Uma ubheka obhejane, lapho uvakashela i-zoo noma ubuka imibhalo ephathelene nemvelo, umuntu umangazwa ngokungananazi ukuthi angakanani amandla angavikelekile ngaphansi kwenselo yalowo "ophethe izithwali" ezivela ezweni lezilwane.
Isihawu leso obhejane oboya, isiqhwaga esinamandla, esisakazeka kulo lonke elase-Europe phakathi nobusuku bokugcina, umuntu angacabanga nje. Njengasendabeni yezilwane ezincelisayo, imidwebo yamatshe kuphela namathambo aboshwe yi-permafrost asebenza njengezikhumbuzo ukuthi bake baphila emhlabeni.
Incazelo nezici zobhejane obuboya
Woolly Rhino - Extinct Representative iyunithi lama-artiodactyls. Ungowokugcina izilwane ezincelisayo kusuka emndenini wobhejane, otholakala ezwekazini lase-Euro.
Ngokusho kweminyaka eminingi yokusebenza ngabaholi bezinkomba zomhlaba eziholayo, obhejane abanoboya babengekho ngaphansi ngosayizi abalingana nabo besimanje. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zafinyelela kumamitha ama-2 lapho zibuna kanye nobude obufika kumamitha angama-4. Le hulk yayihamba emilenzeni eminyene eneminwe emithathu, isisindo sobhejane sifinyelela kumathani ayi-3,5.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nobhejane abajwayelekile, umzimba wesihlobo sakhe esinganyakazi uphakeme impela futhi wawunemisipha emsipha emhlane wakhe unamafutha amaningi. Lolo ungqimba lwamafutha lwadliwa umzimba wesilwane uma kungenzeka ukuthi ubulawa yindlala futhi awuzange uvumele ubhejane ukuthi ufe.
Umthungo ongemuva kwentamo ubuye futhi uqhubeke nokugcina izimpondo zaso ezinkulu zinwebekile ukusuka ezinhlangothini, kwesinye isikhathi zifinyelela ku-130 cm ubude. Uphondo oluncane, olwalungenhla kwalesi esikhulu, lwalungenasi umxhwele kangako - lufika kuma-50 cm. Kokubili abesifazane kanye nabesilisa bohlobo lobhejane prehistoric babenophondo.
Kwatholakala iminyaka eminingi izimpondo zobhejane zoboya ayikwazanga ukwahlukanisa kahle. Abantu bomdabu baseSiberia, ikakhulukazi amaYukagirs, babezibheka njengezichibi zezinyoni ezinkulu, lapho kwenziwa khona izinganekwane eziningi. Abazingeli baseNyakatho babesebenzisa izingxenye zezimpondo ekwenzeni iminsalo yabo, eyayikhulisa amandla nobunzima.
Woolly Rhino eMnyuziyamu
Kwakunemibono eminingi eyiphutha mayelana izigaxa zobhejane oboya. Ekushoneni kwelanga kweNkathi Ephakathi endaweni engaphansi kweKlagenfurt (indawo ye-Austria yanamuhla), abantu bendawo bathola udula, abalukhumbula udrako. Isikhathi eside, ibigcinwe ngokucophelela ehholo ledolobha.
Izidumbu ezitholakale eduze kwedolobha laseQuedlinburg eJalimane zazivame ukubhekwa njengezingcezwana zamathambo e-unicorn ebabazekayo. Bukela i isithombe sikabhejane woboya, noma kunalokho kugebhezi lwakhe, empeleni angaba nephutha lesidalwa esimnandi kusukela ezinganekwaneni nasezinganekwaneni. Akumangalisi obhejane obumhlophe - Umlingiswa womdlalo wekhompyutha odumile, lapho kuthiwa unamakhono angakaze abonwe.
Isakhiwo somhlathi wobhejane besikhathi seqhwa sithakazelisa kakhulu: sasingenamaphisi noma izigqila. Okukhulu amazinyo obhejane oboya zazingaphakathi ngaphakathi, zazimbozwe ungqimba loqweqwe lwawo, olwalukhulu kakhulu kunasemazinyweni wezihlobo zalo zamanje. Ngenxa yomphezulu omkhulu wokuhlafuna, la mazinyo aqhasha kalula zombili izingotshani ezilukhuni, ezomile kanye namagatsha awugqinsi.
Esithombeni, amazinyo obhejane oboya
Izidumbu ezincibilikisiwe zobhejane abanovolozi abagcinwe ngokuphelele ezimeni ze-permafrost zenza sikwazi ukubuyisela ukubukeka kwayo ngemininingwane eyanele.
Kusukela ngenkathi yokuba khona kwawo eMhlabeni kwehlela isikhathi se-icing, akumangazi ukuthi isikhumba esikhulu sobhejane basendulo sasimbozwe izinwele ezinde eziwugqinsi. Ngokuya kombala nokuthungwa, uboya bawo bufana kakhulu nentambo yezinwele zase-Yuropa, imibala esezingeni eliphakeme ngokuba nsundu nokuqina.
Izinwele ezisekuqineni kwentamo zazizinde futhi ziba shizi, kanti ibhulashi lezinwele elihlotshisiwe lalihlobisa umphetho womsila wobhejane ongamamitha. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi obhejane abanoboya bezingadli emihlanjini, kodwa bakhetha ukuziphilela ngendlela ehlukile.
