Abantu abaningi bayazi isaga saseRussia esithi "inyoni esezandleni ingcono kune-crane esibhakabhakeni."
Yize ubiquity yempucuko yasemadolobheni, isithako esikhulu sitholakala cishe yonke indawo. Kodwa-ke, yize kunjalo ukwanda kokukhona kwale zinhlobo, bayazi le nyoni ebusweni - kude kakhulu nakho konke. Ngakho-ke, manje sizolazi le nxenye kakhudlwana.
Izici ezihlukile zombala
I-tit enkulu inkulu impela ngosayizi futhi inomsila omude. Ubukhulu bomzimba wayo, le nyoni ikhumbuza kakhulu undlunkulu owaziwayo.
Ezimweni eziningi, ubude bawo bomzimba buqala ku-13 kuye ku-17 cm, isisindo sale nyoni singama-14-21 g, amaphiko ngesikhathi sezindiza angama-22-26 cm.
Isidumbu esingaphezulu sine-tint eluhlaza okotshani, phansi kuphuzi okugqamile, umsila namaphiko kudwetshwe ngotshani obomvana. Ezimpapheni zomsila obedlulele, izingxenye ezimhlophe zohlobo lwe-wedge zibonakala kalula, ngalinye lamaphiko lihlotshiswe ngomucu omfishane omhlophe odlulayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbala walezinhlobo zezinyoni ubonakala ngebala elimnyama elicwebezelayo elifinyelela ezingeni leso, indawo ekhanyayo engxenyeni yokwehla kwekhanda, izihlathi ezimhlophe ezungezwe umphetho omnyama, indawo emnyama yekhanda efinyelela ezingeni lesifuba, isisu nesifakwa ngaphansi kohlobo “lwentambo” emnyama.
Isici sakamuva siyabonakala kakhulu kowesilisa. I-tit young inombala ophuzi ophuzi onsundu enemibala ehlukene, izihlathi eziphuzi zezinyoni ezincane azihlukaniswa ngumngcele omnyama ukusuka entanjeni yesifuba.
Indlela yokuphila
Indlela yokuphila yama-tic icishe ifane kohlobo lwasekhaya oluningi. Amabhuya amaningi alezi zinyoni ahlala ethembekile komunye nomunye iminyaka eminingana. Imigodi yokuhlala nezinye izindawo zokuhlala izidleke zalezi zinyoni zivame ukutholakala kubude obuyi-1.5 kuye ku-5 m ukusuka emhlabathini, kepha lapho kungekho khona umgodi, i-titmouse nayo ingakha isidleke ngaphakathi kwezimbobo.
Ukuncintisana kwezigodi, ama-tits amakhulu ayakwazi ukubhuqa imfuhlumfutho yokudlekwa kwezinye izinyoni ezincane. Isibonelo, kunezimo lapho i-tits enamandla kakhulu futhi enkulu kunazo zonke iqede ama-flycatchers akhiwe esidlekeni.
Owesifazane uvame ukubamba iqhaza ekwakheni isidleke; owesilisa akahlanganyeli ngisho nasekwenzeni izinto zokwakha isidleke. Ku-clutch, njengomthetho, amaqanda ayi-9-12. Izinsikazi zihlala cishe usuku lonke, zivame ukwethusa izisulu ngomlomo onamandla ngokwanele nangokukhala okumnandi.
Umbhangqwana owodwa uletha ama-broods afinyelela ku-2 phakathi nonyaka. Lolu hlobo lwezinyoni aluqoqeleli amasheya ebusika, kodwa, uma kunokwenzeka, luthokozela ukugcwala kwezinye izinyoni ngentokozo.
Umsoco
Ngesikhathi sokuzalela, ama-tits amakhulu ahlala efuna izinambuzane ezincane nezibungu zawo, ebhubhisa ingxenye yengonyama yehlathi nezilokazane zasendle. Imikhaza ivame ukondliwa yizibungu ezincane kanye nezibungu zezithelo.
Ekwindla nasebusika, ama-tits amakhulu aguqula izinhlobo zokudla zezitshalo. Isisekelo sokudla kwalezi zinyoni ebusika yizimbewu zama-rye, ukolweni, i-sunflower, ummbila kanye nama-oats.
Esikhathini esiningi, izinyoni zithola lezi zivuno kuphela emaphethelweni amadlelo ezenziwe ngabantu asedolobheni. Ukuba seduze kwezindawo zokuhlala abantu, ama-tits angabuye ajabulele isaladi entsha engafakwanga ushizi, ukhokho ushizi noma ibhotela.
Endaweni yokuhlala yemvelo, i-titmouse idla umqhele wezihlahla nezihlahla. Uma kungekho iqhwa, ufuna okuthile okungazuza phezu kobuso bomhlaba. Engxenyeni esenyakatho nentshonalanga yeRussia, njengokuphakela endaweni yemvelo yendawo, imbewu ye izihlahla eziningi zasendle nokhula ziyazikhethela zona.
Uma kungekho inani elanele lembewu, ama-tits amakhulu avame ukuhlasela izinyoni ezincane nezingenamandla. Ngakho-ke, kungcono ukungalethi ingxenye encane ebugebengwini, kodwa ukunakekela ubukhona be-feeders kusengaphambili!
Uma kunenani elanele lokudla nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka, umuntu ngamunye wama-tits amakhulu angaphila iminyaka eyi-15. Kodwa-ke, empeleni, yingxenye eyodwa kuphela kwezintathu ehlala endaweni yasemadolobheni esindayo ebusika obubandayo.
Kulokhu siyaphela. Thanda futhi ubhalisele isiteshi!
I-Ara parrot
Igama lesi Latin: | Parus |
Igama lesiNgisi: | UTomtit |
Umbuso: | Izilwane |
Uhlobo: | Chordate |
Isigaba: | Izinyoni |
Ukuhlonza: | Ama-Passerines |
Umndeni: | Tit |
Umusa: | Amathayi |
Ubude bomzimba: | 15-20 cm |
Ubude bephiko: | 6-8 cm |
I-Wingspan: | 26 cm |
Isisindo: | 14-20 g |
Isimilo nendlela yokuphila
Le prankster inzima kakhulu ukuhlala endaweni eyodwa. Uhlala ehamba njalo. Amathayi ayizidalwa ezingathobeki. Lokhu kungumhlambi wezinyoni ezingazi ukuthi isizungu siyini.
Ebudeneleni nasekufuneni ukwazi abahlali. Bangenza into edlula amandla abafowabo. Isibonelo, ama-somersaults abo owaziwayo kunoma iyiphi indawo. Ubuqili obunjalo butholakala ku-tit ngosizo lwemilenze yawo eqinile neleshumi.
Ama-paws afanayo amsiza ukuba aphile uma isidleke sakhe sisekude. Le tit imane inamathelwe egatsheni futhi ilale. Ngalezo zikhathi, kufana nebhola le-fluffy elincane. Leli khono lisindisa inyoni emakhazeni amakhulu.
Uhlobo ngalunye amathis isimilo kuphela izici. Kepha bonke bahlanganiswe ngamapula amahle, ngokuziphatha okubi nokuhlabelela okuthokozisayo. Kuyadabukisa ukuthi ezimweni ezinzima zesimo sezulu, akuzona zonke izinyoni ezikwazi ukuqhubeka ziphila kuze kube sentwasahlobo futhi zisazise kuqala ngalokhu. Ezinye zazo azibekezeleli iqhwa elinamandla.
Amathayi angokuhleleka kwangempela kwemvelo. Zibhubhisa izinambuzane eziyingozi bese zisindisa izikhala eziluhlaza. Isibonelo, umndeni owodwa wama-tits ukondla izingane zawo uhlanza izinambuzane zezihlahla ezingaphezu kwama-40.
I-titmouse ayihlali inesimo esihle futhi ijabule. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, baba izidalwa ezimbi, ezingenampilo nezinonya uma kukhulunywa ngenzalo yazo. Avikela izindawo zawo ngentshiseko nangokungesabi.
