Izipikha zaseSiberia owaziwayo ngabaculi, kusuka ku-fur yakhe lapho benza amabhulashi athambile asezingeni eliphakeme wemidwebo. Abaqambi bezemfashini bazi kahle lesi silwane, okuthi kuso ijazi loboya kungenye ye-European mink noma i-sable.
Elinye igama elithi "itatsi" lanikezwa ukuvela kwekholomu lakwaSakhalin, ligcinwe elincane - ngabantu ababalelwa ku-300 kuphela. Isihlobo sokuqina nokuthanda, kodwa okungaziwa kakhulu emndenini we-marten, ihlukaniswa ngomlingiswa wayo okhethekile nezimpawu zawo ezihlukile.
Izici nendawo yokuhlala
USomlomo - Isilwane kufika ku-50 cm ubude, okuvela kuwo umsila cishe okwesithathu. Isilwane sinesisindo esimaphakathi kwama-700-800 g.Umzimba ubude, ubonakala ngokuguquguquka okukhethekile nokuhamba. Imilenze emifushane enama-membranes akhule kahle, amehlo abonakalayo esihlakaleni esikhombe, izindlebe ezincane eziyindilinga.
Uboya obuhle ukuziqhenya okukhethekile komhlali we-taiga. Bubbly anemibala ebusika, ne-tint ebomvu, ijika liphuzi mnyama lapho ihlobo lifika. Uboya emsileni bugcwele kakhulu ngombala kunasemuva noma esiswini.
Isigaxa sihlotshiswe ngamabala amhlophe abonakalayo ekhaleni kanye nesifihlwa esimnyama emehlweni. Umbala wesiliva ezinyaweni emilenzeni yesilwane noboya obukhanyayo baphansi bugcizelela ubuhle bejazi loboya.
Ubungako boboya buhlukahluka ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka: ubukhazikhazi nobumbano kujwayelekile ngenkathi ebandayo, futhi ehlobo uboya buyivelakancane futhi bufushane kunobusika. Ikholomu ihlala ezindaweni eziseMpumalanga Ekude, amahlathi ase-Ural, izindawo ze-taiga zaseSiberia, Primorye, Yakutia. Akuvamile kakhulu engxenyeni yeYurophu yezwe lethu. Bayayazi ikholamu e-China, Japan, eNhlonhlo yeKorea.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezahlukahlukene kuya ngokuthi kukhona amahlathi ahlanganayo noma aqobayo ngobuningi bamagundane, namachibi agqunywe izihlahla, lapho kukhona isivunguvungu somoya kanye nokhuni olushonile. Isilwane sigwema izikhala ezivulekile, sithanda ama-taiga aminyene emithambekeni yezintaba noma emfuleni. Itholakala emagqumeni aze afike ku-1600 m ngaphezu kolwandle.
Kunamakholamu ezindaweni ezihlalwa ngabantu, lapho akhangwa yinkukhu khona kanye nokuba khona kwezigundane namagundane. Umhlangano onekholamu ezindaweni zokuhlala, emaphethelweni amadolobha noma amasimu aseduze yinto eye kwenzeka kaningi ehlotshaniswa nokufuduka okuphoqekile kusuka indlala kanye nokulahlekelwa kokuqapha.
Emvelweni, isilwane sinezitha eziningi. Eyokuqala iyakwazi ukugcwala, ikhungathe umgqugquzeli wayo wokudla kusuka kumasimu athuthukile. Izinyamazane ezinezilwane ezinamaphiko zizingela kule kholamu: oklebe, izikhova, izinkozi, izikhova. Kufanele sifihle ekuhlaselweni kwama-lynxes, izimpungushe, izimpisi, izidenge.
Character kanye nendlela yokuphila
Izipikha ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Umsebenzi kwenzeka phakathi kokuhlwa nangemva kokushona kwelanga. Ukucinga ukudla akunqunyelwe ezindaweni ezithile, isilwane singakhuphuka siye ku-10 km noma ngaphezulu, uma ukuzingela kudinga ukuhamba uma ufuna inyamazane.
Ebusuku ungabona ikholomu ebomvu ekhazimulayo ebukeka kahle ifuna izinduku phakathi kwezimpande zezihlahla eziseziseleni ezilahliwe. Izakhamizi zemifula nazo ziba yisisulu sesilwane esinoboya esingabhukuda kahle. Imvamisa, amagundane amanzi, ama-muskrats noma izinhlanzi zasemfuleni ziwela kwizibuko eziyishumi zamakholamu.
