I-Dinnik Viper - I-Vipera dinniki Nikolsky, 1913
Isigaba Sobuhlanga: 2 - ukunciphisa inani. Isiphelo sezintaba eziphakeme zeGreat Caucasus.
Incazelo: Ubude bomzimba ngomsila kufika ku-550 mm. Abesilisa bancane kunabesifazane. Umbala wehluke kakhulu, kusuka ku-solid yethusi oluqinile kuya ku-lime ophuzi, isitini, i-grayish-silver elinomucu omnyama onsundu noma omnyama we-zigzag, ovame ukudonswa phakathi komzimba uchungechunge lwamabala agudlukayo. Kukhona abantu lapho phakathi emuva emuva kudlula khona umucu wobude obude bombala omnyama. Isisu simnyama ezindaweni ezinokukhanya noma okumpunga okukhanyayo kumachashazi amnyama. Izilwane ezincane zidwetshiwe ngemibala e-brownish ne grey [1,2]. Ama-Vipers aqhamuka kubantu baseCentral naseMpumalanga. ICaucasus ayinombala ogqamile njengokukhanya kwabantu baseNtshonalanga Caucasian. Kamuva, ukuqothuka ngokuphelele akwaziwa, akwaziwa kubantu basempumalanga.
Ukubhebhetheka: Uhlobo luchazwa kusuka phezulu. IMalaya Laba (iCaucasian Reserve, iKrasnodar Territory). Uhla luhlanganisa iGreater Caucasus ngaphakathi kweRussia, Georgia kanye, futhi, ne-Azerbaijan. E-Russia, uhla lwezinhlobo eziqhubekayo lusukela ezintabeni zase-Chugush, e-Dzhemaruk, eTybga kanye ne-spurs yazo (Pshekish, Abago, Atamazhi, njll.) Kuya entshonalanga. uye emfuleni omkhulu. IBig Laba empumalanga. Ngemuva kokwephula uhla endaweni yeColchis Gate (ukwehliswa kogqinsi oluyiCentral Caucasian phakathi kweziqongo zeFisht neChugush), kuvela isidlovukazi seDinnik esigcawini seFisht-Oshten, ngaphesheya kweNtshonalanga. Abantu abaningi bendawo abavela ezintabeni zase-Outl, Khakuj, Shesiya nabanye bayaziwa, okuyizintaba zokugcina ezinamamitha angamapulangwe ezingxenyeni zegquma. Empumalanga kusuka emfuleni IBolshaya Laba uchungechunge lwezixuku ezisele zalolu hlobo luyaziwa ukusuka eKarachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya naseDagestan.
Indawo yokuhlala: Izinhlobo zasentabeni ezingaphansi kwe-subalpine, ezisatshalaliswa ukusuka ku-1500 kuye kuma-3000 m ngaphezu kolwandle Kuhlala ihlathi elingaphezulu, izindawo ezingasolwandle nezintaba eziphakemeyo. Kuyabonakala emahlathini aphansi e-birch, izihlahla zikaphayini, ama-beech-birch-rowan amahlathi agobile, ezihlahleni zamapaki, anamathela emadwaleni amatshe, amathokheni ama-rhododendrons, utshani obude be-subalpine. Okuningi kakhulu kokuchichima isimilo esiseduze nemifula nemifudlana. Izindawo zobusika zitholakala eduze kwama-biotopes ehlobo. Ama-Vipers alondolozeka ekusebenziseni insimu: ngamaphuzu afanayo, abanye abantu batholakala izizini ezintathu. Entwasahlobo, avela maphakathi no-Ephreli, ngokushisa komoya okujwayelekile kosuku okungu-+ 11 ° С. Ukumatanisa ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli-Meyi. Ukuzalwa kwezinsana ekuhlwanyeleni. emthambekeni ngo-Agasti, eningizimu. emthambekeni ngoSepthemba wonke. Kukhona izingane ezincane ku-udoti. Abesifazane abahlanganyeli ekuzaleni minyaka yonke. Umsebenzi wesizini uqhubeka kuze kube uSepthemba; Ekupheleni kukaSepthemba, izinyoka ziyahamba ebusika. Zidla izilwane ezinamazinyo amancane kanye nezinambuzane zamathambo; kuphawulwa ngokukhethekile kokudla kwabantu kuma-micropopulations athile.