Ukuhlanza kwenzeka ezinyonini kanye ngonyaka. Ukuze uzenzele isidleke ngokwazo, ama-tits atholakala ezitolo ezihlahleni noma emigodini yezinyoni noma yezilwane ezilahliwe. Imvamisa, bahlala ezindlini ezishiywe ngokhuni. Akusikho konke, kepha kukhona Izinhlobo zezithonjanaokungekho ubuvila futhi ngomshikashika wabo ubeka isidakamizwa esidlekeni.
Lo mbhangqwana ubandakanyeka ekufakweni ekhaya. Yimisebenzi yabo kuphela eyabiwa kancane. Imvamisa, insikazi iletha izimpaphe noma uvolo okhanyayo esidlekeni esisha, kuthi owesilisa athathe izinto zokwakha ezisindayo - umhlume noma umhlwa.
Ukuchazwa kwenyoni
Ingoma encane futhi ethandekayo ingumzimba wesikhumba ongabonakala kalula ngesisu sakhona esiphuzi se-ulamula ophethe umugqa omude omude, inqwaba emnyama yekhanda laso ngezihlathi ezimhlophe kanye nomhlane omnyama namaphiko. Lezi zinyoni zinomlomo omncane ococekile, uphothwe emaceleni kanye nezimpandla eziyishumi emilenzeni yazo.
Ngokuqondene nosayizi, ngokwesilinganiso, ama-tiles akhula kancane kunondlunkulu, futhi ahlukile kuwo ngomsila wawo omude. Ubude bomzimba wabo bufinyelela ku-15-20 cm, isisindo sisuka ku-14 kuye ku-20 g, amaphiko okuqhuma - afike ku-26 cm.
Lezi zingoma zingezama-Passeriformes e-oda, umndeni we-titmouse nohlobo lwe-titmouse. Ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, ososayensi bathi yi-titmouse yezinyoni ezahlukahlukene, isibonelo, ama-azores. Kodwa-ke, manje izinhlobo ezi-4 eziphambili zikulolu hlobo (i-tit enkulu, i-grey, impumalanga, i-green-backed) nohlobo lwayo.
Okudingayo
Amathayi awathobeki kokudla okunempilo, okuyi-plus forondlo yawo ekhaya. Kepha ukudla kwabo kuyinkathi ethile yonyaka.
Ehlobo, ngesikhathi sokudlela nokuzalela, ama-tits adla ngokudla kwezilwane: izinambuzane ezincane, izibungu zazo (amabhungane, izimpukane, amabhungane, omiyane, izimbungulu, izicabucabu, ama-aphid). Ngasikhathi sinye, izinyoni zidla izinambuzane eziningi zehlathi, zizikhethele ngaphansi kwamagxolo ezihlahla, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi yimiyalo yehlathi. Ababelethi bondla amachwane abo ngamacimbi wezimvemvane.
Kepha enkathini yasekwindla-ebusika, ama-titmouse adla ngokulangazela ukudla kwezitshalo zezitshalo kanye nembewu ehlukahlukene yezitshalo (i-spruce, uphayini, i-birch, i-linden, umlotha wasentabeni, i-elderberry). Yingakho emadolobheni ama-tits eba izivakashi ezivame ukuvela kubondli. By way, ebusika obubandayo, izinyoni zidinga ukudla okuphelele, ngoba iningi labantu libulawa yindlala.
Ukubukeka
Inyoni enyakazayo, esegugayo. EYurophu, ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke - ecishe ifane nondlunkulu, inomsila omude kahle. Ubude 13-17 cm, isisindo 14-21 g, amaphiko 22p cm. Inenqwaba yephunga elikhanyayo, phakathi kwezinye izinyoni igqame kakhulu ngesisu sayo esikhanyayo nge- “tie” - umucu omnyama obanzi ovela esifubeni uye emsileni. Ingaphezulu lekhanda, noma i-cap, imnyama nge-sheen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ushizi umhlophe. Kukhona indawo emhlophe ophuzi ngemuva kwekhanda. Emuva kwentamo kukhona i-band-collar emnyama, umphimbo nesifuba kumnyama ngombala omncane. Umhlane uluhlaza okotshani ophuzi noma ompunga ngombala omfishane emahlombe, amaphiko kanye nomsila aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kuma-helmsmen amathathu aqhelelene kukhona iziqongo ezimhlophe, zihlangene zakha umucu wokukhanya odlulayo. Umucu omfishane omhlophe ogqamile ubonakala nakuleya iphiko.
Izinsikazi ziyafana nabesilisa, kepha ngokuvamile ziba duller kancane - amathoni amnyama ekhanda nasesifubeni anomithunzi onsundu, ikhola nentambo emnyama esiswini iyancipha futhi kwesinye isikhathi kungaphazamiseka. Umngcele kumbobo ongaphezulu naphakathi uphaphathekile ngombala oluhlaza okotshani kunombala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwabesilisa. I-underwear imhlophe. Izinyoni ezincane ziyafana nezabesifazane, nokho, isigqoko sazo sigqokwa ngombala onsundu noma umnqumo onsundu, futhi ibala elingasemuva lekhanda lincane futhi alicacile. Uhlobo lunokuhlukahluka kokuma kwezwe - kukhona okungaphezulu kwama-30 okuhlukaniswa ngemibala yombala wangemuva, i-naduhvost, isifuba, izinhlangothi, ukuqina okumhlophe kokuqondisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eziningi izingosi ezikhombisa ukungafani kwemvelo okuncane.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Emihlanjini yezinyoni kwenziwa izimbotshana zezinyoni, okuzothi ngemuva kokwakhiwa esidlekeni ziqale ukucabanga ngenzalo. Ngalesi sikhathi, baguqula abantu abahlekisayo baba izinyoni ezingathi sína nezinolaka.
Umama weshumi ulinde ukuvela kwamachwane
Manje azidingi ukunakekela zona kuphela, kodwa futhi nokunakekela inzalo yazo yesikhathi esizayo. Imvamisa kuma-clutch kukhona amaqanda acishe abe ngu-15. Amaqanda ama-tits nawo kulula ukuwahlukanisa namaqanda ezinye izinyoni. Zifafazwa amachashazi abomvu, akha uhlobo lwendandatho ekugcineni kweqanda.
Ukufakwa kweqanda kwenzeka kabili ngonyaka. Isikhathi sokuqala esisekupheleni kuka-Ephreli, esesibili sisondele maphakathi nehlobo. Kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-13 ukuqandusela amaqanda. Le ndaba iphathwa ngowesifazane kuphela. Umlingani wakhe ngalesi sikhathi unakekela ukuthi akabulawa yindlala.
Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwam amaphuphu angenakusiza ngokuphelele, insikazi ayishiyi esidlekeni kwezinye izinsuku ezimbalwa, ifudumeza izingane zayo. Sonke lesi sikhathi, owesilisa unakekela umndeni wakhe ngokuzidela, awuphekele ukudla futhi awuvikele ezitheni.
Kudingeka izinsuku eziyi-16 ukuthola amachwane ukuze ancike ngokuphelele, ame ohlangwini futhi alungiselele impilo yokuzimela. Futhi uma sezinezinyanga eziyi-10 amaphuphu asekulungele ukuzala kabusha. Ama-Tits aphile iminyaka eyi-15.
Incazelo ye-Tit
Igama elithi "tit" laqanjwa lisuselwa egameni elithi "umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka", ngenxa yalokho, lihlobene ngqo nombala wenyoni, i-Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), ngaphambili eyayingeyohlobo lwe-tits. Izinhlobo eziningi ebezingezimpawu zangempela manje sezidluliselwa esigabeni sezinye izinhlobo: i-Sittiparus, Machlolophus, Periarus, Melaniparus, Pseudopodoces, gaits (Poecile) ne-azure (Cyanistes).
Izici nesimo sendawo yama-tits
Abaningi abazi ukuthutha inyoni tit noma cha. Kepha lesi yisakhamuzi saphakade semizi yethu.
Kuphela kwenkathi yendlala enkulu, ebusika bangeqhwa lapho imihlambi ihamba iye ezindaweni ezithandekayo ukuze usinde.
Ngokushesha lapho kuvela imisebe yokuqala yelanga, emuva ngoFebhuwari, futhi inyoni yethempeli iqala ukujabulisa abantu nge-twitter yabo.
