Izingwenya zingenye yezidalwa eziyingozi kakhulu, abameleli besigaba sezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ezihola indlela yokuphila yasemanzini. Zonke lezi zinto ezihuquzelayo zikhuthaza ukwesaba kwangempela, kepha futhi phakathi kwazo kukhona abamele bezilinganiso ezinkulu kakhulu - izingwenya ezigobekile. Encwadini yeGuinness Book of Record, afakwa kuhlu njengezingwenya ezinkulu kakhulu zomhlaba.
Ubude bezingwenya ezigobhoziwe bufika kumamitha ayi-5 noma ngaphezulu, futhi isisindo sabesilisa abakhulu kunazo zonke singama-800 kg. Phakathi kwemibukiso eseMnyuziyamu waseParis kukhona igebhezi elikhulu likakholomu. Ngokwezilinganiso zakhe, kwatholakala ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuphila, i-reptile ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-7 ubude, futhi inesisindo esingamathani amabili.
Indawo enkulu yezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu kunazo zonke ugu lwaseNdiya, e-Asia nase-Australia. Ukuhamba kancane kwezingwenya akubavimbeli ekugudluleni ngemisinga yolwandle, ukuwela amabanga amakhulu amanzi. Ngakho-ke, ungamangali uma ingwenya eboshiwe ibonwa osebeni lweJapan.
Izingwenya ezinkulu kunayo yonke zale planethi zathola igama lazo ngenxa yesici, amabala aphansi eduze kwamehlo. Ebantwini abavuthiwe, lezi zimo ziphenduka izindunduma ezishiwo ubuso ngobuso. Njengazo zonke izihlobo, izingwenya ezigobhoziwe zinomzimba omkhulu onama-paws amafushane kakhulu nekhanda elikhulu elinemihlathi eligcwele amazinyo abukhali.
Izingwenya zamanzi anosawoti ziwukuphela kwabameli bomndeni wezingwenya zangempela lapho amanzi olwandle eseyindawo yokuhlala. Izindlala ezithile zinciphisa usawoti owedlulele ogcwele amanzi olwandle, kepha ukwakheka kwawo akunakulinganiswa ngokuphelele. Ama-Crocodiles awakwazi ukuphuza lawo manzi, ngakho-ke, inani elanele lolo ketshezi litholakala ekudleni, bese okunye kuphinda kwenziwa emhlabeni.
Ukudla kwezingwenya ezigobhoziwe kuncike ngqo endaweni okuhlala kuyo. Emanzini asogwini, izinyathi ezinkulu namahhashi, izinkunzi ziba yizisulu zezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Bangazijabulisa izihlobo zabo - amaxhaphozi nezingwenya zase-Australia. Emanzini olwandle bahlasela oshaka nezinhlanzi ezinkulu. Ngokumangazayo, ngemuva kokuvela kwezingwenya ezigobhoziwe ezindaweni ezintsha, amasemikhawulweni wasolwandle nasemikhondweni ngokushesha ashiye oshaka.
Endleleni yokuphila, izingwenya ezihlanganisiwe zihola indlela yokuphila ye-hermit. Ukungena enkundleni yezinyamazane - kusongela ukufa kulowo okonile.
Izinsikazi ezinolaka zingahlangana nabesifazane kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzala. I-Herpetologists (efunda izirhubuluzi) yafika esiphethweni sokuthi abantu abahlushwa "yimvelo emibi" yengwenya. Bamane nje bephula imingcele yempahla yakhe futhi basongela ukubeka amaqanda.
Incazelo yengwenya egxilile
Ingwenya eshaywayo, ebizwa nangokuthi yingwenya yasolwandle, ingwenya ebomvu noma ingwenya ye-Indo-Pacific, ingeyomndeni wezingwenya zangempela. Okhokho balezi zidalwa ezinkulu, njengoba sebevele endaweni ebabazekayo yaseGondwana, basinda ekuqothulweni kweCretaceous-Paleogene, okucekele phansi amadayinaso, kwathi lapho selokhu kwavela, kwaveza uhlobo lwezingwenya zesimanjemanje.
Ukubukeka
Ingwenya endala egugile inesibumbu esikhulu futhi esidlekayo, siphenduka umsila omude kakhulu, owenza cishe ama-55% alo lonke ubude bomzimba wezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Ngenxa yomzimba omkhulu osekela imilenze emifushane, enamandla futhi eqinile, ingwenya ethambile yayibhekwe ngephutha njengengxenye eyodwa yezinhlobo zama-alligators, kodwa kamuva, ngemuva kocwaningo oluningi, ososayensi basasho ukuthi le nhlobo umndeni kanye nohlobo lwezingwenya zangempela.
Lezi ezihubhayo zinekhanda elikhulu kunalokho futhi zinemihlana ebanzi futhi enamandla, kuyilapho emadodeni amadala alolu hlobo emihlathini akhulu kakhulu kunakwabesilisa abancane. Inani lamazinyo kulesi silwane lingafinyelela izingcezu ezingama-64-68.
Le ngwenya yaba negama layo kumakhokho amabili atholakala esihlathini sezilwane ezindala. Inhloso yalawa "ubucwebe" ayaziwa ngokuthe ngqo, kepha kukhona iziphakamiso ezidingekayo zokugibela ukuvikela amehlo ezihuquzelayo emonakalweni ngesikhathi sokumba. Ukuze ingwenya ikwazi ukubona ngaphansi kwamanzi, amehlo ayo ahlanganiswe ngezingqimba ezikhethekile zokukhanyisa.
Isikali sinesimo sokusaqanda, asisikhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, ingwenya ethambile ingahamba ngokukhululeka nangokushesha. Njengoba ingwenya ikhula, ubuso bayo bumbozwa ngenethiwekhi yemibimbi ejulile nezifuba.
Umbala wabantu balezi zinhlobo uncike eminyakeni yabo yobudala nendawo abahlala kuyo. Izingwenya ezisencane ezinombala obomvu zinombala wesikhumba oyisisekelo, lapho kukhona imivimbo emnyama noma amabala. Ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa, lo mbala uba mnyama, futhi imivimbo ibukeka icacile, kepha ayifiphale ngokuphelele futhi inyamalale. Izilwane ezihuqayo ezindala zinombala osisekelo onsundu noma onsundu, futhi isisu sazo zilula kakhulu: zimhlophe noma ziphuzi. Ingxenye engezansi yomsila wayo ivame ukupenda ngompunga ngemivimbo emnyama. Futhi, phakathi kwabamele le nhlobo yezilwane ezihuquzelayo, abantu abathile kwesinye isikhathi batholakala benombala obuthakathaka noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, umbala omnyama.