Amandla: Ubuningi babahlali ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zobubanzi abufani. Kukhulu emadwaleni amatshe nasezintweni zokugcotshwa kwendawo engaphansi kwendawo yaseCaucasian: izinyoka ezi-5-7 / km zendlela, kuze kufinyelele ku-20 isampuli yokuhamba ngakunye ezindaweni ezigcwele abantu [2,4,5], kuze kufike abantu abangama-30 kuya kwe-40 ngehektare. Entshonalanga. umkhawulo wokusabalalisa wezinyoka awunqabile; ukuhlangana kwabo nakho kuyimbumbulu. Empumalanga kusuka endaweni yokugcina yaseCaucasian, inani liyancipha: eKarachay-Cherkessia, indawo enkulu kakhulu ngabantu abane / amahektha, kwezinye izindawo zaseCentral naseMpumalanga. Imihlangano yeCaucasus yi-sporadic. Izici zemvelo ezingumkhawulo i-aridization yezimo zezulu kanye namathafa eGreater Caucasus empumalanga. ukuqondiswa, ukuguqulwa kwentaba i-meadow biotopes Mountain-steppe enezinyoka ezinesihloko se-viper ursini ehlala kuzo - i-V. lotievi tata. Ezindaweni eziningi ezizwelayo zalezi zinhlobo ezi-2 (i-Abishir-Akhuba Ridge, indawo engenhla yoMfula iTiberda, imithambeka yeNtaba i-Elbrus, i-Itum-Kalinskaya Depression, njll.), I-Dinnik viper ihlala ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu ezisezintabeni, iveza indawo etholakala emvelweni yasendaweni ephakeme kaLoti. Izici ezinkulu ze-anthropogenic ezithinta isibalo sezinyoka ukubanjwa kwezinyoka eziningi nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala ngenxa yokufuya kakhulu kwezinkomo emadlelweni aluhlaza. Okukhathaza kakhulu inguquko ehleliwe yezindawo zemvelo emfuleni omkhulu. IMzymta yisifunda sabantu abahlukile be-polymorphic of the viper Dinnik.
Ezokuphepha: Kubhalwe kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN-96. Okungenani abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-15 bavikelekile endaweni yeCaucasian State Biosphere Reserve. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo zitholakala endaweni yamaTeberdinsky kanye neNyakatho Ossetian, indawo yase-Arkhyz esigcini saseTeberdinsky kanye nenqwaba yezindawo ezibekiwe (iDamkhurts, Chiliksky, Dautsky, Golovinsky, Tlyaryatinsky nezinye), iSlohi State Natural National Park. Kuyadingeka ukuqapha isimo sabantu kulo lonke uhla, inhlangano yokubhukelwa engxenyeni engakwesobunxele yengcindezelo yase-Itum-Kalinsky. Ukuze kulondolozwe inani elikhulu le-polymorphic lomfula omkhulu. UMzymta udinga ukufakwa kwalesi siza esizeni seCaucasian State Biosphere Reserve [9-11].
Izimpawu zangaphandle
Inyoka kaDinnik inobude obuncane, okuthi ngezikhathi ezithile budlule kumamitha ayi-0.5. Iziduna zincane kakhulu kunabesifazane. Ikhanda elibanzi nelicwebile lesilwane esihuquzelayo lihlukaniswa nomzimba ngokutholwa okucacile kokuzala. Umsila mncane, uqweqwe ezansi.
Kwezinye izinyoka zeDinnik, umugqa we-zigzag ongasemuva uhlangana ube imicu eqhubekayo
Umbala wenyoka uhluke kakhulu: kukhona abantu abamnyama ngokuphelele, okuthiwa ama-melancts, kanye nabantu abanombala okhanyayo ophuzi noma owolintshi. Izinyoka eziningi zinomucu obanzi oluhlaza okotshani obuluhlaza emhlane wazo, kwesinye isikhathi ezihlangana zibe umugqa owodwa oqinile. Imivimbo eminye emnyama eminye iwela emaceleni. Amaphethini we-ventral ngokuvamile akhanya ngamachashazi amnyama. Umbala we-motley we-Dinnik viper unenani elivikelayo futhi usiza inyoka ukuba imaseke kahle endaweni ehle nentaba ehlukile. Izinyoka ezincane zinombala onsundu lapho zizalwa futhi ngonyaka wesithathu wokuphila kuphela zithola iphethini ehlukile.
Uhlala kuphi
Inyoka kaDinnik ihlala kuphela ngaphakathi kweCreater Caucasus - uhlelo lwezintaba olule phakathi kweLwandle Olumnyama nolweCaspian. Ihlala zombili izithambeka zasenyakatho nezaseningizimu, ihlala ingxenye encanyana yezintaba, indawo ebizwa ngokuthi i-alpine zone, ebekwe ngaphezu kwe-1500 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Uhla oluphambili lwenyoka luseRussia, Azerbaijan naseGeorgia.
Indawo ejwayelekile yenyoka yeDinnik yindawo enamadwala emithambekeni enamatshe egcwele i-Rhododendron ne-moraine, nenani elikhulu le-moss, i-lichen ne-thyme. Kuyatholakala futhi emapaki nasezigodini zemifula yasentabeni.