Esithombeni izinsalela zikabhejane woboya
Kanye njalo emva kweminyaka engama-3-4, obhejane besifazane nabesilisa bakha ngamafuphi ukudala i-genus ukuze kuqhubeke uhlobo. Ukukhulelwa kwalowo wesifazane kwahlala izinyanga ezingaba ngu-18; ngokomthetho, kuzalwa umntwana oyedwa, ongashiyanga mama ngaphambi kweminyaka emibili.
Lapho sifunda ngamazinyo esilwane ukuze siwagqoke futhi siwaqhathanise namazinyo obhejane bethu, kwatholakala ukuthi isilinganiso sempilo yale-herbivore enamandla sasicishe sibe yiminyaka engama-40 kuya kwengama-5.
Indawo ehlala obhejane
Amathambo obhejane oboya butholakala emazweni amaningi aseRussia, iMongolia, eNyakatho China nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. I-Russian North ingabizwa kufanele ngokuthi izwe lokuzalwa kobhejane, ngoba izinsalela eziningi zitholakala lapho. Ukusuka kulokhu singakwazi ukwahlulela indawo yezindawo ezikuyo.
I-tundra-steppe kwakuyikhaya labameleli bezilwane “ezincelisayo”, kufaka nobhejane obuluhlaza. Lezi zilwane zazincamela ukuhlala eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi, lapho imifino yayiningi khona kunasekuchithweni kwamahlathi ama-steppes.
Ukondla obhejane
Ngokubukeka kwayo okumangazayo nokuhlaba umxhwele usayizi wobhejane woboya kwakuyimifino ejwayelekile. Ehlobo, ukudliwa kwalesi silwane esinamabala amakhulu sakhiwe ngotshani kanye namahlumela amancane ezihlahlana, phakathi nobusika obunqandayo - ngamagxolo esihlahla, umngxuma, amagatsha omhlume kanye namagatsha we-alder.
Ngokuqala kokupholisa okungenakugwenywa, lapho iqhwa limboza uhlaza osele luvele, ubhejane kwadingeka ukuthi ukhiphe ukudla ngosizo lophondo. Imvelo yanakekela iqhawe le-herbivore - ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwenzeka izinguquko eziguqweni zakhe: ngenxa yokuxhumana njalo nokushayisana koqweqwe, i-sealum yamakhala yamathambo ezilwane ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo.
Kungani ubhejane obubovu bafa?
Ukuqedwa kobhejane wePleistocene, ukhululekile empilweni, kwaba ukubulawa kwabamele abaningi bezilwane zezilwane. Ukushisa okungenakugwenywa kwaphoqa amaqhwa ukuba abuyele enyakatho, eshiya amathafa ehlaselwa iqhwa.
Ngaphansi kwesembozo seqhwa esijulile, kuye kwaba nzima ngokwengeziwe ukuthola ukudla, phakathi kobhejane boboya kwakukhona izimbotshana zokudla amadlelo anenzuzo ethe xaxa. Ezimpini ezinjalo, izilwane zazilimazana, imvamisa amanxeba ayebulala.
Ngokushintshwa kwesimo sezulu, izindawo ezungezile nazo zashintsha: esikhundleni sezindawo ezikhukhula kanye nezitebhisi ezingapheli, amahlathi angenakungeneki akhula, angakulungele ngokuphelele ukuhlala obhejane. Ukwehla kokuhlinzekwa kokudla kuholele ekwehleni kwamanani abo, abazingeli bakudala baphothula umsebenzi.
Kunobufakazi obunokwethenjelwa bokuthi ukuzingela obhejane obunjengobuhlobo bawo akuzange kwenzelwe inyama nezikhumba kuphela, kepha kwenziwa nezinjongo. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, isintu asizange sizibonakalise sisohlangothini oluhle kakhulu, sibulala izilwane kuphela ngenxa yezimpondo, phakathi kwabantu abaningi basemhumeni ezazibhekwa njengezinenkolo futhi kuthiwa zazinezimangaliso eziyisimangaliso.
Indlela yokuphila yesilwane esisodwa, izinga lokuzala eliphansi (ama-1-2 cubs ngeminyaka eminingana), ukuncishiswa kwezindawo ezilungele ukuba khona okujwayelekile kanye nethonya elingelona iqiniso le-anthropogenic kunciphise inani labantu obhejane obungajwayelekile.
Okokugcina ukuqothula obhejane cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi nesishiyagalolunye edlule, belahlekelwa impi engalingani ngamabomu noMama Wezemvelo, njengabanye abaningi ngaphambi nangemva kwayo.
Obukeka bunjani ubhejane woboya
Isikhumba sobhejane obunoboya sasinzima kakhulu, esifubeni namahlombe ukushuba kwaso kufinyelela ku-1.5 cm. Ubude bomzimba wesilwane bungaba ngu-3-4,5 m, ukuphakama kubuna - 2 m.
Isisindo sishintshile futhi singafinyelela kumathani ayi-1.5 no-3.5. Uma kubhekwa ubukhulu, obhejane basendulo babungelwesibili mammony kuphela. Isilwane sinezimpondo ezi-2, owesilisa nowesifazane babenazo. Ukuma kwezimpondo kugcizelelwa kamuva. Ukuphela kwophondo ngaphambili lwalugobile emuva, ubude bawo bungasukela kumamitha ayi-1,4. Uphondo lwesibili, olude, lwalungama-50 cm kuphela.
Obhejane abanovolovu babehlala endaweni yase-Eurasia.
