izingwamza zokuqala zabonwa ngasikhathi sinye: kusukela ngoMashi 19 kuya ku-Ephreli 8, ngokwesilinganiso Mashi 30 (1995-1998) (Numerov, Makagonova, 2000). Ukufika emngceleni osenyakatho-mpumalanga yebanga, izingwamza zindiza emavikini angama-2-4 ngokuzayo. Kuya esifundeni saseYaroslavl izinyoni zafika ngo-Ephreli 22-26 (1994), Ephreli 16 (1996), noMeyi 2 (1995) (Golubev, 2000). Ezifundeni ezisempumalanga zesifunda saseLeningrad. ukufika kuqala kwabhalwa ngo-Ephreli 20, 1999 (esifundeni saseTikhvin), izinsuku ezijwayelekile zisukela ngoMeyi 1 kuya ku-Meyi 8 (1983-1999) (Brave, 2000). Ezifundeni eziseningizimu yeKarelia, izinyoni zokuqala zivela ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - maphakathi noMeyi, ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ka-1990, kwabonwa inyoni eyodwa ekuqaleni kweshumi lesibili lika-Ephreli (Lapshin, 2000). Esifundeni saseKirov Isiqu sokuqala esimhlophe qoshwa kwakungu-Ephreli 17, 1992 (Sotnikov, 2000). Ogwini lolwandle olumnyama lwe-Sev. Ukufuduka kwentwasahlobo kweCaucasus kubonakala kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala kaMashi kuya engxenyeni yesibili ka-Ephreli, esifundeni saseRostov. kanye neKrasnodar Territory, izinyoni zokuqala zabhalwa ngo-Ephreli (Kazakov et al., 2004). E-Dagestan, abantu bokuqala bavela ekuqaleni kuka-Mashi (Mamataeva, Umakhanova, 2000).

Ukuvela kwamantshontsho amhlophe entwasahlobo e-Asia Ephakathi kuhla ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari - ukuqala kukaMashi futhi engxenyeni enkulu yendawo kubhekwa cishe ngasikhathi sinye (Dementyev, 1952, Mitropolsky, 2007). Zaqoshwa eChokpak Pass ngoMashi 11-14, 1974 (Gavrilov, Gissov, 1985), indiza enkulu yaqoshwa ngoMashi 24 (Sema, 1989).

Esifundeni saseKaluga ezimweni ezingama-69%, ukufika kwengulube emhlophe kwenzeka ngokwephethini engu-1 + 1: kwafika inyoni yokuqala kubabili, isikhashana emva kwayo - eyesibili. Umuntu wokuqala uvela ngoMashi 20 kuya ku-Meyi 18, ngokwesilinganiso (n = 176) - ngo-Ephreli 10, owesibili - kusuka ngoMashi 25 kuya ku-Meyi 26, ngokwesilinganiso (n = 150) - Ephreli 14. Inyoni yesibili ilele kuleso sikhathi kusuka emahoreni athile kuya kwezinsuku ezingama-31, ngokwesilinganiso, izinsuku ezine. Ngephethini ekhonjisiwe yokufika, kunokungahlangani okuhlangabezanwe nakho: kokuqala, umuntu ngamunye walowo mbhangqwana undizela enye noma ezinye izinyoni, ezingasali esidlekeni, kodwa zindiza ngaphezulu, okwesibili, lo mbhangqwana ugxumela ku-stork eyedwa futhi uyalixosha. Ezimweni ezingama-31%, izinyoni ezimbili zindizela esidlekeni ngasikhathi sinye.

Izinyoni ezidlekayo zaseMpumalanga Yurophu zihamba ngo-Agasti. Abancane, njengomthetho, bandiza ngaphambili kunezinyoni ezindala. Esifundeni saseKaluga abantu abasha bashiye izidleke zabo ukuqala ngo-Agasti 8, kaningi eshumini lesibili sale nyanga.Izinyoni ezindala zishiya izwe lakubo kamuva; ukuhamba kwabantu kokugcina kuphela ngokwesilinganiso ngo-Agasti 30 (1985-1999) (Galchenkov, 2000). Esifundeni saseTver izingwamza zindiza zisuka ngo-Agasti 28 - Septhemba 5 (Nikolaev, 2000). Esifundeni saseYaroslavl izinyoni zindiza ngo-Agasti 23 (1996) nango-Agasti 29 (1995) (Golubev, 2000). Umuntu nomuntu abashadayo bayabambezeleka kuze kube uSepthemba- u-Okthoba. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeRussia, ngaphambi kokusuka, bakha amaqembu amaningi futhi afinyelela kubantu abayikhulu noma ngaphezulu, njengasesifundeni saseSmolensk (Bichev, Barnev, 1998). Enyakatho. ECaucasus, ukufuduka kwasekwindla kubonwa kusuka engxenyeni yokuqala ka-Agasti kuya ekupheleni kukaSepthemba (Kazakov et al., 2004). Izindlela zokufuduka nezindawo ezisebusika zaseDagestan azicaciswanga: kuyaziwa ukuthi abokugcina babo basuka endaweni yokudla izidleke kusukela ngo-Okthoba 25 kuya ku-Novemba 10, kwesinye isikhathi bephuza kuze kube maphakathi noma ekugcineni kwale nyanga (Novemba 25, 2003 nangoNovemba 15, 2004). isidleke eTersko-Sunzhenskaya lowland landela ugu olusentshonalanga yoLwandle lweCaspian, lapho kwaqoshwa khona izinyoni zalolu hlobo ngo-Okthoba 23, 1998 endaweni yedolobha laseKaspiysk (E.V. Vilkov, ukuxhumana komuntu nomuntu).

EMoldova, ukuhamba kuqala ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti futhi kuqhubeke kuze kube maphakathi no-Septhemba. Izinyoni ngazinye zingahlala kuze kube yingxenye yokuqala ka-Okthoba. Umhlangano wakamuva ubungoNovemba 9, 1964 (Averin, Ganya, Uspensky, 1971). E-Ukraine, imihlambi yokuqala efudukayo ibonwa kusukela eshumini sokuqala sika-Agasti kuya kuSeptemba nasekuqalekeni kuka-Okthoba. Amadethi wokuqalisa amaphakathi aseshumi leminyaka lika-Agasti - ishumi lokuqala likaSepthemba. Indiza yokuqala iqala eLviv, Zhytomyr nasePoltava reg. Izinyoni zokugcina zabonwa ukusuka engxenyeni yesibili ka-Agasti kuya ku-Okthoba. Izinsuku ezimaphakathi zokubonwa kokugcina ezindaweni eziningi ze-Ukraine ziwela emashumini eminyaka okuqala nawesibili kaSepthemba. Izingulube ezinde kakhulu ezihlala esifundeni saseZaporizhzhya. naseCrimea (Grishchenko, Serebryakov, 1992, Grischtschenko et al., 1995). Abanye abantu sekwephuzile nabo bangabonakala ngoNovemba. Kwesinye isikhathi ungahlangana nemihlambi ephelele sekwedlule isikhathi. Ngakho-ke, ngoDisemba 4, 1985 umhlambi wezingulube eziyishumi nambili wabonwa ngaphezulu kuka-Ivano-Frankivsk (Shtyrkalo, 1990). NgoNovemba 5, 1997, kwaqhamuka umhlambi wabantu abangu-40 ngaphezulu kweBrest (Shokalo, Shokalo, 1992). I-Span ogwini olusempumalanga yoLwandle Olumnyama yaphawulwa kusukela ngo-Agasti 29 kuya ku-Okthoba 4 (Abuladze, Eligulashvili, 1986).

Amaqhude aseCentral Asia asuka ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti kuya maphakathi no-Okthoba (Dolgushin, 1960, Tretyakov, 1990).

Ukundiza kwezindlwane ezincane ezintathu kumakwe izidleke ezifundeni zaseZelenograd naseGuryev eSifundeni saseKaliningrad. ama-satellite transmitters, alandelwa ngonyaka ka 2000. Inyoni eyodwa yahamba ebusika ngo-Agasti 10, ezinye ezimbili ngolweshumi nane. Indlela yendiza idabule enyakatho-mpumalanga yePoland, eningizimu eseningizimu nentshonalanga yeBelarus, intshonalanga ye-Ukraine, empumalanga yeRomania neBulgaria, yadlula eBosphorus Strait, eTurkey, ePalestine naseNhlonhlo yeSinayi. IStorks yafika eBosphorus Strait, ngokulandelana, ngo-Agasti 23, 25 no-26, i.e. 13, 11 kanye no-12 izinsuku ngemuva kokuqala kokufuduka. Emaphethelweni aseningizimu yeNhlonhlo yeSinayi, izingwamza zazikhona ngo-Agasti 29, 31 nangoSepthemba 1, ngokulandelana (izinsuku eziyi-19, 17 no-18 emva kokuqala kokufuduka, noma ezinsukwini eziyisithupha emva kokuwela iBosphorus yenyoni ngayinye), lapha izingwamza zema. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingwamza zaqhubeka nesiGodi saseNayile eGibhithe yezwekazi. Ukuhamba ngokushesha eningizimu yale nyoni kwamiswa ngoSepthemba 6, 7 no-10, ngaleso sikhathi amabili awo ayesenkabeni. ISudan, eyodwa empumalanga yeChad eduze komngcele waseSudan (Chemetsov et al., 2004).

Ngokwemininingwane ye-telemetry, ubude obuphakathi kokufuduka kwansuku zonke kwama-storks ngasempumalanga ngenkathi yokufuduka ekwindla yilokhu: eYurophu - 218 km (izinyoni ezindala kusuka 52 kuya ku-504, izinyoni ezincane - kusuka ku-51 kuye ku-475 km), eMiddle East - 275 km (ngezinyoni ezindala kusuka kuma-52 kuye kwangama-490, kubantu abasha - ukusuka ema-55 kuye kuma-408 km), eNyakatho. I-Afrika - ama-288 km (ezezinyoni ezindala ukusuka ema-70 kuye kwangama-503, izinyoni ezincane ezisukela kumakhilomitha ayi-108 kuye kwangama-403) (van den Bossche et al., 1999).