Ngabe i-adder kaDinnik ihlala kuphi futhi iyini impilo yakhe?
Lezi zinyoka zihlala engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeCaucasus, eStavropol naseKrasnodar Territories. Uma izinyoka ezijwayelekile zihlala emahlathini, kanti ezigxile zihlala emaqeleni, iDinnika lihlala ezintabeni. Lezi zinyoka zitholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1500 kuya ku-3,000. Bahlala emithambekeni yezintaba, egcwele amahlathi, ezindaweni eziseduze nasezintabeni, ezintabeni nasezintabeni zamadwala. Ubuningi besimo sezindawo ezinhle buhambelana nobunzima benyoka ejwayelekile.
Inyoka kaDinnik ibhekwa njengento enhle kakhulu phakathi kwezinyoka.
Inyoka kaDinnik ayilithandi ilanga nokukhanya okukhanyayo, ngakho-ke ehlobo iyasebenza ekuseni nantambama. Ekuphakameni kosuku, bakhetha ukufihla phakathi kwamatshe, emathangeni aminyene nasemiseleni yezilwane ezahlukahlukene. Ngisho nabantu besifazane abalinde izingane ezidinga ukugcwala elangeni aziphumi elangeni elivulekile, kepha khetha izindawo lapho imisebe yelanga ingena khona ezindaweni, iveze ilanga ezingxenyeni ezithile zomzimba.
Idla kanjani inyoka yeDinnik?
Intsha idla izigcila. Izibazi futhi zakha iningi lokudla kwabantu abadala. Lesi simo sibangelwa ukuthi inani elikhulu lezibungu lihlala eCaucasus. Ngaphezu kwezimbungulu, izinyoka ezindala zeDinnik zidla izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane - amagundane, ama-voles nama-shrews.
Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, inyoka ilala isisulu futhi ilume amazinyo ayo ngejubane lombani, ifake ubuthi. Ngemuva kwalokho ubheka kancane kancane isisulu sakhe ngephunga asidle.
Kusukela ukuzalwa kwenyoka yeDinnik - izitha zangempela.
Ukukhiqizwa kwezinyoka zeDinnik
Abesifazane abalinde izinsana abahambi kakhulu. Njengomthetho, bahlala ezindaweni ezincane - hhayi ngaphezu kwamamitha skwele. Lokhu sekwanele kubo, ngoba ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa bengadli, bangathola kuphela indawo yokukhosela nendawo lapho ungagibela khona elangeni.
Inyoka kaDinnik ayithandi ukushisa.
Isikhathi sokuzala siyingozi kwabesifazane, ngoba zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile futhi zisengozini enkulu. Njengoba izinsikazi zingadli ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, nesikhathi esifudumele ezintabeni asiside, ithuba lokuzala lilinganiselwe. Kulokhu, abesifazane bazala izingane hhayi minyaka yonke, kodwa kanye njalo emva kweminyaka engama-2-3. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinsikazi zizala inani elincane lamawundlu - amabili kuphela kuya kwamahlanu, okuyisikhathi esingaphansi kwesibalo sezingane eqolo le-steppe viper.
Izinsana zizalwa ngegobolondo leqanda elisobala, lapho ziphuma khona lapho. Ngemuva kwehora nje kuphela, izingane ziyadonsa, kuthi ngemuva kweviki elilodwa ziqale ukuzingela ngokuzimela. Izinyoka ezisanda kuzalwa zingamazinyane ngisho nasencwadini yamasonto onke; ziyakwazi ukuzingela izinyoka, ezihambisana nosayizi womzimba wazo.
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Indlela yokuphila
Umsebenzi omkhulu wenyoka ekuseni. Kodwa-ke, esimweni sezulu esinamafu, inyoka ehlala phansi emthambekeni iyabonakala ngisho nosuku. Isisekelo sokudla kwakhe zinhlobonhlobo zamagundane afana negundane nezikhonkwane, kwesinye isikhathi udla izinyoni ezincane. Amazinyo wenyoka akaguquki nje kuphela ukuze afake ubuthi emzimbeni wesisulu; ngosizo lwawo, lungabanjwa nokuxhonywa ematsheni.
Abesilisa bangabokuqala ukushiya i-hibernation maphakathi no-Ephreli, kungekudala ngemuva kwezinsikazi. Ukuhlangana kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Maphakathi no-Agasti - ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba, insikazi izala amawundlu amathathu kuya kwayisikhombisa ubude obungu-15 cm. Cishe ngokushesha emva kwalokho, iya ebusika. Ukukhula okuncane kuyasebenza cishe inyanga. Ngalesi sikhathi, idla kuphela izinyamazane ezincane nezinambuzane ezinkulu.
