I-dimorphism yezocansi kuyo yonke inkazimulo yayo. Iyakhombisa inhlanzi kaDeveli. Abantu besilisa nabesifazane balesi sidalwa esinolwandle, sengathi bavela emhlabeni ohlukile. Izinsikazi zifinyelela kumamitha ayi-2 ubude futhi zibe nethoshi emakhanda azo.

Izinhlanzi zikasathane wasolwandle

Kukhanya kukholamu yamanzi, kudonsela inyamazane. Izinhlanzi zamadimoni kasathane amasenti angu-4, oncishwe umshini wokukhanyisa. Leli akuyona iqiniso kuphela elithandekayo ngesidalwa sasolwandle esijulile.

Incazelo nezici zezinhlanzi zikaDeveli

Izinhlanzi zikaDeveli esithombeni kubonakala kukubi. Abaningi badanile ngokubonakala kwesilwane, esasiqhathaniswa nodeveli. Ukusuka kuzinhlanzi ezijwayelekile zikaDeveli:

1. Umzimba ofuthisiwe. Kwakungathi ungena phezu kwakhe.
2. Ikhanda elikhulu. Ibalelwa kokuthathu kwezilwane.
3. Njengokungathi ngunxantathu womzimba, ngokuqinile thinta ubheke emsileni.
4. Cishe indawo engenakugwenywa gill.
5. Umlomo obanzi oswayipha uvuleka uzungeze wonke umkhawulo wekhanda. Imihlathi engenhla iyasebenza kakhulu kunaphansi. Lesi sakamuva sidonswa phambili. Inhlanzi inesibiliboco.
6. Amazinyo abukhali futhi agobile ngaphakathi.
7. Ukuguquguquka nokuhamba kwamathambo emihlathi. Zihamba zihlukane njengezinyoka, okwenza sikwazi ukugwinya inyamazane enkulu kunomzingeli uqobo.
8. Amehlo amancane, ayindilinga futhi asondelene kakhulu. Zincishisiwe ekhaleni, njengeflounder.
9. Ama-dorsal fin-part amabili. Ingemuva layo lisemsileni futhi lithambile. Isifunda sangaphambili se-fin sifakwe izimbambo eziyisithupha eziqinile ezingenasisekelo. Abathathu kubo baya enhlokweni yenhlanzi. Imisebe yangaphambili idluliselwe emhlathini futhi ibe nokuqina. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-Eska, isebenza njengekhaya lamagciwane akhanyayo.
10. Ukuba khona kwamathambo asemathanjeni emgqonyeni we-pectoral. Lokhu kubanikeza ingxenye yokusebenza komlenze. Amadimoni aqhubekela phambili emgqonyeni phansi, akhasa noma agxume ngendlela eyinqayizivele. Amandla okubhukuda amadimoni olwandle nawo ngaphandle kwawo. Amawele asiza nokumba emhlabathini, acashe ngaphandle kwamehlo.

UDeveli wasolwandle waseCaspian

Umbala wenhlanzi uncike endaweni yokuhlala. Isilwane sizifihla njengendawo engezansi. Ukuze uhlangane nakho, udeveli usebenzisa hhayi imibala yombala kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuphuma emzimbeni. Ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene, zifana namakhorali, i-algae, amatshe ayigugu.

Habitat

Zonke izinhlanzi zingamadimoni olwandle olujulile, kepha kuya ngamazinga ahlukahlukene. Eyodwa yanele amamitha ayi-18. Abanye bagibela ekujuleni kwamakhilomitha angama-2-3,5. Ngokuma ngokwezindawo, abamele uhlobo lwezinhlobo bahlala:

• izikhala ezivulekile zoLwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic
• INyakatho North, iBarents kanye namaLwandle aseBaltic
• Amanzi aseJapan, Korea kanye neRussia Far East
• ukujula kolwandlekazi lwePacific nolwaseNdiya
• Amanzi Olwandle Olumnyama

Njengoba zingaphansi kwezinhlanzi ezingaphansi, amademoni asolwandle 'adla' okumnandi kwamanzi amsulwa nezinyamazane ezihlanzekile ngokulinganayo. Ngakho-ke, ukubukeka okudumazayo kwezilwane kuhlangene nokunambitheka okuhle kakhulu.

Amademoni kwesibindi nangaphansi kwamanzi kubhekwa njengokudla okumnandi. AbaseYurophu, ngokwesibonelo, bacindezela kakhulu kuye ukuthi ngonyaka we-2017 eNgilandi bakuvimbela ukuthengiswa kodeveli ukuze kulondolozwe inani lezinhlanzi.

I-Budegassa noma uDeveli omnyama

Wonke "amadimoni" ajulile ahlala olwandle. Awekho amadimoni omfula. Yilapho kukhulunywa ngenhlanzi. Nayi inoveli "UDeveli wasemfuleni" nakhu. Incwadi ibhalwe nguDiana Whiteside. Indaba yothando, ilandisa ngomthengisi ocebile wemikhumbi eMfuleni iMissouri.

Izinhlobo Zezinhlanzi ZikaDeveli

Ukuhlukaniswa okuyinhloko kwezinhlobo zohlobo kuhlobene nezindawo ezihlala kuzo. Kunamakilasi ayi-7:

1. I-monkfish yaseYurophu. Thola inhlanzi yokuqala kaDeveli emuva ngo-1758. Ifinyelela kubude obuyi-2 metres. Isisindo singama-30 kilos. Umbala wabameli balezinhlobo ungumbala onsundu, onephunga elibomvu noma eliluhlaza okotshani. Izindawo ezimnyama zikhona ngemuva kwesisekelo. Isisu senhlanzi simhlophe.
2. I-Budegassa noma udeveli omnyama. Kubukeka njengaseYurophu, kepha inhloko inciphile futhi isisu simnyama. Namanje inhlanzi emnyama yedimoni incane kunesihlobo saseYurophu, ikhula ibe yimitha ubude kuphela. Ukubukwa kwavulwa ngo-1807.
3. UDeveli wasolwandle waseMelika. Kuvulwe ngo-1837. Ngobude, inhlanzi ayidluli amasentimitha ayi-120, inesisindo esingama-23 kilos. Isisu senhlanzi si-mhlophe, kanti izinhlangothi namhlane zinsundu.
4. Ukubuka kweCape. Isibopho esikhulu kunazo zonke i-anglay. Ubuye nomzimba omncane kakhulu futhi omfushane. Ngaphezulu kwemitha okuhlala kuyo iziziba ezingakhuli. Inhlanzi ipendiwe ngombala onsundu. Umlomo unamadlozi afana nolwelwe. Eqinisweni, lesi isikhumba sikadeveli. Ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo nendawo okuhlala kuyo umlomo wale nhlanzi, lesi silwane sasibizwa ngokuthi udeveli onentshebe. Umbono, njengowaseMelika, wavulwa ngo-1837. Emhlathini ongezansi izinhlanzi 3 imigqa yamazinyo.
5. Umugqa wolwandle osuka kude. Kuvulwe ngo-1902. Ngobude, inhlanzi ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.5. UDeveli waseMpumalanga Ekude wehlukile komakhelwane bawo ngomsila ophakeme. Amazinyo asemhlathini ongezansi wabameleli bezinhlobo ahlelwe ngemigqa emi-2. Umbala wesilwane onsundu. Kunezindawo ezikhanyayo ezinesifo esimnyama.
6. Ukubukwa kweNingizimu Afrika. Kuvulwe ngo-1903. Inhlanzi icishe ibe sobala, imhlophe. Ekugcineni, abamele izinhlobo bayafinyelela imitha, futhi babe nesisindo esingama-kilos 14.
7. West Atlantic Fish uDeveli. Kuvulwe ngo-1915. Ngobude, inhlanzi ayidluli amasentimitha angama-60. Umbala we-totgument yesilwane upinki onsundu. Ukuphuma kwesikhumba ku-West Atlantic devil kuyinto ephansi futhi ayivezwanga.

Ulwandle uDeveli Stingray

Phakathi kwamademoni wasolwandle kukhona amancane asetshenziswa ezindaweni zasemanzini, ngokwesibonelo, i-lionfish. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ibizwa ngokuthi umugqa onemigqa. Inhlanzi ipendiwe ngemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, emhlophe, emnyama, onsomi.

UDeveli wase-aquarium unamaphiko okuhlobisa ikakhulukazi nomzimba omncane othambile. Ngokulunga, siphawula ukuthi ezilwandle kunolunye udeveli. Ngakho-ke kubizwa ngokuthi yi-stingrays. Zingokwenhlanzi futhi. UDeveli wasolwandle watholakala ngonyaka we-1792.

Amaphiko ekhanda lezinhlanzi afaniswe nesimo esingunxantathu futhi aqondiswe phambili, njengezimpondo. Ngakho-ke, kwahlangana nobudlelwano noDeveli. Lesi sakhiwo samaphiko singenxa yokubamba iqhaza kwabo kwinqubo yokuqondisa ukudla emlonyeni wethampi.