Ucwaningo olunzulu lokufuduka okumhlophe kwengquza kukhombisa ukuthi le nhlobo, okungenani abantu bayo basempumalanga, inohlobo olukhethekile lokufuduka, olungaziwa kwezinye izinyoni. Kuboniswa ukundiza okushesha kakhulu kusuka kumasayithi esidleke kuya endaweni yokuzijabulisa eVost. I-Afrika. Ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-4,600, abadala kanye nezinyoni ezisencane amboza isilinganiso sezinsuku eziyi-18-19.Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, izingwamza zindiza nsuku zonke, zichitha amahora angama-8-10.Izikhathi ezinde, ikakhulukazi zokumiswa kwezinsuku eziningi, zitholakala kuphela ngaphandle futhi zihambisana kakhulu nezimo zezulu ezingezinhle. Emahlangeni, ngokungafani nezinye izinyoni ezifudukayo, ukonga kwamafutha ngesikhathi sokufuduka akunakwa. I-hyperphagia ebonakalayo ngesikhathi sendiza ayibonakali. Ama-Storks akabuyekezi isisindo e-Afrika uqobo (Berthold et al., 2001).

Amantshontsho amaningi angagugi asebenzisa izinyanga zasehlobo kude nezindawo ezidlekayo. Ngemuva kokuqala ubusika okokuqala, izinyoni ziyahamba ziye ngaphesheya kwendawo yezidleke, kepha ziyifinyelela kakhulu. Ingxenye yesithathu kuphela yamantshontsho aminyaka yonke atholakala eduze kwe-1000 km ukusuka endaweni ekhalayo. Njengoba iminyaka ikhula, inani “lesidambisi” lincipha ngokushesha. Ingxenye ebalulekile yezingulube ezineminyaka engu-1-2 ubudala zihlala ehlobo ngaseningizimu yeSahara, kodwa izinyoni ezineminyaka emithathu ubudala esikhathini esidlekeni azitholakali nhlobo. Ukufakelwa kwezimpawu kukhombisa ukuthi ezimweni eziningi amaqhude aqala ukubonakala ezindaweni zokudlela eneminyaka eyi-3 (Libbert, 1954, Kania, 1985, Bairlein, 1992).

Amaqhude angabafokazi atholakala enyakatho nasempumalanga yomngcele wohlu lokuzalela. E-Russia, baphawulwa oLwandle Olumhlophe esifundeni saseMurmansk. (Kokhanov, 1987), nge. I-Kholmogory esifundeni sase-Arkhangelsk (Pleshak, 1987), eBashkiria (Karjakin, 1998a), Tatarstan (Askeev, Askeev, 1999), eProvince. (Demidova, 1997, Karjakin, 19986), esifundeni saseSverdlovsk. (I-Zelentsov, 1995), ezinyaweni zaseNingizimu. I-Ural (Davygor, 2006). Ngokusho kwedatha ethembekile, izinyoni ezimbili zabonwa ngo-Agasti esifundeni saseKurgan. (Tarasov et al., 2003). Ukuhlaselwa kwezingulube ezimhlophe kuqoshwa naseFinland, eSweden, eNorway, eGreat Britain, eIreland nase-Iceland (Hancock et al., 1992, Birina, 2003). Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, ukuhlaselwa kweqiniso kungavela lapho imihlambi emikhulu isekude nezindlela ezinkulu zokundiza. Ngakho-ke, ngoSepthemba 15, 1984, kwavela umhlambi wezingwamza ezingama-3000 eduze kwedolobha lase-Abu Dhabi empumalanga ye-Arabian Peninsula (Reza Khan, 1989). Ngo-Agasti 27-29, 2000, kwaqokelelwa inqwaba yabantu abangama-300-400 esigodini somfula. ITeberda eNyakatho. ICaucasus (Polivanov et al., 2001). Kwesinye isikhathi imihlambi yezindiza ezindizayo ifinyelela olwandle. Izinyoni ezinjalo ziqoshwa ngisho naseziqhingini zaseSeychelles, eziqhele ngamakhilomitha ayinkulungwane ukusuka ogwini lwase-Afrika (iStork, 1999).

Habitat

I-White stork - isakhamuzi esijwayelekile sezindawo ezivulekile zomhlaba, amahlathi aminyene namaxhaphozi agcwele indawo. Izindawo zangaphambi kokufika ezine-biotopes ezimanzi - izimfunda, ukubhukuda, amadlelo, umhlaba oniselwe, amasimu erayisi, njll. Kutholakala futhi emaqeleni nasezindongeni ezinezihlahla ezinkulu zodwa noma izinhlaka zabantu. I-biotope efanelekile ezimeni zethu yizikhukhula ezibanzi zemifula ezinokubusa okujwayelekile kwe-hydro kanye nokusetshenziswa okuningi kwezolimo. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, ubungako babantu bungafinyelela amashumi ngababili nge-100 km2. Ihlala, njengomthetho, izindawo eziphansi, kepha ingakha isidleke futhi iphansi ezintabeni ngezimo ezifanele.

Kulesikhungo. EYurophu, izingwamza ezimhlophe kuyaqabukela zidleke ngaphezu kwama-500 m n. m (Schulz, 1998). E Carpathians, akhuphuka afinyelela ku-700- 900 m (Smogorzhevsky, 1979, Rejman, 1989, Stollmann, 1989), e-Armenia naseGeorgia - aze afike ku-2 000 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. (Adamyan, 1990, Gavashelishvili, 1999), eTurkey kuze kufike ku-2 300 m (eCreutz, ngo-1988), naseMorocco kuze kufike kumamitha angama-2 500 ngaphezu kolwandle (Sauter, Schiiz, 1954). EBulgaria, ama-78.8% wezidleke zamabhuzu asendaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-50 kuye kwangama-499 ngaphezu kolwandle. futhi yi-0,2% kuphela - ukusuka ku-1 000 kuye ku-1,300 m (uPetrov et al., 1999). EPoland, izingwamza zidlulele ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhula (iTrajanowski et al., 2005). Ugwababa omhlophe uncamela ukondla ezindaweni ezivulekile ezinotshani obunotshani obuncane, emanzini angajulile wezidumbu zamanzi ezimile nezihamba kancane. Okuncane okuvame osebeni lomfula omkhulu, imifudlana yezintaba. Umhlaba okwakhiwa kuwo kanye nezimbila ezitshalwe ngokuqinile namasimu otshani obusika zisetshenziswa futhi izingwamza ukondla, kepha isikhathi esihle sokuqoqa ukudla ezindaweni ezinjalo sifushane kakhulu - ngokushesha ngemuva kokulima noma ukuvuna.

Izidleke ze-Stork zitholakala emaphethelweni amakoloni e-heron nezinye izinyoni ze-ankle. Kepha imvamisa ihlala ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi. Ingakwazi ukuhlala ngisho naphakathi kwezakhiwo eziminyene emadolobheni amakhulu, ukusuka lapho kufanele indize idle amakhilomitha angama-2-3.Umhluzi omhlophe ovame ukulahlwa ngabantu uvame ukushiya isikhathi. Ngakho-ke, lezi zinyoni ziyeke ukudlekwa emadolobheni amaningi axoshwa endaweni yaseChernobyl (Samusenko, 2000, Hasek, 2002).

Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, ingwamza emhlophe nayo ithanda indawo evulekile, izama ukundiza izikhala ezinkulu zamanzi namahlathi, ngoba, ngombono wethu, ukundiza phezu kwabo nge-vaporizer ekhethekile kudinga amandla amaningi.

Inombolo

Inani eliphelele lezinkukhu ezimhlophe ngokusho kwemiphumela yokubhaliswa kwe-V International ngonyaka we-1994-1995. kungenzeka ukulinganisa ubuncane bezimbhangqwana eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-170-180, zazo izinkulungwane ezimbili zamakhulu ayizi-140-150 ziwela kubantu besempumalanga (Grishchenko, 2000). Uma kuqhathaniswa nokubalwa kwabantu kwangaphambili ngo-1984, inani labantu lenyuka ngama-23%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usayizi wabantu basentshonalanga ukhuphuke kakhulu - ngo-75%, wasempumalanga - ngo-15% (Schulz, 1999). Inani elikhulu kunazo zonke lezingwamza ezimhlophe laqoshwa ePoland. Ngo-1995, kwaqoshwa ngabhangqa abalinganiselwa kuma-40,900 lapho, okungama-34% ukwedlula ngonyaka we-1984. I-average average density in Poland is 13.1 pairs / 100 km2 (Guziak, Jakubiec, 1999). ESpain, lapho ubuningi bezidleke zabantu basentshonalanga, ngonyaka we-1996 inani lalinganiselwa ku-18,000 ngababili. Kuleli lizwe, ukukhula kwalo okukhulu kakhulu kuyaphawuleka: phakathi kwamazwe amabili okubalwa kwamazwe omhlaba, sekuphindwe kabili lapha (Marti, 1999).

Ngokwemiphumela yokuqala ye-VI International Accounting, eyabanjwa ngonyaka we-2004-2005, isibalo sezingulube ezimhlophe silinganiselwa kuma-230 amawaka ayizinkulungwane. Inani elikhulu labantu ePoland lizi-52,5 izinkulungwane ngazibini, lilandelwa iSpain - ngababili abayizinkulungwane ezingama-33,2, i-Ukraine - ngu. Ngababili abayizinkulungwane ezingama-30, i-Belarus - ngababili abayizinkulungwane ezingama-20,3, iLithuania - ngababili abayizinkulungwane eziyi-13, eLatvia - ngababili abayizinkulungwane eziyi-10,7, iRussia - ngababili abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi. Ukukhula kwenani elikhulu kunawo wonke kwabhalwa eFrance - 209%, Sweden - 164%, Portugal - 133%, Italy - 117%, Spain - 100%. Kunqatshiwe (iDenmark) kuphela (ngesigamu). Kusele izidleke ezi-3 kuphela. Kokubhaliselwe okwenziwa e-Asia, imininingwane yethulwe i-Uzbekistan kuphela, lapho kubhekwe ngababili abangama-745, isibalo sehla ngo-49%.