Encwadini Ebomvu YaseRussia
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, isibalo sezinyoka zeDinnik sehle kancane kancane: ukugcwala ngokweqile kuholele ekuwohlokeni okukhulu kwezindawo ezithile. Imvamisa, inyoka iba yisisulu sabavakashi abangakhathaleli abambulala lapho behlangana. Ukuze kulondolozwe i-Dinnik viper, kwavunyelwa ukwenqatshelwa kwezentengiselwano emhlabeni wonke kule nhlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ivikelekile kumapaki kazwelonke amaningana nokugcinwa kweGreat Caucasus.
Iqiniso elihehayo
Inyoka yaba negama layo ukuhlonipha isazi esidumile sezilwane saseRussia uN. Ya. Dinnik ngesikhathi sokuphila kososayensi ngo-1913. Ngakho-ke, esinye isazi sezilwane esidumile u-A.M. Nikolsky sanquma ukuqaphela umnikelo obalulekile wozakwabo ekutadisheni impilo yasendle yeCaucasus.
Njengabanye abamele le nhlobo, inyoka inobuthi. Isisekelo sobuthi baso ubuthi be-hemolytic, okuthi, lapho buwela egazini, buqothule amaseli abomvu egazi. Ukunciphisa ubuthi sebenzisa i-serum ekhethekile "Viper". Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, lapho ingekho indawo yokulinda usizo, ngokushesha ngemuva kokulunywa, ubuthi kufanele busulwe enxebeni. Ngale ndlela, ungakhipha kuze kufike kuhafu yomthamo. Njengoba ubuthi be-hemolytic busebenza egazini kuphela, futhi lubola esiswini, le ndlela iphephe impela.
Bheka incazelo
Uhlobo: | I-Chordata (Chordata) |
Ibanga: | Izilwane ezihuquzelayo (i-Reptilia) |
Isigcawu: | I-Scaly (Suamata) |
Umndeni: | I-Viper (Viperidae) |
Subfamily: | I-Viper (Viperinae) |
Ubulili: | Ama-Vipers wangempela (Vipera) |
Buka: | I-Dinnik Viper (Vipera dinniki) |
Inyoka kaDinnik inyoka encane kakhulu (nokho, njengamabhula amaningi wangempela), efinyelela ubude obungamasentimitha angama-60. Umsila mfushane - kufinyelela ku-8 cm, emadodeni uhlala isikhathi eside ukwedlula kwabesifazane, ngoba izitho zangasese zamadoda - ama-hemipenises - zifakwe emaphaketheni asezindongeni zawo. Abesilisa ngokwabo bancanyana futhi banciphile kunezinsikazi. Sekukonke, umzimba wenyoka uqinile, awugqinsi.
Inyoka ipendiwe kahle kakhulu: ibhekene nendawo egcwele, ephuzi, enombala onsundu noma omnyama, amabala amnyama amaningi amnyama ame ngokumi eceleni ahleli ezinhlangothini zomzimba eduze kwayo, emuva, eceleni komzimba wonke kukhona umucu omnyama noma onsundu obanzi.
Isisu sidwetshelwe ngombala onsundu noma onsundu, sikotshwe ngamabala amancane akhanyayo. Ikhanda lincane, lithambile kusuka phezulu, i-muzzle ikhonjwa. Umbala wekhanda uyafana nowokuqala; imivimbo emnyama idlula ezinhlangothini zayo.
Amehlo asezingeni eliphansi, nesiqu sokumile. Kwesinye isikhathi kukhona izinyoka ezinombala grey noma onsundu onsundu ngombala ojwayelekile.
Njengezinhlobo eziningi zohlobo lwezinyoka eziyiqiniso, emiphakathini yemvelo yalezi zinyoka, imisindo ephelele ngokuphelele itholakala - izilwane ezingenalo umbala obomvu futhi zipendwe ngombala omnyama velvety omnyama.
Ama-Melanests ngokuvamile awenzi ngaphezu kwama-30% wabantu bonke.
Izingane zipendiwe ngesizotha - onsundu, onsundu noma onsundu okhanyayo, njengoba iminyaka yazo ithola iphethini enhle yokuqhathanisa yenyoka endala. Umbala ovikela ngale ndlela emangalisayo ufihla inyoka endaweni yayo yemvelo.
Indawo yokuhlala nendlela yokuphila
Lolu hlobo lwenyoka luyisiphephelo kwiCreater Caucasus futhi alutholi kwenye indawo ngaphandle kwalesi sifunda. Kungokokuqala ngqa kuchazwa kusuka emfuleni omkhulu iMalaya Laba, endaweni eCaucasus Nature Reserve eKrasnodar Territory.