Ngenxa yezinsalela ezigcinwe kahle zohlobo lobhejane obubovu obutholakala enyakatho yeRussia naseAsia, ososayensi bangathola imininingwane ethembekile ngesakhiwo namapharamitha omzimba wakhe. Kutholakale izidumbu zohlobo lwe-herbivores ezigcwele kule ndawo egcwele eSiberia. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, isikhathi sokuphila kwesilwane esinamandla sasicishe sibe yiminyaka engama-45. Lesi sibalo satholakala ngemuva kokuqhathanisa ukugqokwa kwamazinyo entweni yokwembiwa nowomuntu wesimanje wohlobo lobhejane.
Yayiyini imikhuba yobhejane ongapheli futhi yayidlani?
Kulezo zindawo okwakuhlala kuzo obhejane boya, ukushuba kwesembozo seqhwa bekukuncane, okwakwenza ukuthi izilwane ziphule iqhwa zidle utshani obumnandi. Izinsalela zokudla kwezitshalo ezitholakala esiswini sikabhejane ezinsalelwane zanikeza impendulo eqedayo yokuthi kudliwe yiziphi izilwane ezincelisayo. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi izimpondo zezilwane zibasize ukuba bakhe iqhwa. Indlela yokuphila yesilo sasendulo bekungafani nhlobo nokuphila kobhejane banamuhla, yize laba behlala endaweni efudumele. Izinhlobo zasendulo zazidla isikhathi esiningi ezindaweni ezigcwele zokudla ezigodini zomfula futhi namafutha aqokelelekile.
Lezi zibhejane zaziphila impilo eyedwa futhi azange zakhe imihlambi noma amaqembu. Ochwepheshe bathi ukunyamalala kobhejane oboya iqiniso ukuthi iqhwa libuyela enyakatho futhi ubukhulu bekhava leqhwa lakhuphuka. Izilwane zazingakwazi ukufika ezivandeni futhi, lapho zihamba, zawela eqhweni. Ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izitebhisi ezinkulu ezibanzi zathathelwa indawo amahlathi aminyene futhi indawo yokudlula kobhejane boboya yancishiswa kakhulu. Kungenxa yangempela yokushintsha kwezimo zezulu, njengoba ososayensi besikisela, ukuthi la ma-artiodactyls anamandla aqothuka.
Igebhezi lobhejane obovu.
Okunye isizathu sokwehliswa kwesibalo sabantu obhejane obizwa ngokuthi ukuzingela kwabantu bakudala. Ngesikhathi lapho lezi zilwane zihlupheka ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla, ukuqothulwa kwazo ngabantu kwaba nomthelela ekuqothulweni kwezinhlobo. Ngakho-ke, amaCavemen asheshisa ukuqothulwa kobhejane wasendulo, okhiqiza inzalo kancane kancane. Owesifazane walolu hlobo uletha empilweni yakhe yonke ama-7-8 cubs kuphela. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, ngesilinganiso esinjalo sokuzala, kwakungeke kwenzeke ukuba kugcinwe inani labantu ngendlela evamile.
Ngalezi zizathu, manje kungenzeka ukubheka obhejane abanoboya kuphela emnyuziyamu wepaleontological.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
Woino Rhino. Isilwane prehistoric, lapho babehlala khona, incazelo, indawo yokuhlala
Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi zingaki izilwane esingasoze sazibona ziphila. Omunye wabamele abaqavile balezi zinhlobo ezingapheli ubhejane oboya. Ngeshwa, njengesikhumbuzo sokuba khona kwalezi zilwane, sashiywa kuphela ngemidwebo yomhume kanye namathambo e-permafrost. Singacabanga nje, njengoba kunjalo ngezilwane ezincelisayo, ukuthi zingakanani izithsaba ezinamandla embusweni wezilwane.
Kuvulwa
Abantu bomdabu baseSiberia naseMongolia besenesikhathi eside bejwayelene namathambo ezinsalela obhejane, kodwa-ke, behluleka ukubazi kahle. Izizwe eziningi zomdabu zaseRussia North zazinezinganekwane mayelana nobhejane abanovolo, amathambo aso ayebhekwa njengezinsalela zezidalwa zezinganekwane ezivela ezinganekwaneni zasendaweni, ngokwesibonelo, izimpondo - imvunulo yezinyoni ezinkulu. Icala lokuthola ugebhezi lukabhejane liyaziwa futhi nase-Europe yangaphambilini, endaweni yeKlagenfurt maphakathi nekhulu le-XIV. Abahlali bomuzi bebenesiqiniseko sokuthi bathola izinsalela zikadrako odumile, babuye babeka ugebhezi lugcinwe ehholo ledolobha. Ngo-1590, isazi sendawo esisuselwa ekubukeni kwalesi siga sobhejane sakha umthombo ongumfanekiso obonisa udrako. Lesi siga sisagcinwa kuleli dolobha, emnyuziyamu wezwe laseCarinthia. Isikhumba sobhejane, esatholwa ngonyaka we-1663 eduze kwedolobha laseJalimane iQedlinburg, ngemuva kokufundwa kososayensi abadumile u-O. von Guericke, kwathiwa yisidalwa sesinye isidalwa esinganekwane - inyunyana.