Ngokusho kwedatha yokuqala, ngesikhathi se-VI International Accounting: Isifunda saseKursk - ngababili abangama-929 (+ 186% uma kuqhathaniswa nokubalwa kwezimali kwe-V International, idatha kaV.I. Mironov), isifunda saseBryansk. - 844 (+ 31%, S.M. Kosenko), isifunda saseKaluga. - 285 (+ 58%, Yu. D. Galchenkov), Isifunda saseLeningrad - I-160 (+ 344%, V.G. Pchelintsev), isifunda sase-Oryol - I-129 (S.V. Nedosekin), Isifunda saseMoscow - 80 (+ 248%, M.V. Kalyakin).

Isibalo samanje e-Armenia silinganiselwa ku-1-1,5 izinkulungwane ngazimbili, e-Azerbaijan - ngababili abayizi-1-5, eMoldova - ngamabili angama-400-600 (Izinyoni eYurophu, 2004).

Kuyo yonke le minyaka yekhulu lama-20, inani lezinkukhu ezimhlophe selizenzile izinguquko ezinkulu (bheka iGrishchenko, 2000). Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu (nakwezinye izindawo ngisho nangaphambilini), ukwehla kwawo ngokushesha kwaqala emazweni amaningi aseYurophu. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1940 enkabeni yeYurophu, icishe yancipha. Yabanjwa ngo-1934, 1958, 1974, 1984 Ucwaningo lwamazwe aphesheya kwezingulube emhlophe lukhombise ukwehla okuningana kwenani lezidleke ezihlala kulo. Ngakho-ke, uma ngonyaka we-1907 eJalimane bekunezinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili zokubeletha (iWassmann, 1984), lapho-ke ngo-1984 inani labo lase lehle laya ku-649 kwi-FRG (Heckenroth, 1986) kanye no-2 724 eGDR (eCreutz, 1985) . ENetherlands ngekhulu le-XIX. ingwamza emhlophe yayingenye yezinyoni ezijwayelekile; kwakukhona izinkulungwane zezidleke ezweni. Kodwa njengoba kakade ngo-1910 kwakunezihlobo ezingama-500 kuphela zokuzalela, inani laqhubeka ukwehla ngokushesha: ngamabili angama-209 ngonyaka we-1929, 85 ngo-1950, ama-5 ngo-1985 (Jonkers, 1989). Ngemuva kuka-1991, akukho noyedwa “wasendle” owasala nhlobo, izinyoni kuphela ezakhishwa ezinkulisa ezikhethekile (Vos, 1995). Ama-Storks ayekile ukwenza isidleke eBelgium, eSwitzerland, eSweden, aqeda ukuqothuka eFrance, eDenmark nakwamanye amazwe. Ababesengcupheni kakhulu kwakuyintshonalanga yabantu abamhlophe. Ngokuya kwe-IV International Registry ngo-1984, eminyakeni eyi-10 inani labo lehle ngama-20%, inani labantu abasempumalanga - ngo-12% (Rheinwald, 1989).

Ushintsho olukhulu kulesi simo lwaqala ngawo-1980s, ikakhulukazi eSpain. Cishe ngo-1987, ukukhula kwesibalo sezingwamza kwaqala. Eminyakeni engu-11 edlule, inyuke ngezikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-2,5 futhi ngokushesha yadlula ezingeni lesigamu seminyaka eyikhulu eyedlule (Gomez Manzaneque, 1992, Martinez Rodriguez, 1995). Izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-2 zanda inani ePortugal (Rosa et al., 1999). Konke lokhu kwakubangelwa yizici zezulu. Engxenyeni yesibili yama-1980s. ekugcineni, isikhathi eside sesomiso esifundeni saseSahel sayeka, zanda kakhulu izimo zobusika babemi abamhlophe basentshonalanga. Ukhuthaze ukukhula kwamanani nokuthuthuka okuphambili ekuhlinzekweni kokudla ezindaweni zokudlela.ESpain, ngokwesibonelo, indawo yezwe enisela ngenkasa inyukile, ngaphezu kwalokho, umdlavuza waseNingizimu Melika iProcambarus clarkii, edla ngokuzithandela, usundile emiseleni (Schulz, 1994, 1999). ESpain nasePortugal, izinyoni eziningi kakhulu zaqala ukuhlala ebusika, okubuye kunciphisa ukufa kwabantu (Gomez Manzaneque, 1992, Rosa et al., 1999). Ukugxuma kwenani lezinkukhu ezimhlophe e-Iberian Peninsula kube nomthelela ekukhuleni ngokushesha kwesibalo sabantu basentshonalanga. Ngokushesha, ukwanda kwamanani nokwakhiwa kabusha kwalezi zinyoni kwaqala eFrance, futhi ukuxhumana nezinqubo ezenzeka eSpain kwafakazelwa: ngonyaka we-1990 nango-1991. bathola izingwamza zidla ogwini lwe-Atlantic lwaseFrance, futhi zinemigqomo eSpain. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ezinye zezingwamza ezidla iminyango emaphethelweni ogwini lwe-Bay of Biscay, zahlala eSpain. Enyakatho-mpumalanga nasenkabeni yeFrance, kwavela izingwamza ezivela e-Alsace, eSwitzerland naseNetherlands. Ngo-1995, isidleke sedlekeni eMnyangweni waseCharente-Maritime Charente sagigitheka ngonyaka ka-1986 njengethole ePoland. Ukuphindwaphindwa kokuhlala kabusha kwezingwamza ngokushesha eHolland, eSwitzerland, e-Italy, eGermany nakwamanye amazwe kuye kwaphawulwa. EFrance kusuka ngonyaka we-1984 kuya ku-1995 inani lenyuke ngo-830% (i-Duquet, 1999).

Inani labantu abasempumalanga belingenakho ukweqa okungazelelwe ngamanani njengabantu basentshonalanga, kepha umkhuba wayo omuhle waphawulwa. Sigcizelela ukuthi, ngokwehla okujwayelekile kwamanani, izingwamza ziyaqhubeka ziqhubekela empumalanga eRussia nase-Ukraine kanye nokukhula kwayo eduze komngcele wobubanzi. Ukwanda kosayizi wabantu basempumalanga kwaqala cishe ngasikhathi sinye nesabantu basentshonalanga, yize izinga lokukhula lalingaphansi kakhulu. Cishe ngasikhathi sinye, isimo sesishintshile ezinhlolweni ezingaphansi kwe-Asia. Ukusuka ngo-1984 kuya ku-1994, inani lezinkukhu ezimhlophe eCentral Asia lenyuke izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezi-7 (Shemazarov, 1999), kwathi ngo-2005 inani lalezi zinyoni lalinganiselwa ku-700-1000 pairs yokuzalanisa (Mitropolsky, 2007).

Ngokusho kwemininingwane yokuqapha ezilinganisweni zaphakade zamacala e-Ukraine, ngonyaka we-1990. kudlulile inani lokukhula kwesibalo sabantu. Kwakuvele kuchaziwe engxenyeni yokuqala yonyaka we-1990s, ngandlela thile ngaphambili enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Ukraine, futhi muva nje ezindaweni ezisentshonalanga. Ngo-1992-1994 emizaneni eseduze nomfula Ukudla esifundeni saseSumy ukwenyuka okungama-25-30% kwabonwa njalo ngonyaka (Grishchenko, 1995a, 20006). Kusukela ngonyaka we-1994, ukukhula okuphakathi e-Ukraine bekulokhu kukhula ngaso sonke isikhathi (ukwehla kwaphawulwa ngo-1997 kuphela, okwakungathandeki kakhulu ku-stork elimhlophe kulo lonke elaseYurophu), kwafinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu ngo-1996 nango-1998. - ngokulandelana 13.7 ± 2.9 no-16.3 ± 3.6%. Ngemuva kwalokho isilinganiso sokukhula saqala ukwehla, futhi ngo-2001-2003. inani labantu selizinzile. (Grishchenko, 2004).

Ngaleso sikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlala ngasempumalanga kwaqina ezifundeni zasempumalanga ze-Ukraine naseRussia. Esifundeni saseKharkov ngonyaka we-1994, ukushintshwa komngcele wobubanzi empumalanga kwaphawulwa uma kuqhathaniswa nokwabiwa ngo-1974-1987; ngonyaka we-1998, izidleke zatholakala osebeni lomfula olungakwesokudla. Oskol (Atemasova, Atemasov, 2003). Esifundeni saseLugansk., Lapho kutholakala khona ingulube emhlophe empumalanga nomfula. I-Aidar, ngonyaka we-1998 kwatholakala izidleke ezi-2 endaweni yokugcwala komfula. UDerkul emngceleni neRussia (Vetrov, 1998). Esifundeni iRostov ngonyaka we-1996, amantshontsho aqhamuka esidlekeni seminyaka emihlanu ngemuva kokuba i-hiatus yeminyaka emihlanu - isidleke satholakala esigodini sase Manych (Kazakov et al., 1997). E-Krasnodar Territory, izingwamza zaqala ukudla maphakathi nawo-1990. (Mnatsekanov, 2000). Ngo-1993, izidleke zaqoshwa okokuqala esifundeni saseKirov. (Sotnikov, 1997, 1998), ngonyaka we-1994 - esifundeni saseTambov. (I-Evdokishin, 1999), ngonyaka we-1995 - eMordovia (Lapshin, Lysenkov, 1997,2000), ngonyaka we-1996 - esifundeni saseVologda. (UDylyuk, 2000). Ngo-1996, kwaba nokwanda okukhulu kwesibalo sezinyoni (ngo-20.1%) esifundeni saseKaluga. (Galchenkov, 2000).

Umsebenzi wansuku zonke, yokuziphatha

I-stork emhlophe iyinyoni yasemini, kepha kunjalo, amacala wokuphisa amaphuphu ayaziwa nangobusuku obugqamile (Schuz and Schuz, 1932). Ebusuku, izinyoni zingasebenza esidlekeni: kukopishelwa, ukunakekelwa kwamaplamu, ukushintshwa kwabalingani be-hatching, njll. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, izingwamza zindiza phakathi kwemini, kepha enyakatho-ntshonalanga ne-Afrika ngamazinga okushisa esikhathi sasemini, imihlambi yezindiza nayo yayiqoshwa ebusuku (Bauer, Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966). Imihlambi emikhulu ivame ukugcwala, ihlakazeke, izinyoni zindiza ezindaweni eziphakeme ezahlukene (Molodovsky, 2001).