Ingoma ye-Tit kukhala futhi kufana nezinsimbi ezihlangene. "Qi-qi-pi, in-chi-in-chi" - futhi kwezwakala, - "pin-pin-hrrrzh" yazisa izakhamizi zamadolobha ngokuza kwentwasahlobo okusondele.
Basho ngethmouse, ngathi ngesithunywa selanga sentwasahlobo. Esikhathini esifudumele, iculo liba kancane futhi liyinkimbinkimbi: "Zin-zi-ver, zin-zin".
Lalela izwi lenyoni tit
Lenhlobo ihlala ihamba nomuntu, i-titmouse ihlala emahlathini nasemapaki amadolobha amakhulu.
Kuyajabulisa ukubona ukuthi isebenza kanjani. titmouse esibhakabhakeni. Indiza yakhe isayensi yokuthi ungandiza kanjani ngokushesha futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo wonge amandla, umane nje aqhakambisa ubungcweti bakhe.
Ukuphapha okungajwayelekile kwamaphiko kaninginingi - inyoni inyukela esibhakabhakeni, bese kuba sengathi izongena phansi, ichaza ngobunono umoya we-parabolas emoyeni. Kubukeka sengathi indiza enjalo ayikwazi ukulawulwa, kepha futhi bayakwazi ukuqondisa ukuhamba ngaphansi kwangaphansi.
Lapho kuhlala khona
Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu - i-tit enkulu - zitholakala yonke indawo kulo lonke elase-Easia kanye naseNyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika. Ezinye izinhlobo zihlala ezindaweni ezincane - emazweni ngamanye e-Asia.
I-Tits ithanda ukuhlala emaphethelweni amahlathi anqenqemayo noma eduze kwama-glade nezinye izindawo ezivulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyoni azesabi nhlobo abantu futhi zihlala ngokuzithandela ezivandeni nasemapaki amadolobha.
I-tit enkulu noma enkulu
Lolu hlobo lwenhlamvu enkulu kunazo zonke enomsila omude. Uneplamule eliqhakazile elidala: isisu esiphuzi esine- “tie” emnyama, isigqoko sezimpaphe eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka namnyama, izihlathi ezimhlophe nendawo emhlophe ngemuva kwekhanda. Emuva kwentamo yendoda enkulu kukhona umugqa omnyama. Umhlane ungwevu onsomi noma uluhlaza okotshani. Ubuningi bezimpiko nomsila - ngamathoni aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Abesifazane balula kancane kunabesilisa. Izinyoni ezincane zihlukaniswa ngamapulangwe ekhanda ansundu.
Ukucula
I-tit enkulu ine-repertoire yezwi ecebile - ochwepheshe bakhomba umehluko ongama-40 wemisindo eyenzayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu oyedwa ngokufanayo uyakwazi ukuguqulela phakathi kokuhlukahluka kokuthathu nokuhlanu, okuhlukile ngesigqi, ukuhamba kwesikhathi, iphimbo lemisindo nenani lamagama. Owesilisa uyasebenza ikakhulukazi, ecula unyaka wonke, ngaphandle kwasekwindla nasekupheleni kobusika.
Ingoma iyizwi eliphakeme lika "qi-qi-qi-pi", "ying-chi-ying-chi", ukumemeza kuyinto ekhalayo kakhulu ethi "pin-pin-hrrrzh". Entwasahlobo, iculo eliyisimanga elithi "zin-zi-ver", "zin-zin". Ushaya ikhwelo ngobumnene nangokuthula, bese eqala ukukhala okuphezulu: “iphini-iphini”, onjenge-Finch, bese eqala ukuquleka ethukile: “ipin-tarara” noma ngemisindo engapheli iphindaphinda ikhwela layo elizwakala kabili: “fi-fi”. Ekupheleni kobusika, cishe kusukela ngoFebhuwari, ama-tits amahle aba bukhoma. E-thaw, ithoni yabo emibili-noma emithathu eyinkimbinkimbi isivele izwakele - ukuphindaphinda okunesigqi kokukhala noma imisindo ethile ethi "tinking" ("qi-qi-fi-qi-qi-fi" noma "tsu-vi-tsu-vi-tsu-vi" ) Umculi ngamunye unomsindo oyingqayizivele. Usuku nosuku, la mashini akhula kakhulu futhi isikhathi eside, ngokungathandeki adonsela ukunaka ngemvelaphi yawo. Umququ unokukhala okufanayo, kodwa ku-tit, unokuqhekeka okungaphezulu. Ingoma ivame ukuzwakala lapho ixhumana phakathi kwamalungu ombhangqwana, noma lapho inyoni ijabule. Ngaphezu kokucula kwangempela, kukhona nababizwa nge-sub-song - i-melodic buthule twittering, "purr", evame ukwenziwa ngoFebhuwari noma ngoMashi.
Grey tit
I-grey tit ihlukaniswa kwi-tit enkulu yi-tummy emhlophe noma e-grey. Emakhanda abo, lezi zinyoni nazo zinesici esimnyama esimnyama esinendawo emhlophe emuva ekhanda nesihlathini. Ubuningi bamaphiko bulawulwa ngumbala onsundu onsundu. I-grey tit ihlala e-Asia.
Indawo
Kusatshalaliswa e-Eurasia ukusuka entshonalanga kuye empumalanga, kanye nasenyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Afrika. Itholakala cishe kuyo yonke indawo eYurophu, ngaphandle kwe-Iceland kanye nenyakatho engenamkhawulo yeScandinavia, iNhlonhlo yeKola yaseRussia. E-Asia, ayikho esifundeni se-circumpolar kanye ne-polar yaseSiberia, ezindaweni eziphakemeyo nasezindaweni eziwugwadule zaseCentral and Central Asia, eMiddle East eningizimu yakwa-Israyeli, eSyria nasenyakatho ye-Iraq. EScandinavia naseFinland, inyakatho inyukela ku-68 ° C. w. Kuyaphawuleka ngasempumalanga esifundeni sase-Arkhangelsk, kusasempumalanga ezindaweni eziphakemeyo ze-Pechora. Emigodini yase-Ob, Yenisei ne-Lena Valley, ayitholakali enyakatho yendawo yama-61 efanayo.Ngaphandle kwezwekazi, kuphawulwa iBrithani, iBalearic, iCorsica, iSardinia, iSicily, iKrethe nezinye iziqhingi zase-Aegean, eCyprus.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
I-Titmouse iyingxenye yomndeni omkhulu we-titmouse. Bangabameleli abakhulu be-Passeriformes ye-oda. Ubude bomzimba be-tit bungafinyelela amasentimitha ayishumi nanhlanu. Esikhathini esedlule, le tit ibibizwa nge- "titmouse." Izinyoni zabizwa kanjalo ngenxa yengoma enesilo saleso silwane, esizwakala ngathi “zin-zin”. Kamuva nje, lezi zinyoni zathola igama lazo lesimanje, eziqhamuka ezinhlamvwini zezimpawu zephawu. Igama elithi "tit" kubantu abaningi bemvelaphi yamaSlavic lizwakala licishe lifane.
Lezi zinyoni ezincane, ezisebenzayo zazibhekwa kakhulu cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngakho-ke, kunesimemezelo seNkosi uLouis waseBavaria, esikhishwe ngekhulu leshumi nane, esiveza ukuvinjelwa okuqinile kokubhujiswa kwe-tits. Lezi zinyoni zazibhekwa njengeziwusizo kakhulu, akunakwenzeka ukuba zizizingele. Isimemezelo sisindile kuze kube namuhla.