Ukusalela kobhejane kwaqala ukudonsela ukunaka kwesayensi yemfundo engxenyeni yesithathu yokugcina yekhulu le-18. Izindaba zabantu baseSiberia aborigine mayelana nokushayisana kwezinyoni ezinkulu bathakazelisa ososayensi abaningi baseRussia nabaseNtshonalanga Yurophu abaqhathanisa ukutholwa kwezimpondo zobhejane nezinganekwane ezikhuluma ngamabibi amakhulu ashiwo ababhali basendulo (ngokwesibonelo, uHerodotus). Abanye abacwaningi bengxenye yesibili yekhulu le-18 babekholelwa ukuthi empeleni izimpondo zezinto ezingokomfanekiso zaziyizigaxa zenyoni enkulu enkulu. Kulokhu, ababhali badidekile isimo esingajwayelekile sezimpondo, akufani nohlobo lwezimpondo zobhejane base-Afrika nabase-Asia ababejwayele. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, umhloli wamazwe odumile wase-Arctic uM. M. Gedenstrom wangabaza ukuthi izinsalela zobhejane zazingezakhe, ekholelwa ukuthi izimpondo ezitholakele zazinjengezibuko zenyoni enkulu:
Kwesinye isikhathi, kanye nalezi zinhloko, bathola into ebukeka njengezipikili kusuka kuzipele kunophondo ... Zulazula ngasogwini loLwandle lwe-Arctic, amaYukagirs azama ukuthola lezi zinqa. Ukusuka kokusha, benza ithambo elihlanganayo leminsalo, elibekwe ngaphansi kwesiqalo sokhuni somnsalo ukukhulisa ukuqina kwayo ... umnsalo wezipikili ze-Yukagir udlula wonke lawo ngobunono, futhi umcibisholo odutshulwe usuka phezulu uya phansi ubonakele ngokuphelele. AmaYukaghirs abiza amakhanda nezinyoni zezinyoni lezi, futhi kunezindaba eziningi phakathi kwazo mayelana nale nyoni enhle kangaka ... Abanye balabo ababone lezi zinhloko bababheka njengobhejane, kanti izilevu zaziwuphondo lwalesi silo. Ubuncane bophondo lubangelwe ngumphumela weqhwa, okucatshangwa ukuthi ubushelelezi bezungeza bemvelo. Kepha ubude bekhanda, obuhlukile nobubanzi, benza umuntu angabaze lesi siphetho. Uphondo lukabhejane lubunjiwe, alusicaba futhi luyunxantathu, umbala walo awulombala ophuzi, futhi awunamadolo. |
Igalelo elibalulekile ocwaningweni lobhejane obunoboya lwenziwe ngumuntu odumile futhi ongumhambi waseGerman uP.S. Pallas, othe ngemiphumela yokuphuma kuka-1768 kuya ku-173, wethule umsebenzi ophelele obonisa indawo okusele kuyo izinsalela zobhejane, okuchazwa ugebhezi lwayo kanye nezimpondo ezimbili. Ekugcineni kwaqashelwa kubo ukuthi okutholakele kusasele obhejane, hhayi izilwane ezithile ezingaziwa. Ngo-1772, uPallas wakwazi ukuthola ikhanda nemilenze emibili yobhejane (etholakala ku-permafrost) kubantu bendawo e-Irkutsk. Kamuva, uP. S. Pallas wachaza ngokuningiliziwe esinye isikanda nomhlathi ophansi, awuthola naseTransbaikalia. Ngokwasekuqaleni kososayensi, obhejane balethwa ngoZamcolo.
Imibhalo yobudala bokubulawa kobhejane obovundayo yagcina ibonakalisiwe ngemizamo yesazi saseRussia uFFF. Brandt, othe ngemiphumela yokusebenza iminyaka eminingi ngonyaka we-1865, wabona ukuthi obhejane baseSiberia babemelele izinyamazane futhi babekhona kanyekanye nabalimi. Usizo olubalulekile ocwaningweni lobhejane kwakuwukutholwa okusha kwezitho zomzimba kanye namathambo acishe aphelele ngawo-1850-1870s.
Iningi lokutholakele okubalulekile kuhlobene nendawo evunyelwe yiSiberia, ngaphandle kwatholakala izidumbu ezimbili zobhejane kuphela (bobabili eNtshonalanga Ukraine eduze nedolobhana laseStarunya). Ukwanda okubaluleke kakhulu kwemininingwane ephathelene nendlela yokuphila nokudla kobhejane kwavunyelwa ukutholwa okusha kwabantu abaningana okwenziwe ososayensi baseRussia ngo-2007 emgodini weKolyma.
Umlando Wokuhlukaniswa
Umcwaningi wokuqala ukunikeza obhejane oboya igama lesiLatini kwakunguP.S. Pallas oshiwo, owayebiza isilo I-Rhinoceros lenensis (lat. Rhinoceros - obhejane, ilensi - uLensky, ovela eMfuleni iLena). Ukubaluleka kukaPallas ekuchazeni obhejane, njengoba izazi zanamuhla zikugcizelela, kusobala, kodwa umnikelo wakhe awuzange wamenyezelwa ngenxa yokuthi imisebenzi yakhe yashicilelwa ngaleso sikhathi eRussia, kodwa akazange athole ukwabiwa eYurophu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemuva kwePallas eRussia, umphakathi wesayensi awubuyanga ocwaningweni lukabhejane wasendulo kuze kube ngawo-1840s, yize kwakukhona izinto ezintsha zokudla.
Ngo-1799, isazi semvelo esidumile saseJalimane i-I.F. Blumenbach sahlela igama lobhejane I-Rhinoceros antiquitatis (lit. - obhejane basendulo). Ngokusobala, uBlumenbach wahlukanisa obhejane, engaziboneli mathupha amathambo noma ugebhezi wakhe, yize ayesebenzisa izincazelo zogebhezi olutholakala eJalimane.Kodwa-ke, isikhathi eside kwakungenakwenzeka ukuxhuma obhejane oboya obutholwa nezimpondo zalo. Ngo-1822, isazi sezilwane saseJalimane uG.H. von Schubert, ngokusekelwe ekutadisheni izimpondo, saze sachaza nentambo ebabazekayo, sayinika igama le-binomial Gryphus antiquitatis (lit. - intamo yasendulo).