Emhlabathini, ingwamza emhlophe ihamba ngezitebhisi, kaningi igijima.Indiza esebenzayo isindayo impela, ngamaphiko okuhamba kancane kancane. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, ukhetha ukukhuphuka, ikakhulukazi uma indiza amabanga amade. Ekusakazeni imifudlana, iziqu zezinyoni ezikhuphuka zivame ukwakha. Imbungulu emhlophe iyakwazi ukubhukuda, yize ikwenza ngokunganqikazi. Ngomoya omuhle uyakwazi ukukhipha ebusweni bamanzi (Bauer, Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966, eCreutz, 1988).

Esikhathini sokungazalisi, ugwababa omhlophe uhola umhlambi wokuphila. Ngesikhathi sokudlekwa, amakoloni kanye namaqembu nawo angakha ezindaweni zokudla. Izinyoni ezingazalisi ehlobo zigcina amaphakethe, inani lazo lifinyelela amashumi ngisho namakhulu abantu. Bahlala ezindaweni ezicebile ngokudla, bahola indlela yokuphila ephambukayo. Isibalo semihlambi enjalo sikhuphuka kancane kancane kusuka kuMeyi kuya kuJuni, ngoJulayi amasayizi abo enyuka ngokubonakalayo, anda kakhulu ngo-Agasti, ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwamaqembu angaphambi kwendiza. Ngokusho kokubukwa esifundeni saseKaluga. kuma-1990s, inani eliphakathi kwezinyoni emihlambini yehlobo lalingu: ngoMeyi - abantu abangu-3.4, ngoJuni - 4.0, ngoJulayi - 7.8, ngo-Agasti - 10.5 (n = 50). Ama-Broods ngemuva kokusuka ahlanganiswa emhlambini, athi kancane kancane abe mkhulu ngesikhathi sokufuduka. Ngakho-ke, uma e-Ukraine usayizi ojwayelekile wemhlambi othuthelayo ekwindla unenqwaba, ungaphansi kwamakhulu abantu, lapho-ke osogwini lweBlack Sea eBulgaria ubukhulu besilinganiso somhlambi bungabantu abangama-577,5 (Michev noProfirov, 1989). EMiddle East naseNyakatho-East. I-Afrika imvamisa inamaqoqo amakhulu adlula abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu (Schulz, 1988, 1998). Kusungulwe ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kokufuduka (ijubane lokuhamba, isinxephezelo sokuhanjiswa ngomoya, njll.) Kuphezulu ezikoleni ezinkulu (ezinamanani abantu abaningi) kunamaqembu amancane noma ezinyangeni ngazinye (uLiechti et al., 1996).

Amaqhude aphumula ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Esikhathini sokudlekwa, inani lesikhathi esisele sokuphumula nokuhlanza iplamu lixhomeke ekuchweni kokudla kanye nenani lam amaphuphu. Ngobuningi bawo, izingwamza zingaphumula amahora amaningi noma zihlanze iplamu amahora amaningi. Indawo yenyoni yokuphumula inesimo esihle kakhulu: umhluzi ngokuvamile uvame ukuma emlenzeni owodwa, udonsa ikhanda lakhe emahlombe futhi ufihle uqhwaku lwalo kuzinsiba sentamo. Njengomthetho, amahlosi aphumula emiklomelweni ephezulu ngokubonakala okuhle - ezihlahleni ezomile, izigxobo, ophahleni.

Amantshontsho amhlophe asebenzisa indlela engajwayelekile ye-thermoregulation - enza izinyawo ngezinyawo. Ngosuku olushisayo, ungabona izinyoni eziningi ezinesitokisi esimhlophe emilenzeni yazo. Ngokusobala, i-acid uric acid iyahwamuka, ipholishe ingaphezulu lejwabu. Isikhumba sakhe singenwa kakhulu yimithambo yegazi, sidlula lapho kuphole khona igazi (Prinzinger, Hund, 1982, Schulz, 1987). Njengoba ucwaningo ku-American bush stork (Mycteria americana) lubonisile, ngokunyakaza okukhulu kwamathumbu emilenzeni, izinga lokushisa lomzimba liyancipha (Kahl, 1972). U-X. Schulz (1987), ebuka izingwamza e-Afrika, uthole ukuthi imvamisa yokuhamba kwamathumbu incike ekushiseni komoya. Umkhawulo wokushisa ngemuva kwalokho izinyoni ezinamaphonsi agxunyekwe aqala ukuhlangana njalo cishe cishe ngu-28 ° C. Ku-40 °, imvamisa yokuhamba kwamathumbu ifinyelela izikhathi eziyi-1.5 ngomzuzu. Imfucumfucu emhlophe, ngaphezu kwalokho, ivikela imilenze emisebeni yelanga eshisayo. Isimo sezulu esinamafu, imvamisa yokuhamba kwamathumbu iyancipha. Ukuqaphelisisa e-Ukraine kubonise ukuthi ezindaweni ezakha izidleke, izingwamza nazo ziqala ukusebenzisa le ndlela ye-thermoregulation emazingeni okushisa angaba ngu-30 ° C (Grischtschenko, 1992).

Lapho usuthisa ama-storks amhlophe namnyama namabala ndawonye, ​​i-stork emhlophe iyabusa (Kozulin, 1996).

Umsoco

Ukondliwa kogolantethe omhlophe kuhluke kakhulu. Idla izilwane ezincane ezahlukahlukene kusuka kumhlonyane wasemhlabeni kuya kumagundane nezinyoni ezincane: ama-leeches, ama-mollusks, izicabucabu, ama-crustaceans, izinambuzane nezibungu zawo, izinhlanzi, ama-amphibians, ezihuquzelayo, njll. Kungalimaza izidleke zezinyoni ezihlala phansi noma zibambe isihlakala. Ngisho nezidlamlilo ezincane, ezinjengo-weasel (.Mustela nivalis) (Lohmer et al, 1980, Shtyrkalo, 1990), ziyaphawulwa ekudleni. Usayizi wokukhiqiza ukhawulelwe kuphela ngekhono lokuwugwinya. Ukudla kuya ngesimo sendawo nenani lezinto zokuzingela. Ezindaweni ezomile, cishe zingaba nezinambuzane ngokuphelele, ezimfundeni nasezinkomeni ingxenye yazo incane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngokuka-E. G.I-Samusenko (1994), eBelarus inani lamaqembu ahlukene ezilwane ekudleni kwensangu emhlophe kuyehluka kakhulu. Ezikhukhuleni zeSozh neBerezina, ama-invertebrates abiza ama-51.6-56.8% okuvame ukuhlangana kuwo, aze afike kuma-99% kuma-biotopes angenasikhukhula.

Izingwamza ziginya inyamazane ephelele. Izilwane ezincane zigwinywa masinyane, izinambuzane ezinkulu namagundane kuqala kubulawa ngokushaya komobe. Kwesinye isikhathi ungabona ukuthi ingulube emhlophe okwesikhashana “ihlafuna” ngomlomo wayo i-vole noma imvukuzane ebanjiwe. Isisulu esikhulu esomile ebusweni bamanzi aseduze, inyoni igeleza isikhashana, kuze kube yilapho ingaginywa kalula. Ngendlela efanayo, izingwamza zigeza amasele noma i-pbi6y enziwe ngo-silt (eCreutz, ngo-1988).

Ukudla okungagcinwanga kuhlala kugcwele ngendlela yezimfumbe. I-Pogodas yakha amahora angaphezu kwama-36-48. Ziqukethe izinsalela ezihlangene zezinambuzane, uboya kanye namathambo ezincelisayo, izinhlanzi nezikali ezihuquzelayo, izibungu zesibungu, njll. Ubungako bamaphazili yi-20-100 × 20-60 mm, kanti isisindo yi-16-65 g. Ngamachwane, amancane amancane - 20-45 × 20-25 mm (eCreutz, ngo-1988, uMuzinic, eRasajski, 1992, Schulz, 1998).

Izingwamza zidla ezinhlobonhlobo zama-biotope avulekile - ezimfundeni, emadlelweni, ezixhotsheni, ogwini lwamachibi, emasimini, ezingadini, njll. Izindawo ezithandekayo zokuphakelwa yizindawo ezinemifino ephazamisekile noma ungqimba lomhlabathi, lapho izilwane ezincane ezingenawo amakhaya ziba yisisulu sokulula. Ukuphumelela kokuzingela ezimeni ezinjalo kungabonakala kubaluleke kakhulu. Isibonelo, ePoland, ingwamza eyondla isivuno sikakolweni ihlanganisa ukuvuna izinduku ezingama-33 ngemizuzu engama-84 (iPinowski et al., 1991). Ngokusho kokubukwa esifundeni sezikhukhula i-Elbe eJalimane, ukusebenza ngempumelelo okuphezulu kakhulu kokuzingela (ngokwesilinganiso esingu-5 g ngomkhiqizo) ngesikhathi noma ngokushesha ngemuva kokucheba (i-Dziewiaty, 1992). Ngakho-ke, iziqu zokudla kwezingwamza zingabonakala otshanini obusha, emasimini atshaliwe ngisho naphakathi kotshani obuvuthayo. E-Afrika, lezi zinyoni zihlangana lapho abantu bendawo beshisa i-savannah ngenkathi eyomile. Kwanele ngabo ukuthi babone intuthu, njengoba amantshontsho emihlambi evela kuyo yonke indawo, egxila emuva odongeni lomlilo. Zihamba zilokhu zibhema futhi zibambe izinambuzane. Kwesinye isikhathi amakhulukhulu abantu ahlangana emikhawulweni enjalo (eCreutz, ngo-1988). Ngokuzithandela, izingwamza zihamba nemihlambi yezilwane noma yasendle emadlelo. Ukulinganisa kusabisa izilwane ezincane, kusiza izilwane zazo. Ezidangeni, amantshontsho avame ukondla ezindaweni ezinotshani obuphansi noma emizimbeni yamanzi engajulile. Ijulile kune-20-30 cm akuvamile ukuzulazula. Izingwamza ziqoqa iminyana yasemhlabeni kaningi kakhulu emuva kwezimvula, lapho zikhasa ziye phezulu, noma emasimini asanda kulinywa. Yidla ngamasimu aniselwa ngamasimu aminyene anyakaziswa yiminyundu. Yize isibalo sezinambuzane ezisezimvini eziphakeme siphezulu, amandla okuzingela kohlobo olomhlophe ancishisiwe. Ngakho-ke, e-Austria, yayingama-61% ezitshalweni ezingama-25 cm ukuphakama nama-52% ngokuphakama kwezitshalo ezingama-25-30 cm (Schulz, 1998).