Kuze kube manje, uhlobo lwe-tits lubandakanya izinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko, ezihlukaniswe ngenani elikhulu lokubhaliwe:
- grey tit. Umehluko wayo omkhulu ongaphandle umbala ongafani wesisu - ompunga noma omhlophe. Indawo yemvelo yale nyoni iyindawo yonke yase-Asiya,
- indoda enkulu. Le nyoni enkulu kunazo zonke zohlobo. Izinyoni ezinje zinombala ogqamile, obukhazikhazi: isisu ophuzi, “uthayi” omnyama, amapayipi aluhlaza okotshani noma aluhlaza. IBolshaki ijwayelekile kakhulu. Zitholakala kulo lonke elaseYurophu,
- oluhlaza emuva. Izinyoni ezinjalo zihlukaniswa ngumbala we-olive womsila, amaphiko, amaphunga amnyama wesisu,
- empumalanga. Ngokubukeka, lesi silwane futhi sibukeka njenge-grey tit. Inesisu esimpunga, kepha ihlala eSakhalin, eJapan, emazweni amaningi aseMpumalanga Ekude. Itholakala ngamanani amakhulu esiQhingini saseKuril.
Owesilisa nowesifazane: umehluko omkhulu
I-dimorphism yezocansi ku-tits ivezwa buthaka. Abesifazane, njengomthetho, balula kancane kunabesilisa, kepha ngokuvamile umbala wabo uhlangana. Isici esijabulisayo: umucu omude omude emngceleni wezinyoni emadodeni ufinyelela emsileni, kuthi kwabesifazane, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uba mncane. Amapayipi asemancane nawo ahluke kancane, ngemibala yeminqumo e-olive inamandla ohlelweni lwayo lombala.
Ngokuqukethwe kwe-tits ekhaya, azikho izinkinga. Ezinyoni, kukhethwa ikheji elibanzi (amasentimitha angama-30 cm ngama-30 cm ngama-40 cm) noma i-aviary. Ngokubambisana nezinye izinhlobo kungcono ungazixazululi, ikakhulukazi uma kufanele ukuzalaniswa kwezinyoni.
Izidingo zeseli
Ikheji akufanele lime elangeni elikhanyayo nokusalungiswa.
I-titmouse izodinga iziphuzo ezimbili - enye yokuphuza, neyesibili ukubhukuda. Lezi zinyoni zimane zithande izinqubo zamanzi. Futhi bajwayela ngokushesha ezandleni zomnikazi, bangakwazi nokudla ngesandla.
Okufanele ukondle
Njengasemvelweni, ekhaya, ama-titi adinga okuphakelayo okuxubile. Isisekelo esihle sokudla kungaba yingxube yama-crackers amhlophe, izaqathe kanye namaqanda enkukhu, kanye nokuxuba okuhlukahlukene kokhokho. Ukwelashwa kwangempela kwe-titmouse yizikelemu zikafulawa. Kufanele zengezwe ekudleni ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokudlela.
Ngale ndlela, uma uvumela i-titmouse ukuba ikhiphe ekhejini, ngokuqinisekile uzozama ukuzitholela ukudla - kungaba nge-gingerbread noma amakhukhi.
Ingabe bazala ekudingisweni?
Uma i-titmouse ihlangana endaweni ebiyelwe eyodwa, khona-ke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izinyoni zingakwazi ukuqala isidleke, lapho zidinga ukushiya izinto zokwakha - amahlumela, amabala otshani, umhlwa. Kwibhande elilodwa emvelweni, itheksikazi lingaba namaqanda afinyelela kwayi-15. Ekuthunjweni, njengomthetho, kuncane. Insikazi ifihla amaqanda izinsuku eziyi-13, bese amantshontsho akhula cishe amaviki amathathu. Sonke lesi sikhathi, owesilisa unakekela umlingani kanye nenzalo.
Amaqiniso Ahehayo
- Kunezinguqulo ezimbili eziphathelene nemvelaphi yegama lohlobo "tit." Esokuqala sibonisa umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ovela ku-Blue Tit, izingoma eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, phambilini futhi ezingokwesigaba sofuzo. Futhi inketho yesibili ifakazela igama lohlobo lwesimo sengoma yalezi zinyoni, lapho ungezwa khona i- "siii-siii" ende.
- I-Titmouse ayenzi nhlobo izitoko zayo ebusika, kodwa kulula kakhulu ukuthola nokudla amasheya wokudla enziwe ezinye izinyoni,
- Imvamisa enobungane futhi enobungane ngesikhathi sokudla amaqanda nokuqandeka iba nolaka kakhulu futhi idonsa abantu ongabazi ukusuka endaweni yabo,
- Amathayi awenzi ngeze abizwa ngokuthi ama-oda asehlathini, ngakho-ke ithoni eyodwa yezithako ngesikhathi sokudlekwa komhlaba ivikela okungenani izihlahla ezingama-40 ezilwaneni.
- Ama-Tits ahlala emvelweni iminyaka eyi-1-3, futhi angahlala ekudingisweni aze afike eminyakeni eyi-15.
Zingaki i-tiles eziphila
Impilo ye-titmouse ezimweni zemvelo ihlala isikhathi esifushane kakhulu futhi, njengomthetho, yiminyaka emithathu kuphela. Lapho igcinwe ekudingisweni, i-Great Tit ikwazi ukusinda kuze kufike eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu. Noma kunjalo, inani lesikhathi sokuphila kwesilwane esinemibala engajwayelekile kanjalo kuncike ezicini eziningi kakhulu, kufaka phakathi ukuhambisana nemithetho yokulungiswa kwesondlo nemithetho yokondla.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Izinsikazi ezimpunga zinomucu omncane futhi ocekeceke esiswini. Izinsikazi zesigaxa esikhulu zifana kakhulu ngokubukeka kwabesilisa, kepha ngokuvamile, zinombala omncane wokudonswa kwemibala, ngakho-ke amathoni amnyama asekhanda nasesifubeni ahlukaniswa ngombala ompunga omnyama, kanti ikhola nomucu omnyama esiswini zincanyana futhi kungahle kwephule .
Izinhlobo zama Tits
Ngokuhambisana nedatha enikezwe yi-International Union of Ornithologists, uhlobo lweParus lubandakanya izinhlobo ezine:
- Grey tit (Parus cinereus) - uhlobo olufaka okumbalwa okucatshangelwa ukuthi esikhathini esithile esidlule kwakuyinhlobo ye-Great Tit (Parus enkulu),
- Bolshak, noma Ingxenye enkulu (Parus ezinkulu) - uhlobo olukhulu kakhulu noluningi kakhulu,
- Empumalanga, noma Ingxenye yesiJapan (Parus omncane) Ingabe uhlobo oluvezwa yizikhungo eziningi ngasikhathi sinye, ezingafani ekuxubeni noma ekuhlanganiseni njalo
- I-Green-backed tit (Parus monticolus).
Kuze kube muva nje, izinhlobo zezinhlamvu zaseMpumalanga noma ezaseJapan bezihlukaniswa njengezinhlobo zezitendi ezinkulu, kodwa ngenxa yemizamo yabaphenyi baseRussia kungenzeka ukuthi kutholakale ukuthi lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zimane zihlale ngokuphumelelayo.
Habitat, indawo yokuhlala
I-grey tit imelelwa yizihlobo eziyishumi nantathu:
- R.c. I-Ambiguus - isakhamizi senhlonhlo yeMalacca kanye nesiqhingi saseSumatra,
- P.c. i-Caschmirensis enendawo empunga ngemuva kwekhanda - isakhamuzi sase-Afghanistan esenyakatho-mpumalanga, enyakatho yePakistan nasenyakatho nentshonalanga ye-India,
- P.c. I-сinereus Vieillot iyi-subspecies yokuqokwa okuhlala esiqhingini saseJava naseSunda Minor Islands,
- P.c. desоlorans Koelz - ohlala ezweni elisenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afghanistan nasenyakatho nentshonalanga yePakistan,
- P.c. hainanus E.J.O. UNartert ungumhlali waseHainan Island,
- P.c. intermedius Zarudny uyisakhamuzi esisenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Iran kanye nenyakatho nentshonalanga yeTurkmenistan,
- P.c. mahrättarum E.J.O. UNartert ungumhlali wasenyakatho-nentshonalanga yeNdiya nesiqhingi saseSri Lanka,
- P.c. panorum E.J.O. INartert ingumhlali wasenyakatho neNdiya, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, indawo ephakathi nentshonalanga neMyanmar.