Ukusatshalaliswa okujwayelekile kukhawulelwe ezintabeni zeGreater Caucasus ezindaweni eziseGeorgia, Russia nase-Azerbaijan. Engxenyeni yeRussian Federation, izinyoka zitholakala zivela ezintabeni i-Dzhemaruk, iTybga neChugush, kanye ne-spurs zazo (Abago, Atamazhi, Pshekish) - entshonalanga kuya emfuleni ophakeme weBolshaya Laba empumalanga yesifunda.
Endaweni yeSango LaseColchis (kwehliselwa uMbango oKhulu waseCaucasian phakathi kweziqongo zeChugush neFisht), uhla luyadabula futhi inyoka ayikho ezindaweni eziseduze, kodwa ibuye ivele futhi kuleyo ndawo yaseFisht-Oshten, ngaphezu kwalapho entshonalanga kunenqwaba yabantu bendawo abavela ezintabeni zaseShesia, Outl, Hakuj nase. abanye abanye.
Kukhona nenqwaba yabantu bezinhlobo ezihlukaniswe ukusuka ebangeni elikhulu empumalanga yoMfula iBolshaya Laba, ezindaweni eziseNyakatho Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya, Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkessia neKabardino-Balkaria.
I-Dinnik viper iyinhlobo ekhethekile yezintaba (ngokungafani, ngokwesibonelo, inyoka yaseCaucasus neNyoka yeRadde, engatholakala nasezindaweni eziphansi zezwe), ehlala ezindaweni ezisezintabeni nasezintabeni eziphakemeyo, indawo ephansi yethafa lesifunda, izigodi zemifula nezintaba. Izindawo ezilungiselela imifino yotshani obusika (i-hellebore, izinhlobo ze-thyme, i-saxifrage, i-rhododendrons, i-rosemary nezinye) kanye ne-moss-lichen alpine tundra.
Izinyoka zeDinnik zisebenza kakhulu kusihlwa nasekuseni, esimweni sezulu esinamafu futhi esinomswakama, futhi siyasebenza ngesikhathi sasemini, sithatha izihlambi zelanga. Isikhathi esisele (iningi losuku nobusuku), izinyoka zifihla emifantweni ngaphansi kwamatshe, zigcwele imicibisholo nakwezinye izindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo.
Ama-Vipers awayona indawo futhi awunayo indawo yokuzingela yomuntu ngamunye.Ama-Vipers adla kakhulu kumagundane afana negundane (okwenza isisekelo sokudla kwawo - aze afike ku-60%) nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezinjengezimbali ezingama-shrub, amagundane aseCaucasian, amagundane ehlathi, izinhlobo zezinyoni, izibankwa, kuyaqabukela, inyamazane inyamazane ngezinyoni ezincane namantshontsho azo.
Njengazo zonke izinyoka ezinobuthi, izinyoka zibulala izisulu ngosizo lobuthi bazo. Ubuthi beHemolytic bezinyoka - kukhubazeka ngokushesha isisulu futhi kubangele ukubhujiswa kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi. Lapho nje isisulu sesiyekile ukukhombisa izimpawu zokuphila, inyoka iqala ukuyiginya kancane.
Njengoba i-Dinnik viper isilwane esisetshenziswa ngokulingana ngokulinganayo, ifihla ubusika. Ama-Vipers ahamba ayobusika ngaphandle kuka-Okthoba, evame ukuhlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu kuma-voids phakathi kwezimpande zezihlahla, imisele emikhulu nezinye izindawo ezilungele lokhu.
Entwasahlobo, izinyoka zivela emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kwe- + 11 C C, okwenzeka cishe ekuqaleni - maphakathi no-Ephreli. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi, beshukunyiswa yisifiso sokuzala, abesilisa bangabokuqala ukushiya ubusika.
Amaqiniso Ahehayo
- Inyoka kaDinnik ayikwazi ukubangela ukulunywa yizinhlungu ngamazinyo kuphela, kepha futhi nokukhipha inyamazane ebulewe yiyo futhi yanamathela phakathi kwamatshe noma ezinye izinto. Ukuziphatha okunjalo sekuphelele akuyona into engafani nezinyoka, ikakhulukazi ezinobuthi, ngokubona amandla angenakwanele emihlathini namazinyo acwebezelayo.
- Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinyoka ezinobuthi eGreater Caucasus, i-Dinnik viper izinhlobo zezintaba eziphakeme kakhulu - amaphuzu atholakala kakhulu enyoka angamamitha ayi-1,500 ngaphezu kolwandle. Azikho izinhlobo zezinyoka ezinobuthi ezikhuphuka ngaphezu kwalolu hlobo eGreater Caucasus.