Indlela esemqoka yokuzingela inyoni emhlophe ukufuna okusebenzayo kwenyamazane. Le nyoni ihamba ngokuqinile eceleni kotshani noma emanzini angajulile, kungaba yehlise ijubane noma isheshise ijubane, ingakha ukuphonsa okucijile noma iqhwa endaweni yayo. Esikhathini esiningi, izingwamza zibuka inyamazane, ikakhulukazi amagundane nezinambuzane ezinkulu. Ukudla izinkukhu kuqoqwa emhlabathini, emanzini angajulile, okuvame kakhulu - ezitshalweni. Bangakwazi ukubamba ngomlomo kanye nezilwane ezindizayo - izimpungushe, amabhungane nezinye izinambuzane. Kwesinye isikhathi aze adutshulwe phansi ngamaphiko awo. Amantshontsho agcinwe ekuthunjweni afunda ngokushesha ukukubamba ukudla akufaka endizeni ngemilomo yawo. Ngisho namacala okuzingela okuphumelelayo kwezingwamza ezindlunkulu ezindizayo nezinye izinyoni ezincane ziye zachazwa (i-Niethammer, 1967, eCreutz, 1988, Berthold, 2004). Le nyoni izwakala imisunduzo yomhlaba kanye nezinye izinhlwathi zenhlabathi enoqhwaku lwayo, iziphonsa emhlabathini amasentimitha ambalwa (Schulz, 1998). Kwaphinde kwaqapheleka ukuthi amantshontsho endiza abamba izinhlanzi ebusweni bamanzi (Neuschulz, 1981, Schulz, 1998).

Ngokuya ngocwaningo lukaP. Zakl (Sackl, 1985, okhonjwe ngu: Schulz, 1998) e-Austria, ijubane elijwayelekile lokuhamba kwengwamza ngesikhathi sokudla liyi-1.7 km / h. Ngasikhathi sinye, wenza kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-90 izinyathelo ngomzuzu, isilinganiso esingu-39.3. Isikhathi sokugcina umkhiqizo sishiyana kusuka kumasekhondi angu-10,5 kuye ku-720, isilinganiso semizuzwana engu-151.8. Ngesinye isikhathi, izinyoni zingahola endaweni imizuzu engaba ngu-12 noma eyi-20. Ukhozi olondlayo lwenza isilinganiso samakhilogremu ayi-5.3 ngomzuzu, kuthi kuwo ama-4.0 aphumelele.Lapho usuthisa ngama-tadpole kanye namaxoxo amancanyana emanzini angajulile esifundeni sezikhukhula somfula. ISava eCroatia imvamisa imvamisa yayi-5.9 ngeyure, kuthi abangu-2.9 baphumelele (iSczzz, ngo-1998).

Inyoni ithola inyamazane imvamisa ngokubona. Kwesinye isikhathi emanzini amdaka emanzini angajulile, ama-storks amhlophe nawo asebenzisa i-technolocation, efana nezingwamza zohlobo lwe-Mycteria (Luhrl, 1957, Rezanov, 2001). Ngokusho kokubonwa kuka-A. G. Rezanov (2001) eningizimu ye-Ukraine, amanzi anodaka nangaphansi nodaka phansi ahlolwe ngemilomo engavimbi kancane. Ama-Storks ahamba emanzini angajulile, athatha izinyathelo ezingama-43-89 ngomzuzu, ecwaninga njalo phansi phambi kwawo. I-98.9% yamakhompiyutha bekungama-tactile singleings. Izinga lokuphumelela lokudla lalingu-2.3%.

Izingwamza nazo zingadla izilwane ezifile, ngokwesibonelo, inhlanzi enomhlana omnyama, noma amantshontsho abulewe ngesikhathi sokuqothula hay, futhi adle ngisho nodoti. ESpain ngeminyaka yama-1990 sebekwazi ukuqothuka komhlaba futhi manje bondla lapho kanye nama-gulls kanye nama-corvid. Ezinye izinyoni ngisho nobusika ekuhlatshweni komhlaba (uMartin, 2002, Tortosa et al., 2002).

Amacala we-kleptoparasitism ayachazwa. Ngakho-ke, ngolunye usuku babona unogolantethe, owayejaha iqhude elingwevu emoyeni, bezama ukususa igundane ebanjiwe. Lokhu kuziphatha kucatshangelwa ukuthi kuhlobene nokuntuleka kokudla (i-Creutz, i-1988). Ama-Storks angabuye athathe inyamazane kusuka echibini laseGulls (Ranner, Szinovatz, 1987).

Izingwamza zondla ngazinye nangamaphakethe. Ezindaweni ezicebile ngokudla, amaqoqo amakhulu angakheka, kwesinye isikhathi afinyelela amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu ngesikhathi sasebusika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamaqoqo, ukusebenza kahle kokudla kwezingwamza kuyanda, ngoba zivikeleke kangcono kwizilwane ezidla futhi zichitha isikhathi esincane ekuhlolweni (Carrascal et al., 1990).

Esikhathini sokudlekwa kwemidlwane, imidlwane idla imidlwane, imvamisa eduzane nesidleke, kepha indiza ukudla nokudla amakhilomitha ambalwa. Impumelelo yokuzalanisa ixhomeke ebangeni lokuya ezweni eliphambili lokudla. Ucwaningo olwenziwe e-Elbe eJalimane luveze ukuthi ibanga elijwayelekile ukusuka esidlekeni liye ezindaweni zokuqoqa ukudla lilingana nenani lam amaphuphu akhulisiwe (Dziewiaty, 1999). Ukuhlangana okubalulekile kutholakele phakathi kwenani lam amaphuphu athuthela kanye nephesenti lezimo ezimanzi, imashi kanye nezidumbu zamanzi endaweni yezidleke (i-Nowakowski, 2003). Ngokusho kokuphawulwa kwesinye sezidleke zaseSilesia ePoland, izinyoni zivame ukundiza ziyodinga ukudla ziye ezindaweni ezithile ezikhethwayo eziqhele ngamamitha ayi-500 kuye kwangama-3,375, okuyisilinganiso samamitha ayi-1,900 (Jakubiec, Szymocski, 2000). Ukuqashelwa kwesinye isiphandla ePomerania enyakatho yePoland kubonise ukuthi amantshontsho ayedla endaweni eyihektare angaba ngu-250. Ezingxenyeni ezingaphezu kwesigamu, bacinga inyamazane kumasayithi athile abathandayo, okwenza kwaba yi-12% kuphela yendawo ephelele. Ama-65% esikhathi abondla ngaso emasimini nasemadlelo, ama-24% - emasimini no-11% - echibini. Ibanga eliphakeme lendiza yokudla inyamazane liyi-3,600 m, isilinganiso singamamitha angama-826. Ku-53% wamacala, izingwamza azidluli ngaphezulu kuka-800 m ukusuka esidlekeni. Zindizela kude lapho amathole esekhulile. Kuyamangaza ukuthi owesilisa nowesifazane babehlukahluke ngokuthanda kwabo, bondla kakhulu ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene (Oigo, Bogucki, 1999). E-Elba, ngamaphesenti angama-80, izingwamza zaqoqa ukudla kungabi ngaphezu kwe-1 km ukusuka esidlekeni (Dziewiaty, 1992). Ibanga lendiza eliphakeme kakhulu ngemuva kokuphakelwa, okunqunyelwe izinyoni ezinentambo kuZap. I-Europe, iqhele ngamakhilomitha ayi-10 (iLakeberg, 1995).

Ukuhlaziywa kwamasampula wokudla angama-242 aqoqwe ngesikhathi sokungazali e-Ukraine kwabonisa ukuthi ama-amphibians nezihlangu kubaluleke kakhulu entwasahlobo, futhi ngo-Agasti, i-orthoptera namabhungane ahlukahlukene. Izingulube zondla amaphuphu ikakhulukazi ama-amphibians nezinambuzane ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene zokukhula. Kwizinambuzane, ama-orthopterans namabhungane kubaluleke kakhulu; sekubonke, abamele imindeni engama-19 yemiyalo emi-3 batholakala ekudleni (i-Smogorzhevsky, 1979).

E-enigmas eqoqwe ezindaweni eziphakeme zeKiev Vdhr. esifundeni saseChernihiv, ama-96.1% ezinsalela zenani eliphelele lingezinsalela ze-arthropod. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukondliwa kwezingwamza kwakuhluka kakhulu: zaze zafika izinhlobo ezili-130 zezilwane, kufaka nezincane ezinjengamantuthwane emfihlakalweni eyodwa. Phakathi kwezinambuzane, ama-coleopterans (35.3%), i-hymenoptera (21.0%) nezimpukane ze-caddis zinqobile (19.6%). AmaVertebrates adlale indima nje ebaluleke kakhulu ekondlweni (uMarisova, uSamofalov, uSerdyuk, 1992).

Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwamaphazili angama-337 aqoqwe ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu nasenkabeni yeBelarus ngonyaka we-1986-1992, ama-invertebrates akha isisekelo sokuphakelwa kwengwamza emhlophe - 99% yenani eliphelele lezinto ezithile zokudla. Kunamabhungane amanzi nezimbungulu, izinhlobo zezinkulukazi zomhlaba ezihlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama, ama-mollusks. Ezindaweni zokuhlala, inani lezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane nezinambuzane elibonakalayo lama-biotopes omile liyanda (Samusenko, 1994). M.I. Lebedeva (1960) ezimfihlakalo eziqoqwe Ehlathini leBialowieza, ezitholakala phakathi kokudla okungu-187 kuthatha izinto ezingama-80. ama-mollusks, 75 - izinambuzane, amasele angama-24, izikhala eziyisishiyagalombili ezihlala bukhoma. Kulezi zinambuzane, izinyoka ezingama-42, izibungu ezingama-20 zamabhungane okubhukuda nezinambuzane zasemanzini, amabhere angu-9, izintethe ezi-2, isibungu esi-1 satholakala. Ngokusho kuka-A.P. AbakwaNettles (1957), ekudleni kwamantshontsho amhlophe edotshwa eLuzvezhskaya Pushcha 72,5% ngesisindo kwakuyizimfene, ama-60,6% awo ayengamaxoxo. Ingxenye ye-Earthworms yayilingana ne-1% kuphela.

Esifundeni saseKaluga Ukuhlaziywa kwe-entomological kwezigodi kukhombisa ubukhona babameli bezilwane eziyi-17 zemindeni engu-7 ye-oda Coleoptera (Coleoptera). Okuyikhona obekuvame kakhulu ngabamele umndeni wamabhungane omhlaba (Carabidae) - 41%. Okulandelayo kuza amabhungane ama-lamellar (Scarabaeidae) - 22%, ama-hydrophores (Hydrophilidae) - 15%, amabhungane amaqabunga (Chrysomelidae) kanye nama-staphylins (Staphylinidae) - 7% lilinye, amabhungane okumbila Izinhlobo ezethulwe amabhungane ikakhulukazi zaziyindawo yezindawo ezimanzi nezomile nezomile, kanye namathafa anthropogenic, futhi ayenesimo somhlabathi - ama-44%, amachibi amancanyana nezimbotshana, noma amabhungane obumba - 19% lilinye, alandelwa izimpiko ezilukhuni, ezihlala amasimu futhi zihlala kuwo. ezitshalweni, kanye nalabo abahlala emahlathini axubekile futhi abahlala emgodini namaqabunga - ama-7% lilinye. Esifundeni saseTver abamele imindeni yamabhungane ayi-7 baphawulwa ngokudla, iningi labo ngamabhungane ama-lamellar kanye nama-ground (61.3%) (Nikolaev, 2000).

EMazuria ePoland, kweziqongo eziqoqiwe ezingama-669, ama-97.3% aqukethe izinsalela zezinambuzane (abamele imindeni Carabidae, Silphidae, Dytiscidae, Scarabeidae predomosed), 72.2% - izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane (ikakhulukazi izimvukuzane, amagundane kanye nama-voles), ama-1.6% - ama-mollusks, i-1.0% - izinyoni ezincane, u-0.7% - ama-amphibians. Isabelo sezinambuzane ekudleni sasisikhulu emasimini ngesikhathi sokukhula kokusanhlamvu kanye ne-alfalfa nasezindongeni ezigayiwe nasemasimini ngemuva kokuvunwa, futhi kunalokho kuphakeme emasimini alinyiwe (iPinowski et al., 1991). E-Austria, ngesikhathi sokudalwa, inani lamalulwane anamaphiko (67,7%) namabhungane (24.1%) anqwabelana ekudleni, kanti ama-vertebrates (55,5%), ngokuyinhloko amagundane amancane (33,2%), abephethe isisindo. Phakathi kwezinambuzane, izinkumbi ezikhethwayo yisikhonyane, amabhungane omhlabathi, amabhungane amaqabunga mabhungane nama-lamellar mabhungane. Ngo-Ephreli-Juni, ukudla kwakwehluka ngokwedlulele, kugcwele izinduku ezincane, ngoJulayi-Agasti, ama-orthopterans predominated (Sackl, 1987). Ukudla kwemihlambi yasehlobo yezinyoni ezingazalanisi e-metadows ePoland kwakuphethwe izinambuzane (ama-83%), amabhungane amancane, ama-biomass amancane, ikakhulukazi ama-voles (58%), izinambuzane (22%) nezinyoni zomhlaba (11.5%) ) (Antczak et al., 2002). Izifundo eGrisi zakhombisa ukungafani okuningana kokudla ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, kepha izinambuzane, ikakhulukazi i-orthoptera namabhungane, zazinqoba yonke indawo emaphethelweni (i-Tsachalidis ne-Goutner, 2002).

Ukudla kwamaqhude kungahluka unyaka nonyaka, kuya ngesimo sezulu. Ngakho-ke, enyakatho yeJalimane ngonyaka we-1990, lapho kwakukhona ukwanda kwenani lamagundane afana negundane, la ma-59% nama-68% esisindo sokudla ezindaweni ezimbili lapho izifundo zaziqhutshelwa khona, kwathi ngo-1991 kwaba ngu-3.6 no-3 kuphela, 8%. Ngo-1991 omswakama kakhulu, izidalwa ezinsundu zanqoba ekudleni - 50 no-61.6% ngesisindo (Thomsen noStruwe, 1994). Eningizimu yeJalimane ngeminyaka ehlukene, izingxenyana ezisindayo zezimbungulu ekudleni kwensangu emhlophe zivela ku-28,9 kuya ku-84%, ama-arthropods zisuka ku-8.9 ziye ku-28,5%, ama-leeches - 0 kuye ku-51.9%, izinduku - zisuka ku-1.5 kufinyelela kuma-55.2%, amasele - ukusuka ku-1,2 kuye ku-5.4% (Lakeberg, 1995).

Elinye lamaqembu aphambili ezinambuzane udoti omhlophe adla kuwo yi-orthoptera, ngokuyinhloko isikhonyane. Ibaluleke kakhulu ekudleni ezindaweni ezisebusika e-Afrika, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ezilimini zabanye abantu base-Afrika, ingulube emhlophe ibizwa ngokuthi "inyoni yesikhonyane."Izingwamza zingadla inani lesikhonyane esikhulu, kwesinye isikhathi zidla ngokweqile ukuze zingakwazi ukundiza phezulu. Ngesikhathi kuhlaselwa isikhonyane eHortobágy eHungary ngo-1907, abantu abangaba ngu-1 000 batholakala emgodini wokugaya kwesinye sezingwamvuni ezivunwe. isikhonyane. Isisu senyoni kanye nesigaxa sasesigcwele umphimbo. Kutholwe ama-mandibles angama-1,600 kwesinye sezimfumbe zezingulube (Schenk, 1907). Ngokuya kombhali wokugcina, umhlambi wezingwamza eziyikhulu uyakwazi ukubhubhisa amakhophi ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu ngosuku. lezi zinambuzane eziyingozi. Ezindaweni ezidlekayo, ingwamza emhlophe futhi ibhubhisa inqwaba yezinambuzane zezolimo, ngokuyinhloko ibhele (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa), i-weevils, ne-wireworms. Ngokusho kuka-A.P. INettle (1957), Ehlathini leBialowieza, ekudleni kwamachwane, amabhere akhiwa ngo-8% ngenani futhi acishe abe yi-14% ngesisindo. Esifundeni saseMasurian Lake ePoland, ama-31% emaphazili aqukethe izinsalela zama-wireworms, i-14% - ama-weevils, i-16% - ibhere (iPinowska et al., 1991). ENtshonalanga. EFrance, ukudla okwakulethwa ngamachwane emachwaneni kwakuphethwe ngamabhungane wasemanzini nangamabhere (uBarbraud noBarbraud, 1998).

Lapho igcinwa ekudingisweni, isidingo sansuku zonke sokudla kwengulube esikhulile sisuka kuma-300 g ngenkathi efudumele iye ku-500 g ebusika. Inyoni idinga ama-110-130 kg ngonyaka (iBloesch, 1982). Izidingo zamandla zansuku zonke zezinsangu ezondla amantshontsho azo zilinganiselwa ku-4,660 kJ. Inani elinjalo linikeza ukusetshenziswa kwama-1,4 kg wezinyoni zomhlaba, ama-1,044 g amaxoxo noma ama-742 g wamagundane amancane (Profus, 1986). Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, i-pair enamachwane ama-1-2 idla cishe ama-5200 kJ (B5hning-Gaese, 1992). Emfuleni ISava eCroatia, izimbotshana ziletha ukudla okuyisilinganiso esingu-1,4 kg ngosuku kwizidleke ezineminyaka engama-3-6 amasonto (Schulz, 1998), enyakatho yeJalimane (ubudala bezidleke amasonto angama-3-8) - 1,2 kg (Struwe, Thomsen, 1991).

Kwisithumba esimhlophe, ukudla okuzuzisa kakhulu ngokwamandla kungama-vertebrates. Ezindaweni ezinomswakama, lezi zivame ukuba ngama-amphibians. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokubuyiselwa komhlaba kanye nemisebenzi ye-hydraulic, inani labo emazweni amaningi lehlile kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukudla kwezimbotshana ezimbili ezabonwa eSwitzerland Jura ngo-2/3 kwakhiwa ama-Earthworms, ama-vertebrates abalwa kuphela u-0.4% (Wermeille no Biber, 2003). Ezimweni ezinjalo, amagundane aya ngokuya ebaluleke kakhulu kuma-storks. Ukuqashelwa esigodini somfula. Ama-Obras asentshonalanga nePoland akhombisa ukuthi impumelelo yokuzalela futhi isibalo sezidleke ezinabantu abaningi sasesiphakeme ngeminyaka ngesilinganiso esikhulu se-vole (Microtus arvalis) (Tryjanowski, Kuzniak, 2002).

Izitha, izici ezingezinhle

Ugwababa omhlophe unezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo. Izinyoni ezinkulu ezidla inyama, ama-corvid, ama-martens angonakalisa izidleke. Izinyoni ezindala ziba yizisulu zokuhlaselwa okhozi, izinkozi, izinyamazane ezinkulu ezinemilenze emine - izimpungushe, izinja ezidukelayo, izimpisi, njll. Kodwa-ke, ukufa kwamantshontsho amakhulu amhlophe kuhlobene ngqo noma ngokungaqondile nabantu.

