Ushaka okhanyayo waseBrazil, noma ngesiLatini, luhlobo loshaka abalungile abangohlobo loshaka abakhanyayo. Lawa oshaka abancane asolwandle olunzulu olwaziwa ngokukhanya kwawo okugqamile nokuthi bangaziluma kanjani izingcezu zenyama ezinhlanzini ezikhudlwana ngobukhulu, njengama-cetaceans.
Loshaka batholakala emanzini afudumele olwandle womhlaba wonke, ikakhulukazi eduze kweziqhingi ekujuleni okungamakhilomitha amathathu nesigamu. Lezi zilwane ziyakwazi ukufuduka nsuku zonke zibheke kude ngamakhilomitha afinyelela kwamathathu, zishiya ukuntwela kokujula futhi zikhuphuke ekushoneni eduze kwamanzi.
Ubukhulu obujwayelekile boshaka obukhanyayo baseBrazil buvela ku-42 kuye ku-56 cm. Umzimba unomumo owenziwe ngohlobo lwendwangu, amehlo makhulu, isinongo futhi simfushane.
Amaphini amabili e-dorsal mancane kakhulu. Umbala womzimba onsundu, kanti isisu simbozwe ngezithombe ezikhipha ukukhanya. Umphimbo nezinsini kuzungezwe “ikhola” emnyama.
Kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala emaphaketheni. Njengoba lezi zilwane zihlala olwandle oluvulekile, kuyaqabukela zinqamule. Ngaso sonke isikhathi, amacala ambalwa okuhlasela kwalaba oshaka abantu aqoshwa, yingakho lolu hlobo lubhekwa luphephile kubantu.
I-taxonomy of a waseBrazil Lullous Shark
Ngokokuqala ngqa, leyo nhlobo yayingachazwa ngabezemvelo baseFrance ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Ngemuva kokufunda owesimame owayegudle ugu lwaseBrazil, bayiqamba ngokuthi "Scymnus brasiliensis". Ngemuva kwesikhashana, uchwepheshe wase Melika u-Theodore Gill wayezoqhamuka nohlobo oluhlukile lwale nhlobo - "Isistius".
Ushaka okhanyayo waseBrazil (Isistius brasiliensis).
Ukhulunywa okokuqala koshaka baseBrazil abakhanyayo
Enye yezinkomba zakudala ezilimaza oshaka abaseBrazil abangakhanyayo itholakala ezinganekwaneni zabantu besiqhingi saseSamoa. Ngokusho kwale ntsumansumane, i-tuna enemichilo yajikijela echibini lePalauli, yathembisa ukushiya izingcezu zenyama yayo njengesisulu kumholi womphakathi.
Ngemuva kwesikhashana, kwavela nezinye izinganekwane ezichaza lapho kwavela khona amanxeba okuxhamla eziyinqaba emizimbeni yemikhomo nenhlanzi. Kubuye kwavezwa ukuthi lokhu kungumphumela wesilonda esinegciwane, ukuhlaselwa kwezibani, ukulimala kwama-parasite, njll. Ngo-1971 kuphela lapho kwatholakala ukuthi ngubani imbangela yalezi zinxeba.
Isafire yasolwandle
Enye yama crustaceans amahle kakhulu emhlabeni. Igobolondo layo liqukethe izingqimba ezincanyana zamakristalu angabonakali ngamehlo. Imisebe yokukhanya edlula phakathi kwabo yenza i-crustacean shimmer futhi icwebezele ngayo yonke imibala yesibhakabhaka. Ngosizo lwe-radiation, abesilisa baheha ukunakwa kwabesifazane.
Ama-crustaceans avame ukukhuphukela phezulu, futhi kubukeka sengathi amagagasi akhanywa ngothuli lwesafire. Lokhu kungabonakala ogwini lwase-Afrika, Japan naseMelika.
Spread waseBrazil Luminous Shark
Oshaka baseBrazil abakhanyayo baningi kakhulu emanzini afudumele nasendaweni eshisayo yolwandle lwaseNdiya, Atlantic nasePacific. Uhla lwale shark luphakathi kuka-35 degrees N kanye no-40 degrees S Kukule ndawo lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi ebusweni lifinyelela ama-degrees angu-18-26. Ku-Atlantic Ocean, oshaka baseBrazil abakhanyayo batholakala ogwini oluseningizimu yeBrazil naseBahamas.
Kwenzeka, imvamisa ebusuku. Ngesinye isikhathi eduze komphezulu, kepha ezimweni eziningi ekujuleni kwama-85 kuye kuma-3500 m.
Izindebe zoshaka okhanyayo waseBrazil ziwugqinsi futhi zilungele ukumunca kahle.
Ukuvela koshaka okhanyayo waseBrazil
Lezi zilwane zinomzimba obunjiwe wenyathi obunjiwe obhulayo kanye nesigaxa esifushane namehlo amakhulu. Ngemuva kwamehlo kunama-splashes amakhulu. Ingaphambili lamakhaleni lakhiwe ngamalungiselelo amafushane wesikhumba. Umlomo wakheka umugqa ocishe uwele futhi uncane ngosayizi. Amaphini amabili e-dorsal mancane ngosayizi, aguqulwe ngokuqinile emuva futhi awunawo umgogodla. Isisekelo senhlawulo yokuqala yedorsal itholakala ngaphambi kwesisekelo semaphiko we-ventral.
Amaphinifa we-pectoral amafushane futhi abukeka njenge-trapezoid. I-caudal Fin enkulu futhi enobulungiswa ngokulinganayo ine-lobe ephansi ephansi ngokuqhathaniswa nenhla. Eduze komphetho we-lobe engenhla kune notch ebonakalayo ye-ventral notch. Amaphisi we-Dorsal kancane esiswini. Ukuhlaziywa kwezezimali Isidumbu soshaka simbozwe ngesikali esicwebezelayo esicishe sibe sikwele. Engxenyeni ephakathi nendawo, zi-concave kancane, futhi imiphetho iphakanyisiwe.
Umbala womzimba woshaka okhanyayo waseBrazil onsundu ngombala oqinile. Eduze komshini gill nomphimbo kukhona "ikhola" yombala omnyama. Emaphethelweni echibi kukhona ukuhlangana okumnyama. Lonke uhlangothi lwesisu somzimba, ngaphandle kwekhola nezinsimbi, limbozwe ngezithombe zokukhanya, ukukhanya kwazo okuchazwa njengokukhanya okukhanyayo okuluhlaza okotshani. Ubukhulu obukhulu bezinsikazi buyi-42 cm, abesilisa - ama-56 cm.
Imisipha yoshaka abakhanyayo baseBrazil ayikhuliswa kahle, kanti namaphinifa we-pectoral mancane, ngakho-ke azingela ekuqamekelweni, alengiswa emanzini.
Imihlathi yalaba shaka inamandla amakhulu. Amazinyo aphansi nangaphezulu ahlukahluka kakhulu: angaphansi anxantathu, abanzi futhi makhulu, kanti lawo angenhla amancanyana futhi mancane. Futhi kulabo nakwabanye akukho amazinyo abambekayo, noma amamaki. Emjondolo ongaphansi we-25-31 dentition, ngaphezulu - 31-37. Ukwanda koshaka okhanyayo waseBrazil kufana kakhulu naleso sici sabanye oshaka abanjengo-katra.
Isikwati esishubile olwandle "Isibani Esihle"
Wanikezwa igama elingajwayelekile ngesizathu. Umzimba we-squid ugcotshwe ngokoqobo ngezithombe ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene futhi uvutha ngokukhanya okuluhlaza okukhanyayo. Okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu iso le-mollusk.
I-Tour Heyerdahl - isihambi esidumile futhi umgibeli - wazichaza kwenye yezincwadi zakhe:
"Ebusuku, besivame ukwethuka ngamehlo amakhulu amakhulu ayindilinga avele aphuma othulini obumnyama abheka kithi, ethuka. Babengama-squid asolwandle olujulile. Behehwa ukukhanya kwesibani, bagqolozela eceleni kwephahla futhi babheka isibani esikhanyayo nezingane zabo ezivuthayo, ezivuthayo zephosphorus. "
"I-Wonder Lamp" ihlala olwandle lwePacific. I-squid ingaba ngamamitha amathathu ubude.
Shrimp Sistellaspis
Uhlobo olujwayelekile lwe-firefly shrimp. Ama-Photophores amboza imizimba yawo naphakathi, kanti kukhona nezindlala ezivalela uketshezi olukhanyayo oluxosha izitha. Ukukhanya okugqamile akugcini ngokuvikela, kodwa futhi kudlala indima enkulu ngenkathi yokuzalanisa: ukufiphaza kusiza i-shrimp ukuthola i-pair.
Ama-Sistellaspis shrimp ahlala olwandle olufudumele futhi atholakala cishe kuwo wonke amazwe aseningizimu. Ukuhamba ogwini ebusuku, ubona izinhlayiya zesihlabathi emanzini zivutha ngokungathi izinkanyezi ziwele emafwini amaza. Yafika ebusweni bomhlambi wesibhakabhaka esikhanyayo.
Uzwela ukuthi Ulwandle olumnyama akunakwenzeka ukubona ubuhle obunje njenge-Sistellaspis shrimps kanye ne-Sea sapphire crustaceans.
Ulwandle luvame ukuqhathaniswa nesikhala. Mkhulu, cishe awaziwa, futhi ukukhanya kwezinkanyezi eziphilayo kubhoboza ubumnyama bawo. Mhlawumbe ngolunye usuku, enye yazo izoholela ebuntwini emfihlakalo entsha yokujula okufanele siyixazulule.
Mhlawumbe usazi izakhamizi zasolwandle ezikhanyayo? Bhala emazwini. Kuzoba mnandi ukufunda.
UMA ITHANDWA LIYITHANDA, NGIZOBONAKALA NGAMAHHALA WAKHO 👍 KANYE NOKUFUNDA KWAMAHHALA WOKUXHUMANA NABO.
Izici ezihehayo zoshark okhanyayo we-cigar
Oshaka abakhulu ababa namabala amakhulu anomzimba omude futhi omncane, ophela nekhanda elimfushane elinesihlwitha esifushane.
Amehlo amakhulu, amise okwenziwe ngokusondelana anikeza umhlaseli umbono omuhle kakhulu we-binocular "wokukhomba kulitshe", ukuvuleka okubanzi kwemizwelo kubekwe ngaphezulu kwekhanda.
Ukuvuleka kwempumulo yakhe akubonakali, kepha umlomo wakhe ulungele ukudonsa - izindebe ezinkulu ezinamanzi ziyakwazi ukukuxhuma ngokuqinile ukhakhayi wasendwayi okhanyayo nomzimba wesisulu.
Umhlaseli unemisipha enamandla - emazinyweni angama-29 amancane, emazibukweni aphansi kakhulu angama-19, ubukhulu bawo budlula amazinyo angenhla amahlandla ayisihlanu.
Kubo bonke abanye oshaka, ushaka omkhulu we-cigar onamazinyo amakhulu uma uqhathaniswa ngobukhulu bawo.
Amaphisi atholakala emsileni womzimba obunjwe weriga, mncane futhi ayindilinga. Amaphiko we-pectoral nawo anomumo oyindilinga, aphakeme impela - ngemuva nje kwamabili ama-gill slits.
Isidumbu esimnyama onsundu esiswini sinamafothokhozi, futhi asinaso isimilo “esingumdaka” onsundu sesihlobo sakhe esisondelene noshaka omkhulu oseBrazil.
Isibindi esikhulu, esinamafutha sinikeza ama-ectoparasitic oshaka abathathi hlangothi, i.e. ushaka okhanyayo we-cigar uhlala ugcwele, ngakho-ke awudingi amaphiko amakhulu.
Oshaka bangemuva kohlobo lwe-Isistius bachitha ekujuleni okukhulu - cishe amamitha ayi-1500-3000, becashe ngaphansi kwesembozo sobumnyama obungapheli obuvela kwabazingeli. Ngokuqala kobusuku, oshaka be-cigar bayahamba beyozingela, ngokushesha benyuka bangehla ngamamitha ayi-500.
Njengoba sebebone izinhlanzi ezinkulu ngamehlo abo abukhali, izilwane ezidla ezinye “zihambahamba phezu kwaso” ngokushesha futhi zihlasela ngokushesha, zinamathela ngokuqinile emsileni, ekhanda noma esiswini. Kusukela kulo mzuzu kuqhubeke, ushaka awukwazi ukuletha amanzi olwandle kwizibiliboco zawo kanye nemiklamo ethweni layo kufakiwe kuleli cala.
Bukela ividiyo - Ukuzingela i-Big Tooth Cigar Shark:
I-Big Tooth Cigar Shark - Killer engabonakali
Amabala amazinyo abhoboza inyama ayinqume, ahambise isiyingi futhi angayithathi okwesibili eyeke isisulu esethukile - ushaka omkhulu okhanyayo onamachaphaza angokoqobo empeleni aququda ucezwana lwenyama ebusayo, futhi usayizi wayo uyiphinda kabili ubukhulu bomlomo womhlaseli!
Ngemuva kokuba usike ucezwana lwenyama, ushaka we-cigar uyamgwinya futhi, angaqedi 'etafuleni lokudlela' lawo, usheshe athathe isikhundla sokuya ekuphepheni okuphephile. Imbobo yobukhulu obuhle ihlala isemzimbeni wesisulu - ububanzi obu-5 cm nobubanzi obuyi-7 cm.
Okuthinteke ikakhulukazi ekuhlaselweni kwama-ectoparasites womndeni wama-Isistius ama-cetaceans nama-pinnipeds, oshaka (ikakhulukazi abondlayo kwi-plankton), imisebe ejulile yolwandle nezinhlanzi ezinkulu zamathambo (isibonelo, i-tuna ne-sea bream).
Futhi, oshaka be-cigar abakhanyayo bahlasela futhi badle ama-squid wonke, inqobo nje uma ubude bokugcina bungadluli kuma-30 cm.
Izilonda ezi-oval nezindilinga emanxebeni atshazwa ngezikhathi ezihlukene ngabasiki be-ectoparasite “zihlobisa” imizimba yezilwane eziningi ezincelisayo zasolwandle.
Njengomthetho, isisulu sokuhlaselwa sihlala siphila, ngaphandle kokuthi sihlaselwe kanye ngabaningi bezinyanya noma usayizi womzimba wakhe akwanele ukudlulisa nokuphulukisa isilonda esikhulu kangako.
I-Biology yeBrazil Luminous Shark
Isibindi (uma usiqhathanisa nesibindi sezinhlobo ezisondelene) sinosayizi omkhulu, isisindo saso singaba ingxenye yesithathu yesisindo soshaka uqobo, futhi siqukethe inani elikhulu le-low low density lipids.
Uma siqhathanisa isikhumba soshaka okhanyayo waseBrazil kanye namathambo oshaka omfushane nokufiphala koshaka, kuba mnyama kakhulu, ngenkathi ivolumu yendawo yomzimba ikhulu ngokubonakalayo kanti isibindi sikhulu. Ezinye izitho nazo ziqukethe inani elikhulu lamafutha, elihlinzeka ngokudla ngokungathathi hlangothi. I-fin enkulu yomsila yenza sikwazi ukwenza amajezi asheshayo avumela ukubamba inyamazane esheshayo ngezigaba ezimfushane.
E-retina yalawa oshaka, ngokungafani noshaka bezinye izinhlobo, amaseli weqembu lezigebengu agxunyekwe esifundeni esigxilile, esinika ithuba lapho ebuka izinto ngaphambili. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, laba oshaka badilizwa phansi emihlambini. Ngenxa yalokhu, bandisa ukusebenza kwe "isibambo esikhanyayo" futhi ngasikhathi sinye besabisa izitha ezinamandla ngokwengeziwe.
Kuyo yonke impilo yoshaka okhanyayo waseBrazil, amazinyo akhe atshintshwa amahlandla ambalwa.
Ngaleso sikhathi sesikhathi lapho ushaka ukhula usuka ku-14 uye ku-50 cm, amazinyo alo aguquka izikhathi eziyi-15. Futhi banomkhuba oyinqayizivele wokungawashi amazinyo abo agqoke, kodwa ukuwagwinya lapho intsha ikhula ukuze izibeke esikhundleni. Kungenzeka ukuthi isizathu salokhu yisidingo se-calcium.
I-Lullous Shark yaseBrazil
Ngokuvamile, oshaka baseBrazil abakhanyayo ama-ectoparasites angakhethwa, kepha angadla inyamazane encane. Isibonelo, ama-squid, izinhlanzi ezi-gonostomous, ama-crustaceans nezinye izinto baba yizisulu zawo. Oshaka abakhanyayo baseBrazil bathela izinhlanzi ezinama-cartilaginous, izinhlanzi ezi-bony, ama-cetacean kanye nezipikili.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-pharynx namazinyo kukhulu okwenza ukuthi ikwazi ukuluma izingcezu ezinkulu kakhulu emzimbeni wezisulu zayo. Oshaka abakhanyayo baseBrazil bahlanganiswa nesisulu, bese-ke, behamba bezungeza i-axis yabo, besebenzisa amazinyo aphansi abanzi asika ucezu lwenyama cishe amasentimitha ayisikhombisa ububanzi namasentimitha amabili ngokujula. Ukulandelwa kokuhlaselwa kwalaba oshaka kuvame ukutholakala izidumbu zezinhlanzi ezinkulu ezinkulu kanye nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Kwesinye isikhathi amathrekhi abo ayetholakala emgodini ongaphansi komhlaba kanye nezintambo zokuxhumana zasemanzini. Ngokunikwa le ndlela yokuziphatha koshaka, kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuvutha kwabo okuqinile kufanele kudonsele izilwane ezizingelayo.
Izisulu ezibuthakathaka kakhulu ziyizilwane ezibuthakathaka nezigulayo. Ngasogwini lwe-West Atlantic, amahlengethwa angenamuntu aphonswe ogwini, aphela amandla, nasemizimbeni yawo umuntu angabala ukusuka ngamashumi amaningana kuya kokulimala okungamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili koshaka waseBrazil okhanyayo.
Ukuhlaselwa kwalaba oshaka kuvame kakhulu kangangokuba eduze nesiqhingi saseHawaii, ukutholakala kokuhlaselwa kwabo kutholakale cishe kuwo wonke dolphin amadala.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye yalokhu kulunywa isivele yaphola, futhi ingxenye - entsha. Ngasikhathi sinye, emizimbeni yamahlengethwa anamandla amakhulu, wona, ezimeni eziningi, avele angekho ngokuphelele, ngoba akhona ngamanani amancane futhi kuyaqabukela.
Ukuzala iBravel Shark yaseBrazil
Kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngalolu hlangothi lwempilo yabasakazi baseBrazil abakhanyayo. Kucatshangwa ukuthi zingama-ovoviviparous. Umbungu ngesikhathi sokukhula kwawo udla kuphela isikhuphasha. Insikazi inezisu ezimbili ezisebenzayo. Ilitha ngalinye livame ukuba ngamawundlu ayisithupha kuya kwayishumi nambili. Ngesinye isikhathi, kwabanjwa owesimame, owayephethe imibungu eyisishiyagalolunye, ubude bawo busuka ku-12,4 kuya ku-13,7 cm. Futhi, naphezu kokuthi ubukhulu bemibungu babusondele nosayizi wezinsana ezisanda kuzalwa (14-15 cm), bebesenama-yolks izikhwama. Leli qiniso libonisa ukuthi ukukhulelwa kulolu hlobo loshaka kuhlala isikhathi eside kakhulu, futhi ukuthuthuka kuhamba kancane.
Imibungu iboshwe ngombala ofana nowabantu abadala, kepha akukho khola emnyama, noma kunjalo, kanye nokuphiliswa okungafani. Ushaka wesifazane okhanyayo waseBrazil ufinyelela ukuvuthwa ngobude obungu-39 cm, futhi abesilisa bangama-36 cm.
Oshaka baseBrazil abakhanyayo bangama-ectoparasites angakhethwa.
Ukusebenzisana koshaka okhanyayo waseBrazil nabantu
Oshaka abakhanyayo baseBrazil bagcinwa, njengomthetho, ngokujulile futhi futhi olwandle oluvulekile. Ngenxa yalokhu, imihlangano nabantu ayijwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kwalokhu, ukuhlaselwa okuningi kwabantu kusabhalwa phansi. Okungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi oshaka baseBrazil bangabokuqala bokuhlaselwa, kanti uma kwenzeka kwenzeka kunabanye oshaka, inani lokuhlaselwa okungakhokhelwa ngabantu lincane kakhulu.
Kwesinye isigameko esinjalo, umhlambi onolaka walaba shark ongaba ngu-30 cm ubude wahlasela umthwebuli wezithombe ongaphansi kwamanzi lapho ewela olwandle oluvulekile. Imibiko efanayo yaqhamuka kulabo abasinda ekuphukeni komkhumbi, futhi abahlaselwa yizilwane ezithile ebusuku ezashiya amanxeba acwebile futhi eqinile.
Ngo-2009, isakhamuzi saseMaui salunywa ngoshaka okhanyayo waseBrazil lapho ewela ubunzima phakathi kweziqhingi zaseMaui naseHawaii. Kukhona, okungenani, imibiko emibili yezidumbu ekhishwe emanzini, okwathi ngemuva kokufa yalunywa ngokusobala oshaka balolu hlobo.
Ngo-2012, indlela eya kumkhumbi, lapho umhambi waseSiberia u-Anatoly Kulik awela uLwandlekazi iPacific, wahlaselwa ngumhlambi walaba oshaka, ngenxa yokuthi yiliphi elinye lamasilinda elalunywa. Ukuhlasela okufanayo kwenzeka kumhambi ngonyaka ka-2010 lapho ewela i-Atlantic. Eminyakeni engamashumi ayisikhombisa yekhulu leminyaka elidlule, amabutho angaphansi komhlaba aseMelika abuyela emuva ngenxa yokulimala koshaka baseBrazil abakhanyayo abangena emaphethelweni we-neoprene of sonars. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwaba nokuvuza kwamafutha okudlulisa umsindo, okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yokuhamba kwemikhumbi. Lapho, ekugcineni, isizathu sesicacisiwe, kufakwa izembozo ze-fiberglass kule dome.
Oshaka abakhanyayo baseBrazil bagcinwa, njengomthetho, ngokujulile futhi futhi olwandle oluvulekile. Ngenxa yalokhu, imihlangano nabantu akuvamile.
Ishumi leminyaka kamuva, cishe ingxenye yesithathu yemikhumbi engaphansi komhlaba yaseMelika yalinyazwa ngandlela thile lolu hlobo lukashaka. Baluma ngezintambo zikagesi ebezivikelwe yikhova enjoloba, futhi umsebenzi wayo bekuwukuqinisekisa ukunyuka kuphephile. Inkinga ibuye yaxazululwa ngosizo lwama-fiberglass casings. Ngaphezu kwalokho, oshaka baseBrazil abakhanyayo balimaza izintambo zokuxhumana ngocingo kanye nemishini engaphansi kolwandle i-Oceanographic.
Umonakalo obangelwa oshaka baseBrazil okhanyayo ekubambeni kokudotshwa, kanye nokubaluleka komnotho kwalesi zinhlobo, akunawo umthelela omkhulu ekudobeni kwezentengiso. Njengezinhlobo zezentengiselwano, lezi zinhlanzi azinandaba (ikakhulukazi ngenxa yobukhulu bazo obuncane), kepha kwesinye isikhathi zigcina ngamanetha e-plankton, ama-pelagic tiers kanye nezikebhe eziphansi njengokubanjwa okubanjwayo. E-East Atlantic, kudliwe oshaka baseBrazil.
Akukho datha ngobuningi balezi zinhlobo; i-International Union for Conservation of Nature inikeze laba bantu oshaka "isikhundla sokukhathazeka", ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwale nhlobo, ukungabikhona kwenani lentengiso nokuthandwa okuphansi njengento yokudoba.
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