- Lolu hlobo lwenyoka kwesinye isikhathi lutholakala kuma-terrariums, ikakhulukazi ama-snarium akhethekile namaqoqo wezilwane, noma kunjalo, ama-terrariums e-amateur ngezinye izikhathi aqukethe lolu hlobo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngenxa yobuthi obuphezulu bobuthi benyoka yale nyoka, ukuyigcina kuyi-terrarium ye-amateur kuyingozi ethile, kumnikazi nakwabanye!
Ubuthi nobungozi kubantu
Njengazo zonke izinhlobo zohlobo lwezinyoka eziyiqiniso, ukulunywa yinyoka iDinnik kubeka engcupheni ethile kubantu nasezilwaneni. Ukulimala okuyingozi kakhulu kwenyoka ngasekupheleni kwehlobo nasekwindla - ngalesi sikhathi, ukugcwala kobuthi ebuhlungu babo kuphezulu.
Umhlangano nalesi zinhlobo unokwenzeka endaweni yokuhlala kwenyoka, ngesikhathi sokuhamba izintaba, uhambo. Imvamisa kulalwa izakhamuzi zakule ndawo - abelusi abalusa imihlambi yezimvu ezindaweni eziphakemeyo zezintaba. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi inyoka yokuqala ayikaze ihlasele futhi yonke indawo ikugwema ukuhlangana nomuntu.
Njengoba iphazamisekile, inyoka izama ngokushesha ukuqamba, ukufihla. Ukuluma kungavusa umzamo wokubamba inyoka, futhi, ngisho nakulesi simo, izinyoka zizokhala ngokuxwayisa futhi zikhiqize ilantshi “elingenalutho”, ngoba ubuthi bubaluleke kakhulu kuyo futhi imithombo eminingi yomzimba ichithwa ekukhiqizeni kwayo.
Kwesinye isimo, ukuluma kungenza uma ngephutha uvela enyoka. Okuyingozi kakhulu iqiniso lokuthi kulezi zindawo ngokuvamile azikho okungenani izikhungo zezokwelapha ezingasiza umuntu ohlukunyezwe ukulunywa yingozi.
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ubuthi benyoka uDinnik - isenzo se-hemolytic. Siqukethe ama-protein aphezulu esisindo samangqamuzana we-hemorrhagic, hemocoagulating and necrotizing action, peptide hydrolases, hyaluronidases kanye ne-phospholipases, okuthi ngesikhathi sokulunywa ngama-lymph node angene ohlelweni lokujikeleza, ebhubhisa amaseli egazi abomvu - amaseli abomvu egazi nemiphumela ye-necrotic, efana nokwakheka kwegazi, futhi ama-lymph node.
Imvamisa, ngemuva kokulunywa, umuntu uzwa izinhlungu ezivuthayo ezibukhali ngqo endaweni elimele, khona-ke, imizuzu eyi-15 kuye kwengama-30, isiyezi, isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo, ukufiphala kwesikhumba, ukukhuphuka kokujuluka, ukubanda, i-tachycardia kungenzeka.
Ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu, ukulahleka kwengqondo, ukuvuvukala kobuso, ukwehla okukhulu komfutho wegazi, ukopha kakhulu (i-DIC), ukwehluleka kwezinso, ukukhohlisa noma ukuqina komthambo kungenzeka.
Ukufa kuyahluka phakathi kuka-4-8%. Ebuchotsheni obuningi bamacala, imiphumela yokuluma ihlala isikhathi esingangesonto, kepha ingahlala isikhathi eside ukwedlula unyaka -.
Ikakhulu, ukuzilapha okungafanele kungaholela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezinkinga.
Usizo lokuqala lokulunywa
Njengosizo lokuqala lokulunywa, kunconywa ukuthi wehlise umoya, usebenzise i-bandage yengcindezelo (kodwa hhayi i-tourniquet!), Yehlisa umthwalo okhalweni ukuze ungasebenzi, futhi unikeze isiphuzo esiningi.
Imibono yahlukaniswa ngezinzuzo zokufisa ubuthi enxebeni: abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi aze afike ku-30-50% wawo wonke ubuthi angasuswa ngale nqubo ngaphakathi kwemizuzu eyi-10-15, kanti abanye bakubheka njengekulimazayo, ngoba izimbali ezingamagciwane zingangena egazini kanye namathe. ukuvuvukala kwe-purulent futhi kuholele emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu, kuze kube sepsis.
Ezindlela ezingalungile neziphutha, kepha esazohlangana nazo (ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu bendawo) izindlela zokwelashwa, kukhona ukusikeka okuyingxenye endaweni yokuwaluma, ukushushumbisa, ukusetshenziswa komkhosi wokuwa nokuhanjiswa kweqhwa.
Ithuluzi kuphela leqiniso lokwelashwa elingavimbela imiphumela yobuthi ubuthi iyi-serum ekhethekile - "i-Viper", enconyelwa ngokuqinile ukuthwala lapho uya ezindaweni zalolu hlobo lwenyoka.