Obhejane babuye baphenywa yisazi sebhayiloji esidumile saseFrance, uJ. Cuvier, naye owafika esiphethweni sokuthi kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa uhlobo oluhlukile futhi walubiza nangelinye igama ngonyaka we-1832 - Rhinoceros tichorinus (Greek Greek) - udonga, okungukuthi, nekhala elifana nodonga, olwalukhombisa ukuba khona kwe-septum yempumulo e-ossified esilo). Kodwa-ke, leli gama alitholanga ukuthandwa okubanzi. Igama elinikezwe nguBlumenbach lalikhona kwaze kwaba ngawo-1850s, kepha belingashayi emhlolweni ngokuphelele, ngoba lalingasebenza kubo bonke obhejane futhi alizange licabangele isici sobuntu bobhejane obuhlangene. Ngemuva kwalokho kwavela elinye igama elijwayelekile - Coelodonta ("Oku-Hot-toothed", ngamazinyo angenalutho), okukhombisa kahle isici samazinyo wobhejane oboya. Leli gama lahlongozwa emuva ngo-1831 yisazi saseJalimane i-paleontologist uG. Bronn.
Isikhathi eside, umbuzo "wemantshi" oyimfihlakalo wamaqhugwane amakhulu aqanjiwe awulungiswa. Ukutholakala kwalokhu okutholwe nezimpondo zobhejane basendulo kwabonakaliswa nguprofesa waseMos University University uG.I. Fischer von Waldheim.
Ukubukeka nezici zesakhiwo
Obhejane oboya ngaphandle babeyimele ejwayelekile yomndeni wabo. Noma kunjalo, yize ayefana ngokujwayelekile nezihlobo zakhe zanamuhla, wayehlukile kuzo ngokomzimba. Ubhejane oboya obufushane babunemilenze emifushane, umzimba wakhe wawuphakama kakhulu, futhi nekhanda lakhe lalilude kakhulu. I-scruff yobhejane obunoboya yaphakanyiswa yi-hump enamandla, eyakhiwa izicubu ezithuthukiswe kakhulu, eziklanyelwe ukugcina ubulukhuni bophondo olukhulu futhi ithathe imithwalo lapho uphondo lushaya umhlabathi lapho udla. I-hump futhi yayiqukethe inani elikhulu lamafutha, adingekayo njengesibambiso sezakhi zomzimba esimweni sokudla. Imilenze yobhejane obuboya, njengalezo obhejane banamuhla, zazinezici ezintathu. Isici esibalulekile sobhejane obunoboya ukungabikho kwezimpawu nezimfene, amanye amazinyo ayephambana namazinyo obhejane banamuhla, anamandla amakhulu futhi aphezulu futhi enoqweqwe olugobile. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi amazinyo obhejane oboya, kanye nezinye obhejane abahlobene kakhulu nohlobo Coelodontayayinomgodi ongaphakathi ovulekile.
Njengoba igama libonisa, obhejane abanoboya babambozwa ngezinwele ezinde. Uboya buvame ukutholakala kwizidumbu zezinsalela, kepha izinsalela ezisaphayo zinombala onsomi obomvana, kwesinye isikhathi zibe nombala ophuzi. Kwakukhona insimbi engaphansi emnyama ngaphansi kwezinwele ezimboze amnyama, emilenzeni nasentanjeni kwakukhona uhlobo lwe-mane lwezinwele ezinde futhi ezilukhuni, kanti izimbambo zazimbozwe izinwele ezimfushane. Umzimba uphele ngomsila ongamasentimitha angama-45-50 ngebhulashi lezinwele ezihlanganisiwe ekugcineni. Izinsikazi zazinezingono ezimbili zitholakala esifundeni se-inguinal. Izingono zaqala ukutholwa kowesifazane owatholakala ngo-1907 eduze komuzi okukhulunywa ngawo i-Starun, zazinobude obuyi-20 no-16 mm.
Izici ezimbalwa zangaphandle zikabhejane oboya zibonisa ukuvumelana kahle kwazo namafrimu anzima wesikhathi eside. Ngakho-ke, izindlebe zakhona zazincane kakhulu kunalezobhejane basezindaweni ezishisayo (izindlebe ezigciniwe zobhejane abadala zinezinsuku ezingekho ngaphezu kwama-24 cm, ngenkathi obhejane besimanje abahlala endaweni eshisayo benobude obungama-30 cm, umsila nawo ulingana kakhulu mfushane. Izici ezinjalo zivamile kuzo zonke izilwane ezihlala ezindaweni ezibandayo, ngoba umsila omfishane nezindlebe kunciphisa indawo ephelele yomzimba lapho kwenzeka khona ukulahleka kokushisa. Isikhumba sobhejane esinoboya sasinzima kakhulu, futhi esinciphisa ukulahlekelwa ukushisa ngumzimba. Ubukhulu bawo ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomzimba buqala kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-15 mm, futhi ubukhulu bawo babungaphezulu kwesifuba namahlombe.