Ebusika, umzingeli ukhombisa ubuqili namandla okwenza indlela yakhe ngaphansi kwesiembozo seqhwa amabanga amade afike kumamitha angama-50. I-Capercaillie ne-grouse ecashe ebusuku kunganuka futhi kusheshe kufinyelele izinyoni.
Isibindi, ilukuluku lokufuna ukwazi, ikhono lokukhuphuka masinyane kunoma iyiphi imigodi nemigwaqo, uhambisane nendawo enezindawo ezinamatshe amaningi, ukugibela izihlahla nezinsika zamatshe zihlukaniswa yikholamu yokuzingela ekhaliphile.
Izilwane azizimaki izingosi zazo. Bahlala ezindlini ezihlala ama-chipmunks, ama-voles asensimini, imigodi elahliwe noma ngaphansi kwamagatsha ezihlahla eziwile naphezu kwemithi yezihlahla eziwile. Ngaphezu kwendawo yokukhosela yaphakade, isilwane sinezindawo ezimbalwa zesikhashana, lapho sicasha khona ngokwesidingo.
Ngezikhathi zesimo sezulu esibanda kakhulu, singalala phansi futhi singaphumi izinsuku eziningana endaweni yokukhosela efudumele. Ngemuva kwalokho ukuzingela kuhlehliswa kube yisikhathi sasemini ngenxa yamafrimu aqhekeka ebusuku. Amakholomu ahamba ngezinyawo nangemingcele. Ikholomu yezwi iyafana nemisindo eyenziwe i -retret: i-kurping noma uhlobo lwe-tweet. Ngokucasulwa bakhipha izingoma ezibucayi ngekhwela.
Umsoco
Isisekelo sokudla kwamakholomu sifaka izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane: amajezi, amagundane, ama-chipmunks, amaphayiphu, ama-squirrels, kwesinye isikhathi amahashi. Yize ukudla ukudla kwezilwane kuyinto egcwele, emanzini, ahamba amakhilomitha amaningi ukusuka ogwini, ayadoba futhi azingele ama-muskrats, adla ngamasele, izinambuzane nezibungu, acosha u-carrion nokuthi yini ewela lapho kukhishwa izinyamazane ezinkulu.
Ebusika, inyoni iyazingelwa ngaphansi kweqhwa, ilele emigodini yeqhwa - amabala kanye ne-grouse, i-grouse emnyama. Isilwane esidala futhi esidukisayo sifuna inyamazane, linqoba ubukhulu beqhwa.
Ngesikhathi sokuvuna, amantongomane namajikijolo ayajatshulelwa nawo. Indlala isiphoqa ukuthi sisondele lapho kuhlala khona umuntu futhi sonakalise amagumbi okugcina kanye namachibi ezitolo. Ukuhlaselwa kwenkukhu kuvamile. Ngokungafani nesable, akaqaphi inyamazane, kepha uyihlasela masinyane.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lesi silwane sisebenzisa inyamazane, ngesinye isikhathi siyedlula ngosayizi. Umphikisi wokudla oyinhloko kukholomu uyabonakala, ngakho-ke bakhulula insiza uma kuvela umgadli, aqonde izindawo ezintsha.
Ukufuna ukudla kwenziwa ikakhulu ebusuku. Uma kungenzeka ukubamba isisulu, ikholomu siyidonsela endaweni eqoqekile noma endaweni yokuphephela, kepha ingayidli lapho izingela khona. Amacala okugcwala kwemvelo phakathi kwezilwane ayachazwa, lapho isilwane esisodwa siwela ogibeni, kanti esinye sisebenzise lesi simo.
Ukubukeka
Siqala ukucaciswa kwamakholamu ezilwane ngokubukeka kwawo. Abantu abadala bafinyelela osayizi abango-50 cm ubude. Cishe ingxenye yesithathu yomzimba umsila. Isisindo sekholomu singafinyelela ku-800 amagremu noma ngaphezulu.
Isilwane sinomzimba ophakeme, obonakala ngokuhamba ngokweqile nokuguquguquka. Ikholomu inama-paws amafushane, emilenzeni yayo efakwe ngaphansi okwakhiwe ngaphansi kolwelwe. Amehlo amnyama amnyama akhazimula emhlolweni obukhali. Lolu hlobo lo thando nolokuqina lunezindlebe ezincane eziyindilinga.