Izingwenya zengwenya egobekile
Ubude bomzimba bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-6,7, noma, imvamisa, izilwane ezincane zitholakala ubude bazo bungamamitha ayi-2,5 kuya nobude. Isisindo, njengomthetho, sisukela ku-300 kuye ku-700 kg. Kutholakala izingwenya ezinkulu ezinkulu ezi-combed, ezisisindo sazo zifinyelela 1 ton.
Izingwenya zamanzi anosawoti zingenye yezilwane ezinkulu kakhulu ezizingela emhlabeni. Ziphansi ngosayizi kuphela ezinhlotsheni ezithile zohlobo lwe-toothy whale kanye noshaka. Isisindo sekhanda lowesilisa kuphela walolu hlobo singamakhilogremu angama-200.
Ingwenya enkulu kunayo yonke eyabanjwa iphila futhi yagcinwa ekudingisweni - isidalwa esidliwayo esibizwa ngokuthi uLolong, esabanjwa ePhilippines ngonyaka ka-2011, sasingamamitha ayi-6.17 futhi sinobunzima obuyi-1075 kg. Ngesikhathi ebanjwa, waklebhula izintambo zensimbi eziphindwe izikhathi ezine eziphikisana namathani ayi-6-12, futhi ukuze amkhiphe emanzini, cishe abantu abayikhulu babechithe ubusuku bonke.
Isimilo nendlela yokuphila
Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ingwenya egxilile iyisilwane esihlakaniphe kakhulu, esinobuqili futhi esiyingozi. Imvamisa ukhetha izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu futhi kwesinye isikhathi abantu njengezisulu zako.
Amanzi kasawoti iyona kuphela ingwenya yase-Yurobhu engaphila emanzini amasha nosawoti.
Lesi silwane, esithanda ukuhlala sodwa noma emihlanjini encane, ngenkathi sifuna inyamazane noma sifudukela endaweni entsha, singasuswa ebangeni elikude ukusuka ogwini. Ingwenya egwedliwe iyisidlakudla esiyingozi kangangokuba ngisho noshaka, abangabaphikisi bokudla balezo ezihuquzelayo, bayasaba.
Isikhathi esingakanani ingwenya eshisiwe esichithwa olwandle ingahlulelwa ngenani lamagobolondo kanye nolwelwe olunesikhathi sokukhula esikhunjeni saso. Kusetshenziswa imisinga yolwandle ngenkathi ifuduka, lezi ezihuquzelayo zingahamba amabanga amade. Ngakho-ke, abanye abantu balolu hlobo bathuthela ebangeni elingamakhilomitha, ngokuvamile babhukuda olwandle oluvulekile.
Ezinhlelweni zemifula, lezi ezihuquzelayo nazo zingahambela kude kakhulu.
Ngenxa yokuthi lezi ezihuquzelayo azibekezeleli amazinga okushisa aphakeme, ekushiseni, izingwenya ezigobhoziwe zithande ukucasha emanzini noma, uma zihlala emhlabeni, ziya ezindaweni ezinomthunzi kakhulu lapho kupholile khona. Lapho izinga lokushisa lehlika lingakhululeki, abantu balesi silwane bagibela ematsheni afudumele ilanga, bese, bafudumale.
Lezi ezihuquzelayo ziyaxhumana nomunye usebenzisa ukukhonkotha imisindo yezinkinobho ezihlukile. Ngenkathi zithandana nabantu besifazane, abesilisa bakhipha isikhalazo esiphansi, esifakiwe.
Lezi ezihuquzelayo azihlangene nomphakathi njengezinye izinhlobo zezingwenya. Babonakala ngokufutheka okwandayo futhi banendawo enkulu kakhulu.
Iningi labantu linendawo yabo siqu. Abesifazane bahlala ezindaweni ezigcina amanzi, lapho ngamunye wabo ehlala endaweni engaba yi-1 km futhi alivikele ekuhlaselweni yizimbangi. Abesilisa banezinto eziningi: bafaka izindawo zabantu besifazane abaningana nedamu elifanele ukuzalaniswa ngamanzi amasha.
Abesilisa bavikela ngenkuthalo impahla yabo kulabo abayizimbangi, futhi uma bewela umngcele wendawo yabo, bavame ukubambana ngezihlakala, begcina ngokufa noma ukulimala okukhulu komunye wabaphikisi. Kwabesifazane, izingwenya zabesilisa zithembeke kakhulu: azigcini ngokungezwani nazo, kepha, ngezinye izikhathi, zize zabelane nazo izisulu zazo.
Ama-Crocodiles awesabi abantu, kepha ahlasela kuphela labo abanganaki futhi asondele kakhulu kubo noma abacasule.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Ingwenya yabesifazane ebunjiwe incane kakhulu kunabesilisa: ingaba yinde ubude bawo, futhi isisindo sabo singaba lula kuneshumi. Imihlathi yezinsikazi ayimincane futhi ayisiyikhulu, futhi umzimba awunamandla njengowowesilisa.
Umbala wabamele le nhlobo awuxhomeki kakhulu ocansini njengobudala kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali emanzini ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo.
Habitat, indawo yokuhlala
Ngenxa yekhono lengwenya egobekile yokuhamba amabanga amade ukuwela ulwandle, lesi zilwanyana esidliwayo esinendawo yazo enkulu kunazo zonke kuzo zonke izingwenya. Lolu hlobo lusatshalaliswa endaweni enkulu, esukela ezifundeni eziphakathi naseVietnam, ogwini lwaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, empumalanga yeNdiya, neSri Lanka, e-Indonesia, enyakatho ye-Australia naseNew Guinea. Kuyatholakala naseziqhingini zaseMalay Archipelago, eduze nesiqhingi saseBorneo, esiqithini saseCaroline, eSolar Islands naseVanuatu Island. Bekuhlala eSeychelles, kepha manje sekuqothulwe ngokuphelele lapho. Phambilini lalitholakala ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Afrika nangaseningizimu yeJapan, kepha njengamanje, abantu balolu hlobo abahlali lapho.
