Iqembu lososayensi abavela e-University of Pennsylvania baveze ngokomthetho ukuthi amacimbi asebenzisa izinto eziqukethwe izindunduma zawo angakhubaza ukuvikelwa kwesitshalo. UDawn Luthe kanye nabafundi bakhe babone ukuthi imfucumfucu yamacimbi omdaka wehlamvu lommbila (Spodoptera frugiperda) kuvame ukuqongelela kumanono aphakathi kwamaqabunga nesiqu sommbila. Lapho, endaweni enomswakama olinganiselwe, amaconsi aba uketshezi futhi angangena esitshalweni ngomonakalo oshiya amacimbi ngesikhathi sokudla.

Abaphenyi bakha imfucumfucu kadoti bese beyifaka emaqabungeni ayonakele. Ngemuva kwalokho, bathola ukuthi ngosuku olulandelayo izakhi zofuzo ezibhekene nokukhiqizwa kwezinto ezivikela ummbila ezinambuzaneni ezine-herbivorous zivala izicubu zamakhasi. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, umsebenzi wezakhi zofuzo olawula ukwenziwa kwezakhi ezenzelwe ukulwa namagciwane kanye nesikhunta se-pathogenic uyasebenza. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-salicylic acid, elawula ukuvikela ekungangeni fungus namagciwane, ivimbela ukwenziwa kwe-jasmonic acid, isakhi esibalulekile sokuvikelwa ezinambuzaneni.

Imvamisa, i-jasmonic acid iqala ukuqwabelana emaqabungeni ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokulimazeka kweziqu zazo, okuholela ekwakhiweni kwezinto ezenza iqabunga lingathandeki ukunambitha. IJasmonic acid nayo isiza ukuphulukisa ukulimala.

Abaphenyi baqhathanisa ukujula kwe-salicylic acid ne-jasmonic acid emaqabungeni aphathwe ngokukhuphuka futhi bathola ukuthi isikhathi eside lapho isithako sisetshenziswa, sikhuphuka isilinganiso se-salicylic acid, bese sehlisa i-jasmonic acid. Baqhathanise nezinga lokukhula kwezimbungulu ezidla amaqabunga ezaziphathwa ngedepho izikhathi ezihlukile. Futhi, kulawomaqabunga ayevuleke kokukhishwa isikhathi eside, amacimbi akhula ngokushesha.

Ingxenye eqondile yokugcotshwa kwamacimbi, eshintshashintsha izindlela zokuvikela lesi sitshalo, namanje akwaziwa. Ngokusho kukaDon Lute, lokhu kungaba uhlobo oluthile lwamaprotheni noma iqembu lamaprotheni. Mhlawumbe ngokuzayo, lapho lento inganqunywa, ingasetjenziswa njengesikhunta. Ukuqaphelisisa kukhombisile ukuthi ummbila, ngaphansi kwethonya lokukhipha, ubhekana ngokuphumelelayo nokubala kweqabunga lamehlo - isifo esidala ukhunta Cochliobolus heterostrophus.

Ukuqhubeka komkhankaso

UKhrushchev, njengoba uyazi, wayengumuntu othanda ukukhuthala kakolweni ngisho nangaphambi kokuhlala esihlalweni sikaNobhala Wokuqala weCentral Committee ye-CPSU. Kunzima ukusho ngokuqinisekile ukuthi lolu thando lukhula nini ngempela ezinhlelweni zenguquko ezinkulu. Kunoma ikuphi, iphrojekthi yommbila yaqala ukwenzeka kuphela lapho uNikita Sergeevich eba inhloko yezwe.