Ukuziqhenya kwangempela kwesilwane ingubo yaso ebabazekayo, ethambile. Ikholomu yoboya inombono we-ocher ebusika. Ngokuqala kwehlobo, i-tint ebomvu ye-saturated ingena kumbala wokusa. Isizele sihlotshiswe amabala amhlophe nesifi esimnyama eduze kwamehlo.
Ukuzala kabusha nokuphila isikhathi eside
Izipikha zodwa, isikhathi sokuphindaphindeka kwabantu sivela ku-Mashi kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Ephreli. Abesilisa balwela owesimame, balwa nolaka.
Ukuzalela kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kwengama-40, kwesinye isitshudeni esisodwa kusuka ku-4 kuye ku-10 cubs. Owesifazane ulungiselela ukubukeka kwawo ngokuhlela isidleke noma umhume kusuka koboya, amaqabunga, utshani obomile.
Izikhulumi zingomama abakhathalelayo abanakekela izingane. Ekuqaleni abadingi nje kuphela ukondla ubisi, kodwa futhi nemfudumalo, ngoba izalwe inqunu. Ukubandayo kungonakalisa izingane.
Owesifazane akavamisile ukuphuma esidlekeni, eyokuzingela kuphela. Isidleke esiyindilinga simbozwe ngama-mosses noma ngotshani obomile. Kungakapheli nenyanga, inzalo ikhula ngenkuthalo: amehlo evulekile, izinwele ziyavela, imaskhi enesimo iyavela esihlathini. Ukondliwa kokudla kwezilwane kuyaqala: namagundane amancane, izinambuzane.
Abesilisa abanendaba namawundlu. Ngokwindla, izingane zithola inkululeko ngaphansi kokunakekelwa kwabesifazane futhi zibe nesifiso, zishiya isidleke. Isikhathi sokuphila kwekholomu ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo asidluli iminyaka engama-2-4. Ekudingisweni, leli gama lenyuka liye eminyakeni engu-8-9.
Kuyamangaza lokho izikhulumi uthambile, uzimisele thenga isilwane futhi uyihlalise. Iba kalula. Emapulazini bekukhona imizamo yokuzalela amakholomu ukuze kutholwe izikhumba zoboya, ezibalulekile phakathi kwezinye. Kepha kwezentengiselwano i-mink iwine, izindleko zazo ziphakeme.
Habitat
Ikholomu, isithombe sayo esingabonakala ekushicilelweni kwethu, ivame kakhulu e-Far East. Amaphaphu amakhulu ezilwane ezinjalo atholakala emahlathini ase-Ural, eYakutia, eSiberia nasePrimorye. Abamele izinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane akuvamile ukubonwa engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia. Izinsika zaseSiberia zivame ukuzulazula zingene emkhakheni wezwe elingumakhelwane, ikakhulukazi iChina.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezintsha zezilwane kuncike ekujuleni kwamahlathi, ngobuningi bezinyamazane, ukuba khona kwendawo enamapulangwe agcwele izinkuni nomoya. Abamele izinhlobo zezilwane bazama ukugwema izikhala ezivulekile. Izilwane ezinje zifana nemithambeka yezintaba, egcwele imifino eminyene, etholakala eduze kwemifula nemifudlana. E-taiga, ikholomu ngezikhathi ezithile itholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu ezingamakhilomitha angaphezu kwenkulungwane nesigamu ngaphezulu kolwandle.
Abamele izinhlobo zezilwane bavame ukuzulazula ezindaweni ezihlalwa ngabantu. Le kholamu iheha ukuba khona kwamagundane amancane, kanye nethuba lokudla izinkukhu. Ukuhlangana nesilwane izindawo eziseduzane kuseduze kakhulu. Isimo esifanayo sibangelwa ukufuduka kwesilwane ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla.
Habitat
Izinsika zivame kakhulu emahlathini akhula kancane e-Asia, futhi zitholakala emaphethelweni aseningizimu yeSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kube nokwanda kwenani nokusatshalaliswa kwamakholamu eYakutia ogwini lwase-Okhotsk.
Amakholamu ambalwa avelile endaweni yama-Urals. Izindawo zezilwane zasekhaya eziseduze zazo zikhetha izigodi zemifudlana emincane, lapho zihlala khona lapho kunamaqhuqhuva omoya, amahlathi axoshwe nasemahlathini axubile. Zingatholakala futhi emadwaleni amatshe agqunywe izihlahla.