Kodwa-ke, izindawo eziyintandokazi zalaba bantu abahlaselayo zingamaxhaphozi amaxhaphozi, ama-deltas kanye nemifula ephansi yemifula, kanye namachibi.
Inhlanganisela yengwenya ehlanganisiwe
Lesi silwanyana esidliwayo esingenamkhawulo sidla isikhundla esiphakeme kunxanxathela lokudla ezifundeni lapho sihlala khona. Kwenzeka ukuthi ahlasele ezinye izinyamazane ezinkulu: oshaka namakati amakhulu, njengamahlosi. Ukudla kwamawundlu kubandakanya ikakhulukazi izinambuzane, ama-amphibians aphakathi nendawo, ama-crustaceans, ezihuquzelayo ezincane nezinhlanzi. Abantu abadala abahamba kancane kakhulu futhi abagugi kangako ukuze bazingele inyamazane encane, ngakho-ke, izilwane ezinkulu futhi hhayi ezisheshayo ziba izisulu zazo.
Kuya ngokuthi yingxenye yendawo yokuhlala yakhona lapho ingwenya ihlala khona, ingazingela izinyamazane, amantshontsho asendle, amathokheni, ama-kangaroo, ama-anelope ase-Asia, izinyathi, ama-gauras, ama-bantens kanye neminye imifino emikhulu. Izisulu zabo futhi zingabaphangi - izingwe, amabhere, ama-dingoes, ukuqapha izinyoka, ama-pythons, futhi kwesinye isikhathi oshaka. Ziyakwazi ukudla nokudla - ngokwesibonelo, ama-orangutan noma ezinye izinhlobo zezinkawu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi abantu. Musa ukudelela ukuluma nokugobela abanye, noma nezilwane ezincane zohlobo lwazo.
Abantu abahlala olwandle noma emilanjeni imilomo bedla izinhlanzi ezinkulu, izinyoka zasolwandle, izimfudu zasolwandle, ama-dugongs, amahlengethwa kanye nama-stingrays, kanye nezinyoni zasolwandle, uma bekwazi ukubabamba.
Izingwenya ezigobhoziwe azidli inyama ebunjiwe, kepha azideleli isidumbu: zivame ukubonwa zondla eduzane nesidumbu somuntu ofile.
Ukudla kwabesifazane kuhluke kakhulu: ngaphezu kwezilwane ezinkulu, futhi kufaka nezilwane ezincane, ezinjengama-crustaceans nama-vertebrates aphakathi nendawo.
Ukuzalela inzalo
Isikhathi sokufuya salezi zilwane ziqala ngenkathi yemvula, lapho kungashisi kangako, futhi umhlaba ugcwele umswakama. Ingwenya ethosiwe isithembu esihuquzelayo: abesifazane abangaphezu kwe-10 bangatholakala enduneni yabesilisa.
Abantu besifazane bafika ebuntombini beneminyaka engu-10-12 ubudala, emadodeni lokhu kwenzeka kamuva kakhulu - eneminyaka eyi-16. Ngasikhathi sinye, abesifazane kuphela abafinyelele osayizi abavela kumamitha ayi-2,2 nabesilisa ab ubude babo bomzimba bungabi ngaphansi kwamamitha ayi-3.2 alungele ukwenziwa kabusha.
Ngaphambi kokubeka amaqanda angama-30 kuye kwangama-90, insikazi yakhela isidleke, okuyindawo yokufakelwa engcolile namaqabunga, ukuphakama kwayo kucishe kube yimitha eyi-1 kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-7 ububanzi. Ukuze ivikele isidleke ukuthi singagezwa yimifudlana yamanzi emvula, ingwenya yesifazane iyibeka egqumeni. Ngenxa yokubola kwamaqabunga, izinga lokushisa elihlala njalo elingama-degrees angama-32 liyagcinwa esidlekeni sengwenya.
Ukuya ocansini kwenzalo yesikhathi esizayo kuncike emazingeni okushisa esidlekeni: uma kungama-degree angama-31,6, khona-ke owesilisa abopha ikakhulukazi. Ezimweni, uma kunokuphambuka okuncane kusuka kuleliqondo lokushisa, khona-ke izintokazi eziningi ziyaxhonywa emaqanda.
Isikhathi sokufakwa kwesinye isikhathi sihlala cishe izinyanga ezi-3, kepha ubude besikhathi saso, ngokuya ngokushisa, bungahluka kakhulu. Sonke lesi sikhathi, insikazi itholakala eduzane nesidleke futhi ivikela i-clutch kubantu abahlukumezayo okungenzeka.
Amawundlu okubamba, osisindo sawo singama-gramu angama-70 nobude obungama-25-30 cm, abiza omama bawo ngemisindo ephezulu yokubakhonkotha, ebasiza ukuba baphume esidlekeni, bese beyidlulisela emanzini emilonyeni yabo. Ngemuva kwalokho owesimame unakekela inzalo yakhe izinyanga ezingama-5-7, kanti uma kudingeka, uvuka ayivikele.
Kepha ngaphandle kokukhathazeka kukamama, Ngaphansi kwe-1% yamawundane aqandwe kumaqanda ayaphila futhi afinyelele ekukhuleni.
Izingwenya ezikhulile kodwa ezingakakhuli zivame ukufelwa ezimpini nabantu abadala nabakhulu, kanti ezinye zazo ziba yizisulu zekhanseli yezalamane yazo.
Izitha zemvelo
Izingwenya ezindala ezigugile azinazo izitha zemvelo. Abanye babo bangaba izisulu zoshaka abakhulu, ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kwabantu, abanazitha.
Abantu abasha, futhi ikakhulukazi amaqanda, basengozini enkulu. Izidleke zaseCrocodile zingaqothuka ngokuqapha izibankwa nezingulube, nezimfudu zamanzi ahlanzekile, ukuqapha izibankwa, imichilo, amakhonkco, ama-dingoes, amankonyane, imigodi, inyamazane enkulu kumazinyane amancane. Kuyenzeka ukuthi izingwenya ezincane, ezindala nazo zibulale izilwane ezincane. Olwandle, oshaka baba yingozi ekhethekile kwizingwenya ezisencane.