Izimpondo zobhejane zoboya
Obhejane boya babenezimpondo ezimbili, nezimpondo zabesilisa nabesifazane. Esakhiweni sazo, izimpondo zikabhejane abanoboya bezingafani nezimpondo zobhejane besimanje: zazingenaso isisekelo samathambo emathanjeni esigaxa futhi sasiqukethe imicu enoboya obunamafutha. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwezimpondo zalo bekungajwayelekile kakhulu. Uma ezinhlotsheni zesimanje izimpondo esigabeni zinezinhlaka ezicashile eziyindilinga, khona-ke zombili izimpondo zobhejane obunoboya bucindezelwa ngokuqinile kusukela ezinhlangothini. Uphondo lwangaphambili lufinyelele osayizi obukhulu futhi olude lwalugobile emuva. Ukuphakama kwaso kwakuvame cishe kube yimitha futhi ngisho nangaphezulu, kuze kufike ku-1.4 m, isisindo sifinyelele ku-15 kg. Kokunye kobhejane (cishe umuntu omncane) otholakala ngonyaka we-2007 esisekelweni saseKolyma, ubude bophondo lwangaphambili eceleni komphetho ongaphandle babuyi-84,5 cm, isisekelo sasinobude obuyi-22,9 cm nobubanzi obuyi-12,3 cm, ubukhulu buphakathi nendawo kuphela 23 mm. Uphondo lwesibili lwalungamasentimitha angama-15 ubude ngaphansi kwesisekelo esingu-14.6 × 8 cm
Owesibili, uphondo lwendondo lwalufushane kakhulu - lwalungekho ngaphezu kwengxenye yemitha. Uphondo lwangaphambili lwalubhekiswe phambili ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu kunelobhejane banamuhla. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-septum yamaphaphu yobhejane oboya yahlakazeka ngokuphelele, engabhekwa kubhejane banamuhla. Lokhu, ngokusobala, kungenye indlela evumelana ngayo nemithwalo eyandisiwe elophondweni futhi, ngokufanelekile, kubo bonke ubuso bezinyawo lapho bondla. Kodwa-ke, kwabesifazane nabancane, i-septum imvamisa ayizange ichithwe ngokuphelele.
Ingaphezulu elingaphambi kwophondo lokuqala livame ukupendwa kahle ngenxa yokushayisana njalo neqhwa. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ama-scuffs awatholakalanga kuphela ngaphambili, kodwa nasophondweni lwangemuva lobhejane obuboya, obehluleka ukufinyelela kubo ebusweni beqhwa, belikhipha ngesikhathi sokukhulu. Mhlawumbe lokhu kuhlukumezeka kubangelwa ukushaywa kwezimpondo zabanye obhejane ngesikhathi sokulwa nezihlobo ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Inani lezimpondo eziphelele nezilondolozwe kahle emqoqweni wemnyuziyamu lincane kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nokukhonjiswa kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba wobhejane. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu lama-21, inani lezimpondo ezitholakala kososayensi landa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokubandakanyeka kwamabhizinisi namaqoqo angasese. Kuze kube yiminyaka yama-1990s, iqoqo elikhulu kunawo wonke lezimpondo ezingama-30 laliseMnyuziyamu we-Zoological Museum yaseRussia Academy of Sciences eSt.
Usayizi
Obhejane obunoboya obukhulu kwakuyisilwane esikhulu kakhulu, esingesincane ngobhejane besimanje. Ukuphakama kwaso emahlombe kwakungamamitha ayi-1.5, kufinyelela ku-1,9 futhi ku-2 m kubantu abakhulu, futhi ubude bomzimba babufika ku-4.5 m. Isidumbu somuntu esigaxwe isidumbu sowesifazane, esatholwa ngonyaka we-1972 edolobhaneni laseChurapcha empumalanga ye-Yakutia, sasingamamitha ayi-2,5 ubude sine-1.5 m. Zombili izimpondo zigcinwe kulesi sidumbu, ngaphambili, zibunjiwe, zibunjiwe, zingu-1.25 m. obhejane ezimbili, ezinobude bomzimba obungu-3.55 no-3.58 m, ukuphakama kwabuna bekuyi-1.53 m.
Isisindo sobhejane, isidumbu saso esatholwa siphephile ngesikhathi kwenziwa izifundo ezishiwo ngonyaka we-2007, ngamathani ayi-1.5 (isisindo sesidumbu esidumbuwe singama-850 kg). Lokhu mhlawumbe kwakungeyona into ebabazekayo enkulu, ukuphakama kwayo emahlombe kwakungamamitha ayi-1.42. Umsila wawungama-40 cm ubude, indlebe (enye yayingagcinwanga) yayingu-12 cm. Amehlo, njengawo wonke obhejane, ayemincane - ubukhulu bezimpawu zawo awudluli ku-5 cm, futhi isikhala sangaphandle phakathi kwamashiya sasingama-3 cm.
Obhejane abakhulu bangaba nesisindo esingafinyelela kumathani ayi-3,5, yize bengafinyeleli isisindo esiningi ngaphezulu kobubanzi. Ngakho-ke, obhejane boya obujwayelekile babelingana ngesisindo nobukhulu kubhejane abamnyama base-Afrika, kanti umuntu oyedwa, omkhulu kunabo bonke, okungenzeka ukuthi ungowokubhalisiwe okukhulu, wayengekho ngaphansi kobhejane abamhlophe (obhejane abakhulu bokuphila). Abaphenyi baseRussia abafunda izidumbu zohlobo oluthile lobhejane obunoboya obuqandisiwe basiqhathanisa nosayizi obhejane wanamuhla waseJavanese. Kunoma ikuphi, phakathi kwabo bonke abamele izinyamazane ezincelisayo, obhejane abanoboya bezilwane kwakuyinyama yesibili ngobukhulu, kwesibili kwaba mam mamoth.