Amakholomu avame ukukhuphuka ezintabeni aze afike kumamitha ayi-1400 kuya ku-1700. Kodwa-ke, ungahlangana nabo ngaphandle kwamasimu noma amadolobhana amancane, amadolobha.
Indlela yokuphila nemikhuba
Indlela yokuphila yezikhulumi ihlala ngokuphelele. Bahlukile ngoba abamaki izindawo zabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, namanje azikabavikeli. Ukuphoqa izilwane ukuthi zishintshe indawo yazo yokuhlala kungenzeka ukuthi kube nokushoda kokudla esizeni esidala. Ziyafuduka nangesikhathi sokuzala.
Ngesikhathi sokufuduka okukhulu, izikhulumi ziphelelwa ukuqaphela futhi zingagibela ziye epulazini bese zilimaza uma zingaphazanyiswa lapho ziphinde zakhiwa khona.
Kuyajabulisa futhi ukwazi ukuthi ngaphezu kwekhaya labo eliyinhloko, amakholomu anezindawo zokukhosela zesikhashana ezindaweni zawo. Lezi zindawo zokukhosela zesikhashana zitholakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukile zesayithi.
Lezi zilwane zihlala emunweni wezinye izinduku, kanye nasezihlahleni eziwile.
Izipikha zihlukaniswa ngobugagu nokugqwala. Kulokhu, umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu kwenzeka ngesikhathi sobusuku nobusuku. Ebusika, isilwane singasebenza phakathi nosuku.
Ngezinsuku ezibandayo kakhulu zobusika, kunzima impela ukuhlangana nekholomu, njengoba izilwane zikwazi "ukulala", okungukuthi, ziba sezikhathi esifushane izinsuku eziningana.
Isici esahlukile samakholomu amandla abo okuhamba ngaphansi kweqhwa elijulile.
Inqubo yokudla inyamazane kubo yenzeka kuphela ekhaya labo. Endaweni lapho inyamazana ibibanjwe khona, abakaze bayenze.
Izilwane ziyakwazi ukugibela izihlahla, kodwa zikwenza kakhulu, kuyaqabukela. Amakholomu nawo agwema izindawo ezinkulu nezivulekile. Amandla okubhukuda nawo athuthukiswa kakhulu futhi ikuvumela ukuba uhambe amabanga amade ukusuka ogwini.
Isilwane sekholomu. Incazelo, izici, indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Ikholamu, njengento yokuzingela okuthengiswayo, eRussia yaheha ukunaka kuphela ngekhulu le-19. Lokhu kuholele ekushoneni kovalo olubalulekile. Abathengisi babepende izikhumba, ngaphansi koshintsho lwentengo, bazithengisela iChina.
Amanani okuthenga aphansi, ukugqoka okumpofu koboya kuholele ekutheni izikhulumi ilahlekelwe yinani layo langaphambili lokudoba. Umuntu ngamunye owela ezingibeni usetshenziselwa ukulingisa uboya bekhwalithi engcono, futhi amabhulashi obuciko ohlobo lokuqala enziwe ngemisila yezilwane.
Izitha zemvelo
Ikholamu isilwane esidalwa yizinyosi ezinkulu nezikhozi zokhozi. Inani lezilwane ezihlala ezindaweni eziseduzane zabantu zinganciphisa izinja ezidukayo. Izikhulumi zivame ukusebenza njengezimpungushe zezimpungushe nemikhonto.
Izilwane zihola ubuwena bangempela ngama-minks. Imvamisa bazinza endaweni efanayo. Abamele izinhlobo zezilwane bavame ukubamba iqhaza ezimpini zensimu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-mink namakholomu alwa kuze kube sekupheleni. Onqobayo nguyena okwazile ukuhlala ephila.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Amakholomu ahlala endaweni yawo yemvelo isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka emi-4. Kodwa-ke, lapho isilwane sigcinwa ekudingisweni, lesi sikhathi singakhuphuka kaningana. Kuyiqiniso, yilaba kuphela abamele izinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane ezazalelwa esitokisini ezihlukile kulokho okuhlala khona futhi kungalimali. Izilwane ezabanjwa ezindaweni zokuhlala zivame ukuba nolaka futhi zibe yingozi kwabanye.
Ukudoba nokusebenzisa
Njengamanje, amakholomu we-fur athole uhlelo lokusebenza olubanzi kakhulu embonini yoboya. Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi ngaphambili kwayo yonke imindeni yaseSoviet okungenani inhloko eyodwa yowesilisa kusuka kuboya obunjalo yayikhona.