- P.c. sаrаwacensis Slater - ohlala esiqhingini saseKalimantan,
- P.c. sturay Kölz - uhlala entshonalanga, enkabeni nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya,
- P.c. temrlrum Meyer de Skhauensee - ohlala endaweni ephakathi nentshonalanga yeThailand, eningizimu ye-Indochina,
- P.c. vauriеi Rirli - isakhamuzi saseNyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya,
- P.c. ziaratensis Whistler ingumhlali wasenkabeni naseningizimu ye-Afghanistan, entshonalanga nePakistan.
I-tit enkulu iyindawo okuhlala kuyo yonke insiza eMiddle East naseYurophu, itholakala eNyakatho ne-Asia Ephakathi, kuhlala ezinye izindawo zaseNyakatho Afrika. Ukubhalwa kweshumi nanhlanu kwe-tit enkulu kunendawo ehluke ngokuphelele:
- P.m. i-rhrodite - ohlala eningizimu ye-Italy, eningizimu yeGrisi, iziqhingi zoLwandle i-Aegean neCyprus,
- P.m. I-blanfordi iyisakhamuzi esisenyakatho ye-Iraq, enyakatho, enyakatho engxenyeni ephakathi nengxenye eseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Iran,
- P.m. bokharensis - isakhamuzi sendawo yaseTurkmenistan, enyakatho ye-Afghanistan, eningizimu yengxenye ephakathi neKazakhstan nase-Uzbekistan,
- P.m. i-sorsus - isakhamuzi sendawo yePortugal, eningizimu yeSpain neCorsica,
- P.m. eski - umuntu ohlala ezifundeni zaseSardinia,
- P.m. i-exсesus iyisakhamuzi esisenyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Afrika, isuka engxenyeni engasentshonalanga yeMorocco iya engxenyeni esenyakatho nentshonalanga yeTunisia,
- P.m. I-Ferghanensis - isakhamuzi saseTajikistan, Kyrgyzstan nengxenye esentshonalanga yeChina,
- P.m. karustini - isakhamuzi esiseningizimu-mpumalanga yeKazakhstan noma i-Dzungarian Alatau, indawo esenyakatho esenyakatho nentshonalanga yeChina neMongolia, iTransbaikalia, izindawo ezifinyelela phezulu kwe-Amur nePrimorye, ingxenye esenyakatho eya ogwini loLwandle lwase-Okhotsk,
- P.m. UKarelini - umhlali waseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Azerbaijan nasenyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Iran,
- P.m. majоr - isakhamuzi esijwayelekile sezwekazi laseYurophu, enyakatho nasempumalanga engxenyeni ephakathi, nengxenye esenyakatho yeSpain, amaBalkan nasenyakatho ne-Itali, iSiberia empumalanga kuze kube seLake Baikal, eningizimu nasezintabeni zase-Altai, empumalanga nasenyakatho yeKazakhstan, kutholakala e-Asia Minor, ha ICaucasus neAzerbaijan ngaphandle kwengxenye eseningizimu-mpumalanga,
- P.m. I-Mallorsay - isakhamuzi sase-Balearic Islands,
- P.m. INevtoni - isakhamuzi saseBritish Isles, eNetherlands naseBelgium kanye nengxenye esenyakatho nentshonalanga yeFrance,
- P.m. niethаmmеri - umhlali wezindawo zaseKrethe,
- P.m. i-terraesanctae - umhlali waseLebanoni, eSyria, kwa-Israyeli, eJordani nasenyakatho-nasempumalanga yeGibhithe,
- P.m. I-turkstaniсus yisakhamuzi esingxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeKazakhstan kanye nezindawo eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga neMongolia.
Endle, abamele izinhlobo zezilwane zitholakala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zamahlathi, imvamisa kakhulu ezindaweni ezivulekile kakhulu nasemaphethelweni, futhi zihlale ngasogwini lwezindawo zokugcina zemvelo.
I-Eastern noma iJapan tit yona imelelwa yizixhaso eziyisishiyagalolunye:
- P.m. amamiensis - ohlala enyakatho yeRyukyu Islands,
- P.m. сommixtus - ohlala eningizimu yeChina kanye nenyakatho yeVietnam,
- P.m. dagletensis - isakhamuzi esiqhingini sase-Ullyndo eduze naseKorea,
- P.m. kagoshimae - ohlala eningizimu yesiqhingi saseKyushu naseziqhingini zaseGoto,
- P.m. Encane - ohlala empumalanga yeSiberia, eningizimu yeSakhalin, empumalanga engxenyeni ephakathi nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina, Korea neJapan,
- P.m. nigrilоris - ohlala eningizimu yeziqhingi zaseRyukyu,
- P.m. nubiolus - ohlala empumalanga yeMyanmar, enyakatho yeThailand nasenyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Indochina,
- P.m. okinaway - ohlala esikhungweni seRyukyu Islands,
- P.m. I-tibetanus iyisakhamuzi esiseningizimu-mpumalanga yeTibet, eningizimu-ntshonalanga naseningizimu maphakathi neChina, enyakatho neMyanmar.
I-tit-backed tit isisabalale eBangistan naseBhutan, eChina naseNdiya, futhi ihlala eNepal, Pakistan, Thailand naseVietnam. Izindawo zemvelo zalolu hlobo zingamahlathi agqamile kanye nezindawo ezingamahlathi ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo, izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye namahlathi aswakeme asendaweni eshisayo.
Isilinganiso se-tit
Ngesikhathi sokuzala kabusha, ama-tiles adla ama-invertebrates amancane, kanye nezibungu zawo. Ama-oda anezici abulala izinhlobo eziningi zezinambuzane zamahlathi. Noma kunjalo, isisekelo se-feed rage yanoma iyiphi i-tit phakathi nalesi sikhathi sivame ukumelelwa:
- izibungu zezinyamazane
- izicabucabu
- izinsimbi nezinye izimbungulu,
- izinambuzane ezidonsa emigodini, kufaka phakathi izimpukane, omiyane kanye namaphakathi
- izinto eziphilayo ezinamaphiko, kubandakanya nezimbungulu.
Ama-titmouse adla futhi amaqhude, ama-orthopteran ngesimo sezintethe namakhethini, ama-dragonflies amancanyana, ama-reticuliformes, amakheli endle, izintuthwane, imikhaza nemisipha. Inyoni endala ikwazi ukujabulela izinyosi, lapho kususwe khona isikhali ngaphambili. Ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo, ama-tits angadla inyamazane enjengemifudlana ye-bat, okuthi, ngemuva kokushiya ubusika obusika, ihlale ingasebenzi futhi ifinyeleleke impela ezinyoni. Amabhikidi adliswa, njengomthetho, ngamacimbi azo zonke izinhlobo zezimvemvane, ubude bawo bomzimba bungabi ngaphezu kuka-10 mm.
Ekwindla nasebusika, iqhaza lokudla kwezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi imbewu ye-hazel ne-beech yaseYurophu, likhuphuka kakhulu ekudleni kwe-titmouse. Izinyoni zidla emasimini futhi ezindaweni ezihlwanyelwe zinokusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu kukammbila, i-rye, i-oats nokolweni.
Izinyoni ezihlala engxenyeni esenyakatho nentshonalanga yeRussia zivame ukudla izithelo nembewu yezinye zezitshalo ezivame kakhulu:
- wadla naphayini
- imephu neminduze,
- ama-lilacs
- amabhakede
- sorrel yamahhashi
- pikulnikov,
- iwashi
- i-elderberry ebomvu
- irgi
- umlotha wasentabeni
- aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
- i-hemp nelanga.
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-tit enkulu nezinye izinhlobo zalolu hlobo lobuciko, kufaka phakathi iBlue Tit neMuscovite, ukushoda kwezitoko zazo ebusika. Le nyoni enamanyala futhi eyiselula ingakwazi ukuthola ikhono lokuphakelwa elaliqoqwe futhi lifihlwe ekwindla kwezinye izinyoni. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, kwesinye isikhathi abamele izinhlobo ze-Great Tit bangadla i-carrion ehlukahlukene.