Izinhlanzi zikaDeveli wokudla

Wonke amademoni olwandle angabadli. Njengokuhlukile, izinhlanzi zikhuphukela emanzini, zizingela i-herring ne-mackerel. Kwesinye isikhathi amademoni olwandle abamba izinyoni zigasele phezu kwamaza. Kepha imvamisa izitha ezizingela phansi zizingela phansi, zibambe lapho:

UDeveli onentshebe

• squid namanye ama-cephalopods
• igciwane
• izinhlungu
• ikhodi
• i-flounder
• omnyama
• oshaka abancane
• crustaceans

Amadimoni alinda izisulu zezinhlanzi, acashe ngaphansi. Ukukhanya 'kwesibani' somhlaseli kudonsela abakhileyo ekujuleni. Lapho izisulu ezingaba khona zilimaza i-esque, udeveli uvula umlomo wakhe kakhulu. Amafomu okugcwala endaweni yawo, nezingcindezi ziyaguquka. Umbhukudi ngokoqobo udonsela inhlanzi emlonyeni wakhe. Konke mayelana nakho konke kuthatha ama-millisecond ayi-6.

Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside

UDeveli wasolwandle - inhlanzi, ohlangana nomlingani emqondweni weqiniso wegama. Owesilisa omncane uluma insikazi. Lokho kuqala ukukhipha ama-enzyme aqinisekisa ukuhlangana kwemizimba emibili. Ngisho nemithambo yegazi iyahlangana. Kuphela ama-testicles ahlala "emile".

Izithombe ezingahleliwe zedemon yasolwandle, ethi ngasiphi isizathu yenze okuthile

Owesifazane oyedwa angalunywa ngabesilisa abaningana. Ngakho-ke insikazi ithola umthamo ophelele wesidoda. Umshini onjalo unikeze amademoni ukusinda kwezigidi zeminyaka. Uhlobo luthathwa njengolusebenzayo.

Inqubo yokukhulelwa nokuzala izinhlanzi zikaSathane ayizange ifundwe ngokuningiliziwe. Indlela yokuphila esekujuleni kolwandle kwama-angler iyaphazamisa. Ngakho-ke izilwane zibizwa ngenxa yokuthi izibani zikhanya ebusweni. Zigobhoza emanzini njengamanzi amafulethi, futhi umsebenzi we- "tackle" wenza njengenduku yokudoba ejwayelekile.

UDeveli wasolwandle waseMelika

Ama-Angler aqala ukuzalanisa:

1. Ekupheleni kobusika, uma behlala ezindaweni eziseningizimu.
2. Maphakathi nentwasahlobo noma ekuqaleni kwehlobo, uma zihlala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho.
3. Ekupheleni kwehlobo, uma kukhulunywa nge-angler yaseJapan.

Amaqanda e-monkfish ahlanganiswa abe itheyiphu engu-50-90 amasentimitha ububanzi. Ubude bendwangu bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-12. Ubukhulu beteyiphu kungamasentimitha ayi-0,5 futhi liqukethe:

• mucus akha izingxenye eziyisithupha
• amaqanda ngokwawo, evalelwe eyodwa ngasikhathi sinye egumbini

UDeveli inhlanzi i-caviar igeleza ngokukhululekile kwikholamu yamanzi. Indwangu eyodwa inamakhebuli ayizigidi ezingama-1-3 anama-imibungu. Imibungu izungezwe amanoni. Akavumeli ubumbano ukuhlala phansi.Amaseli we-mucous abhujiswa kancane kancane, bese amaqanda ebhukuda ngawodwana.

Usathane wase-West atlantic

Amajaqamba anglerfish awancwebeki kusuka phezulu, njengabantu abadala. Ungabona amawundlu ebusweni bamanzi, lapho ahlala khona amasonto okuqala ayi-17 okuphila. Ngemuva kokuthi izilwane zilele phansi. Ama-angler lapho kuzodingeka ukuthi aphile eminye iminyaka eyi-10-30, kuya ngohlobo lwenhlanzi.

Ukutholwa kwe- "sea devil"

Ngokokuqala ngqa, uJohann Valbaum, udokotela wezilwane waseJalimane, udokotela nodokotela wezemvelo, wachaza wanikeza lesi silwane igama. Wambiza ngokuthi yiRaja birostris, futhi lokhu kwenzeka, ngamazinga omlando, hhayi kudala kakhulu - ngo-1792. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umlando walezi uyindidane futhi ungacaci kakhulu, uma uqhathanisa nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo: ngamakhulu amabili eminyaka banikezwa “amagama” ezinhlobo ezingama-25 futhi acishe abe yishumi nambili generic. Ngokwesayensi yanamuhla, igama elithi Manta birostris liyaqashelwa. Kuze kube muva nje, bekukholelwa ukuthi lezinhlanzi "usathane wasolwandle" - okuwukuphela kommeleli wama-ranta manta amakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka we-2009 kwatholakala enye inhlobo yezilwane, iManta alfredi, enomehluko obonakalayo ekubukekeni, ekukhuleni, naku-morphology, kepha ngokufana ngosayizi, umsoco nendlela yokuphila.

Izinganekwane nezinganekwane

Inhlanzi "usathane wasolwandle" (isithombe esingenhla) ithole igama lesidlaliso ngenxa yesimo esiyingqayizivele samaphiko ekhanda - aqondisa ukudla emlonyeni wazo. Ukusuka ngaphandle, kubukeka njengezimpondo, futhi njengoba kunikezwe ubukhulu obukhulu bomuntu, akumangazi ukuthi kudale ukuthi kube nokuthuthumela kwabahambi basolwandle. AbaseYurophu ababhukuda emanzini asezindaweni ezishisayo babekholelwa ukuthi uma inhlanzi kaDeveli ithukuthele, izocwilisa umkhumbi, bese uyijaha ngentukuthelo engapheli futhi ngokubekezela. Eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, ukuhlangana kwe-manta ray kwakusho (futhi kusasho) izinkathazo nezinkinga ezinkulu. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi umzimba omkhulu wefulethi usebenza njengengubo yokumboza inyamazane engenamuntu ngenhloso yokuyidonsa (ngokusho kwenye inguqulo - ukuchoboza, uma umuntu ecasula isilozi ngokuthile).

Inhlanzi "usathane wasolwandle": incazelo

Isitembu sinosayizi omkhulu wamaphinifa we-rhomboid pectoral - ngezinhlobo zazo ezinkulu izilinganiso zifinyelela kumamitha ayisikhombisa. Ngaphambili, zingena emaphini ekhanda, phakathi kwawo kunomlomo obanzi. Amehlo atholakale ezinhlangothini, futhi amakhethini - ngesimo sezikhala - kusuka phansi kwekhanda. Ngemuva kwesidimoni selwandle kumnyama (kumnyama noma kube mpunga), isisu sikhanya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusakazwa kwamabala kuyadingeka kukho. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi inombolo yabo nendawo akuyo umuntu ngamunye - njengezandla zomuntu. Ngokuqondene nesisindo, umuntu omkhulu kwesinye isikhathi ufinyelela kumathani amabili nengxenye.

Impilo olwandle

Akunandaba noma bathini, noma ngabe bathola ziphi izindaba ezimbi, izinhlanzi "usathane wasolwandle" zidla njengemikhomo - iplankton kanye nama-crustaceans amancane. Ngale njongo, umlomo wakhe uhlome ngendwangu ekhethekile yokuhlunga ukudla, enamapuleti gill. Ngokukhishwa ngosayizi we-manti, umuntu akufanele amangale ukuthi kuphoqelelwa ukuthi kudliwe njalo ngokuqhubekayo.

Izitha zemvelo zalezi zidalwa kukhona imikhomo yokubulala kanye noshaka abakhulu. Bahlasela abantu abadala kuphela uma belimala futhi begula, kepha ngokuzikhandla bafuna amawundlu.

Ngokungafani nama-manti amaningi, ayizakhamizi ezingaphezulu kwamanzi. Azilokothi ziye ekujuleni okukhulu.

Ukuzala kabusha kweManth

Ukuqhubeka nohlobo, izindondo ezinkulu zihamba ziye ogwini lwaseMozambiki. Isizini yabo yokuzalela iba ngoNovemba. Ngalesi sikhathi, ungabona inqwaba yabameli bezinhlobo "zasathane wasolwandle". Ukuchazwa kokuthandana kwabo, okunikezwe ososayensi abaningi basolwandle nabahlukahlukene bama-amateur, kuveza le nqubo njengombono omuhle kakhulu. Abesilisa balandela insikazi elungele ukukhulelwa, futhi ngesivinini esikhulu, imvamisa ayisiyona imisebe yama-manta. "Udeveli wolwandle" wesifazane ubeletha inzalo eyodwa kuphela, amacala amawele awqabile. Esigabeni sokuqala ngemuva kokuqokwa, amawundlu ahlala ngaphakathi kukamama futhi adle. Ngemuva kokuzalwa, "inhlanzi yasolwandle" yezinhlanzi inemitha nobude bekota nesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayishumi. Usana olusanda kuzalwa lulandela umama wakhe yonke indawo. Owesifazane uhola inzalo ngokungafanele - amakhefu avela eminyakeni emibili emithathu.