Kodwa-ke, uma ngaphambili ikholamu ye-fur yayithatha izindima zesibili, nemikhiqizo yokwenziwa yanqoba ekuthengisweni, khona-ke manje ngeke kube nezinkinga ekuthengeni umkhiqizo woboya bemvelo esikhunjeni sesilwane. Njengamanje, amakholomu aqala ukuthandwa kakhulu, uboya bawo buye bathandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabaqambi. Kusetshenziswa kabanzi.
Ikholamu yencazelo
Lesi silwane esincane ngobude sifinyelela amasentimitha angama-48-66 ngomsila waso, futhi sinesisindo esingu-800 amagremu. Umzimba uqinile. Ikhanda lincane, imilenti ifinyeziwe, ulwelwesi lukhule kahle phakathi kwabo.
Isibalo sikhombe, intamo iyavumelana nezimo, nezindlebe zibukhali. Umsila muhle, u-fluffy, ubude bawo bucishe bube yingxenye yobude bomzimba - cishe amasentimitha ayi-18-21. Izindlala ze-ductal zitholakala ngaphansi komsila, lapho kukhululwa imfihlo enephunga elingathandeki.
Umbala woboya ubomvu buffy. Ebusika, likhulu futhi lithambile, ikakhulukazi emsileni. Ebusweni kunensimu emdaka ebizwa ngokuthi imaski. Izindebe zivezwa umucu omhlophe obukhali. Ehlobo “lokugqoka” lasehlobo lekholomu libukeka linciphile ngokwedlulele, uboya abuphekiwe, bunamathele emzimbeni. Izinyawo zimhlophe-zimhlophe. Ukuhlanza kwenzeka ngoMashi-Meyi.
Amakholamu (uMustela sibirica).
Ikholomu Habitat
Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwalezi zilwane ihlanganisa, njengomthetho, amahlathi ase-Asia angaphansi, umucu oseningizimu weSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude. Eminyakeni yamuva, uhla lwabo eYakutia lukhuphuke ogwini lwase-Okhotsk. Izinsika zensimbi ku-Urals ziningi ikakhulukazi.
Lezi zilwane ezincane ezihlala kakhulu zihlala kakhulu ekuxhumaneni kwamahlathi emfuleni, futhi zivikele izikhala ezivulekile.
Izikhulumi zihlala ezigodini zemifula emincane, ngasogwini lapho amahlathi axubile akhula khona, kube nesiphepho somoya nokuwa. Kutholakala phakathi kwababeki bamatshe ababenezimbali. Izintabeni zikhuphuka zifinyelele kumamitha ayi-1400 kuya ku-1700. Kakhulu, amakholomu ahlala emahlathini zikaphayini, ezingxenyeni zezikhukhula nangaphandle kwamachibi. Futhi, zivame ukutholakala emaphethelweni amasimu, emadolobhaneni ngisho nasemadolobheni amancane.
Indlela yokuphila yesipika
Izipikha zihlala kakhulu phansi. Empeleni azigadi futhi zimaka iziza zazo ngazinye.
Ngokwezakhi zofuzo zamakholomu, isondele kakhulu kwi-mink yaseYurophu.
Kuphela ngokuzalwa kwezilwane kanye nokuntuleka kokudla lapho zifuduka kakhulu. Lapho amakholamu alambile efuduka, ayayeka ukuqaphela, agijime aye emizaneni futhi onakalise igceke lezinkomo nemizi yokugcina impahla.
Amakholomu ahlala emiseleni yamagundane: ama-voles amanzi, ama-chipmunks, ama-pikas, futhi angahlala emigodini, ahlaliswe ngaphansi kwezihlahla eziwile kanye nezinqwaba zezinkuni ezishonile. Isilwane, ngaphezu kwezindlu ezihlala njalo, izindawo zokukhosela ezimbalwa zesikhashana ezitholakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukile zesiza saso.
Izipikha zikhala noma zikhala ngenhlokomo, uma isilwane sicasulwe, siyathula noma sikhala, kufana ne-reret.
Oncintisana naye oyinhloko wekholamu uyisable, axoshe itatsi emazweni ayo.
Izipikha zingena emifantwini emincane nemiseleni kalula. Kubo, ukusebenza kusihlwa nasebusuku kujwayelekile.Futhi ebusika, ebusuku obubandayo ikakhulukazi, izikhulumi zingaphuma phakathi nesikhathi sasemini. Ezikhathini ezibandayo kakhulu, izikhulumi zingahle zingashiyi indawo yokuhlala izinsuku eziningi, okungukuthi, “zilale phansi”.