Izintambo zamandla zisebenza kakhulu ekufeni kwabantu. Ngo-1986-1989 e-Ukraine, kwabangu-489 abashonile abantshontsho abadala abanesizathu esaziwayo, abangama-64.0% abasemgqeni kagesi. Phakathi kwezisulu zezintambo zikagesi, u-80.8% ushonile ezigodini ngenxa yokuqhuma kukagesi kwathi u-19.2% washayeka ezintanjeni. Ubungozi obukhulu emgqeni wamandla wezinyoni ezincane ezindiza kabi: I-72.8% yokufa kwabantu yenzeka ezihlotsheni ezisanda kushiya isidleke. Endaweni yesibili bekuwukubhujiswa okuqondile kwabantu - ngu-12,7%. U-8.8% wezingwebu ushonile ngenxa yokulwa ezidlekeni nasekwakhiweni kwemihlambi ngaphambi kokundiza, u-7.6% ngenxa yesimo sezulu esingesihle, u-2.9% ngenxa yobuthi bezinambuzane, u-1.6% ngenxa yokushayisana ngezokuthutha, i-1,2% - ngenxa yezifo, u-0.8% - kusuka kwabazingeli, u-0.4% - ngenxa yokuwela emapayipini amakhulu. Ngakho-ke, zizonke, ngezizathu ezingahambisani nokwenziwa ngabantu, yi-18,4% kuphela yezingulube ezashona. Isizathu esikhulu sokufa kwamachwane (amacala angama-742 anesizathu esaziwayo) ukukhipha amachwane ngabazali bawo izidleke. Ibalelwa ku-41.9%. Ama-20.2% amachwane afile ngenxa yesimo sezulu esingesihle, u-12.9% - ngenxa yezidleke eziwa, u-7% - ngesikhathi sokulwa phakathi kwezingulube ezindala, u-6.2% - owabhubhiswa ngabantu, ngo-4.5% - ngenxa ukuthola izidleke ezishisayo, ama-2.7% ngenxa yokushona kwabazali, ama-2.0% abulawa yizinyamazane, ama-1.5% anobuthi, u-1.1% afa ngenxa yezinto ezilethwe esidlekeni (i-Grishchenko, Gaber, 1990).

Esifundeni saseKaluga isithombe sehlukile. Ngokwemininingwane eqoqwe ngo-1960-99, imbangela eyinhloko yokufa kwezinyoni zabantu abadala ukuzingela. Ibalelwa ku-74% yamacala anesizathu sokufa esikhona (n = 19). Ezimweni ezingama-21%, izinyoni ziye zafa ezintanjeni zikagesi, isikhathi sokuqala kwafa inyoni endala ngesikhathi kulwelwa isidleke nezinye izingwamza.Imbangela enkulu yokufa kwala maseli ukuxhumana nokuxhumana ngogesi: kusuka ekushayweni kukagesi kuma-transformers avulekile nemibhoshongo yokudluliselwa kwamandla, kanye nasekushayaneni kwezintambo. Ezinye izehlakalo zokulahleka kwezinyoni ezincane ngemuva nje kokusuka ezidlekeni kungenzeka ukuthi zenziwa ngokuzingela. Ukwehluka okunjalo kuhlobene neqiniso lokuthi ezifundeni ezisanda kugcotshwa izingulube, isimo sabantu ngabantu kubo siyathandeka. Ngisho nezimo zokucekelwa phansi kwezidleke ezivelile ziyaziwa. Ngakho-ke, isidleke sokuqala eMordovia sabhujiswa ngabahlali bendawo ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi izingwamza zingalimaza izilimo zamakhukhamba (iLapshin, Lysenkov, 1997). Esifundeni saseNizhny Novgorod Imbangela enkulu yokufa kwesidleke ukushushiswa kwabantu (Bakka, Bakka, Kiseleva, 2000). Ukucekelwa phansi kwezinyoni ezindala nokucekelwa phansi kwezidleke kwaphawulwa eningizimu-mpumalanga yeTurkmenistan, lapho izingulube zazizama ukuthola isidleke ngawo-1980s. (Belousov, 1990). Kodwa-ke, kulezo zifunda lapho osekuhlala khona udoti omhlophe, isimo sengqondo sabantu bendawo maqondana naso sesishintshe saba sibi. Lokhu kufakazelwa okungenani ngamaphesenti aphezulu okubulawa kwezinyoni ngabantu phakathi kwezimbangela zokufa kanye nokubhujiswa kwezidleke ezigxotsheni zezintambo zikagesi.

Phakathi kwezimbangela zokufa kwamachwane, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, okokuqala ngqa kwabantwana. Ingxenye ebalulekile yamachwane ilahlwa ezidlekeni noma idliwe ngisho nangamantshontsho amadala. Ngakho-ke, eLuzvezhskaya Pushcha cishe ama-30% wababili aphonswa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nawo wonke amachwane amantshontsho abhujiswa (Fedyushin, Dolbyk, 1967). ESpain, i-infanticide yabonwa ku-18,9% wezidleke ezabonwa. Kuzo zonke izimo, iphuphu elibuthakathaka laphonswa. Iminyaka ephakathi yemidumba elahliwe yizinsuku eziyi-7.3 (iTortosa noRedondo, 1992). Imvamisa, lokhu kuziphatha kuhlotshaniswa nokuntuleka kokuphakelayo. Ngokusho kukaD. Lack (1957), isiqubulo sokukhipha ingxenye yamaqanda noma amantshontsho aqanjiwe siyithuluzi elikuvumela ukuthi ulethe usayizi womndeni ngokuya ngenani lokudla olutholakalayo. Ukwanda kwesifo sogolantethe omhlophe kucatshangelwa ukuthi kuhlobene nokungabikho kwe-siblings kanye nomncintiswano wokudla kuma-broods. Bazali baletha inani elikhulu lokuphakelwa okuncane, futhi amachwane amakhulu akakwazi ukuwalawula. Njengoba amachwane abuthaka kakhulu engazifeli ngokwawo, “kufanele” abhujiswe ngabazali bawo (Tog-tosa, Redondo, 1992, Zielicski, 2002).

Isimo esifanayo asiphawulwa nje kuphela kowokuqala. I-USSR, kepha nakwamanye amazwe. Iningi lamantshontsho amadala afela ezintanjeni zikagesi, imigqa yamandla eyingozi kakhulu izinyoni ezincane ezindizayo ezingasahambi kahle. Lokhu kuphawulwe eBulgaria (Nankin, 1992), Germany (Riegel, Winkel, 1971, Fiedler, Wissner, 1980), Spain (Garrido, Femandez-Cruz, 2003), Poland (Jakubiec, 1991), Slovakia (Fulin, 1984), I-Switzerland (Moritzi, Spaar, Biber, 2001). ERostock County eMpumalanga Jalimane, kwezingu-116 amachwane amhlophe afile, abangama-55.2% balahlwa abazali babo, abangama-20,7% bafa ngenxa yokuwa kwezidleke, ama-9.5% aqhamuka ku-hypothermia (Zollick, 1986). Ezindleleni ezindizayo nasezindaweni zobusika, izimbangela eziyinhloko zokufa kwezingulube zidubula kanye nezinye izindlela zokushushiswa ngabantu, ukufa ezintanjeni zikagesi kanye nobuthi bezinambuzane (Schulz, 1988). Uma izinkulungwane zemidlwane efudukayo idabula indawo inethiwekhi eminyene yemigqa yamandla, inqwaba yabantu ifa ngasikhathi sinye (Nankinov, 1992).

Emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika, ingwamza emhlophe ngokwesiko iyizinhlobo zokuzingela. Ngokusho kokubuyiselwa kwezindandatho, ku-Sev. kanye neNtshonalanga. I-Afrika, cishe ama-80% okufa kwenzeka kulokhu kudubula. Ngokuya kwezibalo zikaH. Schulz (1988), ngabo-1980s. Kwadutshulwa izinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa kuya kweziyi-5,10 emdeni osempumalanga, lapho ama-4-6 ayeyizinkulungwane ezine eLebhanoni.

Ukufa okukhulu kwezingulube kungabangelwa izehlakalo zezulu ezimbi - izivunguvungu, isichotho esikhulu, njll. Ngo-Agasti 5, 1932, edolobhaneni elisenyakatho yeBulgaria, ngesikhathi sesichotho esinamandla esingakaze sivele (izingcezu zeqhwa zawa zivela ezulwini zaya esigamu sekhilogremu ngesisindo!), Kwafa izingwamza ezingaba ngu-200 futhi ezingaba yikhulu zahlala nemilenze namaphiko aphukile (iSchumann, 1932). Ngo-1998, emadolobhaneni amabili esifundeni iLviv. cishe wonke amantshontsho ezidlekeni eziyi-19 ezigadliwe afa ngesikhathi semvula enkulu (Gorbulshska et al., 2004).Umonakalo omkhulu ungadala ukubuya kwesimo sezulu esibandayo ngemuva kokufika kwezingulube. Ngakho-ke, ngonyaka we-1962 esifundeni saseLviv. amakhulu abantu afa ngenxa yesithwathwa nokuqothuka kweqhwa eminyakeni eyishumi yesithathu kaMashi (Cherkashchenko, 1963).

Kwesinye isikhathi amachwane ayafa azama ukugwinya inyamazane eningi elethwa ngabazali bayo. Isibonelo, kwake kwaba necala lokufa kukakhokho, kukhukhuzwa yinyoka (Kuppler, 2001). Ingozi yamathole futhi ngezinye zezinto elethwe ngabazali esidlekeni - izingcezu zamawele, uthayela, lapho izingulube zingabanjwa khona, izingxenyana zefilimu noma indwangu kawoyela ku-tray lapho kuqoqwe khona amanzi.

Ingulube emhlophe ingaba yisisulu se-kleptoparasitism. Isibonelo, kwi-Dnieper esifundeni saseCherkasy. wabona icala lokuhlaselwa kokhozi olunomsila omhlophe (Haliaeetus albicilla) endiza phezu komfula. Unogolantethe wahlwitha inyamazane yakhe, lapho ukhozi luthathe khona izinhlanzi ezimbili ebusweni bamanzi (Loparev, 1997).