Ingozi yokuqothulwa

Njengoba sekushiwo, inhlanzi "usathane wasolwandle" ayinazitha ezingathí sina zemvelo. Kepha kumuntu wakhe ozifelayo oyingozi. Le nyama nesibindi kubhekwa njengokudla okumnandi okweqile, futhi phakathi kwamaShayina asetshenziswa kakhulu kwezokwelapha. Ngabadobi baseChinese abaqothula inhlanzi kaDeveli, abavakashela ngoNovemba beya ogwini lwaseMozambiki. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi imithambeka emikhulu izala kancane kangakanani, futhi neqiniso lokuthi le ndawo yakhethwa yibo ukuze baganwe, kungaphikiswa ukuthi kuze kufike lapho amanzi asondelene neMozambiki evikelekile, usongo lokuqothulwa kwama-mantas ngeke luphele.

Izinsimbi 'zoDeveli wasolwandle'

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinhlanzi "ulwandle" lufundwa ngenkuthalo, akuzona zonke izimfihlo zalo ezembulwa ososayensi. Okokuqala, akekho ongasho ukuthi kungani beshada eduzane naseMozambiki futhi balandela kuphi. Amaramping abasebenzayo empeleni angabafuduki futhi bamane “bahambe” nomaphi lapho amehlo abo ebheka khona.

Akukaziwa ukuthi imfihlakalo iyini umkhuba wabo wokuphuma emanzini uwele emuva ngomthombo wesifutho. Ososayensi abahlukahlukene babeke phambili izinguqulo eziningana kuleli banga:

Yikuphi kokuqonda okuyiqiniso, mhlawumbe, okuzokwaziwa ngokuzayo, uma ubuntu nalesi sidalwa bungaguquli esigabeni sokuqothuka.

Photo: filipmije (on and off)

Isilwane asinikeziwe nganoma yini engasetshenziswa njengezivikelo kubazingeli basolwandle. Akunawo amazinyo amakhulu, noma ama-spikes, noma amathuba okuthuthumela kukagesi, njengoba kwenza ama-stingrays. Ama-mantas ajwayele ukuba yizisulu zabanye abahlala olwandle. Oshaka abakhulu ikakhulukazi bathanda ukuzingela. Uma maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, abantu bebheka uLwandle uDeveli njengengozi kubantu, manje wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi asikho isidingo sokubasaba.

Isithombe: Tim

Ukudla okuyinhloko kweLwandle uDeveli yi-plankton, izinhlanzi ezincane nezibungu. Njengemikhomo, imanti ivula umlomo wayo kabanzi, iginya inyamazane yayo encane, bese kuthi, lapho sebehlungile amanzi, bayeke ukudla emlonyeni wabo.
Manty bahlakaniphile kakhulu. Ubukhulu bobuchopho babo budlula usayizi wobuchopho bama-stingrays kanye noshaka. Kulula ukujikisa futhi abahlukahlukene bayabathanda. Abanye izivakashi ngokukhethekile baya ukuyophumula ogwini loLwandlekazi lwaseNdiya bayobhukuda ngaseceleni kweLwandle lweLwandle. Lezi zilwane zinelukuluku kakhulu futhi, lapho zibonile okuthile okuhehayo ebusweni bamanzi, zibhukuda kuye ukuze zibone okwenzekayo. Kwesinye isikhathi ilukuluku elinjalo ngokweqile liyabulala lesi sidalwa esingenangozi.

Isithombe: Saschj

Enye yamathenda athandwayo kaManta ukuqa amanzi aze afike kumitha eyodwa nesigamu. Ukufakwa kwesilwane esikhulu kumakhilomitha amaningi. Inhloso yemidlalo enjalo ayicaci, kepha, mhlawumbe, ngale ndlela, uLwandle uDeveli luheha ukunakwa kwabobulili obuhlukile noma luzame ukuloba izinhlanzi ezincane ezifakiwe ekudleni kwakhe.
Ukuvela kwamawundlu eManta kuyinto eyejwayelekile. Owesifazane ukhiqiza ingane eyodwa kuphela. Ukuzalwa kwakhe okuphakeme kuyimitha! UDeveli omncane wolwandle uzalwa ngeshubhu eligoqiwe, kepha, engaphandle kwesibeletho sikamama, welula amaphiko awo ngaso leso sikhathi. Kusukela kulo mzuzu, uqala "ukundiza" ezungeza umama wakhe emibuthanweni.

Isithombe: Steve Dunleavy

Ungabona i-Mantoux stingray kuma-aquariums. Kepha emhlabeni wonke kunezindawo ezinhlanu ezinje, ngoba ubukhulu be-aquarium besilwane sasolwandle esikhulu kangako kufanele kube bukhulu kakhulu. Kuyamangaza ukuthi ekuthunjweni, ama-manti futhi azala, ngoba ngeke afe ngaphandle, anikezwe iqiniso lokuthi akuvamile ukuba akhiqize uhlobo lwawo. Ukuzalela uDeveli wasolwandle ekudingisweni kungumsebenzi onzima futhi omude, kodwa kufanelekile. UDeveli wasolwandle wazalelwa e-aquarium, eseJapan. Umcimbi wenzeka ngonyaka ka-2007 futhi wawusakazwa kuthelevishini. Uthando lomuntu ngesilwane lesi, esabela uthando, lwafika ngokubambezeleka, manje uManta uthathwa njengesinye sezilwane ezihlukile kakhulu emhlabeni.

Inhlanzi yaseManty zingezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezi-cartilaginous - ipuleti-gill. Ama-mantas zinhlobo ezinkulu kunazo zonke zemithambeka, ezingafika ku-200 cm ubude.Amaphiko awo afinyelela ku-700 cm, kanti isisindo sezinhlanzi ezinamanzi zingafinyelela ku-2000 kg. Lezi zinhlanzi zinomehluko ngazinye - amaphiko we-pectoral, afana nezimpondo, aba yisizathu segama lesidlaliso elinamathiselwe kumuntu "Ulwandle uDeveli" .

Izinhlanzi zaseManti zinomlomo obanzi kakhulu, otholakala emaphethelweni angaphambili lekhanda. Njengamanye amabhungane ansundu, ama-manti anezinto ezikhethekile ezibizwa ngokuthi isihlungi. Kuqukethe amapuleti e-gill, lapho ukudla kungcwatshwa khona - izinhlanzi ezincane, ama-planktonic kanye nama-crustaceans.

ZIhlala kuphi izinhlanzi ze-manti?

Ama-mantas afuna ukudla angahamba amabanga amade kakhulu, ahlala elandela ukuhamba kwe-plankton. Lezi zingazi elifudumele.

Ama-mantas ayakwazi ukuhamba ngokumangalisa emanzini, agwedla "amaphiko" awo kalula futhi ngomusa. Kwesinye isikhathi ungabona ama-mantas, ngenxa yokuthi athanda ukulala phezu kwamanzi. Ukuze ihlale ngaphezulu kwamanzi, igoba elinye lamaphiko we-pectoral ukuze umphetho wayo uphume.

Amademoni olwandle ayaziwa ngokuphuma emanzini. Kulokhu, i-manti ingakhuphuka ngamasentimitha ayi-150 ngaphezu kobuso bayo. Kuzwakala umsindo wentambo enkulu ewela emanzini izwakala njengendudumo futhi izwakale kude ngamamayela.

Ingabe inhlanzi kaManta iyisidleke?

IManta ayinalo ulaka ngakho-ke ayibeki bungozi kubadijimayo. Kepha ukuthinta isikhumba salesi sithambeka, esimbozwe yizikhala ezincane, kuzoholela ekulimazekeni nasekulimazekeni. Ngemuva kwe-manti kumnyama nesisu simhlophe qwa.

Lezi izindunduma ezinkulu ingatholakala emanzini ashubisayo olwandle nolwandle oluhlukile. Manti ahlala kwikholamu lamanzi futhi ajwayele ukubhukuda olwandle oluvulekile.

Izinduna zinamazinyo emhlathini ophansi kuphela, ubukhulu bawo ngamunye bufana nobukhulu bekhanda lephini. Ingxenye engenhla yamazinyo ngamunye inendawo engabukhali enama-grooves abuthakathaka. Lawa mazinyo awabandakanywa ngesikhathi sokufakwa kokudla. Bangakwazi ukufeza inhloso yokuhlanzeka, futhi futhi kubalulekile ngesikhathi sokuqomisana.