Izici Ezijwayelekile
Ngokomsebenzi wezazi zaseBrithani paleontologists zeminyaka yama-2010s, ngokungangabazeki umzimba nezinye izici zesakhiwo sobhejane obubovu zikhuluma ngokuvumelanisa kwazo ngokukhethekile nokuhlala ezindaweni ezivulekile ezinesimo sezulu esibandayo, isembozo seqhwa “esincane” futhi ikakhulukazi izimila ezinotshani. Akunasizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi obhejane abangama-woolly bahola indlela yokuphila ehluke kakhulu kwendlela yobhejane banamuhla. Cishe yena, njengezinhlobo zesimanjemanje, wayehlala edla isikhathi esiningi, ekhuluphele endaweni ecebe kakhulu ezindaweni ezedlula zonke ezigodini zemifula nasezindaweni zamanzi eziseduze. Obhejane abanoboya, okungenzeka kakhulu, ngokufana nobhejane banamuhla, babehola indlela yokuphila bebodwa, ngaphandle kokwakha imihlambi namaqembu.
Ukucwaninga kwenqwaba yezikhuzo zobhejane kanye nemihlathi yomuntu ngamunye (izingcezu ezingama-268 nama-150, ngokulandelana) kuphakamisa ukuthi izinga lokugqokwa kwamazinyo wobhejane obuboya ngokusobala luhambisana ncamashi nokugqokwa kwamazinyo obhejane base-Afrika banamuhla. Abaphenyi ngalesi sisekelo baphethe ukuthi amabanga wobudala wobhejane oboya futhi wanamuhla ayofanana, ngakho-ke, isikhathi esiphakeme kakhulu sokuphila yiminyaka engama-40 kuya kwengama-45.
Ukuzala
Cishe akukho lutho olwaziwayo mayelana nokwenziwa kobhejane obunoboya. Izilinganiso neziphetho kule ndaba zenziwa ngesisekelo sokuqhathaniswa nokwenziwa kobhejane besimanje. Kukholelwa ukuthi uma lokhu kufanisa kuyiqiniso, khona-ke obhejane bakhiwa ngababili kanye emva kweminyaka engama-3-4 isikhathi esifushane esidingekayo sokuzala. Abesilisa, ngokusobala, ngalesi sikhathi bangena ekulweni bodwa nomunye ngokutholwa kowesifazane. Ukuba khona kwezingono ezimbili kowesifazane kuphakamisa ukuthi wayevame ukuzala eyodwa, kakhulu, amawundlu amabili. Ukukhulelwa kwathatha isikhathi esingangonyaka nesigamu. Leli sonto lahlala nonina izinyanga eziningana (kuze kube yiminyaka emibili), emva kwalokho lazifunela indawo yakhe. Izinga elinjalo lokuzala lisho ukuthi ukwenziwa kabusha kwemvelo kobhejane obunoboya bekuhamba kancane - eminyakeni engama-20-25 yokuzala, insikazi yayingakhiqiza kuphela amawundana angama-8-10.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezilwane ezisencane, ngokusobala, kwakufana nokuyizinhlobo zesimanje. Isibonelo, inqubo yentuthuko kanye noshintsho lwamazinyo obisi ku lobhejane obunoboya buhlangana nedatha efanayo yamawhubhu obhejane abamhlophe nabamnyama. Ngasikhathi sinye, izigaba zobudala bobudala bukabhejane abanoboya azifundiswanga kahle ngenxa yokungabikho ngokuphelele kwezidumbu zezinja zamabele.
Indawo
Ekupheleni kokuphela kwerayisi (cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-130 eyedlule), indawo yokubulawa kobhejane enoboya yahlala endaweni enkulu, eyayibandakanya cishe yonke i-Eurasia enyakatho yendawo eshisayo. Obhejane babehlala kulo lonke elaseYurophu (ngaphandle kweningizimu yeScandinavia kanye nezindawo eziseningizimu kakhulu ye-Europe, ngokwesibonelo, eningizimu ye-Iberian Peninsula), i-Russian Plain, eningizimu yeSiberia eseMpumalanga kanye ne-Primorye, iMongolia kanye neNyakatho neChina, okufika ezindaweni ezingama-72 ° enyakatho kanye nama-33 eningizimu. ° indawo esenyakatho. Ukutholwa kobhejane boboya kwenzeka ngisho naseziqhingini zaseNovosibirsk.
Ubhejane oboya ngokusobala wawungekho eJapan, naseYurophu esiqhingini sase-Ireland, ngoba amathambo alo awatholakalanga lapho. Ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho enkabeni yeSiberia, obhejane nawo wawungajwayelekile. Ukuntuleka kwezinsalela zalokhu obhejane baseNyakatho Melika kusikisela ukuthi abukho obhejane abatholakala lapho, futhi bemelela imfihlakalo ethile kusayensi. Akukacaci ukuthi kungani obhejane benganqamuki kuleli lizwekazi, yize ezinye izilwane ezinkulu, ezinjenge mammoth kanye ne-steppe bison, zikwazile ukufika lapho ngomhlaba, ezisendaweni yeBering Strait yesimanje (ebizwa ngokuthi iBeringia), ikakhulukazi njengoba obhejane baseChukotka atholakala.