Unyaka we-1955 ngokwesiko uthathwa njengokuqala ngokusemthethweni kwalo mkhankaso. Kungaleso sikhathi-ke lapho isicelo sikaJanuwari seKomidi eliPhakeme le-CPSU, uKrushchev enza umbiko lapho wagcizelela khona inzuzo yamabele kunezinye izilimo. Ngokwesisekelo salo mbiko, i-plenum yathatha isinqumo - ngonyaka ka-1960 sokukhulisa indawo yezilimo zommbila ibe ngamahektare ayizigidi ezingama-28 (okwakusho ukuthi izokwenyusa amahlandla ayisishiyagalombili) nokusabalalisa lesi siko kuzo zonke izindawo zezwe.

Isinqumo se-plenum senziwa ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nezifiso zobuholi obuphezulu, ukudala inani lemikhiqizo alisebenzanga. Ukukhula okuphelele kwezolimo, kunalokho, kwaqala ukwehla. Ngo-1962 kuya ku-1963, izwe lahlaselwa yinkinga yokudla. Ukuze ayinhlule, uhulumeni okokuqala ngemuva kokuphela kwempi waphoqelelwa ukuba athenge okusanhlamvu phesheya. Kusukela kulo mzuzu kuqhubeke, kuze kufike ekuweni kwalo, abakwa-USSR babehlala bethenga okusanhlamvu kongxowankulu.

Yini isikhafu sikotini

I-Cotton scoop (lat.Helicoverpa armigera) - uvemvane lomndeni we-scoop.

Ukuhamba kwabantu abadala abasusiwe kuqala ngo- + 18 ... +20 ºС. Izikhathi zasehlobo zezimvemvane zezizukulwane ezilandelayo zigcwele, ukuze ukutholakala kukotini kutholakale kuze kube ngu-Okthoba-Novemba.

Isebenza ngokuhlwa futhi ebusuku, idla umpe.

Amacimbi wesinambuzane esinamaphiko, adla izilimo, alimala. Ukotini, ummbila, utamatisi, u-soya, uphizi nabanye bayahlaselwa. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu yeRussia, i-scoop yekoteni isibe inkathazo yesibili ebaluleke kakhulu yommbila.

Uhla lokusatshalaliswa lubandakanya iningizimu yeYurophu, iCaucasus, i-Asia Ephakathi, kanye nezindawo zomhlaba ezishisayo nezisemhlabeni.

Kubukeka kanjani futhi kukhula kanjani

Amasayizi wabantu abadala abavuthiwe ngokocansi (abadala) aqala ku-10 kuye ku-20 mm. I-Wingspan 30-40 mm. Izimpiko zangaphambili zinombala ophuzi ngokunsomi obomvu, opinki, ngombala oluhlaza okotshani, onamabala amabili amnyama acwebile. Izimpiko zangemuva zilula, zinomucu onsundu emaphethelweni angaphandle nocezu olugobile phakathi. Kwabesifazane, umbala wamaphiko umnyama kunowesilisa.

Umuntu omdala uhlala scoops izinsuku ezingama-20- 40. Ngalesi sikhathi, izintokazi zinesikhathi sokuzalela amaqanda angama-500 kuye kwangama-1000.

Amaqanda afinyelela kububanzi obuyi-0.5-0.6 mm anesimo sobubanzi obuyisiyingi. Umbala ushintsha usuka kokumhlophe ube luhlaza njengoba ukhula. Zifakwa kanyekanye, ezingavamisile ukuba ngama-2-3 emaqabungeni, ezingxenyeni zesigaxa, imicu ye-cob, ama-panicles.

Isikhathi sokukhula kombungu sisukela ezinsukwini ezimbili kuya kwezine ehlobo, entwasahlobo nasekwindla, kuze kufike ezinsukwini eziyi-12.

Izibungu (amacimbi) zidwetshwe ngombala oluhlaza okotshani, ophuzi noma onsundu obomvu futhi zimbozwe ngemikhaba emincane. Emzimbeni kukhona imigqa emithathu ebanzi emnyama. Ohlangothini olungaphansi kwesipikili umucu ophuzi.

Izibungu zithuthukisa izinsuku ezingama-13 kuya kwezine bese zidlulela ezigabeni ezi-6 zokukhula. Kokugcina kwabo, amacimbi afinyelela kubude obuyi-35-40 mm.

I-larvae pupate enhlabathini ekujuleni kuka-4-10 cm noma ezindlebeni zommbila. I-Pupa yombala obomvu-nsundu obungu-15-22 mm ubude, ekugcineni okunciphisiwe kunezinqubo ezimbili ezifanayo. Ikhula kungakapheli izinsuku eziyi-10-15.

Iqiniso elihehayo. I-imago ivela ku-pupae futhi umjikelezo uyaphinda. Ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu zeKrasnodar Territory, lesi sinambuzane sakha izizukulwane ezintathu, eStavropol Territory - kubili.

Izimpawu zesisu

Izitshalo i-scoop esekwe phezu kwazo zibonakala ngokucacile ngemuva kwesizinda sezinempilo:

• izimbobo eziyindilinga ziyabonakala emaqabunga aphezulu, ngoba amacimbi adla imifino ethambile kuze kuvele ama-panicles,
• izintambo ze-pistil ziyahlanganiswa noma zichithwe ngokuphelele,
• izibungu zingena ezinqolobaneni nasezinsinini zomduna,
• indle yezinambuzane iyabonakala kulelikheyibheli.

Ukulimaza

Umonakalo oqondile ubangelwa izibungu (izibungu) zesikotini sikakotini, zidla okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu.

Ukubhujiswa kwama-pistil filaments kuholela ekungcoleni okungaphansi nasekwakheni kwezindlebe ezibuthakathaka.

Ukungcoliswa kwama-cobs ngemikhiqizo yokungcola kwezinambuzane, ukulimala kwezicubu zomzimba kufaka isandla ekuthelelekeni kommbila ngezifo zokukhunta: i-fusarium ne-bladder smut.

Ukutheleleka kwezilimo nge-scoop yekotoni kunciphisa inani nekhwalithi yemikhiqizo. Endabeni yokusatshalaliswa kwezinambuzane okuningi, ukufa kwesitshalo kungenzeka.

Izindlela zomzabalazo

Isinqumo ngesidingo sokucutshungulwa senziwe kusisekelo somnotho sokulimala (i-EPV) se-parasite. Ukuyisungula, kusetshenziswa izicupho ze-pheromone. Emasimini afinyelela kuma-5 ha, kubekwa izicupho ezi-3; ngaphezulu kwamahektha ayi-10, elinye elenziwe ngamahektha ayi-5.

Ukubanjwa kwezimvemvane ezingama-20 ngezinsuku ezintathu kukhombisa ukuxinana kwenani lezithombo phakathi kwe-EPV-5 izitshalo eziyi-100. Ukuthwebula abantu abangaphezu kwama-25 kusayina okwedlulele kwezinga elivumelekile kanye nesidingo sokulwa nezinambuzane.

isithenjwa. Umkhawulo wezomnotho onobungozi inani eliphansi lezinambuzane lapho izindleko zomzabalazo zizokhokha imali etholakala esithelweni esigciniwe.

Ukulwa ne-scoop yekotoni emmbayini, kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali, izindlela zokuphilayo, izindlela zokupheka zabantu namasu ezolimo.

Amakhemikhali

Ukwelashwa ngama-insecticides kunconywa ngesikhathi sokuphonsa ama-panicles.

Esigabeni esikhulu sehlobo sama-butterflies, amasimu aphathwa nge-chitin synthesis inhibitors - izidakamizwa ezisuselwa ku-lufenuron. Umuthi “uMeshi” ungowamakhemikhali anobuthi alesi sigaba.

Ukulawulwa kwezimbungulu, kwenziwa amalungiselelo we-enteric-contact. Izimali ezinjalo zibandakanya:

1. «I-Fascord"Ukugxila kwe-Α-cypermethrin emulsion. Isixazululo esisebenzayo esingu-0.05% silungiselelwe kusuka ekugxiliseni. Inani lokugeleza koketshezi olusebenzayo ngu-200-400 l / ha. Ngenkathi yokukhula, akusekho ukwedlula ukwelashwa ezimbili ezenziwayo. Isikhathi sokulinda ngaphambi kokuvuna okungenani izinsuku ezingama-28.
2. "UDecis Profi"-Izigaba ezisebenzayo ezisuselwa ku-deltamethrin. Ukufafaza kwenziwa ngesikhathi sokukhula ngesilinganiso sokugeleza kwama-200-400 l / ha (0.05-0.07 kg into eyomile). Ukufa kwezinambuzane kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwehora ngemuva kokwelashwa. Faka umuthi ezinsukwini ezingama-49 ngaphambi kokuvunwa futhi ungadluli kabili kwesizini.
3. "UKarate Zeon"Ukulungiselela okususelwa ku-λ-cygalotrin, kuyatholakala ngesimo sokumiswa okuncane. Ukusetshenziswa kwesidakamizwa kungu-0-0-0.3 l / ha. Izinga lokugeleza kwekhambi elisebenzayo lingama-200-400 l / ha wokufafaza komhlaba, ama-25-30 l / ha endiza.
4. «I-Arrivo"-Emulsion equkethe i-cypermethrin njengento esebenzayo. Izinga lokugeleza koketshezi olusebenzayo ngu-200-400 l / ha noma u-0,32 l / ha wokugxila. Ukucutshungulwa kwenziwa kungakapheli izinsuku ezingama-20 ngaphambi kokuvunwa.

Ukwelapha izinambuzane kusebenza kakhulu ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhula kwamacimbi, aze afinyelela kubude obuyi-1.5 cm. Kulesi sikhathi, izinambuzane zisalokhu zingalawuleki emiphumeleni yobungozi futhi besingenaso isikhathi sokungena ngaphakathi kwezindlebe.

Ehlobo, izizukulwane ezimboze ukotini ziyadlula, ukuze kutholakale inkathazo kubantu kuwo wonke amabanga entuthuko. Ngenhlanhla, izidakamizwa eziningi zinesibalo esikhulu sokwenza okuthile futhi ziyasebenza ngokulwa nezinambuzane kuyo yonke imijikelezo yempilo, ukusuka ku-larva kuya ku-imago.

Kubalulekile! Lapho kufafazwa ngama-insecticides, athumba imiphetho yezilimo nge-20-30 m.

Isiphetho

I-Khrushchev yabona inzuzo enkulu yommbila ngoba ingaxazululela izinkinga ezimbili ngasikhathi sinye: ukubuyisa izinqolobane zokusanhlamvu futhi inikeze nemfuyo izinsiza zokudla. Kodwa njengoba besho, uzokujaha izinyoni ezimbili ngetshe elilodwa - ngeke ubambe eyodwa. Umphumela ongenakugwemeka wenqubomgomo enjalo yokuzikhethela nokuthathwa kwenkani kwakungekhona nje ukususwa kukaNikita Sergeyevich emandleni ngonyaka we-1964, kodwa futhi kwaba yiphutha elalimaza ezolimo zezwe, lapho lalingasakwazi ukubuyela khona kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zalo.

Uma ulithandile i-athikili, faka izithupha.

Ungakhohlwa ukuxoxa nabangane futhi ushiye imibono yakho.

Ukuze ungaphuthelwa ukukhishwa kwezinto ezintsha, bhalisa esiteshini.

I-Trichograph

Ukuvela kwezimvemvane zokuqala ezibanjweni kukhombisa ukuqala kokubekwa kweqanda, okuthatha izinsuku ezingama-22 ngaphakathi kwesinye sizukulwane. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-trichograph (isinambuzane esivela kulolu hlobo lwenundu) iqala ukuzinza ezitshalweni zommbila. I-Trichograph izibungu zihlakazeka emaqandeni wesikotini.

I-trichograph esigabeni sesinambuzane esidala ikhishwa izitshalo kathathu: ekuqaleni kokubeka amaqanda nge-scoop, khona-ke emva kwezinsuku ezingama-5-6. Isikhathi ngasinye, izinambuzane eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-60-80 ngehektha ngalinye ziyagcwala. I-trichograph ikhiqizwa ekuseni noma amahora kusihlwa ngaphandle kwamaphuzu angama-50 ngehektha ngalinye lokusatshalaliswa komfaniswano. Qiniseka ukwanelisa imishayo yamasimu.

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-trichographs ezitshalweni zommbila ngama-20% kunciphisa ukulahleka kwezilimo ezinambuzaneni.

I-Gabrobracon

IGabrobracon iyasebenza ngokumelene namacimbi. Ama-entomophage females abeka amaqanda wawo angama-50 emzimbeni wezibungu zesikopu. Kokubili okuphila ngokusobala nezinambuzane ezingene cobs ziyatheleleka. Isisulu sihlala siphila, kepha silahlekelwe ukuhamba namandla okudla.

Izinga lokukhululwa ngabantu abangama-600-2000 ngehektha kabili ehlobo.

isithenjwa. Umphumela omkhulu kakhulu ulethwa ama-trichographs ahlanganayo (ngokumelene namaqanda) ne-gabrobracon (ngokumelene namacimbi).

"Bitoxibacillin"

"I-Bitokisibacillin" iqukethe ama-bacterium Baccilius thuringiensis, kanye nama-metabolites awo: i-beta-exotoxin ne-delta-endotoxin. Ngemuva kokucutshungulwa, umuthi onamaqabunga uyongena emathunjini ezinambuzane. Isibungu siphelelwa amandla okudla futhi sife kungakapheli izinsuku ezingama-3-5. Isifutho senziwa ngokulwa nesizukulwane ngasinye sikaphothi wekotini ngokuhamba kwezinsuku ezingama-7-8.

Izinga lokusebenzisa lingama-kg kg ayi-2 ihektha ngalinye, izinga lokugeleza koketshezi olusebenzayo lungama-200-400 l / ha. Isixazululo silungiswe ngobuningi kangangokuba singasetshenziswa emahoreni amathathu. Ukucutshungulwa kufanele kwenziwe emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kwe- +8 ºº kwisimo sezulu esomile nesizolile.

Ama-entomophages kanye ne-bioinsecticides angathengwa emagatsheni wethimba lezindawo zokufundisa ezolimo eRussia.

Izindlela zokupheka zabantu

Izindlela zabantu zisetshenziswa ezindlini ezizimele. Amakhambi anjalo ayasebenza ngezifo ezinambuzane ezincane.

Izindlela zokupheka ezidumile kakhulu yilezi:

1. Isilinganiso somhlonyane. Thela u-1 kg wotshani ngamalitha amathathu amanzi bese ubilisa imizuzu eyi-15. Fafaza izitshalo kabili ngesikhala sezinsuku eziyi-7.
2. Umhluzi wamatamatisi. Ama-3-4 kg wezinhlavu zamatamatisi athululelwa amalitha ayi-10 amanzi abilisiwe imizuzu engama-30, bese ehlungwa. Ukulungisa uketshezi olusebenzayo, thatha ingxenye eyodwa yomhluzi ezingxenyeni ezintathu zamanzi. Izitshalo zifafazwa ngesilinganiso samalitha ama-5 nge-10 m2.
3. Umhluzi oshisayo we-pepper. Thatha i-0.5 kg yephepha elomile noma le-1 kg le-hot hot hot, engeza u-10 l wamanzi, ubilise ihora, ugcizelele ngosuku. Ukuze ufafaze, umhluzi uhlanjululwe ngamanzi ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 8.
4. Ukufakwa kwegalikhi. Gaya ama-2 clove bese ugcizelela kwilitha elilodwa lamanzi izinsuku ezingama-3-4. Ukuze ucubungule ummbila, ukumnika kufakwa emanzini 1: 5.
5. Ingxube yensipho ka-oyela. I-400 g yensipho yokuwasha eyosiwe ingumhlabathi futhi ichithwe 1 litre lamanzi abilayo. 9 amalitha amanzi kanye nama-800 ml kaphalafini afakiwe kusisombululo. Ukwakheka okubangelwa kusetshenziswa ngokushesha.

Amasu we-Agrotechnical

Izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zezolimo zokulungisa ukotini zifaka phakathi:

1. Ukuncishiswa kwezindawo zokuzalela izinambuzane. Njengoba uvemvane uyakwazi ukuzala nokondla ukhula ekwindla (i-swan, ikhebula imoto, i-ragweed), ukwandiswa kwamamephu ensimu, ukulima nokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezingenalutho kubalulekile.
2. Ukucekelwa phansi kwezinambuzane zobusika - ukususwa kwamahlumela, ukucekelwa phansi kwemfucumfucu yesitshalo, ukumba imishi yamasimu, ukulima ngokujulile ngenzuzo yokushalwa kuze kube yi-30 cm, futhi emasimini kudalulwe kakhulu ngama-perennials - ngo-35 cm.
3. Ukuhlakulela izikhala zemigqa, okubaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuqothuka kwezinambuzane.
4. Ukubhujiswa kokhula.

Izindlela zokuvimbela

Ukugcina isivuno, nzalo nezinhlobonhlobo ezingathinteki ekuhlaselweni yizilimo ezitshaliwe

Kufanele unake:

• i-Yarovets elula engu-243 MV (isiqondisi silo),
• i-Yubileiny 390 MV enemigqa emithathu (isiqondisi sokusanhlamvu),
• okusanhlamvu hybrid Ladoga 250 MV.

Ukuhlwanyela ngesikhathi esifanele kuzogwema ukulahleka okukhulu kukolweni okusanhlamvu. Izitshalo zizoba nesikhathi sokuthola amandla nokuqhakaza ngaphambi kwehlobo elikhulu nokusatshalaliswa kwescootot.

Amathiphu abalimi nabalimi abanolwazi

Izincomo ezimbalwa ezivela kubatshali abanolwazi:

1. Hlela izimbiza zepulasitiki ezincane esizeni njengezicupho, izihebe. Zigcwalise ngotshwala abilayo (i-kvass, compote, molasses). Izicupho ezihlanza ngezikhathi ezithile ezivela ezinambuzaneni bese ushintsha ibheyili.
2. Tshala uzungeze imigqa yamakhambi anommbila odonsela amanzi izinambuzane: i-basil, cilantro, marigolds.
3. Ukuheha izinyoni ezidla izinambuzane, hang kule ndawo yokudla.

Ukubuyekezwa

Abalimi abaningi nabalimi bafuna ukushiya ukucutshungulwa kwezilimo ngamakhemikhali, kepha bayangabaza ukusebenza kahle kwama-biological agents. Ukubuyekezwa okumbalwa kwimikhiqizo yemvelo kuzosiza ukwenza isinqumo.

Peter, Rostov-on-Don:“Njalo ngonyaka ngitshala ummbila. Lo nyaka, ngezeluleko zomakhelwane, ngazama ukucubungula okutshala kusuka ku-scoop "Bitoxibacillin". Engxenyeni yebhakede lamanzi ngisabalalisa ithisipuni elilodwa lomkhiqizo. Kuthathe amalitha ama-2 ekhambi ngesikwele esisodwa samakhulu. Akusebenzanga butterflies, kepha amacimbi anyamalala ngemuva kwezinsuku ezintathu. Kwamaphutha ayiphunga elimnandi kakhulu. "

I-Vyachedlav, i-Krasnodar Territory:"I-trichographma empeleni ibhekana ne-scoop, kepha inkinga eyodwa ayanele. Ngemuva kwalokho siphinda umcimbi. ”