Ikholomu lifuna ngenkuthalo inyamazane, ngokungafani nentambo, eliyigcinayo.
Ebusika, ingashona ngaphansi kweqhwa futhi idlule ibanga elingafika kumamitha angama-50 ngaphansi kogqinsi lwayo. I-Column inyamazane, njengomthetho, idliwa emgodini wayo, hhayi endaweni. Izilwane zingagibela izihlahla, kodwa zikwenza lokhu akuvamile. Ziyakwazi ukubhukuda ngokushesha futhi kahle, ngenkathi zisuka ogwini ngamakhilomitha amaningi.
Ngokwesimo sokudla kwazo, amakholomu aphakathi kwezilwane ezidla ezinye ezinama-polyphagous, anjenge-marten and sable, kanye “nabadli begundane,” njenge-ermine ne-weasel. Isisekelo sokudla kwamakholomu yi-voles, hamsters, amagundane, ama-passerines amancane. Ezintabeni bahlasela i-pika. Yize izikhulumi zincane, ziyakwazi nokuzingela amahashe. Uma kukhona ama-muskrats amaningi emachibini, khona-ke amakholomu nawo awabamba. EPrimorye, inhlanzi ingumthombo obalulekile wokudla kwezikhulumi. Zingadla izinambuzane, amasele, izinkukhu kanye ne-carrion.
Ngenkathi ngifuna ukudla, ikholomu idlula eqhweni, ibhekisisa ukuwela komoya, izihlahlana.
Izipikha zinabancintisana abaningi: izimpungushe, izinsimbi, amasoka. Iningi lamakholomu lihlushwa imishayo, ebelisukela futhi libaxosha ezindaweni abahlala kulo, kulokhu, amakholomu ayingcosana kulezo zindawo lapho kuhlala khona amasabatha. Futhi izinsika, nazo, zisinda ezincekelweni ezibuthakathaka. Izinyoni ezinkulu ezidla izinyosi emakholamu: amankonyane nezikhova.
Isikhathi sokuphila kwamakholomu emvelweni sisezingeni eliphakathi kweminyaka emi-2, kepha amakhulukhulu eminyaka angaphila iminyaka eyi-6. Ekuthunjweni, amakholomu ahlala iminyaka eyi-9.
Ukusakazwa kwekholomu
Isikhathi sokukholamulela amakholomu senzeka kusukela ngoMashi kuya ku-Ephreli. Ngalesi sikhathi, izilwane zisebenza kakhulu futhi azinakuphumula. Bazingela okuncane, abesilisa bahlala bejaha izinsikazi.
Umsila wekholomu ubushelelezi ebusika, ucishe ufane nembumbulu, ubude bawo bungaphezu kwengxenye yomzimba.
Owesifazane uphila impilo ecashile nezingane zakhe. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga. Ukuzala kwamakholomu kuphakeme. Inyanga ngayinye, insikazi ibeletha cishe ama-6-10 amawundlu. Uma izingane ezisuka kuzelwe zokuqala zifa, insikazi iyakwazi ukuphinda ishade futhi ibelethe kulo nyaka. Izipikha ezisanda kuzalwa ziyimpumputhe futhi zinqunu, isisindo sazo asidluli kumagremu ayi-7.
Izikhulumi zingomama abakhathalelayo abavikela inzalo yabo.
Intsha ithola izici zokufaka imibala ngenyanga yokuqala yempilo: izinwele zazo ezingwevu ziyaguquka kancane zibe nsundu, bese kuvela “isimaski” esibonakalayo esihlokweni. Umama uyeka ukondla amabisi amawundlu ngasekupheleni kwenyanga yesibili, ekuqaleni kwekwindla asevele afinyelela usayizi wabantu abadala. Ngalesi sikhathi, baqala ukuziphilela bodwa.
Abantu abasha enyangeni yokuqala yokuphila baguqula umbala wejazi loboya kusuka ko-grey baba nsundu, bese kuvela “umaskhi” ovela esihlungwini.
Inani lamakholomu
E-taiga, lezi zidlova ezincane zivame kahle. Kwesinye isikhathi izikhulumi zilimaza imboni yenkukhu, lapho zifika egcekeni, zingadla izinkukhu noma amadada amaningana. Kepha amakholomu, njengawo wonke ama-marten amancane, alusizo ngoba acekela phansi izinduku eziyingozi ezingadini nasemizaneni.