Isimo sabantu nenhlobo yezinhlobo
Njengamanje, izingwenya ezigobhoziwe ziphakathi kwezinhlobo ezincane kunazo zonke. Inani labantu labo lehle kakhulu ekhulwini lama-20: lezi zidalwa zabhujiswa eThailand, futhi eningizimu yeVietnam, kwasinda abangaba yikhulu kuphela. Kepha inani labantu base-Australia likhulu impela futhi liqukethe izingwenya ezingama-100,000-200,000. Isiza enanini elikhulu lemfuyo yalezo ezihuquzelayo futhi iqiniso lokuthi izingwenya ezihlanganisiwe njengamanje zifakwa emapulazini.
Njengamanje, ukuthengiswa kwezingwenya ezigugile noma ezifile, kanye nezingxenye zemizimba yazo, kuyenqatshelwa uma izidalwa ezihlakazayo zivela kubantu basendle ngaphandle kwe-Australia yase-Indonesia kanye nalezo ezitholakala ePapua New Guinea. Kepha ezilwaneni ezifuywe ekudingisweni ngezinjongo zokuhweba, lokhu akufuneki akusebenzi, kepha kulokhu, imvume yokuthumela ngaphandle iyadingeka.
Izingwenya zamanzi anosawoti zithathwa njengesinye sezidalwa ezinkulu futhi eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni. Lezi ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu, ezifika kumamitha ayi-7 ubude, zihlala eSouth Asia, Oceania nase-Australia. Bangabizwa ngokuthi muhle, kepha, iqiniso lokuthi lezi zilwanyana ezihuquzelayo zisinde ngempumelelo ekuqothulweni kwesisindo esiningi futhi zisindile kuze kube namuhla cishe ngendlela yazo yasekuqaleni, futhi futhi, izici zendlela yazo yokuphila, ukunakekela izingane nobuhlakani obujwayelekile kwezinyamazana eziningi nezilwane ezihehayo futhi ezithile.
Isihloko
Izinhlobo zesayensi epithet Lat.I-porosus (ngokwezwi nezwi "inostril") inikezwa ngenxa yokuthi i-muzzle yezingwenya ezindala zimbozwe ngamabhubu.
Le ngwenya yathola igama lesiRussia elithi “ikhekhe” ukuthola iziqeshana ezinamandla ezisuka emehlweni zize zicishe zifinyelele kwesesithathu sangaphambi kwesihlebela. Amanye amagama asetshenzisiwe kwesinye isikhathi abonisa izici zendlela yakhe yokuphila: "ingwenya yasolwandle", "ingwenya yemvelo", "ingwenya engaphansi kwamanzi", "usawoti", "ingwenya ye-estuarine" noma "ingwenya ye-Indo-Pacific".
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo
Kukholelwa ukuthi zonke izingwenya zesimanje, kufaka phakathi I-Crocodylus porosus - inzalo eqondile efana nayo i-euzuhi crocodilomorphs eyayihlala eduze kwezindawo ezaziqothula iGondwana eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-98 eyedlule futhi yasinda ekuqothulweni kweCretaceous - Paleogene.
Ifosili Isisfordia duncani, etholakala engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeQueensland endaweni yolwandle olusenkabeni eyake yaba khona lapho, yize incane kakhulu kunengwenya eyakhiwe, kepha ngezinye izimpawu ifana kakhulu neengwenya zanamuhla. Ngokunokwenzeka Isisfordia duncani wayehlala ezindlini ezifanayo, futhi ukwakheka komugqa wakhe kukhombisa ukuthi wakwazi ukwenza “ukujikeleza okubulalayo”. Kukholelwa ukuthi lokhu kungummeleli wegatsha lokuziphendukela kwemvelo eliholela ngqo kwizingwenya zanamuhla.
Ngenxa yokungapheleli kwerekhodi lokumba, kunzima kunalokho ukunquma isikhathi sokwenzeka kwengwenya e-combed njengehlobo. Ubufakazi bokuqala bezinsalela zezingwenya ezihlanganisiwe cishe buneminyaka eyizigidi ezi-4 - 4,5,5 ubudala. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kososayensi, I-Crocodylus porosus - uhlobo lwasendulo, lwavela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-12 kuye kwezingu-6 edlule. Ukusuka eQueensland, isiqephu somhlathi ongezansi womuntu cishe wamamitha ayi-6.1 esihlala ePliocene siyaziwa.
Ngokuya ngezimpawu ze-morphological, ingwenya ethambile ifana kakhulu ne-New Guinean (I-Crocodylus novaeguineae), UPhilippine (I-Crocodylus mindorensis) kanye ne-Australia (UCrocodylus johnstoni) izingwenya zamanzi ahlanzekile. Kepha ucwaningo lwezakhi zofuzo lukhombisa ukuthi ingwenya egobekile ihlotshaniswa kakhulu nezinhlobo zezingwenya zase-Eshiya, yize incane kakhulu kunaleyo ehlobene. UMarsh ohlobene nomunye (I-Crocodylus palustris) noSiamese (I-Crocodylus siamensis) izingwenya - kubonakala izihlobo eziseduze kakhulu izingwenya.
I-genome yahlelwa ngokuphelele ngonyaka we-2007.