Ukondla, ama-tits avame ukuvakashela abondli bezinyoni emadolobheni nasemapaki lapho badla khona imbewu yezilanga, izinsalela zokudla kanye nama-breadcrumbs, kanye nebhotela nezicucu zamaladi angenalwazi. Futhi, imfoloko itholakala kumqhele wezihlahla, imvamisa emahlokini aphansi ezitshalo nakuhlamvu lwamahlamvu angaphansi kwezihlahla noma izihlahla.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-tit enkulu yokuthi phakathi kwabo bonke abantu abadlulayo ban Uhlu olukhulu kakhulu lwezinto ezizingelayo, futhi ngokubulala irosari, oatmeal ovamile, i-flycatcher ebunjiwe, inkosi enekhanda eliphuzi noma ilulwane, umhlaseli onemibala ubeka kalula ubuchopho babo kubo.
Izithelo ezinamagobolondo anzima kakhulu, kufaka phakathi amantongomane, kuqala zephulwa ngumlomo. I-tit enkulu iyamangaza. Abamele le nhlobo baziwa kakhulu njengama-scavenger angapheli futhi ajwayelekile adla izidumbu zezilwane ezincelisayo ezahlukahlukene ezingabonakali.
Ukuzalela inzalo
Ezweni lethu, iBolshaki, okuyizinyoni ezinyantisa igazi futhi eziphukile ngababili, sebeqala ukuzilungiselela bona bodwa futhi ngenkuthalo. Abamele le nhlobo baphinde bakhuliswe ndawonye. Izinyoni zithanda ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinamahlathi anqabile, eceleni komfula, ezindaweni ezifuywayo nasezivandeni. Izindawo ezihlangene ze-Coniffort azilungele i-nesting tits. Izidleke ze-tit zibekwa emakhaleni ezakhiweni ezindala noma emigodini yezihlahla ezindala. Futhi, kwesinye isikhathi ungabona abamele izinhlobo zezidleke ezindala, belahlwe yizakhamuzi zangaphambili, ezitholakala kumamitha amabili kuya kwayisithupha. Ngokuzithandela okukhulu, izinyoni zalolu hlobo zihlala ezidlekeni ezintofontofo ezenziwe ngabantu.
Ekwakhiweni kwezidleke yizinyoni, kusetshenziswa amabala amancanyana otshani namahlumela, kanye nezimpande zezitshalo ezincane ngisho neminyene. Ingxenye yangaphakathi yendawo edlekayo imbozwe ngoboya, ama-cobwebs, ukotini, i-fluff kanye nezimpaphe, phakathi lapho kukhishwa khona ugqoko olukhethekile, lumbozwe ngehhashi noma ngoboya. Usayizi wesidleke se-tit ungahlukahluka ngokuya ngezici zendawo esidlekayo, kepha ubukhulu bethreyi langaphakathi lihlala licishe lifane: ekujuleni kuka-40-50 mm, ububanzi bawo bungama-40-60 mm.
Ukufakwa kweqanda elilodwa kuqukethe amaqanda anezinhlamvu eziyishumi nanhlanu anezinhlaka ezine-sheen encane. Izichashazi eziningi ezinamachashazi abomvu asakazeke eduze kwegobolondo leqanda, elakha uhlobo lwe-corolla ohlangothini olufuthelanayo lweqanda. Ama-tits amakhulu aqanda amaqanda kabili ngonyaka. Ukubekwa kweqanda kokuqala kwenzeka eminyakeni eyishumi edlule ka-Ephreli noma ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, kanti okwesibili - cishe phakathi nenkathi yehlobo.
Amaqanda aqandeka ngowesifazane isikhathi esingaphansi kwamasonto ambalwa. Sonke lesi sikhathi, owesilisa unakekela insikazi futhi ayondle. Izinsuku ezimbalwa zokuqala zamantshontsho agqunywe embozwe ngombala onsundu, ngakho-ke owesifazana akasishiyi isidleke sakhe, kodwa afudumeza inzalo eyazalwa imfudumalo yakhe.
Owesilisa okulesi sikhathi ukondla hhayi insikazi kuphela, kodwa futhi nayo yonke inzalo yakhe. Kungemva kokuba umzimba wamachwane umbozwe izimpaphe ezijwayelekile, insikazi kanye nowesilisa baqala ukondla inzalo yabo enkulu futhi emangalisa kakhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ama-tintspies awazithokozi futhi angenazinyawo, kepha ayizinyoni ezinolaka olukhulu kunoma ngubani wabafowabo.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyishumi nesikhombisa, umzimba wamachwane ambozwe ngokuphelele izimpaphe, ngakho-ke zilungela inkululeko ephelele, kepha elinye isonto izinyoni ezincane zithanda ukuhlala eduze nabazali bazo, abazama ukuzondla ngezikhathi ezithile. Ama-vidogo anjalo afinyelela ekuthweni okugcwele eduze konyaka kuphela.
Izitha zemvelo
Amathayi ayizinyoni eziwusizo kakhulu, ngokulima kanye nasehlathini lendabuko.Enye yezinto zemvelo ezithinta kabi inani eliphelele lazo zonke izinhlobo zezitayela yindlala ngesikhathi sasebusika. Kusuka ekuswelekeni kokuphakelwa ebusika ukuthi inani elikhulu labamele lolu hlobo lufa minyaka yonke. Futhi emvelweni, ama-martens amadala, izinsimbi, kanye namanye amakati asendle asehlathini kanye nabamele abafuyi bomndeni wekati, izikhova ezinkulu ezinkulu nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye ezindizayo zizingela ngentshiseko zonke izinhlobo zezitini.
Isimo sabantu nenhlobo yezinhlobo
Kuze kube manje, imininingwane eminingi yama-tits miningi kakhulu, ngakho-ke awadingi kakhulu ukuphepha noma izindlela zokuzivikela. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo eziningi ezingandile futhi ezingaphansi kakhulu okwamanje eziseduze kokuqothulwa.
Isibonelo, i-Baleen Tit (Panurus biarmicus), okuyinyoni eyindida futhi engafundanga kahle yaseningizimu enezindawo ezinamabala, okwamanje ayingaphansi kokuvikelwa kanye nezinye izinyoni ezincane ezingavikeleki, kodwa futhi ifakwe ku-Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia. I-Yew noma iJapan tit nayo ifakiwe kwiNcwadi ebomvu yaseRussia namuhla, futhi abamele lolu hlobo batholwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuphela eSouth Kuril Islands, ngakho-ke ukutholakala kwawo kungububanzi obulinganiselwe obulinganiselwe.
Habitat
Esikhathini sokudlekwa, kuhlala amahlathi ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, ezivame ukubola futhi zixube, lapho kwenzeka khona ezindaweni ezivulekile, emaphethelweni, ezigodini zemifula nangasogwini lwamachibi. EYurophu, inani elikhulu kunazo zonke lifinyelela emahlathini e-oki avuthiwe, lapho kukhona khona inqwaba yezimpawu ezihlahleni. ESiberia, izidleke ezingaphandle kwe-taiga, imvamisa ayidluli ku-10-15 km ukusuka lapho kuhlala khona abantu. Ehlathini elimnyama eliqhubekayo akuvamile. Imvamisa esifundeni se-steppe-steppe, lapho sigxunyekwe khona emathangeni asogwini wewillow kanye nama-birch, kanye nasezindaweni ezivulekile ezinezihlahla ezingandile. EMongolia, uhlala emagqumeni angenamithi nasezweni eliwugwadule. Ezintabeni ukhuphuka eSwiss Alps ufike ku-1950 m, ezintabeni ze-Atlas kuya ku-1850 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle.
Ukwakheka kwamadolobha nemisebenzi yabantu kuthinte kahle ukusatshalaliswa kwale nyoni - ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kube nomthelela ekwandeni kwezindawo ezifanele zokudlela izidleke, kanti ukondla ubusika kusiza ukukhuthazela iminyaka ebusayo. I-Titmouse ihlala ngokuzithandela ezivandeni, emapaki (kufaka phakathi awasemadolobheni), ingadi, emaphethelweni amasimu, emasimini asehlathini nasezihlahleni zeminqumo. Ebusika, lingena emihlanjini elixubile nezinye izinyoni namazulwana liyofuna ukudla.
Isidlakela
Kuwo wonke ama-passerines (ngaphandle kwe-shorthair, okuyizidlakudla), i-tit enkulu inalo uhla olukhulu kakhulu lwezinto zokuzingela lapho ibulala khona ubuchopho - ilibulale - leli qiniso liqinisekiswa ngenkosi ye-rosary, oatmeal evamile, i-flycatcher emile futhi, mhlawumbe, inkosi ephethwe ngophuzi, evela ezincelweni ezincelisayo - amalulwane.
Ngokunjalo, isishumi esikhulu kungenzeka sibulale ezinye izinyoni. Kusukela ngonyaka we-2000s, ubufakazi obubhalwe ngokuqinile bokuziphatha okucashile kwama-tits amakhulu bubonakala ekushicilelweni kumaphephabhuku wesayensi [ ziphi zona? ]. Ngakho-ke, ngonyaka we-2010, ama-ornithologists amaHungary kanye namaJalimane aqopha iqiniso lokuzingela kwe-tit enkulu yamalulwane abalele - umhlambi omncanePipistrellus pipistrellus) Imininingwane efanayo yafika ngaphambili ivela eHungary, ePoland, eSweden, kodwa kulokhu kwaboniswa ukuthi ama-tots abhekwe ngokuqondile nangokuhlelekile futhi abulala amalulwane ukudla. Ngemuva kokundindizela emhumeni, izimbotshana zazigibela ezindongeni, zihlola imifantu yemvelo, zikhipha amalulwane futhi zigaxa izigaxa, ngemuva kwalokho zidle izicubu ezithambile emathanjeni. Kuyiqiniso, emuva ngekhulu le-19, isazi sezokwelapha saseBrithani uHoward Saundes sabhala ukuthi esimweni sezulu esibandayo, “isiga esikhulu sizohlasela izinyoni ezincane nezingenamandla, ziphule izigaxa zazo ngomlomo onamandla ukuze zifike ebuchosheni bazo, ziphatha amalulwane ngendlela efanayo.”
Ukuziphatha okunjalo kwama-tits kuze kwathola ukukhombisa encwadini ekhuluma ngezilwane eziyinqaba: isiNgisi. "Ama-Zombie Tits, Astronaut Fish kanye Nezinye Izilwane Eziyinqaba" ("Zombie Tits, Cosmonauts and Another Unusual Animal"), eshicilelwe ngonyaka ka-2015 yi-University of New South Wales (Australia). "I-Zombie Tits" yanikezwa ukufakwa kusihloko sale ncwadi. Kulokhu, igama elijwayelekile "i-zombie" likhombisa ukuthambekela kwama-tits okudla ubuchopho ezilwaneni ezibulewe yizo.
Kodwa-ke, ososayensi abaningi basePoland, eFrance naseCzech Republic abakubheki ukubulawa kwamalulwane ngokuziphatha kwe-titmouse. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwaboniswa ukuthi ama-tits amakhulu andiza ukudlala imisindo eyenziwe ngamalulwane, futhi anciphise nomsebenzi wawo "womhume" uma kungenzeka ondle ukudla okunekhalori ephezulu.
Ukuhlukaniswa
I-tit enkulu yachazwa nguCarl Linnaeus ohlelweni lweshumi lwe-Natural System yakhe ngo-1758. Igama lesayensi Parus ezinkulueyabelwe uLinnaeus inamagama amabili esiLatin - lat. parus - tit kanye ne-lat. okukhulu - okuningi. Ngakho-ke, igama lesayensi alihlukile kunencazelo evela kulokho okusetshenziswe olimini lwesiRussia.
Kunezinhlobo ezingama-15 zokubhalwa kwesishumi esikhulu. Kuze kube muva nje, babefaka izinhlobo ze-tit tit zasempumalanga Parus omncane no-grey tit Parus cinereus. Njengamanje, zithathwa njengezinhlobo ezizimele. I-titmouse eseMpumalanga incane futhi inokusatshalaliswa okuncane kakhulu kwemibala eluhlaza okotshani nokuphuzi - zigcinwa kuphela entanyeni nangemuva elingaphezulu, ngenkathi umzimba ophansi ungcolile umhlophe. Kwi-tit tit grey, ehlala eziqhingini zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, i-lipochromes (imibala ebhekene namathoni aluhlaza-ophuzi) ayikho ngokuphelele, yingakho le nyoni inokubukeka okumhlophe.
Ngokwe-database ye-International Union of Ornithologists, ukwakheka kwezinhlobo Parus ezinkulu Kufakwe imibiko engu-15:
- Parus ezinkulu aphrodite. Kuchazwe nguGyula Madagaras [de] ngonyaka ka 1901. Ihlala eningizimu ye-Italy, eningizimu yeGrisi, eziqhingini zoLwandle i-Aegean, eCyprus. Inombolo ye-ITIS: 922423.
- Parus ezinkulu blanfordi. Yachazwa nguJoseph Prazak ngonyaka we-1894. Ihlala enyakatho ye-Iraq, enyakatho, enyakatho engxenyeni ephakathi nasentshonalanga eseningizimu ne- Iran. Inombolo ye-ITIS: 922424.
- I-Parus bokharensis enkulu. Yachazwa nguMartin Lichtenstein ngo-1823. Ihlala eTurkmenistan, enyakatho ye-Afghanistan, eningizimu yenkaba ephakathi yeKazakhstan nase-Uzbekistan. Inombolo ye-ITIS: 922425.
- Parus ezinkulu ukhokho. Ichazwe ngu-Otto Kleinschmidt ngo-1903. Ihlala ePortugal, eningizimu yeSpain naseCorsica. Inombolo ye-ITIS: 922426.
- I-Parus ecki enkulu. Ichazwe ngu-Adolf von Jordaens [de] ngonyaka we-1970. Ihlala eSardinia. Inombolo ye-ITIS: 922427.
- Ukuphikelela okukhulu. Ichazwe nguLeopold Bouvre [de] ngonyaka ka-1857. Ihlala enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika (isuka entshonalanga neMorocco iye enyakatho nentshonalanga yeTunisia). Inombolo ye-ITIS: 922428.
- I-Parus enkulu i-Ferghanensis. Ichazwe nguSergey Buturlin ngo-1912. Ihlala eTajikistan, Kyrgyzstan nasentshonalanga yeChina. Inombolo ye-ITIS: 922429.
- Parus ezinkulu kapustini. Yachazwa nguLeonid Portenko ngo-1954. Ihlala eningizimu-empumalanga yeKazakhstan (Dzhungarsky Alatau), inyakatho esentshonalanga neChina (enyakatho nentshonalanga yeXinjiang), eMongolia, eTransbaikalia, endaweni engenhla yoMfula i-Amur, ePrimorye, enyakatho ukuya ogwini loLwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Inombolo ye-ITIS: 922430.
- Parus ezinkulu karelini. Yachazwa nguNikolai Zarudny ngonyaka ka 1910. Ihlala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeAzerbaijan nasenyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Iran. Inombolo ye-ITIS: 922431.
- Parus ezinkulu. Ichazwe nguCarl Linnaeus ngonyaka ka-1758. Ihlala ezwenikazi laseYurophu kuya enyakatho nasempumalanga ukusuka enkabeni nasenyakatho yeSpain, enyakatho ye-Italiya kanye neBalkan, eSiberia kuya empumalanga eLake Baikal, eningizimu kuya enyakatho nasempumalanga yeKazakhstan nasezintabeni zase-Altai, e-Asia Minor, eCaucasus, e-Azerbaijan (ngaphandle kwaseningizimu-mpumalanga). Inombolo ye-ITIS: 922432.
- Parus ezinkulu mallorcae. Yachazwa ngu-Adolf von Jordans ngo-1913. Kuhlala iziqhingi zaseBalearic. Inombolo ye-ITIS: 922433.
- Parus newtoni enkulu. Yachazwa nguJoseph Prazak ngonyaka we-1894. Ihlala eBritish Isles, eNetherlands, eBelgium nasenyakatho nentshonalanga yeFrance. Inombolo ye-ITIS: 922434.
- Parus main niethammeri. Ichazwe ngu-Adolf von Jordaens ngo-1970. Ihlala eCrete. Inombolo ye-ITIS: 922435.