Izazi zase-Russian paleont ziphakamise ukuthi obhejane abuhambanga eNyakatho Melika ngenxa yokuncintisana kokudla okuqinile okuvela kwamanye ama-unulates amakhulu eBeringia, lapho ukudla kwakulinganiselwe khona (izimila zotshani zazikhona kuphela emaphethelweni asogwini, kuyilapho yonke insimu yayihlala iqhwa). Kuphikwa nokuthi amandla okufuduka kobhejane uma aqhathaniswa namanye ama-Pleistocene herbivores - ama-mammoths, amabhungane, amahhashi - ayephansi, ngoba obhejane abakhi imihlambi yezinkomo. Ukuhambela obhejane komuntu ngamunye ezwenikazi laseNyakatho Melika akunqunyelwe, kodwa indawo yokuhlala unomphela, ngokunokwenzeka, ayikaze isabalale endaweni yayo.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo
Ngokunokwenzeka, amadlozi aseduze wobhejane oboya avela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezimbili edlule e-East Asia, esifundeni esisezithendeni ezisenyakatho zeHimalaya. Phakathi kobhejane abangasekho, abaseduze kakhulu ku-woolly kukhona obhejane bakwa-Elas mamaium, abavela enkundleni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngaphambi kobuhlobo Coelodonta. Le migqa emibili ihlukaniswe engxenyeni yokuqala yeMiocene. Umusa Coelodonta (futhi, ikakhulukazi, obhejane abanovolovu) baphenduka baba kabaluleki futhi bavumelana nezimo eziningi ngokuqhathaniswa nama-elasmoteries. Ngokunokwenzeka, ukuvela kokuqala kofuzo kwenzeka ezindaweni ezinomswakama, okuchaza ukungabikho kwezinsalela zezinsalela Coelodonta ekubekweni kweMiocene. Ukuqalwa kobhejane boboya kuqale esimeni esingenandawo yokubanda, futhi ukuzivumelanisa namakhaza (ijazi, nokunye) kungenzeka ngenxa yokushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu kwi-Pleistocene yasekuqaleni endaweni ezungeze iHimalaya nasenyakatho yazo. Eminye imithombo ithi leli qembu eliseduze kakhulu nobhejane obubobomvu kwakuyi-Early Pleistocene rhinos of the genus Stephanorhinusikakhulukazi, ukubukwa Stephanorhinus hemitoechus . Kusetshenziswa izindlela ze-paleoproteomics, kwatholakala ukuthi obhejane bakwaDmanisi Stephanorhinus ex gr. etruscus-hundsheimensis Iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-1.77 isho umugqa wangaphambilini maqondana nobhejane boboya obuhlobene (I-Coelodonta antiquitatis) kanye nobhejaneStephanorhinus kirchbergensis) Umusa Coelodonta kwehle kulayini wokuqala Stephanorhinus. Kanjalo ubulili Stephanorhinus Okwamanje iy paraphyletic.
Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ambalwa, obhejane abanoboya babehlala maphakathi neChina nasempumalanga yeLake Baikal. Kukholakala ukuthi obhejane abanovolovuko bavela kummeli wangaphambili wohlobo - tselodontsy (lat. C. tologoijensis). Omunye obhejane ongowaseMiddle Pliocene ubuye abizwe njengokhokho we-woolly, Coelodonta thibetana . Kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi ukukhethwa kobhejane abanoboya njengezinhlobo ezizimele kwenzeke ekupheleni kwePleistocene (eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-300 eyedlule) enyakatho yePitetan Plateau. Eminye imithombo ithi kungenzeka ukuthi insimu yokwakheka kwezinhlobo zimbozwe eChina nasentshonalanga, esifundeni saseBaikal naseMongolia. Ukusuka lapha, obhejane boboya buye bahlala enyakatho nasentshonalanga, bangena eYurophu. Ubhejane on Woolly uye waba ngesinye sezakhamuzi ezivame kakhulu kwi-tundra-steppe, ummeleli ojwayelekile wezilwane ezincelisayo.
Ukuthi uhla lwangempela lwale nhlobo lwaluse-Asia luqinisekiswa ngeminyaka yobudala bokubulawa kobhejane. Ngakho-ke, ukutholwa kwakudala kakhulu kuhlobene neMpumalanga yeSiberia, kuyilapho leyo ehlobene nesikhathi esizayo yenziwe eduze neYurophu. Ukulungiswa kobhejane oboya kuqhubeke ngasenyakatho, empumalanga kanye nasentshonalanga. Ukusakazeka kusuka ebangeni layo lasekuqaleni, obhejane wakhombisa izinga eliphakeme lokuzivumelanisa nezimo zokushintsha kwezimo zezulu. Ekuqaleni, kwakungeyona inhlobo yobhejane ababevelele eYurophu, kodwa ngokuqala okulandelayo kwamaqhwa nezulu elibandayo lapho, kanye nasezithambekeni zase-Eurasia, kwathatha indawo okunye, obhejane abathanda kakhulu ukushisa kwabo emvelweni yabo yemvelo. Lokhu kuyasebenza nakuzobhejane abakhulu nababanzi njengabamele uhlobo lwe-Elasmotherium neRhino Merka.
Isihlobo sesimanjemanje esiseduze (yize nje sikude kakhulu) obhejane obuthathwa njengowabhejane baseSumatran abacishe baphele, okuqinisekiswa yimiphumela yocwaningo lofuzo eminyakeni yamuva nje. Ubudlelwano obuhlobene nobhejane, kufaka phakathi u-woolly, buthulwe kuhlu oluzayo: