Kakade ngo-Agasti, ama-dipterans aba nolaka futhi aqale ukuluma. Ngokusho kokhokho bethu, le yindlela abakhombisa ngayo ukungagculiseki ngesimo sezulu esibandayo esiseduze nokufa okusheshayo abakubonile. Kepha isayensi ikufakazele ukuthi le ndlela yokuziphatha kwezinambuzane ayihlotshaniswa nokufa kwabo okusondele. Ekupheleni kwehlobo nje, inani lezinhlobo ezithile zabantu ababizwa ngokuthi ikhuphuka ekwindla landa kakhulu.

• Kungani izimpukane ziqala ukuluma
• Ungayibona kanjani impukane elula

Imininingwane yokundiza

Ochwepheshe babala izimpukane ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Zitholakala kunoma yiliphi izwe. Okuyingozi kakhulu kutholakala ezimweni zezulu ezifudumele. E-Russian Federation, izinhlobo ezinjalo zokuluma zivamile:

1. I-Zhigalka. Umjikelezo wokuphila kwesinambuzane unezinsuku ezingama-25 kuphela. Kepha kunezikhathi lapho umuntu olula ehlala izinsuku ezingama-70. Ubude bomzimba hhayi ngaphezu kwama-8 mm. Isici saso esihlukanisayo ingemuva ngokuba khona kwemichilo. Zonke ezinye izinhlaka zifana nekhaya (elingaphakathi) indiza. Uma ubhekwa ngokunakekelwa okukhethekile, kusobala ukuthi kukhona ithiphu ye-chitin kwi-proboscis. Ngesikhathi ukuluma, amathe anobuthi angena ngaphansi kwesikhumba.
2. Izimpungushe zamahhashi empeleni yizimpukane ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezihlala ezwekazini laseYurophu. Bathanda indawo lapho kuphakama khona umswakama. Ziluma izinkomo, ezinciphisa inani lesivuno sobisi. Lezinhlobo ezinamaphiko zingakubekezelela i-leukemia ne-anthrax.
3. Umbono ongajwayelekile ophahleni lwendiza. Unamehlo aqwayimbayo kanye nesifufula eliphakeme, ubukhulu bawo bungububanzi bamamilimitha amathathu kuya kwangama-50. Babhekwa njengezinhlobo eziyingozi nezidlayo.
4. Uhlobo lwegumbi luvame impela. Bangakwazi ukuthwala izifo ezibangelwa yisinambuzane. Ngemuva kokulunywa okuthile, izifo zamagciwane ziyavela. I-proboscis ingafika ku-1.5 mm ubude. Kulokhu, isisindo somuntu oyedwa asidluli i-12 mg. Owesifazane ohlelweni lokuzala angakhiqiza amaqanda afinyelela ku-150. Kuyo yonke impilo yakhe, wenza imfucumfucu engaba ngu-4-6.
5. I-Bloodsucker (inyamazane). Kubizwa ngokuthi ama-ectoparasites, ngoba abekezelela izifo zohlobo olufanayo. Umuntu uhlaselwa kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi lolu hlobo luyakwazi ukuphonsa amaphiko, luvame ukudideka ngemikhaza.
6. Impukane emnyama (Ephreli). Izimpukane esikhathini sezimbali zenyoni ejwayelekile yezinyoni. Kuphephile ngokuphelele impilo yomuntu.
7. I-Carrion fly inyoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngenqubo yempilo, ingakhiqiza imichilo emi-5 eyenziwe ngezidumbu, imichilo yenyama noma amanxeba avulekile.
8. Uhlobo oluhlaza luyakwazi ukubangela izifo ezibangelwa yisinambuzane. Amaqanda abekwa emanxebeni avulekile noma izidumbu.
9. Ukuze ingozi yesitshalo imelwe izimpukane zobumba. Zingadala umonakalo eklabishi, u-anyanisi noma izaqathi.

Ukuluma kwenzeka kanjani?

Impukane elula, njengoba sesishilo, inethuluzi elidingekayo lokufinyelela egazini lethu. I-proboscis yayo inesimo esikhombe, futhi emaphethelweni esiqeshana saso kunamazinyo amancane afana nefayela lezipikili. Ngasikhathi sinye, ichopho le-proboscis libukeka limfushane, lifana nommese owenziwe nge-serated.

Ngosizo lwalezi zinsizi, lesi sinambuzane sisula ungqimba olungaphezulu lwesikhumba, bese silimaza amathe anoshevu endaweni yokuluma, ukwakheka kwaso okungavumeli igazi ukuba ligaye ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, ngokumba umgodi esikhunjeni, leli gazi lixhaxha amaconsi egazi avele ngaphandle.

Ingozi yomuntu ngamunye

Ebantwini, izimpukane zezinhlobo ezethulwe ziyingozi ngoba zingavusa ukuthuthuka kwezifo zesimo sokuhlakazeka namagciwane. Kepha kunezinhlobonhlobo ukuthi ezinqubweni zokuluma amathe anobuthi baseceleni. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-edema nokucasuka kubonakala esikhunjeni.

Kunezikhathi lapho abantu abaningi babehlushwa khona yinduku yesifo. Impukane yase-Afrika ingabekezelela ukugula okulele, okugcwala ukwephulwa kohlelo lwezinzwa.

Kwalotshwa ukuthi la ma-dipterans aba ngobubi obukhulu ngo-Agasti. Inani labo liphezulu kulenyanga. Kwabesifazane, isikhathi sokuzala siyaqala. Yilokhu okusho ukuthi kungani izimpukane ziluma: badinga umthombo wamandla owengeziwe. Uma silunywe, lesi sifo sifakwa kusifo esisitholile.

Ukubukeka

I-Autumn lighter (Stomoxyscalcitrans) iyinhlobo yezimpukane zangempela, omele iqembu le-diptera. Ngokubukeka nokwakheka kwezitho zomzimba, kusondele kakhulu kunkanyezi. Akumangazi ukuthi izinambuzane zididekile, zimangazwa ulaka lwazo ekwindla. Ilight inomzimba onamasheya obude obungu-5.5-7 mm. Umzimba ungwevu, imivimbo emnyama esifubeni, amabala amnyama esiswini. Imicu emide emide kwi-mesonotum. Ikhanda likhulu, liyiselula. Kumashini we-cheekbones ophuzi omhlophe. Kukhona isigaxa esimnyama ebunzini. I-Antennae ngamafuphi, ibukhali, imnyama.

Amehlo anezici ahlala iningi lekhanda. Babamba iqhaza elikhulu empilweni yezimpukane. Izinambuzane zithembela ngamehlo ukuthola ukudla nokusindiswa ezitheni. Isiqu nekhanda kuchazwe ngesiqu esincanyana. Ingaphezulu lawo limbozwe ngamabhulashi amnyama. Ngokundiza, kusetshenziswa elinye lamaphiko avele obala. Izinyawo zincanyana futhi zinde, zimnyama.

Ukuluma izinambuzane

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi izimpukane zasendlini azikwazi ukuluma, ngoba imishini yazo yezomlomo ayishintshiwe kulokhu. I-proboscis yalawa madiphuthi ithambile kakhulu ukungena esikhunjeni somuntu, futhi ihloselwe ukondla ijusi kanye uginindela wezithelo, kanye nemfucuza ehlukahlukene ebolile. Ukuluma izinhlobo ezihluke ngokuphelele, ezenziwa ngo-Agasti-Septhemba.

Izikhanyisi ze-Autumn

Ukunquma ukuthi yikuphi ukulunywa yizimpukane futhi okungakwenzi, ukubukeka kwazo kuzosiza. Izibani (lat. Stomoxys calcitrans) ziyefana kakhulu nezimpukane zasendlini, kepha amaphiko azo asabalele, kepha awatholakali emzimbeni. Imivimbo emnyama iyabonakala ngemuva kwalezinambuzane, lapho unganquma khona ukundiza okulimayo. Esiqongweni se-proboscis kukhona ama-bristles angabhoboza isikhumba somuntu noma wesilwane.

Esikhathini sekwindla sesikhathi, ngokuba sendaweni lapho kunezinambuzane eziningi, sebenzisa imishini yokuvikela

Lesi sinambuzane sihlala emadlelweni, ezibayeni zezinkomo noma esibayeni lapho singadla khona ngegazi lezilwane. Emgodini womhlanga notshani obandayo, okukhanyayo kuzala inzalo. Udla kuphela igazi ngamavolumu amakhulu, angadlula isisindo sakhe ngesigamu.

Ukulunywa impukane kubangela izinhlungu ezivuthayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi esilula asigcini nje ngokuluma isikhumba emthanjeni wegazi, kodwa futhi silimaza ubuthi, okungavumeli igazi ukuba ligaye. Yile nto ebangela ukuvutha, futhi njengoba isakazekela emzimbeni, kuholela ekucasukeni nasekulungeni. Ukusabela kokungezwani komkhuhlane kanye nenausea ngezinye izikhathi kungenzeka. Kokubili owesilisa nowesifazane bayaluma. Ukusuka emizweni ebuhlungu ngesikhathi sokuluma, igama elithi “Zhigalka” lavela.

Umjikelezo osuka kwiqanda uye kumuntu omdala usuka kumaviki amathathu kuya ezinyangeni ezimbili. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, insikazi iyakwazi ukwenza imichilo engamaqanda ama-5-7. Ngenkathi efudumele, kuzovela izizukulwane eziningana zesibani, ngakho-ke ekwindla inani lalezi damu likhula ngokushesha okukhulu.

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe izibungu, izinga lokushisa lemvelo akufanele lize ngaphansi kuka-35 ° C, ngakho-ke, insikazi yokwenzela ikhetha izindawo ezifudumele kakhulu ku-hay ne-humus, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ibeka amaqanda ezilondeni zezilwane. Uma amazinga okushisa ehla aze afike ku-10 ° C noma ngaphansi, izimpukane ziyabonakala kunoma yisiphi isigaba, kungaba iqanda, izibungu noma umuntu omdala.

Izimpukane ziyakwazi ukubeka isibalo esikhulu samaqanda. Okubaluleke kakhulu njengendawo yimikhiqizo yenyama

Lapho kubanda ngaphandle, izibani ziqala ukufuna indawo yokuhlala efudumele, yingakho izimpukane ziluma ekuweni. Ngalesi sikhathi, amanani abo anda kakhulu. Ngaphandle kweminye imithombo yokudla okunempilo, baqala ukuhlasela abantu. Ukulunywa yingozi kakhulu ezinganeni, abakhubazekile kanye nasebekhulile, ngoba abakwazi ukuxosha izinambuzane.

Ezinye izinhlobo zezimpukane

Olunye uhlobo lwezimpukane eziluma i-birdfly (lat. Tabanidae). Likhulu ngosayizi kunezimpukane ezijwayelekile, ubude bazo bungafinyelela ku-3 cm. Isisu sesinambuzane sizungezwe imivimbo ephuzi-bomvu, okulula ukubona ukuthi lukhona. Ihlala eduze namadlelo kanye namachibi. Leli gama libangelwa ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuluma imbobo yamahhashi iba yize, njengokungathi iyimpumputhe.

Zinokulimala okuhlungu kakhulu kubantu

Izimpukane zamahhashi zesifazane kuphela ezondla ngegazi ukuze kwenziwe inzalo. Ziyakwazi ukuncela kuze kufike ku-200 mg wegazi ngasikhathi. Abesilisa bangabizwa ngokuthi imifino, ngoba badla umpe wezitshalo kuphela.

UMoshkara uvame ukuhlasela ngesidlakelalokho kubangela izinhlungu, kanye nokuphendula komzimba kanye nokuvuvukala okunzima. Lezi zimpukane ziluma ngo-Agasti. Amabhubesi abeka amaqanda awo emithonjeni, lapho kungabonakala khona amantshontsho awo. Abesifazane kuphela abondla ngegazi lokuzala. I-proboscis yabo imfushane, ngakho-ke bakhetha indawo yokuluma, lapho isikhumba sinciphile - imilenze evulekile, ikhala, izinkophe.

Umgomo oyinhloko wegajethi yimfuyo. Impilo emfushane esigabeni sabadala, izinsikazi zibeka amaqanda ngaphansi kwesikhumba sabahlukumezekile. Lapho izibungu zibopha, kubangela ukuhlupheka esilwaneni. AmaGadflies akavamile ukuhlasela abantu, kepha uma lokhu kusenzeka, umuntu angakha i-edema. Ngemuva kwalokho udinga usizo ngokuphuthumayo.

Impukane eyingozi kakhulu i-tsetse, ehlala eCentral Africa. Uhlushwa okuthiwa ukulala ukugula, okuvela kuwo amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu minyaka yonke. Lesi sifo sicishe singabikhona, futhi iningi labanaleli gciwane liyafa.

Akuzona zonke izimpukane ezihlasela abantu nezilwane. Musa ukuluma:

1. Luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, noma i-carrion fly, nokuchichima okuhle emzimbeni. Uyacasula, kepha akubeki usongo kubantu.
2. Amageza. Ngaphandle kakhulu kufana neminyovu, inamaphiko asobala nemivimbo ephuzi-emnyama esiswini.

Ingozi yokulunywa

Ngaphezu kobuhlungu obubangelwa ukulunywa, izimpukane zihlala ezindaweni ezingcolile nasezindle, zingaluma izilwanyana ezigulayo futhi zidle ngisho nokudla okwe-carrion uma kungekho mthombo wegazi elisha.

Izifo eziningi ezithathwa yizinambuzane zingabulala

Ngenxa yalokhu, baba ngabathwali bezifo eziyingozi kakhulu:

• i-anthrax,
• i-tularemia,
• trypanosomiasis,
• sepsis
• polio
• isifo sofuba
• udayi.

Usizo lokuqala

Esizeni sokulunywa, ubomvu buvela nge-edema, enkabeni lapho kubonakala khona ichaphaza eligcwele igazi, ukulunywa kwenzeka. Ngezinkinga zokungezwani komzimba, isiyezi, isicanucanu, ukugabha, ukuba mnyama emehlweni, ngisho nokuthuthumela nge-anaphylactic kungenzeka.

Isici esibonakalayo sokulunywa, ubomvu esikhumbeni nokulunywa. Kukhona ubungozi bokuthuthumela kwe-anaphylactic.

Ngemuva kokulunywa, udinga ukugeza isilonda ngamanzi anensipho noma i-hydrogen peroxide, bese welapha nge-iodine. Ukunciphisa ukuvuvukala nobuhlungu, ungafaka amaphakethe e-ice. Njengomthetho, ngakusasa isilonda siqala ukululama. Uma ukuvuvukala kungahambi, nempilo yakho iba mandundu, kufanele uthintane nodokotela ngokushesha.

Izindlela zokuvimbela

Amanethi omiyane asetshenziselwa ukuvimba izimpukane zingangeni ekhaya. Uma nokho izinambuzane zingena endlini, ompompi abanamathela kuzo bazosiza ukuwaqeda. Emoyeni ovulekile, izingubo eziminyene ezinemikhono emide nezimbotshana zizosiza umuntu ukuthi azivikele ekulimaleni okuyingozi.

Izimpukane zinobunzima obuningi futhi kwesinye isikhathi kungaba yimithombo yengozi.
Sebenzisa izivimbelo eziluma ezibalwe ngaphezulu.

Emapulazini, kusetshenziswa izinambuzane ezibulala izinambuzane zezilwane nezinqwaba zomquba. Ngale ndlela yokulawula, bobabili abantu abadala kanye nezibungu ziyafa. Emapulazini amakhulu, kuzoba kuhle ukusiza izinambuzane ezidla ezinye ezidla izinambuzane nezibungu zazo. Le yindlela engenabungozi ngokuphelele yokubhekana nezimpukane, yehlisa inani labo.

Futhi kungani izimpukane ziluma ikakhulukazi ekwindla

1. Kusekwindla impela ukuthi isibalo sezimpukane ngokwendalo sifinyelela isilinganiso sazo, ngoba phakathi nehlobo ngezimo ezikahle ziyakwazi ukuzalanisa, ngoba owesilisa ngamunye uletha amaqanda okungenani angama-400 empilweni yakhe.

2. Izibani azithandi ukubanda, ngakho-ke, ngokuwa bafuna izindawo ezifudumele, esinye sazo ukuhlala komuntu.

3. Impukane inesidingo esikhulayo samaprotheni, okudingeka ukusinda okwamanje, futhi futhi njengendawo yokugcina ubusika, ukuze, entwasahlobo, ngemuva kokungabibikho, zizale inzalo yayo.

4. impukane iphendula amakhaza bese ilungiselela ezimweni eziya ziba zimbi kakhulu zokuphila nokuzala kwesinambuzane, ngakho-ke umsebenzi kulawa magazi alumayo angalandelelwa.

Futhi ucabangani ngasiphi isizathu izimpukane ziluma ekuweni?

Izici zokuphila kwezimpukane eziluma

Izimpukane ziyizinambuzane ezisakazwa emhlabeni wonke. Njengamanje, cishe izinkulungwane ezinhlanu zezinhlobo zazo ziyaziwa. Inqwaba idla ubisi lwesitshalo, izithelo eziwohlokayo nezinye izinto eziphilayo, indle, umquba. Ingxenyana encane kuphela yalezi zinambuzane eziluma. Izimpukane zegazi zingathinta abantu nezilwane. Okuvame kakhulu kuzo yizimpukane ezindizayo.

Ngokubukeka nezici zezinto eziphilayo, okokukhanya kufana kakhulu nezimpukane zasendlini, yingakho bekholelwa ukuthi indlu iyindiza iyaluma. Lezi izinambuzane zombala ompunga ongu-5-7 mm ubude. Umehluko omkhulu kusuka ezinhlotsheni zezinyoni ezingadli ngokuma kwesakhiwo se-proboscis. Izimpukane ezijwayelekile azikwazi ukuluma umuntu noma isilwane, ngoba i-phenoscis yazo ithambile futhi ayikwazi ukubhoboza isikhumba. I-proboscis yama-lighters iyakhuphuka futhi "ihlome" ngamapuleti avuthayo we-chitinous, ngosizo abalugawula esikhunjeni sesisulu. Kokubili abesifazane nabesilisa kulezi zinambuzane badla ngegazi (futhi ngenxa yalokho bayaluma). Esikhathini esiningi izisulu zabo ziyizilwane futhi ngabantu ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukungena kwe-proboscis ngaphansi kwesikhumba, izimpukane zabesifazane zifaka amathe anobuthi enxebeni, ngakho-ke ukuluma kwabo kubangela ubuhlungu obukhulu kanye nokukhanywa.

Ehlobo, izibani zitholakala ngamanani amakhulu ezindaweni zokubuthana kwezilwane ezifuywayo - emadlelweni nasemapulazini, lapho zinemibandela yonke yokudla nokuzala. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo, owesimame oyedwa ubeka amaqanda angama-400 wombala omhlophe ongcolile kumquba noma obolile bezitshalo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ezilondeni zezilwane. Izibungu ziqhamuka emaqanda emva kwezinsuku ezingama-1-5, kuye ngezinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo. Esigabeni se-larval, impukane yesikhathi esizayo ihlala amasonto angama-2-4, kuthi emva kwalokho i-pupa ibunjwe. Emva kwezinye izinsuku ezingama-7- 26, kuzalwa izinsimbi ezincane ezikwazi ukubeka amaqanda cishe izinsuku eziyi-10- 10. Ngakho-ke, umjikelezo wokukhula kempukane kusuka eqandeni uya kwesinambuzane uphuma kumaviki amathathu ukuya kwayisishiyagalombili. Ezinyangeni ezifudumele, izizukulwane eziningana zokukhanyisa zinesikhathi sokuphuma, zande ngokushesha isibalo sazo. Ngo-ekwindla, inani elikhulu kakhulu labantu lifinyelelwa.

Indlela esetshenziswayo yokulawula izimpukane yindlela elula futhi engenabungozi kakhulu, kodwa ayisebenzi

Isakhiwo se-proboscis

Ukuze ukwazi ukubhoboza isikhumba sezilwane, abakhanyisi bathola i-proboscis ngamapuleti akhethekile. Isitho siqinile, mncane futhi mude, kancane siyabonakala. Igcina ngamapuleti akhethekile ancelayo ahlanganiswe namazinyo e-chitinous. Ngesikhathi kuhlaselwa isilwane, amapuleti ayahamba, futhi inqwaba yamazinyo iphula ungqimba lwesikhumba. Umbala we-proboscis umnyama ngegagasi eliphansi.

Livare

Esigabeni sezibungu, inzalo yalowo olula inombala ophuzi ngombala. Eminyakeni yokuqala iba sobala, ubude bomzimba obude obuguqukayo bungu-1,2 mm. Ngeminyaka yesithathu bakhula baba ngu-11-12 mm. Umzimba uqukethe izingxenye ezi-8. Indandatho yezikhala ezincane itholakala esifubeni. Ezingxenyeni zesisu kusukela kwesesibili kuya kwesikhombisa kungukuphuma okuningilizayo. Ukuphefumula engxenyeni yesishiyagalombili. Izibungu azinazo izitho, zihamba ngosizo lwamashubhu kanye nezikhala.

Izimpawu nokwelashwa

Izimpukane zizibonakalisa ngamandla ngesikhathi izinyosi ziqoqa uju. Ukuze ungadidanisi ukuluma kwalesi sinambuzane nenyosi, kubalulekile ukwazi izimpawu nokuzibonakalisa. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:

• Ukunyuka kwendawo okushisa kuyo.
• Ukuvuvukala okuncane.
• Ukucasuka nokulunywa.
• Ubomvu bendawo ethintekile.

Enganeni, ukubonakaliswa kuyaphinyiselwa ngaphezulu: imikhondo iyanda ngosayizi bese iba bomvu. Lapho i-tsetse indiza iluma, kungavela amathumba.

Izilonda eziningi zinhlungu kakhulu. Uma impukane iluma iziphetho noma isisu, inqubo yokuvuvukala iyenzeka. Ukusuka kulokhu, isimo jikelele somuntu singase sibe sibi kakhulu futhi i-malaise ingavela, kanye nokuvuvukala kwezicubu ezithambile.

Kuyasiza ukuphatha amanxeba nge-antiseptic: iodine noma i-zelenka, utshwala. Kungcono ukuthi izingane zishaye umonakalo ngama-ejenti angaqukethe utshwala: i-hydrogen peroxide noma i-chlorhexidine. Ukunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kokuphendula kwendawo, amafutha okugcoba anomphumela wokuthoba futhi opholile ayasetshenziswa. Ukuze ungakhiqizi umuzwa we-allergenic, kunconywa ukuthi kunikezwe u-"Diazolin" noma "Zodak".

Ingozi yokuthola ukugula ukulala ikhona lapho i-Tsetse fly iselume. Lesi sinambuzane, kanye namathe, kufaka izimbuzane eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-400. Umphumela obulalayo, ngisho nokulunywa okukodwa kwanele. Kepha ngenxa yokwanda kancane kancane kwalesi sifo, kunesikhathi sokwelashwa okusheshayo, okuzosusa ubungozi empilweni. Ekuqaleni, udinga ukusebenzisa i-Nifurtimox ne-Eflornithine. Uma amathuba okutheleleka engafakwanga, ungazilapha ekhaya.

Imvamisa i-hyperemia kanye ne-allergies zingakhula ezinhlotsheni ezilula zezinambuzane. Lapho indawo elimele igcwala, kuyadingeka ukupholisa indawo futhi wenze ukwelashwa ngemithi ye-antiseptic. Kunconywa nokuthi kufakwe i-F -istil ye-o-efana ne-gel noma i-Nezulin kule ndawo. Ukuze ungalimazi ingane kakhulu, kufanele abonane nodokotela wezingane. Kulesi simo, i- "Rescuer" ne "Bepanten" bangabasizi abangenakuphinda bangene.

Izici Zokuphindaphindeka

Abantu besilisa nabesifazane bokwindla okukhanyayo kwehluka ekwakhiweni kwezitho zangasese nebunzi. Abesilisa banebunzi elincane, balinganisa 2/3 ububanzi bamehlo. Izinsikazi zinobubanzi obulingana, cishe nobukhulu beso. Izimpukane ziyizinambuzane ezinoguquko oluphelele. Umjikelezo wabo wokuphila uyizinsuku ezingama-5-20 kuphela. Izinsuku ezi-2-2 ngemuva kokushiya i-pupa, abantu abadala bakulungele ukuzala nokuzala. Uma kubekwa amaqanda, izinsikazi zikhetha izindawo lapho izinto ezibandayo zibola - umquba, izinqwaba zomquba, ama-haystacks.

Ku-clutch eyodwa kukhona amaqanda amhlophe ayi-100 kuye kwangama-130 esimilo eside. Ngesikhathi sokuphila, insikazi eyodwa yenza imfuhlumfuhlu eyi-5-7. Ngaphambi kokuvela kwezibungu, kudlula amahora ayi-10- 24. Ngesikhathi sokukhula, i-molt kabili futhi iguqula iminyaka emithathu. Ekushiseni okuntofontofo kwezimpukane (+ 27-30 ° C) ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-4-5, izibungu ziphenduka isibungu. Isembozo sobudala besithathu siqina futhi sithola umbala obomvu onsundu. Ngaphandle, i-pupa ifana ne-capsule, ubude bayo bufika ku-6 mm. Kukhona ukunwetshwa okuncane ekhanda. Ama-breathers asemngceleni wesigaba sokuqala nesesibili. Ekushiseni, zonke izigaba ukusuka eqandeni kuya kokukhanyayo kwabantu abadala ngezinsuku eziyisithupha.

Ngaphambi kokuqunjelwa, izibungu ziqhubekela umquba ngokuqukethwe komswakama okungadluli kuma-20- 40%. Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kakhulu kuyabonakala endaweni enamazinga okushisa + 25 °. I-pupa ingaba ekujuleni okufika ku-50 cm. Ukushisa okuphezulu nokuphakama komswakama kuthinta kabi isimo sayo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Pupa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-4-7, kuqhamuke impukane eyakhiwe ku-cocoon.

Ukunakwa Izibungu ze-Autumn izibungu ziyafa emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka + 52 ° C.

Imiphumela kanye Nezinkinga

Lapho lezi zinambuzane ezinamaphiko amabili zikuluma ekwindla, akukho ukukhathazeka okuningi, ngoba ngamazinga okuqala azohamba endiza. Kepha ukulunywa okuningi kungavusa ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo zesikhumba kanye nomzimba. Kepha ngokunqotshwa kwe-Tsetse fly, imiphumela ingaba khona emavikini noma izinyanga ngemuva kokuba i-ejenti yokulimala kokutheleleka ingene emzimbeni.

Lesi sifo singakhula ngaphezulu kweminyaka emi-5. Lapho ungenwe yi-trypanosomes, isikhathi se-hematolymphatic senzeka, phakathi lapho imfiva ibonwa khona.

Ukuthi umphumela obulalayo kwenzeka kufakazelwa yisimo sokucindezela, ukwethuka kwezingalo ne-ataotic gait. Emva kwalokhu, ohlukunyeziwe angawela enkingeni.

Indlela yokuphila

Uhlobo lwempukane eyiqiniso yeStomoxys ifaka izinhlobo eziyi-18 zama-ectoparasites ahlukahlukene ezilwane. I-Stumnxyscalcitrans ye-Autumn iyona kuphela izinhlobo ezitholakala yonke indawo futhi i-synanthropic. Izinambuzane zibizwa ngokuthi izinambuzane zasemakhaya ngokuzithanda kwazo izilwane ezifuywayo. Izimpukane zikhetha indawo yokuhlala yezinkomo - izinkomo, amadlelo. Amaqoqo amakhulu amafulegi ekwindla abonwa ezindaweni eziqhakazile. Basala bahlala ezindongeni ze paddock, iziqu zezihlahla, phansi. Umsebenzi we-diptera uboniswa kuphela ngesikhathi sosuku.

Ekupheleni kwehlobo, inani labantu ekwindla endiza likhuphuka kaningana. Ngenkathi efudumele, iyakwazi ukuvela ezizukulwaneni eziyisikhombisa zesinambuzane esiyingozi. Ukuncintisana kwamabutho okudla kuyindiza ukuhlola izindawo ezintsha. Ngalesi sikhathi, baqhubeka babonakala eduze kwabantu, bandizela endlini. Njengoba ziyizinhlobo ze-thermophilic, ziwuyeka umsebenzi emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka + 8 ° C. Basuka bayodla ubusika kunoma yisiphi isigaba - izibungu, ipupa ne-imago. Ezimweni ezinhle, emazingeni okushisa aphakeme njalo we- + 15 ° C, inqubo yokuthuthuka iyaqhubeka ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.

Umsoco

Impilo, izinambuzane zidinga ukudla njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-2-3. Ukumunca igazi kuthatha imizuzu eyi-15. Ngasikhathi sinye, isisu sempukane sikhuphuka kakhulu, sibe esindayo, sihamba nobunzima. Izibani zithanda ukondla ekuseni nakusihlwa, esimweni sezulu esipholile - esondele ntambama. Ekwindla, umzimba wezinambuzane wehla kancane futhi badla kancane, bangabulawa yindlala kuze kufike ezinsukwini eziyi-10.

Imininingwane. Ezilwanyaneni ezinkulu, izibani ziqoqwa emilenzeni nasiswini. Igazi lezinja liyancanywa ngenkathi lihleli endaweni yendlebe. Abantu baluma imilenze nezibambo.

Izindlela zokuvimbela

Eminyakeni yamuva, ukutheleleka ngezifo zokulala kwehle kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yezindlela zokuvimbela ezingcono kakhulu. Abantu bazama ukugwema ngangokunokwenzeka lezo zindawo lapho kuhlala khona lolu hlobo lwezilwane ezinamaphiko: izindawo zezolimo nezihlahlana ezishisayo.

Esimweni lapho kuba khona impukane yokuluma egumbini lokuhlala, kufanelekile ukusebenzisa abathengisi abanomphumela kubantu bezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Futhi, kusukela ukulunywa kwe-Tsetse fly, ukucutshungulwa kwezinto usebenzisa i-permethrin kusiza ngokuphelele. Kepha ungaxosha izinambuzane eziye zahlala egumbini lokuhlala ngosizo lwezindlela ezifakazekile ezifakazelwe ezitholakala kuwo wonke umuntu: isicupho seviniga noma uviniga.

Babuye bazitusa:

• Iteyipsi enamathele.
• Isicupho esikhanyayo.
• Amafutha abalulekile anamakha we-lavender, i-basil noma ama-clove.

Uma kuhlanza njalo endlini, ama-dipterans azoba ngaphansi kakhulu. Bayoba ukungakhululeki lapho imisele kanye nezitezi ezihlanzekile zihlanzekile, akukho okusele kokudla nokunye udoti abangakudla.

Ukuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo ezinkulu, kufanelekile ukulwa izimpukane okungenani endlini nasehhovisi.

Kuyingozi ini?

Izigaba zokuthuthukiswa kwezimpukane.

Hhayi-ke, lapha siqala neqiniso lokuthi ukulunywa yisilonda kubuhlungu kakhulu. Yize kunjalo, akunasizathu ukuthi le nhlobo yezimpukane ithole igama layo. Ngesikhathi sokuluma, umuntu uzwa izinhlungu eziqinile ezivuthayo.

Lokhu akuyona ukuluma komiyane okungenangozi, okuvela esikhathini esithile kamuva, cha. Izenzo ezilula, ake sithi, ziwubudlhayela. Umiyane oseceleni kwempukane umane nje uyigugu lobucwebe ensimini yalo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, empeleni, ukubhoboza okubuhlungu kwe-proboscis, isibindi -ndiza, ngaphandle kwalokho, kuletha amathe endaweni ethintekile, enomthelela wokuvuvukala esizeni sokulunywa.

Izimpukane.

Ngaphezu kobuhlungu nokulimala endaweni yokubhoboza, lezi zinambuzane ezinamaphiko amabili, njengazo zonke izimpukane, zithwala kanzima kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezifo eziyingozi.

Umuntu angacabanga nje ukuthi zingaki izikhathi lapho lesi sinambuzane sisebenzise khona izikhali zokubhoboza phakathi nenkathi, nokuthi ukulunywa kothile kwanoma yiluphi udaka kungaba yingozi kumuntu.

Phakathi kwezifo esingazinikwa ukulunywa yigazi elinjalo, siqokomisa okulandelayo, okungukuthi:

• typhoid
• sepsis
• i-anthrax,
• isifo sofuba
• udayi
• polio
• trypanosomiasis.

Futhi lolu akulona uhlu lonke "lwezinsizakalo zamahhala" lokhu inkathazo ezingasinikeza ngokuzithandela nangokuthi mahhala ngokuphelele.

Ububi

Igazi lezilwane lincanywa ngabesilisa nabesifazane. Bahlasela izilwane ezahlukahlukene:

Ukulunywa kuya ezinjeni nakubantu. Izilwane ezifuywayo zithinteka kakhulu lapho kuhlaselwa izimpukane zegazi. Ngesikhathi sokudla, lesi sinambuzane siphonsa ekusithekeni kwemithambo ye-salivary. Amathe akhanyayo, angena kwi-proboscis esuka eziteshini ezimbili, anezinto ezinobuthi. Abanikazi bezilwane kufanele babheke kaninginingi ukuthi izilwane zizishaya kanjani izinselo zazo, iqhude, lizulise ikhanda noma umsila wazo. Ngemuva kokuluma, amahhashi alimaza futhi aguqa amadolo awo. Kunzima ukuthi izilwane zime. Ezinkomeni, isivuno sobisi sincishiswa ngo-40-50%.

Abantu bayakubekezelela ukuluma kwesibani sekwindla ngezindlela ezihlukile. Kwabanye, lo umjovo omfushane, kanti kwabanye ukulunywa ukuhlukunyezwa kwesikhumba isikhathi eside. Umuzwa ongathandeki nokungajabuli akukhona ukuphela kokulimala kwezimpukane. Izinambuzane eziphuza igazi zithwala izifo ezahlukahlukene. Lapho ulunywa, izifo ezingamagciwane zingena egazini: i-sepsis, i-tularemia, i-anthrax, isifo sofuba.

Ukunakwa Lapho behlasela izilwane ezinenqwaba yezikhanyiso zasekwindla, zehlisa isisindo. Ukucasuka njalo nobuhlungu kuyithinta kabi impilo.

Ngubani oluma?

Ngeke sifihle ukuthi phakathi kwemiphumela ebonakalayo engenangozi kangako yezinambuzane eziseduze, njengezimpukane, kunabaningi abazidlayo. Ngeke sigxile ezinhlotsheni ezingafani nezinye ezifana ne-tsetse fly noma i-Siberian vulture, kepha sizokhuluma ngohlobo lwethu olufana nolwangempela, olufuywayo, olungasho ukuthi, uhlobo lwezimpukane eziluma, okungukuthi ekwindla elilula

Ukwindla elula: incazelo.

I-Autumn lighter isinambuzane esivela emndenini wezimpukane eziyiqiniso. Ngaphandle, ekwindla endiza empeleni akufani nakwezinye, indiza efanayo yasendlini. Futhi lincane ngosayizi, lifinyelela ubude obuvame ukungabi ngaphezu kuka-5-8 mm. Inombala ompunga ocacile onesifunda esicwebile esimnyama nesisu esikhanyayo, lapho ungabona khona amablokhethi amnyama.

Isici esiyingqayizivele salezi zinambuzane imvelo yazo yokuxhela. Lawa ama-bloodsuckers afana nomiyane noma amalulwane e-vampire. Imishini yabo yomlomo inesakhiwo se-proboscis, sivumela laba bantu begazi ukuba babhoboze isikhumba sezilwane ezinegazi elifudumele futhi bancishe igazi elinikeza ukudla kwalaba bantu abazingelayo.

Umuthi wendabuko ophumelelayo

Umuthi wendabuko ukude nokuwukuphela kwensiza ephumelelayo eklanyelwe ukulwa ukulunywa kwe-midges. Uma kungekho okubonakaliswa yi-allergic, kwinqubo yokwelashwa, kusetshenziswa izidakamizwa ezahlukahlukene ezahlukahlukene, ezingavimbela uphawu lwe-allergic futhi ziqede ukuvuvukala.

Tshala ujusi kusuka kuqabunga olwenziwe kuqala,

amaqabunga eminti athambile, mhlawumbe "mncane",

uginindela owenziwe ngeqabunga leklabishi eluhlaza

ikhanda le-anyanisi

uwoyela obalulekile.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuvimbela, ikakhulukazi ebusuku, kunconyelwa ukuthi ungasebenzisi amakha anamakha akhulunyiwe, futhi futhi ungafaki izingubo ezikhanyayo kakhulu. Emafasiteleni udinga ukunamathisela inethi yomiyane.

Habitat

Umthombo oyinhloko wokudla kwabakhanyisi yimfuyo. Kuhlakulelwa izibungu ezakhiweni zomquba wezilwane. Ngakho-ke, indawo enkulu yezimpukane zabesifazane izikhungo zemfuyo. Njengoba izinkomo zivame ukutholakala egcekeni linye nesakhiwo sokuhlala, amalambu akwazi ukundizela ezindlini lapho ahlasela khona umuntu.

Ngenxa yomlutha wokuhlala kwabantu, ithole igama elingezelelweyo "ukundiza kwedolobhana." Eqinisweni, lolu hlobo alukho. Leli yigama lanoma yiziphi izinhlobo ze-synanthropic zama-dipterans, agcinwe eduze nemizana nemizana.