Ukufuywa kwezinhlanzi ze-Manty

Njengezinye izinhlobo zama-stingrays, ama-manti azalaniswa ngokusebenzisa umanyolo lwangaphakathi. Esakhiweni samadoda alezi stingrays, kukhona izitho ezifana nezitho zombungu ezikhula zivela ngaphakathi kwezingalo zamathambo zale stingrays. Isitho ngasinye kuleso sitho sinokuphindaphindeka lapho amaseli amaduna angena emzimbeni wowesifazane, lapho kwenzeka khona ukuzala.

Ngesikhathi sokuphola, ama-stingrays amaningana angazama isikhathi eside ukufeza uthando lowesifazane. Kepha, ekugcineni, i-ramp ephumelela kunazo zonke ibamba ingxenye engenhla yamaphiko omlomo wowesifazane ngamazinyo ayo bese iyayifaka esiswini. Futhi ngandlela thize kuvela ukuthi esinye sezitho zakhe ezifana ne-penis singena emgodini ngalesi sikhathi.

Isikhathi sokuqophela siyimizuzu eyi-1.5. Owesifazane wale stingray uletha eyodwa, kodwa kunalokho ibanga elingaba nesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-10 nobubanzi obungaba ngu-125 cm. Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, kubonakala sengathi kunomsila ngaphambili esibelethweni sikamama, kufakwa ku-silinda futhi kuvele khona manjalo, ngenkathi eqala ukuzamazama amaphiko okuyo esifubeni.

I-dimorphism yezocansi kuyo yonke inkazimulo yayo. Iyakhombisa inhlanzi kaDeveli . Abantu besilisa nabesifazane balesi sidalwa esinolwandle, sengathi bavela emhlabeni ohlukile. Izinsikazi zifinyelela kumamitha ayi-2 ubude futhi zibe nethoshi emakhanda azo.

Izinhlanzi zikasathane wasolwandle

Kukhanya kukholamu yamanzi, kudonsela inyamazane. Abesilisa bakaDeveli bangamasentimitha angama-4 ubude, abanakho ukulungiswa kokukhanya. Leli akuyona iqiniso kuphela elithandekayo ngesidalwa sasolwandle esijulile.

Izici ezihlukile zomphangi

Inhlanzi kaDeveli ibukeka inyanyeka kwabaningi ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo okubi. Isilwane sinekhanda elikhulu, umzimba obushelelezi, izilwanyana ezifihlayo kanye nomlomo obanzi. Isici senhlanzi kaDeveli ukuba khona kokuphuma kwesibani ekhanda zezinsikazi, okuheha inyamazane ebumnyameni bamanzi olwandle.

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Ama-vertebrates angabanikazi bamazinyo abukhali futhi agobile ngaphakathi, imihlathi eguquguqukayo futhi eguqukayo, emincane, eyindilinga, Amehlo asondele kakhulu. I-dorsal fin iyizingxenye ezimbili, enye ingxenye ithambile futhi iseduze nomsila, enye inezikhala eziyingqayizivele eziya ekhanda lezinhlanzi. Emigubheni etholakala esifubeni, kukhona amathambo asemathanjeni okuvumela ukuthi ukhasa phansi nangaphansi kokuxhuma. Ngosizo lwamaphinifa, ama-vertebrates angcwatshwa emhlabathini.

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Izinsikazi zingafinyelela kumamitha ayi-2, kuthi abesilisa bakhule babe ngu-4 cm.

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Izinhlobo zezinhlanzi

Imvamisa, inhlanzi kaDeveli ijule. Abanye abamele ama-vertebrates angakwazi ukungena ku-18 m, kanti abanye baye ku-3,5 km. Ungathola inhlanzi kaDeveli emanzini ase-Atlantic, eNdiya nasePacific Oceans, kanye naseBlack, Baltic, Barents naseNyakatho yolwandle. Isilwane sasolwandle sabonwa emanzini aseJapan, Korea nasezifundeni zaseRussia.

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Naphezu kokubukeka kabi, inhlanzi kaDeveli ikhethiwe futhi inambitheka omuhle kakhulu. Indawo ekujuleni kukuvumela ukuthi ubhukuda emanzini ahlanzekile kunazo zonke futhi uzikhethele inyamazane engcono kakhulu. Inyama ye-Vertebrate, kufaka phakathi isibindi, ithathwa njengokudla okumnandi ngempela.

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Ngokuya ngendawo, kukhona ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanzi zikaDeveli:

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• I-monkfish yaseYurophu - ikhula ibe ngamamitha ayi-2, isisindo singaba ngu-30 kg. Ngaphandle, inombala onsundu onezinto ezibomvu neziluhlaza. Inhlanzi inesisu esimhlophe futhi imbozwe amabala amnyama kulo lonke emuva.
• I-Budegassa - icishe ifane nombono wokuqala, umehluko ulele esiswini esimnyama.
• UDeveli wasolwandle lwaseMelika - unesisu esimhlophe esingcolile, emuva nezinhlangothi zinsundu.

Phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezidla ezinye, umugqa wolwandle osuka kude naseMpumalanga Ekude, owaseNingizimu Afrika kanye noweCape Devil, kanye nesilwane sasolwandle saseWest Atlantic.

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Ukudla okuyinhloko kwezinhlanzi zikaDeveli

Inhlanzi ingeyabanukubezi futhi akuvamile ukuba ishiye ekujuleni. Ingabhukuda kuphela emnyangeni okhethekile - i-herring noma i-mackerel. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-vertebrates angabamba ngisho nenyoni emanzini.

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Ngokuyisisekelo, ukudla kwezinhlanzi zikaDeveli kuqukethe ama-stingrays, squid, i-flounder, i-cod, i-eels kanye nama-crustaceans, kanye noshaka abancane, ama-gerbils namanye ama-cephalopods. Ngokulindela inyamazane, inyamazane ibhekelela phansi, futhi ukudla kukhangwa yilokho. Lapho nje inhlanzi imthinta, udeveli uvula umlomo wakhe futhi aqinise yonke into nge-vacuum.

IManta ray ingenye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Kepha, kuyamangaza, kushiwo ngqo ngabo ukuthi isayensi yazi okuncane ngokumangazayo

Imidondoshiya emine nemnyama iphuma ebumnyameni bolwandle. Kuzo zombili izinhlangothi, imizimba yazo eyisicaba idlula ingena emgqonyeni obanzi, yona icwenge njengamaphiko. Umhlambi wezinhlanzi undizela emanzini njengomhlambi wezinyoni. Imilomo yazo ivulekile kakhulu, imisebe yama-manta ihamba phezulu kwesihlahla. Omunye wabo uya kwabaphambukayo bese ephenduka ngqo phambi kwabo, ekhombisa isisu sakhe esikhanyayo. Ukukhanya kuyakhanya. Izinhlanzi ezinkulu ezijikeleza edwaleni, kanye nabasakazi be-scuba basayinelana ukukhuphuka. Ngemuva kwamahora amabili, u-Andrea Marshall ulanda izithombe kwikhompyutha. Isiteshi sokucwaninga esimbozwe ngomhlanga eTofo, idolobhana eliseningizimu neMozambiki, sinjengendawo ebamba ukushisa. Umlandeli akasindisi. Kude kude kuvela umsindo we-surf. Iminyaka eyishumi, u-Andrea Marshall oneminyaka engama-31 ubudala ubelokhu efunda izinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu ze-stingrays emhlabeni. IManta, noma udeveli omkhulu wasolwandle, ungenye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu eMhlabeni. I-ramp yabantu abadala inesisindo esingaba amathani amabili, ubude bezinkezo zayo eziseceleni bungafinyelela kumamitha ayisikhombisa - cishe njengegoli lebhola.

Kunohlobo lunye kuphela lwezingubo zokugqokwa, ezivezwe kuFish Catalog, incwadi enkulu yezinkomba enamaphepha amathathu eshalofini eliseduze kwaseMarshall. Kepha amamaki ebalazweni lakhe lomhlaba asho okunye. Amachashazi abomvu futhi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, umcwaningi umaki indawo yazo zonke izixuku ezaziwayo zemisebe ye-manta. Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka usho uhlobo olulodwa, obomvu - olunye.Le mephu ingubufakazi bayo bomuntu siqu bemcabango wobukhona bokuthi akekho, kepha izinhlobo ezimbili zalezi zinhlanzi.

Izithombe zanamuhla zivela kwi-track, ezithathwe nguMarshall nozakwabo, isazi sebhayoloji saseNew Zealand uSimon Pearce. Abathathu kwabangama-stingrays abahlangane abajwayelene nabo, ososayensi baye babiza amagama abo ase-America: Ososayensi babahlukanisa ngamabala nezibazi esiswini nasengxenyeni engezansi yama-lateral fins. Ngenhlanzi ngayinye zakha iphethini ehlukile. Ukwenza isibonelo, emthambekeni wamasenti angama-50, amabala asesiswini afana nezinombolo u- "5" no- "0", bese kuthi olwesine alunywe ngu shark kugoba ngendlela yohlamvu u- "c", okuqala ngalo igama elithi isenti ("cent").

UMarshall uhlola izithombe zendlela yesine. Lona ngowesifazane. Amabala amnyama esiswini sakhe abukeka njengonyawo lwebhubesi. Umcwaningi uqhathanisa isithombe nezithombe zabanye abantu besifazane kusuka kudatha. Akukho okufana. UMarshall uqamba igama elisha likaSimba lokuhlonipha ibhubesi lebhubesi lekhathuni iNgonyama King.

USimba yirempu yama-743 kwinhlu yayo. Emhlabeni jikelele kunabantu abambalwa nje abakhulu kangaka bemisebe ye-manta, njengalapha, ogwini lwaseMozambiki, eduze nedolobhana laseTofo. Akekho kubo owafundelwa kangcono lapha.

Manti ahlala olwandle olufudumele. Amaphuzu ebalazweni aqonde ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Australia, esifundeni seziqhingi zasePacific, ngasogwini lweCalifornia, naseCaribbean. Kepha iningi lazo likuLwandlekazi i-Indian: ngasogwini olusempumalanga ye-Afrika, nangasogwini lwaseThailand nase-Indonesia. Mangaki imitha yama-manta ahlala olwandle? Yini isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwabo nemikhuba yabo? Isayensi ayinampendulo ecacile kuyo yonke le mibuzo.

U-Andrea Marshall waba ngowokuqala ukuchaza isiko lengubo. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, insikazi ngayinye ilandelwa ngokungaphezi ngabesilisa abangafika kwabangu-20. Bona, njengesitimela esiphilayo, baphinda ngamunye wezinto azisebenzisayo kuze kube yilapho owesifazana ekhetha owesilisa oyedwa. Ukukhulelwa kwe-mantle kuthatha unyaka, insikazi izala i-fry eyodwa, amaphiko awo afinyelela kumitha eyodwa nesigamu. Kusukela ngomzuzu wokuqala wokuphila, i-ramp encane ishiywe ngokwayo.

Ngokuphathelene nesisindo somzimba esiphelele, ama-mantis anobuchopho obukhulu kunazo zonke izinhlanzi. Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi indlela yokuphila eqoqayo inegalelo ekukhuleni kobuchopho. Ama-Mantas adla ngamaqembu futhi abhukuda ndawonye “ngenqubo yokuhlanzeka” aya ezindaweni okuhlangene kuzo abahlanza izinhlanzi. Kucatshangelwa ukuthi ezikoleni ze-manti kubusa ukuhola okuphakathi kwabantu abadala nabancane. Manti avela njalo emanzini bese afafaza nge-Splash ebusweni bolwandle. UMarshall uphakamisa ukuthi le yindlela abashintshana ngayo nezimpawu. Imvamisa ubheka izigqoko njengezidalwa ezithandekayo futhi uyaqiniseka ukuthi kukhona abantu phakathi kwazo. Abanye banelukuluku futhi bayadlala, abanye banamahloni futhi abaqondile. Ngokusekelwe ekubukweni kwenqwaba ngasogwini lwaseMozambiki, iMelika izama ukuthola ezinye izimfihlo zokuziphatha kwabo. Cishe isigamu sezikethi ezirekhodiwe zihlala lapha unomphela; uMarshall uhlangana nazo njalo lapho egxuma. Isibonelo, ubonile iCompass yabesifazane namasenti angama-50 izikhathi eziningi. Kepha imininingwane yakhe iqukethe abantu abangamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili abayibona ngasogwini lwaseMozambiki, kuphela eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili. Ingabe kwenzeka ngengozi? U-Andrea Marshall wafika okokuqala eTofo eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Ngemuva kwalokho wayesengumfundi we-hydrobiologist e-Australia Brisbane futhi wayezithanda izithombe zasemanzini. Omunye wabangani bakhe wameluleka ukuba eqe ogwini lwaseMozambiki. UMarshall wakhulela eduze neSan Francisco. Wathola isitifiketi sokudidiyela eneminyaka eyi-12, eneminyaka eyi-15 wayesene-dives engamakhulu amahlanu. Kodwa akukho ndawo emhlabeni lapho wabona khona umhlaba ocebile ongaphansi kwamanzi njengasogwini lwaseMozambiki. Futhi okubaluleke - lapha ungahlangana nensangu nsuku zonke. Kwezinye izindawo ezidumile zokudonsa, lezi zinhlanzi zidinga ukulandelelwa zisuka endizeni.

Ukubuyela eBrisbane, u-Andrea Marshall uthathe isinqumo sokubhala i-dissertation kuma-manta rays. USolwazi uMichael Bennett “ungibhekile njengonhlanya.” Vele, lezi zilwane aziqondakali kahle. Kodwa kunencazelo yalokhu: imigwaqo ayivelakancane, futhi ukuyifunda kuyabiza. Futhi: Ngingayibhala kanjani incwadi e-Afrika ngineminyaka engama-22?! ” - kukhumbula uMarshall. Kepha wanquma ukuthatha ithuba. Kuthengiswa imoto nefenisha eBrisbane, Andrea wandizela eMozambiki. Edolobhaneni laseTofo, wayehlala endlini engenamanzi nokukhanya. Abadobi bamthatha ngesikebhe bayisa kwenye yezinsimbi, babuyela naye. Kamuva, uchwepheshe we-whale shark uSimon Pearce wamjoyina. Kepha eminyakeni yokuqala, wayehlala ephula umyalo oyinhloko we-diver - ukuthi angalokothi azule yedwa.

Sekwedlule izinyanga eziyisithupha selokhu afika eTofo. Ngobunye ubusuku kusihlwa, ebuka izithombe zama-stingrays, u-Andrea Marshall wabona okuthile okuxakile. Ezinye izinhlanzi zazibonakala zikhulu futhi zimnyama kunabanye. Uthi: “Ekuqaleni nganquma ukuthi laba bangabantu abadala. Kepha washeshe wabona eminye umehluko. Kwavela ukuthi umdondoshiya omkhulu wadla futhi wabhukuda ngaphandle kwama-ramp amancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakuqabukela befika kuye, ngokungafani nezingubo ezincane, ayehlangana nazo nsuku zonke. Ngabe lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-stingrays - njengemikhomo yokubulala - ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili: axazululiwe futhi afuduka? Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, enye incazelo eyayingafika yafika engqondweni yakhe. Ngemuva konyaka nesigamu, u-Andrea wabuyela eBrisbane futhi wabelana ngalo mbono noprofesa wakhe: kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-manti. "Ubengalaleli, kepha okunye engikubonile kumhlabe umxhwele." Isihloko se-dissertation sigunyaziwe. U-Andrea Marshall waxhumana nochwepheshe abaningi abahlanu be-ramp, kepha akekho noyedwa kubo oweseka umbono wakhe. Manti asatshalaliswa cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba, futhi ukwakheka kwezinhlobo ezintsha kunomthelela wukuhlukaniswa kwezwe. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi, lapho bekungekho izithiyo zemvelo, izidalwa ezimbili zithuthukisiwe, zenqaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuhlaziyeni kokuqhathanisa ama-DNA mantas, akukho mehluko owatholakala. Lokhu kungenye impikiswano ephikisana nomqondo wakhe. Ukubhaka kuqala kakade ngehora lesikhombisa ekuseni. UMarshall ubheka kusuka ogwini olwandle. Ngosuku lwesine, ifu ende eluhlaza ye-phytoplankton ibelokhu ilula ogwini oluseningizimu yeMozambiki. Lawa ma-microscopic algae atholakala ekuqaleni kweqoqo lokudla olwandle. Kufanele silinde umoya ushintshe futhi uthathe lesi sithombo sisuka echibini siye olwandle oluvulekile. Emanzini anodaka, kunzima ukulandelela izigceme zalo.

UMarshall unquma ukuzama inhlanhla yakhe. Ngosuku olwedlule, iqembu labaphambukeli labona ama-mantas amakhulu ngaphansi kwamanzi. Umcwaningi ufuna ukufaka i-satellite transmitter kwenye yezinhlanzi. Unamathela emisakazweni emincane emisakazo ye-acoustic esikhunjeni semisebe emincane ye-manta. Lapho i-ramp emakiwe ibhukuda ngaphakathi komgwaqo ongamamitha angama-500 ukusuka emsakazweni, amasignali omdluliseli wawo ayabanjwa futhi aqoshwe. UMarshall ufake imisakazo eyi-12 ogwini olungamakhilomitha ayikhulu eTofo Bay. Ngakho-ke uyakwazi ukubona ukuthi i-manty ibhukuda kuphi kaningi.

Kepha ama-acoustic transmitters awalungile ekulandeleleni ama-mantas afudukayo. UMarshall ubheka lawo ma-stingrays njengokufuduka, ahlangana nawo kanye kuphela. Kubonakala sengathi akusuka ndawo, uchithe usuku noma ezimbili e-bay bese unyamalala. Bayaphi? Bahlangana kuphi futhi bazale izingane?

Umcwaningi uzama ukufakazela ukuthi umdondoshiya omkhulu lapho efuna ukudla uzulazula olwandle. Usuhlinzekele eziyisishiyagalolunye zalezi zithambeka ngama-satellite transmitter angama-20 cm. Njalo lapho kuvela i-manta ray ebusweni, insiza idlulisela izixhumanisi zenhlanzi ziye kwisathelayithi. Umdluliseli ngamunye ubiza ama- $ 5,000. Futhi kuvame ukulahleka ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemuva kokufakwa.

Amasiginali we-GPS navigator afika endaweni enikeziwe. U-Andrea Marshall noSimon Pierce bagqoka amagiya e-scuba, bathatha ikhamera kanye nengilazi engu-metres ephakeme yokufakwa ngaphakathi kokudluliselwa baphonse olwandle. Okwamanje kuqinile, ukubonakala emanzini anodaka kulinganiselwe. Indawo engaphansi kwamanzi enamakhorali, imigodi kanye nemihume ibonakala imbozwe ngotshani. Abasubathi baseScuba babhukuda bedlula ngemuva kwe-elen moray eel, bedlula i-lionfish ebabazekayo neqembu lamazambane elibonakalayo. Futhi ngokuzumayo bayayeka.

Ukufakazela ubukhona bezinhlobo ezintsha, sidinga ukuphikisana okuqinile. Enye yezindlela ezibalulekile ukwehluka kwangaphandle. Izazi zebhayoloji zichaza kabanzi ukwakheka nokwakheka komzimba wesilwane, izitho zaso, umbala nendlela yokuphila. Idatha yokuhlaziywa kofuzo cishe ihlala inamathele encazelweni enjalo.

Ngo-2007, uMarshall wenza ngaphandle kwabo. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayesafunda imisebe yama-manta ngasosebeni lwaseMozambiki cishe iminyaka emihlanu, wayesephothule dives 1300. Waya eMexico, eThailand nase-Ecuador eyohlola abantu bendawo. Amachashazi amaningi avela emephini yakhe. Ngobomvu, umaka indawo yezingubo ezincane, ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - ukusatshalaliswa kwezona ezinkulu. Kepha umbono wakhe wokuba khona kwezinhlobo ezimbili zalezi zinhlanzi uhlala ungenakuqinisekiswa.

NgoMeyi 2007, waya e-Indonesia, lapho kuqhutshwa khona ugu lwesikebhe sokudoba ezimbonini eLombok emisebeni emikhulu yama-manta. Wayedinga isampuli eyodwa yocwaningo lwe-anatomical. Emakethe yendawo, ngosizo lwabadobi, waguqula isidumbu sendiza waqonda ukunqenqemeni olungaphansi komsila. Wasusa isikhumba ngesineke. Futhi wayekhubazekile.

Idlozi lengubo lalinameva anobuthi emsileni wayo; kwezinye izinhlobo zesting, lisekhona nanamuhla. Futhi ingubo yanyamalala ngesikhathi sokuvela kwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, kunoma yikuphi, ososayensi bacabanga. Ama-mantas amancane awenzi. Kepha kusukela emathanjeni omsila womuntu omkhulu emakethe yesiqhingi saseLombok, unamathela ngaphandle ... isinqe esicijile samamitha ayi-milimitha ubude - isipikili esincane. "Ekugcineni, ngithole umehluko wamaphesenti ayikhulu!" - kusho uMashall.

Kuqhubeke uLuck. Izingubo ezimbili zokuqala azifakile zokuhambisa iziphuphutheki, uMarshall waqamba igama lakhe ukuhlonipha amatilosi amakhulu uCook noMagellan. U-Cook ulahlekelwe yilokhu kudluliselwa ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu, kodwa uMagellan wahamba ngomkhumbi izinyanga ezimbili amakhilomitha ayi-1,100 eningizimu ogwini lwaseMozambiki futhi walahlekelwa ngumdlulisi osedlulile ngaphesheya kweTheku (South Africa). Lokhu kuqinisekisile ukucabanga kukaMarshall ukuthi ama-manti amakhulu "angabazulwandle basolwandle." Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kofuzo yakhombisa inembile. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zemidlalo emhlabeni.

NgoJulayi 2008, u-Andrea Marshall wethula umbiko ngeminyaka yakhe eminingi yocwaningo kuCongress of Hydrobiologists eCanada. Ukumemezela i-manta ray, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezimbili zezilwane - i-giano manta ray (manta birostris) ne-reef manta ray (manta alfredi) encane. Ngemuva kokusebenza kwakhe, kuthule cwaka ehholo.

U-Andrea Marshall uhleli etafuleni ngezinwele ezimanzi ngemuva kokucwiliswa. Ukusesha kwanamuhla akuphumelelanga; yena noPierce abayitholanga "indidane" eyodwa ngaphansi kwamanzi. Kepha isiphetho sesivele siphonsela umcwaningi inselelo entsha. U-Andrea ukhipha imephu yomhlaba. Muva nje, kanye namachashazi abomvu namabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kuye kwavela amamaki aphuzi kuso. Zigxile eGulf of Mexico naseCaribbean.

Lapho eseku-Intanethi, wahlwitha isithombe se-stingray, okungenzeka ukuthi simele inhlobo yesithathu yengubo, kusho uMarshall. "Ngibone isithombe semanthi ngacabanga: wow, kodwa angikwazi lokho!"

Ubukhulu balesi silwane esingenangozi buyamangalisa ngempela. Umhlaseli okuyiwona kuphela ongase ahlasele udeveli wasolwandle ushaka abakhulu. Njengesikhali sokuzivikela, ama-mantas awanalutho. Azinawo ama-spikes abukhali, njengama-stingrays, futhi azakhiqizi izinto zokuphuma kugesi, njengamathambeka athile. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlasela kungaphela kabuhlungu kuManta.

Kepha umuntu wayeqinisekile ngokuphepha kwalezi zilwane muva nje, nangawo-60s ekhulu lama-20. amadimoni asolwandle avele phambi kwabantu ngesimo sezidalwa ezinegazi. Amafilimu aboniswa aze afakwa lapho i-manty ivele khona lapho kunababulali.

Kepha ukubazi kangcono kuye kube sobala ukuthi abababulali. Manti adla ku-plankton, izibungu nezinhlanzi ezincane kakhulu. Bahlunga lesi samba ngokufana nemikhomo - ukubhukuda ngemilomo yabo ivulekile, bahlunga amanzi, bashiye nokudla emilonyeni yabo.

Ingqondo yedimoni lasolwandle likhulu kunelamanye ama-stingray noma oshaka. Ngomuntu wabo osheshayo, imvelo ekhonondayo nobumnandi bemisebe yama-manta, bayiluthando olufanele kahle kubantu abahlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke abeza eziqhingini zolwandle i-Indian Ocean ukubhukuda eceleni kwemisebe yama-manta. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bafuna ukwazi. Lapho kuvela into ethokozisayo ebusweni, iyaqhuma igeleze igagasi, ibuke okwenzekayo. Mhlawumbe yingakho ezikhathini zasendulo umhlangano wesikebhe "onekhaphethi" enkulu ebuka kuwe ngokubukeka okunentshisekelo uye wavula isimo sokuxwaya ngokubhekisisa kukasathane wolwandle?

Enye isici se-manti ukugxuma kwayo phezu kwamanzi. Akucaci kahle ukuthi uyini umgomo kadeveli, weqa u-1.5 m ngaphezu kobuso bamanzi. Ukufika kwakhe okuyisithulu kwamathani ama-2 womzimba kungazwakala amakhilomitha ambalwa bezungeza, futhi kungenzeka yini ukuthi lokhu kuyinjongo yokugxuma - ukuheha umlingani noma ukubulala inhlanzi encane yasemhlabeni?

By the way, udeveli olwandle uzala kakhulu kuyaqabukela. Owesifazane ubeletha iwundlu elilodwa elizalwa isikhathi eside kunamamitha ayi-1. Kuzalelwa udeveli omncane ocijile ngethhubhu, kepha, lapho eshiya isibeletho sikamama, ngokushesha welula amaphiko akhe futhi aqale 'ukundiza' emibuthanweni ezungeze isalukazi.

Ekuthunjweni, amademoni olwandle atholakala kuma-aquarium amakhulu ayi-5 kuphela emhlabeni jikelele. Izindaba ezimnandi kakhulu ukuthi, ngaphandle kokuzalwa okunqabile kangako, ekuthunjweni zingabelwa. Ngo-2007, kwazalwa idemon yasolwandle eJapan. Ukuzalwa kwengane kwaboniswa nakuthelevishini, okugcizelela uthando lomuntu ngalesi silwane esihle ngempela. Kuliqiniso, lolu thando lwafika ngesizotha, kepha abantu bayazivuselela ngaphambi kodeveli wolwandle.