Ukubhaliswa okungenzeka kanye nesimo senkimbinkimbi yezinhlobo
Okwamanje, imithombo eminingi ithi ingwenya eshodayo ayiyona imininingwane engaphansi. Kodwa-ke, kuncike ikakhulu ekungafani kwe-morphological, abanye ososayensi bafika esiphethweni sokuthi akukho okuyi-subspecies kuphela C. porosus, kodwa futhi neqiniso lokuthi ingwenya ehlanganisiwe empeleni iyinkimbinkimbi yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Ngo-1844, uS. Muller noG. Schlegel bazama ukuchaza izingwenya ezihlala eJava naseKalimantan njengohlobo olusha, olwalubiza ngegama I-Crocodylus raninus. C. raninus Ngemuva kwalokho bathola igama elingakahleleki "ingwenya yase-Indonesia", noma "ingwenya yaseBornean." NgokukaRoss (1992), I-Crocodylus raninus zokwehluka ngokweqiniso kwizingwenya zeSiamese nezisonteke enanini lesikali esise-ventral kanye nokuba khona kwesikalo esine ngemuva kwesigaxa, esivame ukungatholakali kwizingwenya ezigobekile. Okwamanje, isimo salolu hlobo luhlala lucacile. Okunye ukuzama ukwahlukanisa uhlobo olusha, manje okuvela e-Australia, kwenziwa yiWells & Wellington (1985), kuncike ekubukweni kwamakhanda amakhulu amakhulu amakhulu futhi amakhulu acwebile. Isibonelo esijwayelekile sale "zinhlobo" kwakuyingwenya eyayibizwa ngokuthi "Sweetheart", eyaminza ngo-1979 ngenxa yokudla ngokweqile kwamaphilisi okulala okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokubanjwa. Kamuva, lokhu "kubuka", kubizwa I-Crocodylus pethericki, yaqala ukubonwa njengezingwenya zesilisa ezivamile ezinamava ezazibhekene nezinguquko. Nokho, uWoods noWellington, babelungile ngokunembile ukuthi kusikisela ukuthi izingwenya zase-Australia zingahluka kakhulu kwizingwenya zase-Asia ukuzwakalisa isimo sazo sangaphambilini.
Indawo
Ingwenya egwedliwe inebanga elikhulu kakhulu phakathi kwezingwenya zesimanje, ezivame ukuchazwa ngokwazi kwayo ukumboza amabanga abalulekile olwandle. Ibanga lesilwane lisuka eSri Lanka nasempumalanga yeNdiya, kufaka phakathi ugu lwaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, lize liye ezifundeni eziphakathi naseVietnam (lapho nokho, manje linqabile), bese lidlulela eningizimu, ezindaweni eziningi zesifundazwe saseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia, yonke indlela eya eNyakatho Australia. ENingizimu Australia, izingwenya ezigobhozile azitholakali, ngenxa yesimo sezulu esomile nesokushisa okuphakathi okujwayelekile konyaka, yize ezinye izindaba zokutholwa kwezingwenya ngazinye eziseningizimu yendawo yazo evamile zaziwa ngomlando.
Imvamisa, izingwenya ezigobhoza kakhulu zitholakala ogwini olusenyakatho ye-Australia, eziqhingini zasePapua New Guinea nase-Indonesia. Kuhlala abantu abazinza ePhilippines, Palau, Vanuatu naseSolomon Islands. Izingxenyana ezincane zezingwenya ezigobhoziwe zitholakala eziqhingini eziningi eziseLwandlekazi i-Indian.
Phambilini bekutholakala izingwenya ezigwedliwe eSeychelles (lapho seziqothuliwe manje), futhi ezikhathini zomlando zazihlala ngisho nogu olusempumalanga yeBlack Continent. Abanye abantu batholwe kude nebanga elide ukusuka ezindaweni ezijwayelekile - ngokwesibonelo, ogwini oluseningizimu yeJapan.
Ingwenya yolwandle ingenye yengwenya ezintathu ezitholakala eNdiya, ezinye ezimbili zivame kakhulu ezwekazini, i-mage encane, kanye ne-gavial edla izinhlanzi.
I-Anatomy kanye ne-physiology
Njengezinye izingwenya, inhliziyo yengwenya eshisiwe ikamelo elinamakamelo amane, elivumela i-oxygenation ephumelelayo yegazi. Ine-valve ekhethekile elawula ukuxubana kwegazi elingelolakhe nele-venous. Lesi sakamuva siyadingeka ekuthini dives ende. Imvamisa, ingwenya egxilisiwe ihamba imizuzu emi-2-5, kepha uma kunesidingo, ingahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi esingangemizuzu engama-30, futhi nomsebenzi oncishisiwe - kuze kufike emahoreni amabili. Izinga elijwayelekile le-metabolic yengwenya egobekile liphakathi kwamaphesenti angama-36% kunele-Mississippi alligator ne-Australia-nyembamba ingwenya, kepha njengesilwane esinegazi elibandayo, sine-metabolism ehamba kancane futhi ingahamba ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside. Ngisho namawundlu asanda kunyathelwa ayakwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kokudla cishe izinsuku ezingama-58, kuyilapho elahlekelwa ngama-23% esisindo sawo. Ingwenya engama-200 kg ehlanganisiwe idinga ukudla okungaphansi amahlandla ayisihlanu kunebhubesi elinesisindo esifanayo. Isidingo esijwayelekile sezingwenya ezihlanganisiwe zokudla zingama-4% wesisindo somzimba ngeviki.
Isikhumba se-Crocodile sinama-receptors akhethekile aphendula ushintsho ekucindezelweni kwamanzi futhi ayakwazi ukubona ukuba khona kwamakhemikhali amakhemikhali kuwo.
Imihlathi inamandla ahehayo, okuwavumela ukuba abambe izilwane ezinkulu. Ingwenya ethosiwe imvamisa inamazinyo angama-64-68 okukhona - ama-36- 38 emhlathini ongenhla no-28- 30 ngaphansi. Amazinyo wezingwenya ezisanda kubhajwa azacile futhi alincane, kodwa ngobudala, osayizi nobukhulu bamazinyo eengwenya ashintsha kakhulu. Amazinyo abantu abadala mude, abukhali, awugqinsi futhi aqinile, alungele ukubhoboza nokujula inyama. Amazinyo ezansi komhlathi ayabumbeka futhi abonakala ngamandla akhulayo, ngoba akhonza ukuchoboza amagobolondo namathambo. Izinyo lesine emhlathini ongezansi wengwenya eshisiwe ebangeni elingamamitha ayi-5 ubude ingafinyelela ku-9 cm ngaphandle kwempande; umsebenzi wayo ophambili ukuklebhula isikhumba esidla inyama ebukhali.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ubuchopho bezingwenya lincane kakhulu kunalezo ezincelisayo (hhayi ngaphezu kwe-0,05% wesisindo somzimba esiphelele), luyinkimbinkimbi ngokwendlela esakheke ngayo, esikhumbuza ngayo inyoni. Izingwenya ezinamanzi anosawoti ziyakwazi ukufunda ngokuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi, zingafunda ukulandelela izindlela zokuphamba, futhi zinolimi lomzimba oluyinkimbinkimbi nobubanzi bemisindo kunokukholelwa kakhulu.
Njengazo zonke izingwenya, ingwenya e-combed inemicu emicu emhlophe emithanjeni yamathambo futhi ibonakala ngamandla amakhulu omzimba. Imisculature ithatha ngaphezu kwe-50% yesisindo somzimba, ngisho nakubantu abasha. Ngokungafani namanye ama-vertebrates amaningi aphakeme anegazi elibandayo, izicubu zezingwenya zenzelwe ukusebenza ngohlu olubanzi lokushisa futhi zingaphelelwa amandla ngisho nokwehla okukhulu kokushisa komzimba. Ngokuzivocavoca okusindayo ngokomzimba, izingwenya zithembela ngokuyinhloko kumetabolism ye-anaerobic, eyenzelwe ukuqhuma kwamandla esikhashana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhono we-aerobic, abhekele ukungabi namandla okunamandla, kepha ukunyakaza okude, akuthuthukiswa kancanyana kunezilwane ezinegazi elinomusa kakhulu. Yize lo mehluko ungemkhulu njengoba ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lwaphakamisa: emazingeni okushisa angama-30-33 ° C, i-aerobic metabolism yenza ama-30-40% wokuhlinzekwa kwemisipha yezingwenya ezisencane, kanye namakhono we-aerobic wabantu abakhulu akhuphuka kuphela ngenxa yokwanda kwe-allometric umthamo wamaphaphu. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yesilinganiso esiphansi se-metabolic kanye nesilinganiso se-anaerobic metabolism, izingwenya zisusa i-lactic acid ekhiqizwa yimisipha isikhathi eside kakhulu. Ezingubeni ezigqinsiwe ezinesisindo esifinyelela ku-180 kg, ukululama ngemuva kokukhathala okugcwele kuvame ukuthatha cishe amahora angama-2. Lokhu ngakolunye uhlangothi kususwa iqiniso lokuthi izingwenya zingamelana kakhulu nezinguquko kwi-pH egazini futhi zibeka ingxenye ye-lactic acid emathanjeni e-osteoderm kanye nogebhezi. Lapho kukhulu ingwenya, kukhuphuka inani le-lactate egazini elingakudlulisela: lokhu kuchaza ukwanda okukhulu kokukhuthazela ngokukhula ngosayizi: abantu abakhulu bayakwazi ukumelana ngamandla namahora ama-2 noma ngaphezulu (ukuze kuqedwe ngokuphelele owesilisa omkhulu kakhulu, kungathatha ngaphezu kwe-6 amahora), ngenkathi abantu ngamunye enesisindo esisuka ku-0,4 kuya ku-180 kg aqedwa ngokuphelele isikhathi esiyimizuzu emi-5 kuya kwengama-30, ngokulandelana. Izingwenya ezinkulu ze-combed zibhekwa njengezingompetha phakathi kwawo wonke ama-vertebrates enanini le-lactic acid abangazitholela emisipha nasegazini ngaphandle kokulimaza ngokwabo. Kepha okwamanje, ngenxa yokushintsha okukhulu kwe-pH yegazi, ingozi yokuphazamiseka okuyingozi kwe-metabolic (lactic acidosis) nayo iyanda. Amacala okufa kwe-specimens amakhulu ikakhulukazi (anesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu angama-700) ngemuva kokubanjwa isikhathi eside nokungaphumeleli kungahle kuhlotshaniswe nalokhu kwephulwa.
I-Osmoregulation
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izingwenya ezigobhoziwe zivame kakhulu kunezinye izingwenya zangempela nama-gavials emanzini anosawoti, izindlela zazo zokusakaza azinakho umehluko oyisisekelo. Kunezindlala zikasawoti ezihlobene kanye ne-epithelium ekratinizing kakhulu yomlomo womlomo, evimbela ukufakwa kwama-ion kanye nokulahleka kwamanzi kwe-osmotic. Iqhaza elisebenzayo ku-osmoregulation lidlalwa yi-cesspool.
Izingwenya ezindala zingagcina izinyanga eziningana olwandle ngaphandle kokuzilimaza. Ngisho namacala ayaziwa ukuthi zitholakalaphi izingwenya ezinamanzi ezitholakala emanzini zinosawoti kabili njengamanzi olwandle ajwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, abakwazi ukuphuza amanzi kasawoti futhi abakwenzi lokhu ngisho nangomzimba omningi. Esikhundleni salokho, izingwenya zinciphisa ukulahleka kwamanzi futhi zingakuthola ngokudla. Kwezilwane ezisencane, inkinga yokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni ikhulu kakhulu: isikhathi esilinganiswayo sokusinda ngaphandle kokuthola ukudla ngezikhathi ezithile noma amanzi amasha ngengwenya esanda kuzalwa enesisindo esingu-100 g cishe izinsuku ezingama-21, kumuntu omncane onesisindo esingu-1 kg - izinsuku ezingama-50, kumuntu omncane onesisindo esingu-10 kg - cishe izinsuku ezingama-11 ngokubulala. ukomisa kuze kufike ku-33% wesisindo somzimba.
Ukuluma amandla
Ingwenya ethosiwe ingumnikazi wokuluma okunamandla kakhulu embusweni wezilwane. Amandla okucindezelwa kwemihlathi yengwenya enkulu yesilisa enkulu enesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-1308 isuka kuma-27,531 kuya kuma-34,424 amasha, alingana namandla adonsela phansi angama-2809.3- 3512.7 kg. Umphumela omuhle kakhulu owatholakala lapho kulinganiswa umfutho wemihlathi yengwenya yowesilisa enamamitha ayi-4,59 enesisindo esingu-531 kg, equkethwe ku-zoo - 16414 N, noma mayelana ne-1675 kg. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kulunywa okuqine kakhulu kunoma yisiphi isilwane, ngaphandle kwengcindezi engama-2268 kg, ekhishwe yingwenya engamamitha ayi-5.
Noma kunjalo, kunombono wokuthi ingcindezi ekhiqizwa emihlathini yemikhomo emikhulu yokubulala noma imikhomo yesidoda ingadlula lesi sikhombisi esivele simangalisa. Kepha lokhu akuqinisekisiwe.