Izici ezingezinhle zifaka ushintsho endaweni ezenzeka emashumini eminyaka amuva. Izakhiwo ezinophahla olufulelwe ngomhlanga nangomhlanga, okwakukhona kuzo izingwamza ngokuzithandela, zacishe zanyamalala emadolobhaneni. Inani lezihlahla ezindala ezilungele ukudlekwa ezindaweni zokuhlala nalo liyehla. Ukugcwala komhlaba ngokweqile, ukugcwala kwezikhukhula zemifula ngamachibi, ukwephulwa kombuso ojwayelekile we-hydro wezidumbu zamanzi kuholela ekuphelisweni kokudla. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga. I-Europe, lapho kudingeka khona ukutshala ama-amphibians ngokukhethekile ukondla izingwamza. Muva nje, kunezelwe enye inkinga - ukuncishiswa kwendawo ngokwesiko elalisetshenziswa amadlelo namadlelo ezifundeni eziningi zaseMpumalanga. I-Europe kanye neNyakatho. I-Asia ngenxa yokuwohloka komnotho. Ukwanda kwamakhemikhali kwezolimo kubangela ukunqwabelana kwezibulala zinambuzane emaketangeni okudla, okubangela ubuthi nezifo ezinyoni. Lokhu kubonakaliswa ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu ezindaweni zobusika, lapho umzabalazo osebenzayo wenziwa khona isikhonyane nezinye izinambuzane zezolimo, ezisebenza njengokudla okuyinhloko kwezingwamza.

ECentral Asia, into ebaluleke kakhulu ethinta ushintsho endaweni yokuhlala nobuningi kwakuwukukhiqizwa komhlaba omusha wezitshalo zezolimo one-predominance of cocon monoculture, ukuwa kwezihlahla ezigodini zemifula, imfucumfucu yamachibi, kanye nokwehliswa kwendawo yamasimu erayisi. Ngenxa yokwanda kwamasimu, amabhande amaningi ehlathi anqunywa. Izakhiwo zanamuhla zokwakhiwa kwamadolobha nezitayela zokuthuthuka kwamadolobha azifaki sandla ekudlekeni kukakhokho omhlophe ezindaweni zokuhlala (Sagitov, 1990, Sernazarov et al., 1992).

E-Russia, isici esibalulekile esinqanda inani lamazinga okuzalela ukubhujiswa ukubhujiswa kwezidleke emasontweni maqondana nokubuyiselwa kwazo, kwizigxobo zetelegraph kanye nemibhoshongo yokuhambisa amandla ngesikhathi sokugcinwa kwemithombo yokuxhumana kagesi, kanye nokuchithwa kwemibhoshongo yamanzi ukufakwa endaweni entsha noma insimbi eshaywayo. Isici sokugcina sisongela kakhulu, ngoba ingxenye engaphezulu kwengxenye yeqembu lezingulube ezimhlophe zaseRussia emibhoshongweni yamanzi.

Izici ezingezinhle zifaka ukuwohloka kwesimo sengqondo esihle ngokuqonde ku-stork omhlophe wabantu bendawo, kanye nokulahleka kwesiko lakudala. Ngakho-ke, ebanjelwe esifundeni saseKiev. inhlolokhono ikhombisile ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yezakhamizi zasemakhaya ayazi nje kuphela ukuthi ingheha umdwebo omhlophe esidlekeni, kodwa futhi ayifuni ukuba nesidleke kuleyo ndawo (iGrishchenko et al., 1992). Lokhu yize iqiniso lokuthi ukuba khona kwesidleke phambilini bekuthathwa njengento ebabazekayo, ukuheha ibhuku elimhlophe esidlekeni kungenye yezinto zomlingo wasendulo wezolimo (i-Grishchenko, 19986, 2005). E-Uzbekistan, ibhuku elimhlophe lalibhekwa njengeyinyoni elingcwele, kepha manje inani labantu kwezinye izindawo libandakanyeka ekubhujisweni kwezidleke nokuqoqa amaqanda (Sagitov, 1990).

Eningizimu ye-Ukraine, ingwamza emhlophe iqophe izinhlobo ezi-4 zama-helminths: i-Dyctimetra discoidea, Chaunocephalus ferox, Tylodelphys excavata, Histriorchis tricolor (Kornyushin et al., 2004).

Cishe bangu-70 abamele izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinambuzane, amabhungane ikakhulukazi (i-Coleoptera), atholakala ezidlekeni ezimhlophe zodoti (iHick, 1959).

Inani lezomnotho, ukuvikelwa

Ingwamza emhlophe ibhubhisa isibalo esikhulu sezilokazane zezolimo, ikakhulukazi izinambuzane namagundane. Uyaziwa kabanzi ngokuthi ungomunye wabalweli abasebenza kakhulu isikhonyane. Ugwababa ungadala ukulimala kwenhlanzi nokuzingela, ukudla izinhlanzi, amachwane, onogwaja, njll., Nokho, lokhu kuhleliwe nje, futhi izinto ezinjalo zokudla azihlali ndawo ebonakalayo ekudleni kukakhokho omhlophe. Ukulimala okungaphezulu noma okungabalulekile kokudoba kwenzeka kuphela lapho kugxilwa khona kakhulu izingwamza futhi cishe akukho okunye ukudla okutholakalayo (ngokwesibonelo, emapulazini ezinhlanzi kwa-Israyeli). Emazweni aseMpumalanga. I-Europe kanye neNyakatho. E-Asia, lokhu akuvamile.

Ingwamza emhlophe ingumlingani omude womuntu, inokubaluleka okuhle kobuhle, ibhekwa njengenye yezinyoni ezithandekayo nezhlonishwayo zezizwe eziningi. Inkolelo yakhe yasungulwa ezikhathini zasendulo, kungenzeka kube nje ngemuva kokuvela komnotho wokukhiqiza (Grishchenko, 19986, 2005). I-Stork iyinto enhle kakhulu yemfundo yezemvelo nokukhuliswa, ithatha usizo lomuntu, ithinte kahle imizwa yabantu abahlala eduzane. Ukuvikela izingulube, inkulumo-ze esebenzayo kanye nomsebenzi wokuqwashisa, ukuvuselela amasiko amadala okusiza le nyoni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuthandwa okukhulu kogogo omhlophe, kungenzeka ukuheha inani elikhulu labantu emisebenzini yezemvelo. Imikhankaso emikhulu yesayensi kanye nenkulumo-ze enkulu, isibonelo, imisebenzi ethi "Leleka" ("Stork") ne "Year of the White Stork" (Grishchenko, 1991, 1991, Grishchenko et al., 1992), esebenzayo e-Ukraine, iyasebenza kakhulu. Womabili umsebenzi wenkulumo-ze nokusiza okusebenzayo endaweni yokuhlala kabusha kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphephiseni izinyoni ezindaweni ezintsha zezidleke.

I-White Stork ifakwe ku-Red Book yaseKazakhstan, Uzbekistan, kanye naseRussia Federation ezinhlanganweni ezibomvu zaseKarelia, Mordovia, Chechnya, Krasnodar naseStavropol Territories, Belgorod, Volgograd, Kaluga, Kirov, Lipetsk, eMoscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tov , ITver nezinye izindawo.

Izici zomzimba

Isidumbu esikhulu esibhidlikile phansi sasesiswini esimhlophe esingu-100-115 cm sisuka esiqongweni somlomo siya ekugcineni komsila, sinesisindo esingu-2,5 - 4,4 kg, amaphiko okugquma kwe-195 - 215 cm.Inyoni enkulu ebomvu enezimpaphe ezimhlophe, izimpaphe ezindiza ezimnyama emaphikweni. I-pigment melanin kanye ne-carotenoid ekudleni kwama-storks zinikeza umbala omnyama.

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Izingulube ezimhlophe ezindala zinezindebe ezinde ezibomvu ezikhanyayo, izindondo ezinde ezibomvu ezinamazinyo amancane afakiwe, nentamo ende ende. Zinezikhumba ezimnyama ezizungeze amehlo, uzipho aluhlaza futhi lubukeka njengezipikili. Abesilisa nabesifazane babukeka efanayo, abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu. Izimpaphe esifubeni zinde futhi zakha uhlobo lwethanga elisetshenziswa izinyoni lapho lizijwayeza.

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Kumaphiko amade futhi abanzi, ingwamza emhlophe ikhuphuka kalula emoyeni. Izinyoni zishaya amaphiko azo kancane. Njengama -fowl amaningi, akhuphuka esibhakabhakeni, amantshontsho amhlophe abukeka emangalisa: izintamo ezinde weluliwe phambili, nemilenze emide yelulwa emuva kakhulu kunqenqema lomsila omfushane. Azulisisa amaphiko awo amakhulu, abanzi hhayi kaningi, asindisa amandla.

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Emhlabathini, ingwamza emhlophe ihamba kancane futhi ngokulinganayo, yelula ikhanda layo phezulu. Ekuphumuleni, ugoba ikhanda lakhe emahlombe akhe. Izimpaphe zokuqala ezindizayo ziyanyuka minyaka yonke; ngesikhathi sokuzalela, kuphuma izinkumbi ezintsha.

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Yiziphi izindawo amantshontsho amhlophe akhetha izindlu

Ugwababa omhlophe ukhetha izindawo:

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• osebeni lomfula
• ukubhukuda
• iziteshi
• izimbuzane.

Amantshontsho amhlophe avela kude ezindaweni ezikhule izihlahla ezinde nezihlahla.

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Ingwamza emhlophe indiza

Ukudla kwesiga

Udoba omhlophe uyasebenza phakathi nosuku, uncamela ukondla ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi amancane kanye nezolimo zezolimo, emadlelweni aluhlaza. Ingulube emhlophe idla izinyamazane futhi idla lokhu:

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• ama-amphibians
• izibankwa
• izinyoka
• amasele
• izinambuzane
• inhlanzi
• izinyoni ezincane
• izilwane ezincelisayo.

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