- Paruses enkulukazi. Yachazwa ngu-Ernst Hartert ngo-1910. Ihlala eLebanon, eSyria, kwa-Israyeli, eJordani naseNyakatho-mpumalanga yeGibhithe. Inombolo ye-ITIS: 922436.
- Parus enkulu turkestanicus. Kuchazwe nguNikolai Zarudny noLoudon ngonyaka ka-1905. Ihlala eningizimu-empumalanga yeKazakhstan kanye naseningizimu-nentshonalanga yeMongolia. Inombolo ye-ITIS: 922437.
Izakhi zofuzo
Izifundo ze-mitochondrial DNA gene, cytochrome b [en], kukhombisile ukuthi ingxenye yamaposi ahlukile kuma-tits amakhulu, futhi le mikhakha yahlukaniswa yizinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukile - i-grey tit eSouth Asia kanye ne-tit tit empumalanga ese-East Asia.
Muva nje, kwesinye sezakhamuzi zaseDashi ze-tit enkulu, kwatholakala i-single nucleotide polymorphism ku-gene I-Dr44 (dopamine receptor D4), okutsho, njengombhali, kungahle kuhlotshaniswe nezinga lokukhanga kwezinyoni. Imigqa ekhethwe ezizukulwaneni ezine ngenxa yelukuluku elikhulayo noma elinciphile lalinokuhlukahluka okuthile ngokulandelana kwe-nucleotide yalolu hlobo. Kodwa-ke, isisekelo esisebenzayo salobu budlelwano phakathi kwe-polymorphism ye-DNA ebonakalayo nokuziphatha kwezimpawu kuhlala kungacaci.
Ividiyo: Tit
Izinyoni zalolu hlobo zinamakhanda amakhulu, kepha zinamehlo amancane ayindilinga. I-iris ivame ukupenda emthunzini omnyama. Kuphela ezinhlotsheni ezithile lapho imhlophe noma ibomvu. Ikhanda lezinyoni lihlotshiswe "ngesigqoko" esikhanyayo. Ezinye izinhlobo zinama-crest amancane. Kwakhiwa kusuka izimpaphe eziphakeme ezikhula kusuka kumqhele wekhanda.
Naphezu kosayizi wayo omncane uma uqhathaniswa nezinye izinyoni, ama-titmouse angama- “oda” angokoqobo ehlathi. Babulala inani elikhulu lezinambuzane eziyingozi.
Uqhwaku luzungezwe ngaphezulu, lufafazwe ezinhlangothini. Ngaphandle, uqhwaku lubukeka njengesigaxa. Amakhala awembozwe izimpaphe. Anombala omfishane, ocishe ungabonakali. Umphimbo, ingxenye yesifuba imnyama. Kodwa-ke, baphonsa ithoni elimnyama kancane. Umhlane uvame kakhulu umnqumo. Umbala onjalo ongajwayelekile, okhanyayo wenza ukuthi ama-tiles amancane abe mahle kakhulu. Ikakhulu zibukeka zinemibala ngokumelene nesizinda seqhwa elimhlophe.
Amathayi anemilenze emincane, kodwa eqinile. Izikhafu zeminwe zigobile. Amawashi anjalo, izindlawu zisiza isilwane ukuthi sihlale emagatsheni kangcono. Umsila uqukethe izimpaphe zomsila eziyishumi nambili, amaphiko azungezwe ekugcineni abe nobude obuncane. Lezi zinyoni zihlukaniswa ngendiza endizayo. Zimpiko zazo kaningana, bese zindiza nge-inertia. Ngakho-ke, izilwane zonga amandla azo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Tit eRussia
Amalungu omndeni we-tit ayizilwane ezisebenzayo kakhulu. Zihlala zihamba njalo. Baphila indlela yokuphila yenhlalo, beduka emihlambini enkulu. Umhlambi owodwa onjalo ungaba ngabantu abangamashumi amahlanu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imihlambi enjalo ingafaka nezinyoni zezinye izinhlobo. Isibonelo, nuthatch. Izinyoni zihlukaniswe ngababili ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ngalesi sikhathi, izilwane zihlanganyela emkhakheni wezondawo. Kwibhangqa elilodwa kuphakama cishe amamitha angamashumi amahlanu.
Ukundiza akuyona iphuzu elinamandla kunazo zonke okwesibhakabhaka. Abaziqinisi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuphazamisi impilo yezinyoni. Ezimweni eziningi, indlela yesilwane iqukethe izihlahla eziningana, izigceme. I-titmouse isuka kwelinye uthango iye kwelinye, isuka esihlahleni iye kwesinye. Ngesikhathi sendiza, lesi silwane siyakwazi ukwenza inzuzo ngokubamba izinambuzane ezindizayo.
Amathayi - hhayi ukufuduka, kepha ezimweni eziningi izinyoni ezizulazulayo. Ngokuqala kwesithwathwa, asondela eduze kokuhlala abantu. Kodwa-ke, kwesinye isikhathi ukufuduka kubaluleke kakhulu. Amacala aqoshwa lapho kutholakala abantu ababenezimbangi eMoscow eYurophu. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kosuku, i-titmouse ifuna ukudla hhayi ezihlahleni kuphela, abondli. Imvamisa bavakashela amakhaya abantu, bangene ezindongeni nakumaloggi.
Umlingiswa we-bluefish uthokozile kakhulu, uzolile, u-perky. Akuvamile ukuba beze nezinye izinyoni nezilwane. ISinicek ayihluphi abantu. Ungabondla ngisho nangezandla zakho. Lezi zilwane zingakhombisa ulaka kuphela ngesikhathi sokondla inzalo yazo. Bathukuthele impela futhi bangena kalula kuma-skirmish nabancintisana, bebakhipha endaweni yabo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Photo: tit bird
Isikhathi sokudlekwa kwezimbali eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka siba ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Ezindaweni eziningi zohla lwemvelo ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo kuyabanda impela, ngakho-ke izinyoni zifaka izidleke zazo ukuze amaphuphu wesikhathi esizayo angashisi kuzo. Benza isidleke samakemikhali ngababili, khona-ke bendawonye benza umshado wokukhula. Izilwane zakha izidleke ehlathini eline-sparse, ezingadini, nasemapaki. Inani elikhulu lezidleke zitholakala osebeni lomfula. Ubeke indlu yabo endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha amabili ukusuka phansi. Imvamisa bahlala ezindlini ezishiywe ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni.
Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ama-titm Coupe aphenduka izidalwa ezinolaka. Baxosha izihambi ngokungafanele endaweni yabo, bavikela isidleke. Izilwane zakha isidleke kusuka emagatsheni ahlukahlukene, utshani, ama-moss, izimpande. Ngaphakathi endlini kufakwe uboya, ama-cobwebs, noboya bekotini. Ngesinye isikhathi, insikazi ingazalela amaqanda ayishumi nanhlanu. Amhlophe, acwebezelayo. Ingaphezulu lamaqanda limbozwe izindawo ezincane ezinombala onsundu. Le nyoni ibekela amaqanda kabili ngonyaka.
Amaqanda avuthwa izinsuku eziyishumi nantathu. Owesifazane ubandakanyeka ekuqandeni amaqanda. Owesilisa ngalesi sikhathi uthola ukudla kombhangqwana wakhe. Ngemuva kokuqhanyelwa, insikazi ayizishiyi masinyane amachwane. Ezinsukwini zokuqala, amaphuphu ambozwa ngenani elincane le-fluff. Umzali uhlanganyela ekushiseni amazinyane akhe. Owesilisa ngalesi sikhathi uqala ukuthola ukudla wonke umndeni.
Ama-titmouse azelwe kuphela aqhakaze kakhulu, kanjalo nezinyoni ezindala. Abazali kufanele babondle cishe izikhathi ezingamashumi amane ngehora.
Amakati aqala ukuzimela ezinsukwini eziyishumi nesikhombisa kuphela ngemuva kokuzalwa. Kodwa-ke, ababashiyi abazali babo ngokushesha. Cishe izinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye, i-titmouse encane izama ukuhlala eduze. Ezinyangeni eziyishumi ngemuva kokuzalwa, ukukhula okuncane kuthola ukuthomba.