Osayizi abaphakathi
Ubude bezingwenya ezisanda kubhajwa cishe ngu-25-30 cm, ngesisindo esingama-70 g (ngokwesilinganiso - 28 cm no-71 amagremu), kuthi ngonyaka wesibili izingwenya ezincane zikhule zibe yi-1 m ubude futhi zibe nesisindo esingama-2,5 kg.
Izingwenya zabantu abadala ezihlotshisiwe zinokukhanya okucace kakhulu kocansi phakathi kwazo zonke izingwenya zesimanje. Iziduna zivame ukuba ubude obuphindwe kabili futhi zibe nesisindo esiphindwe kayishumi kunabesifazane.Izingwenya zesilisa ezindala zivame ukuyeka ukukhula lapho zifinyelela kumamitha angu-3.9-6 ubude, kuyilapho ububanzi obujwayelekile babesilisa ngesikhathi sokuqedwa ukukhula bungu-4.6 -5.2 m 6 kanye nokunye okungamamitha kuyivelakancane. Izinsikazi ezikhule ngokugcwele zivame ukusuka ku-3.1 kuye ku-3.4 m ubude, kuyilapho iningi labantu besifazane abadala abangakaqali ukubeka amaqanda livame cishe ngamamitha angama-2,7 ubude futhi libe nesisindo esingama-80 kg. Kokunye ukuhlola okwenziwa e-Australia ngonyaka ka-2013, izingwenya eziyisihlanu ezathunjwa ezihlala endaweni ethile zazinobude obuyi-4.03 kuya ku-4,31 m, kanti amanye amadoda amathathu aqala indlela yokuphila engajwayelekile , Ubude obuyi-73 kuye ku-3.89 m, kanti izintokazi ezine zabantu abadala zazinobude obungu-2.91 kuya ku-2.93 m.
Amasayizi wezingwenya ezindala, noma kunjalo, angahlukahluka kakhulu ezinhlakeni ezihlukene, ngokuya ngempilo yazo, ukuhlukahluka kofuzo, izinga lokuchayeka ezintweni ze-anthropogenic, kanye nezinsizakusebenza zemvelo ezitholakalayo ezisetshenziswa yizingwenya. Izici ezibalulekile zokunquma isisindo somzimba ubude kanye nobudala bengwenya. Amadoda amadala, njengomthetho, asinda kakhulu kunabesilisa abancane, noma ngabe afinyelele kubude obufanayo. Izingwenya ezithunjiwe zivame ukuba nesisindo sasendle xaxa. Izingwenya ze-ridawak ze-Sarawak zinemisila emifushane futhi imvamisa inesisindo esingaphezu kwezingwenya zase-Australia ubude obuqhathaniswa. Izingwenya ezinamamitha ayi-5 zinobunzima obuphindwe kabili njengamakhilogremu cishe amamitha ayi-4. Ubuningi bezingwenya ezifundwe ngo-1998 zahluka ukusuka ku-32 kuye ku-1010 kg ubude obungamamitha ayi-2.1 kuye kwangama-5.5, kanti u-4.2 ubude , Abantu abangu-4,3, 4,6 no-4.9 bebanga isisindo esingu-383, 408, 520 no-660 kg ngokulandelana.
Ingwenya yaseNayile incintisana ngosayizi ophelele, kepha ibika kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 mayelana nabantu abakhulu kakhulu be-ngwenya yeNayile ayithembeki ngokwanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesilisa abadala bezingwenya zaseNayile, njengomthetho, baphansi ngosayizi kuya kwabesilisa abadala abanjisiwe. Noma kunjalo, uma sicabanga nge-dimorphism ekhonjiwe yezingwenya ezihlanganisiwe - okungukuthi, thatha osayizi abaphakathi bebheka bobabili ubulili, ngakho-ke ngokwesilinganiso ngeke babe bakhulu kakhulu kunezingwenya zaseNayile futhi abanye abanye, ngokwesibonelo, izingwenya ze-Orinok kanye nemiklamo yamanga.
Ubukhulu obukhulu
Usayizi omkhulu ongafinyeleleka izingwenya zabesilisa ungudaba lokuphikisana phakathi kochwepheshe. Ubufakazi obuphindaphindwe kaningi bokuthi kukhona izingwenya bube khona ngaphezu kwamamitha ayisikhombisa ubude buqiniswe ngezilinganiso zezinsalela zokusala zalezi ezihubhayo. Eminye imininingwane eminingi imane ingenzeki ukuqinisekisa nokuqinisekisa ngokwesayensi. U-Adam Britton ubheka izinhlobo ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezilinganiswe zithembekile yengwenya eyodwa enkulu, eyabulawa ngo-1983 ePapua New Guinea. Izazi zezokwelapha eziningana, kufaka phakathi uJerome Montecki, ziye zabala usayizi walesi sampula kusuka ekhanda kanye nesikhumba esilondoloziwe. Ngokusho kwabo, ubude benkonyane ibicishe ibe ngu-6.2 m, okulingana nosayizi womunye umbono omkhulu, owaqoshwa ngokuthembekile e-Australia ngo-1974.Noma kunjalo, isikhumba salesi sampula sasomile, futhi empeleni, ngokuba sisha, sasingama-10 cm ubude. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela yokwengeza ubude besikhumba kanye nesikhumba esigciniwe kukodwa kunciphisa ubude obugcwele wengwenya. Ukusuka kulokhu kulandela ukuthi ngesikhathi sempilo ingwenya ibingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-6.3, kanti ubunzima balesi siqhwaga bungadlula i-1360 kg.
Noma kunjalo, ukuba khona kwezingwenya ezinkulu ezikhudlwana, ubude bazo bufinyelela okungenani kumamitha ayi-7, akungabazeki phakathi kochwepheshe abaningi. Isibonelo, ngokusho kukaBritton, ugebhezi lwengwenya eyakhiwe kahle ubude obuyi-76 cm ukusuka eMnyuziyamu waseLondon kungenzeka ukuthi wawungowesilwane esimalunga ne-6.84 m ubude Abanye abanye ososayensi bacabanga ngemininingwane ethembekile kwizingwenya ezi-combed 6.7 m noma u-7.3 m ubude.
Ngaso leso sikhathi, ingwenya enkulu kunazo zonke eyaziwa nge-combed femfic ifinyelela kumamitha angama-4,2 ubude futhi inesisindo esingama-400 kg. Ngo-2014, ingwenya ebude obuyi-3.96 m yabanjwa yathengwa nge-beacon yomsakazo eBorneo.