Uhlanga lwamakholomu luthokozelwa kakhulu; lusetshenziswa ngendlela yalo yemvelo noma njengesibonelo semikhiqizo ebiza kakhulu.
Ngeminyaka yama-30s, kwenziwa imizamo yokugcina amakholomu emapulazini. Amakholomu angagcinwa ekudingisweni ngoba awagijimeli endle. Kepha bona, njengawo wonke amanye amathile, bathathelwa indawo yi-mink yaseMelika, ethandwa kakhulu ngoboya bayo. Izipikha zivuthwa ngokushesha futhi zize zinikelwe ezandleni.
I-subspecies kaMustela sibirica coreana ihlala eKorea. Lezi zilwane zihlukaniswa yigebhezi elikhudlwana nombala ogqamile woboya obusika.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
Incazelo Nezici
Amakholomu abantu abadala akhula afike ku-50 cm ubude, kuwo ongu-1/3 umsila. Isisindo somzimba wesilwane kuyaqabukela seqi ku-800 g. Isilwane esincane sinemilenze emifushane, isizalo esikhonjiwe, amehlo amakhulu nogqamile, nezindlebe ezimise okwindilinga. Ikholomu inomzimba ophakeme, oguqukayo futhi oshukumisayo. Ukuziqhenya okukhethekile kwesilwane uboya bayo obuhle, obuguqula umbala kuye ngesikhathi sonyaka. Ngakho-ke, ebusika, i-hairline yezilwane ezincelisayo i-buffy ene-tint ebomvu ebunjiwe. Ebusweni, amabala anombala omhlophe nesikhumba esimnyama esiyingqayizivele esizungeze amehlo siyabonakala.
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Uboya be-Itatsi buyehluka nangesizini. Ebusika, uboya buphakeme futhi bukhulu, ehlobo - bufushane futhi bumfushane.
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Izikhulumi zithanda izindawo ezingahle zithathwe. Isilwane sikhangwa ikakhulukazi ubukhona bamagundane, izinkukhu kanye namagundane. Endle, izilwane ezincelisayo zithanda ukuhlala eduze kwamahlathi acekeceke noma aqinile lapho kutholakala khona namagundane amaningi. Izikhala ezivulekile azikhangi nge-itatsi; zithanda i-taiga eminyene etholakala ngasemfuleni noma eceleni kwentaba.
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Ukuziphatha kwezilwane
Amakholamu ayizilwane zasebusuku. Bayazingela ngokuhlwa futhi abanqunyelwe ezindaweni ezithile. Izilwane ezincelisayo zingakwazi ukuhamba ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-10 ngasikhathi. Ebusuku, iso lesilwane likhanya kancane ngombala obomvu. Izipikha zingabazingeli abahle kakhulu futhi zibamba ngempumelelo inyamazane ngakhale ngesikhathi sasebusika. Bayakwazi ukwenza indlela yabo ngaphansi kweqhwa kuze kufike ku-50 cm ngokujula.
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Amakholomu awazakhi izimbobo zawo. Zihlala ezindaweni ezishiywe dengwane, noma zitholakala ezinqwabelweni zokhuni olufile, ngaphansi kwamagatsha ezihlahla. Izilwane zinezindawo zokukhosela eziningana lapho ziphumula khona, kuya ngesifiso sazo nendawo yazo. Izikhulumi azizifihli, ngoba zibanda kakhulu ezindaweni zokugcina ezifudumele, ezingase zingaphumi izinsuku eziningana. Ukufika endaweni efanele, isilwane senza gxuma ngokushesha.
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Lapho izilwane zicasulwa, zikhipha umsindo ohambisana nekhwela. "Izwi" lesilwane lifana nokukhala noma ukuhudula.
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Lapho kuhlala khona izikhulumi
Ikholomu ihlala eSiberia, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yayo eseningizimu, e-Far East, ePrimorye. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kube nokwanda kwenani lamakholomu esifundeni saseYakutia, ogwini loLwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Ngaphandle kweRussia, amakholomu asatshalaliswa emithambekeni yeHimalaya, iningi leChina, ePeninsula yaseKorea, eJapan. Ngesinye isikhathi, amakholomu nawo atholakala engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia, endaweni yama-Urals.