I-Anglerfish, noma i-anglerfish, yinhlanzi eyidla izinhlanzi ngaphansi kolwandle, okuyisigaba senhlanzi enamakhanda, inhlanzi entsha, izinhlanzi zasemanzini, i-anglerfish, i-anglerfish, i-anglerfish yomndeni, i-genus anglerfish (i-anglerfish enkulu) )

I-etymology yegama lesiLatini lamademoni ayiqondakali ngokuphelele. Ezinye izifundiswa zinombono wokuthi livela egameni lesiGrikhi elihunyushwe ngokuthi “λοφίο”, okusho ukuthi isilwane esifana nemihlathi yale nhlanzi. Abanye abacwaningi balihlobanisa nohlobo lwe-crest olugijimayo yonke emuva. Igama elidumile elithi "angler" livele ngenxa yohlu olude nolushintshiwe lokuqala lwenhlawulo yangaphakathi, ifakwe ngeheyili (esk) futhi ifana nenduku yokudoba. Futhi ngenxa yokubukeka okungajwayelekile nokungafuneki kwekhanda lomphangi, waqanjwa ngokuthi "ulayini". Ngenxa yokuthi i-anglerfish ingagudla eceleni kolwandle, iqale kuyo ngamaphini aguqulwe kancanyana, kwamanye amazwe ama-angler awabiza.

I-Monkfish (inhlanzi) - incazelo, isakhiwo, isithombe. Ngabe ibukeka kanjani i-monkfish?

Amadimoni izinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu eziyizidlakudla ezihlala phansi futhi zifinyelela ubude bamamitha ayi-1.5-2. Isisindo se-monkfish singamakhilogremu angama-20 noma ngaphezulu. Isiqu kanye nekhanda elikhulu elinama-gill slits amancane atholakala ngokuqinile endaweni eqondile. Cishe zonke izinhlobo ze-anglerfish, umlomo ubanzi kakhulu futhi uvula cishe wonke umkhawulo wekhanda. Umhlathi ophansi ungaphansi kweselula kunaphezulu, futhi unwetshwe phambili phambili. Izidlamlilo zihlome ngamazinyo amakhulu abukhali, agobile ngaphakathi. Amathambo athambile futhi agobekayo emihlathini enza izinhlanzi zikwazi ukugwinya inyamazane, edlula cishe kabili.

Amehlo e-monkfish mancane, ahlanganiswe eduze, atholwe ngaphezulu kwekhanda. I-dorsal fin inezingxenye ezimbili ezihlukaniswe enye nenye, enye yayo ithambile futhi idluliselwe emsileni, kanti eyesibili ihlanganiswa imisebe eyisithupha, emithathu yayo isekhanda uqobo, kanti emithathu ngemuva kwayo. I-spiny ray yangaphambili yedenari yasesiswini idluliselwe ngokuqinile emhlathini ongenhla futhi uhlobo "lwenduku", ngaphezulu kwayo kukhona ukwakheka kwesikhumba (i-eska) lapho kuhlala khona amabhaktheriya akhanyayo, okuyizimpahla zokudla.

Ngenxa yokuthi amaphini e-pectoral e-monkfish aqiniswa ngamathambo amaningana esikebhe, anamandla amakhulu futhi avumela ukuthi izinhlanzi zingagcini nje ngokumba emhlabathini ongaphansi, kodwa futhi nokuhamba zilokhu zidabula noma zisebenzisa ukweqa okungafani nalokhu. Amaphiko we-ventral angaphansi kwesidingo ngenkathi kuqhubeka ukunyakaza kwezinhlanzi futhi kutholakala umphimbo.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umzimba we-anglerfish, opendwe ngombala ompunga omnyama noma onsundu omnyama (ovame ukuhlelwa ngokungahleliwe amabala akhanyayo), awumbozwa ngesikali, kodwa ngopende abahlukahlukene, amashubhu abomvu, umphetho omude noma omfishane, ocishe ufane. Lokhu kufihlwa kuvumela umanduleli ukuba aqhamuke kalula emathangeni we-algae noma ezansi kwesihlabathi.

Ihlala kuphi i-angler (i-monkfish)?

Indawo yokusatshalaliswa yohlobo lwe-anglerfish yande kakhulu. Kubandakanya amanzi asentshonalanga yoLwandlekazi i-Atlantic, ukugeza ogwini lwaseCanada nase-United States of America, impumalanga ye-Atlantic, amagagasi awo ashaya ngasogwini lwe-Iceland naseBritish Isles, kanye nolwandle olupholile lwaseNyakatho, eBarents kanye naseBaltic Seas. Izinhlobo ezingafani ezihlukile zamademoni olwandle zitholakala ogwini lwaseJapan naseKorea, emanzini oLwandle lwase-Okhotsk kanye nolwandle i-Yellow Sea, e-Pacific Pacific naseLwandle Olumnyama. Ama-Angler nawo ahlala ekujuleni koLwandlekazi i-Indian, amboza iningizimu yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Ngokuya ngezinhlobo, amademoni olwandle ahlala ekujuleni kusuka kumamitha ayi-18 kuye kumakhilomitha ayi-2 noma ngaphezulu.

Yini edla i-angler (i-anglerfish)?

Emfanekisweni wokondleka, amademoni asolwandle angabazingeli. Isisekelo sokudla kwabo izinhlanzi ezihlala ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ama-Gerbils kanye nama-stingrays amancane kanye noshaka abancane, ama-eels, ama-founders, ama-cephalopod (ama-squids, ama-cuttlefish) kanye nama-crustaceans ahlukahlukene angena esiswini se-angler. Kwesinye isikhathi lezi zidlamlilo zivuka eduze kwamanzi, lapho zizingela khona i-herring noma i-mackerel. Ikakhulu, amacala aqapheleka lapho ama-angler aze ahlasela ngisho nezinyoni zizulazula ngokuthula kumaza olwandle.

Wonke amademoni olwandle azingela ekuqasheni. Ngenxa yokuzifihla kwemvelo, akunakwenzeka ukuba ubabone lapho benganyakazi phansi, bengcwatshwa emhlabathini noma kufihlwe okhalweni lwe-algae. Umuntu ohlaselayo angahle akhangwe yibheyithi ekhanyayo, etholakala emgqeni wolwandle ekugcineni kohlobo lwenduku - imisebe ephakeme yecala langaphambili le-dorsal. Umzuzu lapho ama-crustaceans, ama-invertebrates noma izinhlanzi ezidlula lapho zithinta i-eska, i-monkfish ivula umlomo wayo ngokuqinile. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwenziwa isudi, futhi isifufula samanzi, kanye nesisulu singekho isikhathi sokuthatha noma yini, bagijimela emlonyeni womdlwenguli, ngoba isikhathi esithathayo asidluli ama-millisecond ayi-6.

Ithathwe kwisiza: bestiarium.kryptozoologie.net

Silinde inyamazane, i-monkfish iyakwazi ukuhlala inganyakazi ngokuphelele futhi ibambe umoya wayo isikhathi eside. Ukuphumula phakathi kokuphefumula kungahlala kumzuzu owodwa kuya kwemibili.

Phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi "induku yokudoba" yolayini olwandle ene-bait, ehamba ngefoni kuzo zonke izindlela, isebenza ukuheha inyamazane, kanti i-anglerfish ivula imilomo yayo emikhulu kuphela uma ithinta inhlanzi enelukuluku. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi bakwazile ukuthola ukuthi umlomo wezilwane ezidla ngokwayo uvuleka ngokuzenzakalelayo, noma ngabe kukhona okudlula ngakuthinta isihibe.

Ama-Anglerfish afisa ukuhaha futhi anobuqili. Lokhu kuvame ukuholela ekufeni kwabo. Njengoba inomlomo omkhulu nesisu, i-monkfish iyakwazi ukudonsa inyamazane enkulu ngokulingana. Ngenxa yamazinyo abukhali futhi amade, umzingeli akakwazi ukuyeka isisulu sakhe, esingangeni esiswini sakhe, futhi sishaye naso. Kunamacala aziwayo lapho esiswini somuntu odla inyama ebanjiwe, abadobi bathole inyamazane engaphansi kwe-70 cm kuphela kune-monkfish uqobo.

Izinhlobo zamademoni wasolwandle (angler), amagama nezithombe.

Kuhlobo lwe-angler (lat. Lophius) namuhla kufaka izinhlobo eziyi-7:

1. I-Lophius americanus (Valenciennes, 1837) - I-anglerfish yaseMelika (i-American monkfish)
2. I-Lophius budegassa (Spinola, 1807) - i-angler-belde angler, noma i-South European angler, noma i-budegas angler
3. I-Lophius gastrophysus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1915) - West Atlantic angler
4. I-Lophius litulon (iJordani, i-1902) - I-monkfish eseMpumalanga Ekude, i-yellow angelfish, i-angelfish yaseJapan
5. I-Lophius piscatorius (Linnaeus, 1758) - i-monkfish yaseYurophu
6. I-Lophius vaillanti (Regan, 1903) - I-angler yaseNingizimu Afrika
7. I-Lophius vomerinus (Valenciennes, 1837) - Cape (Burmese) monkfish

Ngezansi incazelo yezinhlobo eziningana zama-angler.