Isimo Sabantu Nokuvikelwa
Inyoka kaDinnik iyinhlobo engandile, engubhubhane futhi eluhlaza okwesikhashana edinga ukuvikelwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Dinnik viper ifakwe kuhlu lwesibili lwe-CITES (Umhlangano on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). Phambilini, i-Dinnik viper yayingabhekwa njengezinhlobo ezizimele futhi iyingxenye yezinhlobo zezilwane (njengezinqolobane) - i-Caucasian viper (Vipera kaznakovi), eyayifakwe kwiBhuku elibomvu le-USSR (RSFSR kanye neGeorgia SSR).
Njengamanje, lolu hlobo luvikelekile ezindaweni eziningi zokugcina, ezinqolobaneni naseziqiwini zikazwelonke zeGreater Caucasus, zombili eRussia Federation naseRiphabhulikhi yaseGeorgia.
Ingozi enkulu kunazo zonke ezinhlotsheni imelelwa izivakashi ezivame ukubulala izinyoka endaweni yamakamu azo. Abantu bendawo besaba kakhulu noma yiziphi izinyoka zasendaweni (ngisho nezinyoka ezingenabungozi nezibungu ezingenamlenze - ophuzi namabhele), kufaka nalolu hlobo lwenyoka futhi luhlala lubulala ngezikhathi ezithile.
Inyoka kaDinnik inezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo. Kwesinye isikhathi la ma-hedgehogs azingelwa ama-hedgehogs endawo, izimpungushe, amabheja nezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama.
Akunandaba ukuthi i-Dinerik yenyoka yayinobuthi kangakanani, lesi silwane esiyivelakancane futhi esivame ukusizuzisa ngomnotho wezwe - sichitha futhi sinqande inani lamagundane ayingozi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuthi balesi nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zohlobo lwezinyoka zeqiniso luyinto ebalulekile eluhlaza ekhiqizweni yokwenziwa kwemithi ehlukahlukene, edingeka kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezigulini ezinezifo zenhliziyo. Ngakho-ke, ukubhekisisa lokhu kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoka kuzosindisa ukuhlukahluka kwezwe lethu kanye nomhlaba wonke.
Izici zangaphandle
Izithombe zenyoka kaDinnik zishayeka ngokuhlukahluka. Inyoka ingaba nemibala ehlukahlukene: emnyama-olintshi, imithende eluhlaza okotshani noma ngophuzi we-lime. Imvamisa umbala uyakhanya, imigqa icacile. Kutholakala nabantu abamnyama ngokuphelele (cishe ama-22%). Ama-Melanests azalwa enemibala, kepha ngonyaka wesithathu wokuphila, umbala uba mnyama ngokuphelele. Ngendlela, lokhu kuyinto eyivelakancane ngokungafani nalokhu: imiculo yezinhlobo eziningi (ngokwesibonelo, iqhude leCaucasus elihlobene) livame ukuba nezindawo ezimnyama ngemuva kwendawo emnyama.
Ngobude, inyoka ebomvu noma iDinnik viper ifinyelela ku-50-55 cm, okungukuthi, inosayizi omndeni omaphakathi.
Imivimbo ecacile, imnyama njalo, idlula maphakathi komhlane. Umumo wekhanda umise okwenziwe ngomkhonto, umlingisi wazo zonke izinyoka, ukhombe ekhaleni. Ikhala uqobo likhuliswa kancane. Njenge-steppe viper, ikhanda linama-engeli acacile, achazwe kahle uma ebukwa ngenhla. Ukuvezwa kwentamo kuyakhonjiswa. Umzimba wenyoka uqweqwe ngokulinganayo ngobude bawo bonke, awugobholeli emsileni (ngokwesibonelo, ezinyokeni). Umsila mfushane, uthinta kakhulu. Umfundi uthe mpo, njengekati.
Ukubhebhetheka
Inyoka kaDinnik ihlala eGreater Caucasus, esifundeni saseRussia, eAzerbaijan naseGeorgia. Uhla oluphambili lufinyelela empumalanga yeBolshaya Laba, futhi ngaphandle kwalokhu, izindawo ezimbalwa eziqhelile zaziwa endaweni yeKabardino-Balkaria, Chechnya, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Adygea neDagestan.
Izici zokuziphatha
Inyoka kaDinnik itholakala ezindaweni ezisezintabeni nase-subalpine, endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha ayi-1.5 kuye kwayi-3. Le inyoka ayizithandi izindawo ezivulekile, ithanda iziqu ezigcotshwe ngemifino e-scree.