Ngokwesimo sayo samakholomu, yonke indawo lapho ekhetha khona amahlathi acobayo noma anqumayo, lapho kutholakala khona inani elikhulu lamagundane, okungukudla okuphambili kwekholamu. IKolonok ithanda ukuhlala ngasogwini lwamachibi, imifudlana nemifula, ikakhulukazi uma amabhange abo egcwele izihlahla, lapho kukhona isivunguvungu somoya nesihlahla esiwayo.
Ikholomu igwema izikhala ezivulekile, kepha zingatholakala kalula kubabeki be-stony abagqunywe izihlahla. Ezintabeni, itholakala kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-1500 kuya ku-1700 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
Ikholomu imvamisa ukutholakala ezindaweni zokuhlala, emaphethelweni amadolobha nasemasimini. Izindawo ezinjalo ziheha isilwane ngobuningi bamagundane namagundane, ezindaweni zokuhlala kwesinye isikhathi kungahlasela izinkukhu noma amakati asekhaya.
Ikholomu iyaphoqeleka ukuba ivele emadolobheni namadolobhana ngokufuduka okuphoqekile kusuka endlala, lapha kuba nokuqapha.
Okudlayo izikhulumi
Ikholamu yisidleke esijabulisayo. Isisekelo sokudla kwekholamu ngamagundane: amagundane, ama-voles, ama-hamsters, ama-squirrels, ama-chipmunks, ama-jerboas. Ngenkathi zizingela izinduku, izisukela ngaphansi kweqhwa nasemibitheni.
Naphezu kosayizi wayo omncane, amakholomu angabamba izilwane ezinkulu ngokwazo, njengamahashe.
Ukwazi ukubhukuda amakholomu kahle, ungathola ukudla emanzini, ukuzingela ama-muskrats, izinhlanzi, amasele, ukuqoqa izinambuzane nezibungu zazo.
Akuyideleli i-carrion, kunamacala owaziwayo we-cannibalism phakathi kwamakholamu ngesikhathi amakholamu edliwe enye ikholamu ewele ogibeni.
Ikholomu ingadla izinyoni, ezincane, njengondlunkulu, nezinkulu, njenge-capercaillie ne-hazel grouse, zibasondeze ngaphansi kweqhwa. Eminyakeni ethelayo yamantongomane namajikijolo, kungajatshulelwa nawo.
Indlala ibangela ikholamu ukuba ifuduke, isondele ezindlini zomuntu, imvamisa ngalesi sikhathi iya emakethe yamasheya futhi ihlasele izinkukhu.
Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, ikholomu ihlasela ngokushesha inyamazane, ehlukile kunendlela yokuyiqapha.
Umphikisi ophambili wokudla wekholamu uyisimanga, phakathi kwabo kuba nokuncintisana okunzima kwensimu, lapho, njengomthetho, amasheya asusa ikholamu ezindaweni ahlala kuzo futhi ikholomu kufanele ifune izindawo ezintsha. Awusoze wahlangana nalezi zinhlobo ezimbili ezihlala endaweni.
I-Kolinsky
Isipika sinesikhumba esihle soboya, asetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yoboya futhi sithandwa phakathi kwabaqambi bezingubo. Ezikhathini zeSoviet, izigqoko zoboya bezesilisa zazenziwa ngohlanga.
Ikholomu yoboya ifana ne-mink ne-fur sable. Amakholomu ayaziwa kakhulu ngabadwebi, njengamabhulashi athambile kwezobuciko, abizwa ngokuthi amabhulashi wekholomu, enziwa ngoboya besila sakhe.
Ubungako nekhwalithi yekholamu yoboya kuncike enkathini lapho kuvunwa ngayo, uboya obusebusika bubaluleke kakhulu ukwedlula ihlobo lasehlobo, isifuba isikhathi eside, sikhulu futhi sithambile.
Ikholomu ithathelwa kalula futhi iba isilwane esijwayelekile. Minyaka yonke, izikhulumi eziningi ngokwengeziwe zihlala nabantu ezindlini nasezindlini. Kwakunemizamo yokuzalela amakholomu emapulazini, ngenxa yezikhumba zazo zoboya, kodwa le mizamo ayizange iqhubeke, ngoba ukuphakamisa izimbumbulu endaweni yokubheka inzuzo kwakuzuzisa kakhulu.
Inani lokudoba
I-Column fur ibhekwa kakhulu embonini yezingubo. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ezinsukwini zakudala cishe yonke imindeni yaseSoviet yayinobunikazi okungenani bodwa benziwe ngezikhumba zezilwane ezinjalo. Namuhla, amajazi oboya asetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezinto ezibizayo zomklami.