• - Le yinhlanzi eyindilinga (ezansi) enomdlwane, enobude obungu-0.9 m kuya ku-1,2 m enesisindo somzimba esifinyelela kuma-22.6 kg Ngenxa yekhanda elikhulu eliyindilinga kanye nomzimba odonsa umsila, i-anglerfish yaseMelika ifana ne-tadpole. Umhlathi ophansi womlomo omkhulu, obanzi uthuthuke ngokuqinile. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngisho nangomlomo uvaliwe, lesi sidlakela sinamazinyo aphansi. Yomibili imihlathi engenhla nengaphansi inamachaphaza am amazinyo abukhali, athambekele ekujuleni komlomo futhi ifinyelela ubude obungu-2,5 cm. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi emhlathini ophansi amazinyo entambo yolwandle acishe abe makhulu futhi ahlelwe ngemigqa emithathu. Emhlathini ongenhla, amazinyo amakhulu akhula kuphela maphakathi nendawo, futhi ezingxenyeni eziseceleni azincane, ngaphandle kwalokho kunamazinyo amancane phezulu kwendawo yomlomo. Amagilebhisi angenayo imidwebo atholakala ngemuva kwama-pectoral fins. Amehlo e-monkfish encane aqondiswe phezulu. Njengawo wonke ama-anglay, i-ray yokuqala iyakhuphuka futhi ikhule ngokunesikhumba, kukhanye ngenxa yamabhaktheriya ahlala lapho. Isikhumba sangemuva nezinhlangothi zidwetshiwe ngamathoni kashokholethi ansundu wemithunzi ehlukahlukene futhi ambozwe ukukhanya okuncane noma amabala amnyama, kanti isisu sinombala omhlophe ongcolile. Isikhathi sokuphila selayini wasolwandle lwalezi zilwane singafinyelela eminyakeni engama-30. Uhla lokusatshalaliswa kwe-anglerfish yaseMelika luhlanganisa ingxenye esenyakatho nentshonalanga yoLwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic olujule kuze kufike ku-670 m, ukusuka ezifundazweni zaseCanada zaseNewfoundland naseQuebec kuya ogwini olusenyakatho-mpumalanga yesifundazwe saseNyakatho Melika eFlorida. Lesi sidlamlilo sizizwa simnandi emanzini anamazinga okushisa asuka ku-0 ° C kuya ku- + 21 ° C esihlabathini, odongeni, odakeni noma obumbeni obunamanzi abilayo, kufaka phakathi igobolondo efile elimbozwe ngamagobolondo abhujisiwe.

• ifinyelela ubude bamamitha ama-2, futhi isisindo somuntu ngamunye sidlula ama-20 kg. Umzimba wonke walaba bantu abahlaseliwe uthonyelisiwe ohlangothini kusukela emuva kuya esiswini. Ubukhulu bekhanda elibanzi bungaba ngu-75% wobude bezinhlanzi zonke. I-monkfish yaseYurophu inomlomo omkhulu ofana nenyanga ye-crescent, inenqwaba yamazinyo acashile, akhombe, acinene kancanyana njengegwegwe, nomhlathi ophansi odlulela phambili phambili. Ukuvuleka kwe-gill-gill kufakwe ngemuva ebanzi, amathambo aqinisiwe emthanjeni wezinhlayiya ze-pectoral, okuvumela ama-angler aseYurophu ukuba aqhubekele phansi noma abambe kuwo. Umzimba othambile, ongenakubalwa walezi zinhlanzi ezingaphansi umbozwe ngezinsimbi ezihlukene zamaphaphu noma ukukhula kwesikhumba kobude obuhlukahlukene nobukhulu. Le “mihlobiso” efanayo ngesimo sentshebe izungeza umhlathi nezindebe, kanye nangaphezulu kwekhanda le-monkfish yaseYurophu. I-posterior dorsal fin isendaweni ephikisana ne-anal fin. I-anterior dorsal fin inemisebe eyi-6, eyokuqala yayo isekhanda le-angler futhi ingafinyelela ubude obungu-40-50 cm.Phezulu kwayo kukhona “isikhwama” sesikhumba esikhanya ezingxenyeni ezimnyama zamanzi angaphansi. Umbala wabantu uyahlukahluka ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala yalezi zinhlanzi. Umhlane nezinhlangothi, zimbozwe amabala amnyama, zingapendulwa ngamathoni ansundu, abomvu noma aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngokungafani nesisu, esinombala omhlophe. I-monkfish yaseYurophu ihlala olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean, igeza ugu lwase-Europe, iqala ogwini lwase-Iceland iphele nge-Gulf of Guinea. Lezi "zidalwa ezinhle" azitholakali kuphela emanzini abandayo eNyakatho, eBaltic naseBarents ulwandle noma ku-English Channel, kodwa naseLwandle Olumnyama olufudumele. Ama-angler aseYurophu ahlala ekujuleni kwe-18 kuye ku-550 m.

• Ngokwakheka nokwakheka kwayo, le nhlobo yezinhlanzi zasolwandle isondele kakhulu kumlingani wayo waseYurophu, kodwa ngokungafani nayo inobukhulu obunesizotha nekhanda elingahlobene kangako nomzimba. Ubude bomugqa wolwandle buqala ku-0,5 kuye kumitha eyi-1. Ukwakheka kwezixhobo zomhlathi akuhlukile kubantu bezinye izinhlobo. Lolu hlobo lwedemon yasolwandle lathola igama laso ngenxa yesimilo saso esimnyama, kanti emuva nezinhlangothi zalo zidwetshwe ngemibala ehlukahlukene ebomvana ngokubomvu noma onsundu. Ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, umzimba wabanye abantu ungambozwa ngezindawo ezimnyama noma ezikhanyayo. Ama-Leathery ukuphuma kwesikhumba sombala ophuzi noma okhanyayo, ophethe imihlathi nekhanda lesigaxa esinemikhono emnyama, mncane ngobude futhi kunqabile. Isikhathi sokuphila se-monkfish emnyama singeqi iminyaka engama-21. Lolu hlobo lubanzi empumalanga ye-Atlantic Ocean ngaphezu kwawo wonke isikhala - ukusuka e-UK nase-Ireland kuya ogwini lwaseSenegal, lapho i-monkfish ihlala khona ekujuleni okungamamitha angama-300 kuye kwangama-650. Ama-anglerfish amnyama angaphansi komhlaba nawo angatholakala emanzini aseMedithera naseMnyama uLwandle kuya ekujuleni 1 amakhilomitha.

• Kuyisakhamuzi esijwayelekile samanzi oLwandle lwaseJapan, i-Okhotsk, i-Yellow kanye ne-East China Seas, kanye nengxenye encane yoLwandlekazi iPacific ngasogwini lwaseJapan, lapho kutholakala khona ekujuleni kusuka ku-50 m kuya ku-2 km. Abantu bale nhlobo bakhula ngamamitha ayi-1,5 ubude. Njengabo bonke abameleli bohlobo lwe-Lemonus, i-monkfish yaseJapan inomzimba othobekile ohlangothini oluqondile, kepha ngokungafani nezihlobo zayo inomsila omude. Amazinyo abukhali agobeke umphimbo emhlathini ongezansi oweluliwe ngaphambili ahlelwe ngemigqa emibili. Umzimba onesikhumba se-anglerfish ephuziwe embozwe ngamabhulashi amaningi angaphandle, upendiwe ngombala onsundu onsundu, lapho amabala akhanyayo anesifo esimnyama ahlakazeka khona lapho. Ngokungafani emuva nangezinhlangothi, isisu sezici zasolwandle eziseFar East zikhanya. Amachaphaza amachashazi, ama-anal kanye ne-ventral amnyama ngombala, kepha abe nezeluleko ezikhanyayo.

• Cape Angler, noma I-Burmese Monkfish, (lat.Lophius vomerinus) inekhanda elikhulu eligobekile nomsila omfushane, ohlala ngaphansi kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ubude bomzimba wonke. Amasayizi wabantu abadala awadluli imitha eyi-1. Iminyaka yabo yokuphila ayisekho iminyaka eyi-11. ICape Angler ihlala ekujuleni kuka-150 kuya ku-400 m eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Atlantic kanye nolwandle olusentshonalanga ye-Indian Ocean, ogwini lwaseNamibia, neMozambiki kanye neRiphabhlikhi yaseNingizimu Afrika. Umzimba onsundu okhanyayo womugqa waseBurmese uthambile kusuka emuva kuya esiswini futhi umbozwe umphetho wokukhula kwesikhumba okuningi. U-Eska, osendaweni engenhla kwe-ray yokuqala ye-dorsal fin, ufana ne-shred. Ama-gill slits akhiwe ngemuva kwama-pectoral fins futhi ngaphansi kwezinga lawo. Umzimba ophansi (isisu) ulula, ucishe umhlophe.

Le ndatshana iyatholakala nangezilimi ezilandelayo: Thai