Ezigodini zemifula, lapho kungekho khona amahlathi amnyama ama-coniffort, kuhlala izinyoka zaseDinnik eduze naseCaucasian, futhi kulezi zindawo kutholakala abantu abanezimpawu zazo zombili lezi zinhlobo (okuchaza ukuthi interspecific hybridization).
Lezi zinyoka ziphila impilo yansuku zonke, kepha ikakhulukazi zisebenza ekuseni nasekuseni kusihlwa. Uma kunesimo sezulu esibuhlungu esinamafu, inyoka ingaba namandla ngosuku.
Ngo-Okthoba, izinyoka zihamba ziye ebusika. Izindawo zobusika zivame ukutholakala eduze kwezindawo ezihlala kuzo. Abesilisa baba ngabokuqala ukuphuma endaweni yokukhosela ekupheleni kukaMashi, futhi kamuva izintokazi nazo zavuka.
Ukuzingela nokudla
Inyoka kaDinnik isilwane esidlayo. Abantu abadala badla ngokuhlaselwa ngamagundane: amagundane, amagundane, izazi. Ngokuntuleka kokudla, zingakwazi ukuhlasela izinyoni ezincane. Izingane zonyaka zidla izinambuzane nezibungu.
Ezinyameni eziphakeme ngosayizi, le nyoka ayikaze ihlasele. Inyoka ebomvu ibulala isisulu, njengabafowethu abaningi, ngosizo lobuthi. Ukwakheka komhlathi kuvamile kwizinyoka: amazinyo ahlafunayo akakhiwanga kahle, amachaphazelo abukhali futhi amade, kepha angenza kuphela umsebenzi wezigwegwe onamathela enyameni. Ngakho-ke, inyoka ayigundazi futhi ayikuhlafunanga ukudla, kodwa siyikudwengula ibe yizicucu, yona ke egwinyayo.
Izingozi Zabantu Nezindlela Zokuqapha
Le nyoka inobuthi, ubuthi buqukethe ubuthi be-hemolytic, obonakala kuwo wonke amalungu omndeni. Uhlala ezindaweni ezithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwama-campers. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile hhayi ukuthi ukwazi ukubona lezi zinyoka, kodwa futhi ukwazi ukuthi kufanele uziphathe kanjani lapho uhlangana.
Kumele kuqondwe ukuthi akukho nyoka obheka umuntu njengento yokuzingela. Uyakwazi ukuluma ngenkathi ezivikela.
Ochwepheshe beluleka ukuthi bahlole ngokucophelela indawo. Etshanini nasematsheni, le nyoka ekhanyayo iyabonakala kakhulu. Ungazami ukumhlasela, ushaye ngenduku, uphonse amatshe. Isilwane esibuhlungu esivele sikhathazekile noma esilimele singasungula ukwehlula, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi sikhombise ubugqi obukhulu kunomuntu.
Uma ukuluma, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelashwa kuyadingeka ngokushesha. Isisulu kufanele siphuthunyiswe esibhedlela ngokushesha okukhulu. Kunengqondo ukumunca ubuthi ngokushesha enxebeni, ukugeza umlomo kanye nesayithi yokuluma ngamanzi kaningi ngangokunokwenzeka.
Uma lesi sigameko senzeke endaweni eyihlane nokuhamba okusheshayo kungenzeki, kubalulekile ukubeka umuntu lowo ukuze ikhanda liphansi kunasemilenzeni (lokhu kuqinisa ingcindezi ye-intracranial). Ukunciphisa ukugcwala kobuthi emzimbeni kusiza ukuphuza inala, kufudumele kangcono. I-tourniquet ayinakwenzeka ukufaka isicelo, kepha ukugqoka izicubu eziqinile ngaphezu kwendawo yokulunywa kuyinto efiselekayo - kuzokwehlisa izinga lokusabalala kwetyhefu nge-lymph, kepha ngeke kuphazamise ukuhamba kwegazi. Ukuqinisa isimo sesisulu, ungamnika umuthi olwa nokuvuvukala kanye ne-antihistamine, kepha kuyalangazeka ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka ngaphansi kokubhekwa ngudokotela, hhayi ngendlela enembile.
Noma usizo lokuqala luhlinzekwa ngokufanele futhi luphelele, udaba lokuhamba kumele lubhekwe ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukubonana nodokotela ohlukunyezwa ukulunywa yinyoka kubalulekile!
Isimo Sencwadi Ebomvu
Ngokulungile, siphawula ukuthi le nyoka ihlushwa umuntu kakhulu kunokuba imlimaze. Encwadini Ebomvu, i-viper Dinnik uhlobo lokuzivikela olusengozini. Lokhu akubalulekile kangako ekuqothulweni ngokomzimba ngemisebenzi yabantu: ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, amadlelo aluhlaza emasimini, okulinywe kuwo umhlaba wokulima.