Izingwenya ezinkulu kakhulu ezibunjiwe ezinobude obungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-6 nesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu ayisikhombisa impela inani elikhulu zazibonwa ekuqaleni nasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, kepha ngenxa yokuzingela okungalawuliwe kanye nokuzingela okwandisiwe okwalandela ngalesi sikhathi, manje abantu abanjalo abavamile kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokwehla kokwehlukahluka kofuzo kwabantu abaningi futhi iqiniso lokuthi izingwenya zidinga isikhathi eside nesisekelo se-filing ecebile ukufeza osayizi abakhulu kangako. Kodwa-ke, olunye ucwaningo olwenziwe e-Australia lukhombisa ukuthi abameleli abakhulu bezilwane ezihlala emifuleni yase-Australia kungenzeka ukuthi esikhathini sethu manje baqala ukusuka ku-6 kuye ku-7 m ubude futhi inesisindo kusuka ku-1000 kuye ku-2000 kg. Izingwenya ezinkulu kakhulu zingatholakala naseBhitarkanika National Park, eNdiya. Kulesi siqiwi, kugcwele imifula kanye nomdlalo omkhulu omkhulu, izimo ezinhle zokuthuthuka kwezingwenya ezinkulu zidaliwe. Inhloko ye-Orissa ibika ngokuzethemba ukuthi ipaki iyikhaya lesinye sezingwenya ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni, uma kungenjalo ezinkulu kakhulu. Ngokusho kokubalwa kwabantu kwakamuva, izingwenya ezi-1462 zihlala epaki, kuthi ezingama-203 zingabantu abadala. Ngokwesilinganiso esibi, izingwenya eziyisishiyagalombili zinobude obungu-4.9 kuya ku-5.5 m, ezinhlanu zinobude obuyi-5.5 kuya ku-6 m, kanti ezinye ezintathu - ngaphezulu kuka-6 m.
Izibonelo zezingwenya ezinkulu
Nayi imininingwane eqoqwe kwizingwenya ezigobhoziwe ubude obungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-6.
- Ingwenya, eyadutshulwa eBay of Bengal ngonyaka we-1840, kubikwa ukuthi yayingamamitha ayi-10.1, inesilinganiso sesisu samamitha angama-4,17 futhi inesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu ayi-3,000. Kodwa-ke, igebhegi lakhe kwavela ukuthi lalinobude obungu-66,5 cm kuphela futhi kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi ubungako obukhonjisiwe ekuqaleni bukhishwa ngokweqile, futhi empeleni lesi sampula sasingekho ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-6.
- UJames R. Montgomery, owayephethe amasimu enjoloba eBorneo kusukela ngo-1926 kuya ku-1932, wathi wabona, wabulala, futhi walinganisa izingwenya ezigobekile ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-6.1. Uthi esinye sezindlela azithola kusolwandle zazingama-10,05 m. Noma kunjalo, akekho noyedwa owakwazi ukuqinisekisa lezi zibalo, ngoba akukho neyodwa yezingwenya ezilinganiswa neMontgomery eqoshwe ososayensi.
- Kunolwazi mayelana nokulinganisa ugebhe lwengwenya egwetshwe cishe nge-100 cm.
- Ingwenya eyayi-combed eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Krys croc, yadutshulwa yabulawa eQueensland ngo-1957, kubikwa ukuthi yayingamamitha ayi-8.6 ubude. Kepha naphezu kokuthandwa kwayo okukhulu, ukuntuleka kwezinsalela kanye nezilinganiso ezithembekile zochwepheshe zenza umuntu angabaze ubuqiniso bezici oboniswe kuzo. Ukuheha izivakashi, kwaqanjwa nesithombe sale ngwenya.
- Ngo-2017, kubikwa izingwenya ezimbili ezinkulu kakhulu ezigwedle eMfuleni iDarwarunga kanye neRoper River. Ibizwa ngokuthi "D-rex" ne "Roper Ripper", balinganiselwa ababukeli ku-8.6 no-8 metres ngokulandelana. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe abahlaziye izithombe zalezi zingwenya bayangabaza ukuthi zingaba amamitha angaphezu kuka-4-5.4 ubude.
- Ingwenya, eyabulawa ngemuva kokugqekezwa kwamahora ayisithupha abasebenzi basezindlameni zaseJalajala eLuzon Island, ePhilippines, kubikwa ukuthi ifike kumamitha ayi-8.2 ubude. Kusolwa ukuthi ihhashi elihlukaniswe laba yizicucu eziyisishiyagalombili kanye namatshe angama-68 kg amatshe ahlukahlukene ahlukahlukene esiswini sakhe. Kepha izilinganiso zezinsalela ezigciniwe (ugebhezi olunobude obungamasentimitha angama-66) zibonisa ukuthi empeleni le ngwenya yayingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-6 ubude.
- Ngokusobala ingwenya eyizigidi eziyi-8 yabonwa ngonyaka ka-2010 endaweni yaseNormanton (e-Australia), izithombe ezimbalwa zathathwa, noma kunjalo, ubukhulu besilwane esiqaphileyo ngeke silinganiswe ngokuthembekile.
- Isigaxa sengwenya yomgodla egwedle ogama layo linguPotassium, owabulawa ngo-1962 emfuleni iDhamra, e-Orissa, eNdiya, ekuqaleni waqinisekiswa ukuthi ungowesilwane esizi-7.01-7.32 m ubude. cishe kwakuyi-6.6 kuye ku-7 m ubude.
- Kuthiwa bekudubuleke ingwenya eshaye ujuqu ne-7.6 m eduzane naseCalcutta emfuleni iHogog. Kodwa-ke, igebhezi elinobude obungamasentimitha angama-75 libonisa ukuthi lesi silwane bekungeke kwenzeke ukuthi sibe ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-7 ubude.
- Izingwenya ezimbili ezinobude obungaphezu kuka-7.2 m zabonwa eBhitarkanika National Park ngeminyaka yo-1970. Noma kunjalo, lokhu kulinganisela kungenzeka kakhulu kwenziwa “ngamehlo” futhi akunakubhekwa njengokuthembekile.
- Ngo-2006, iGuinness Book of Record yaphawula ngengwenya ebunjiwe enobude obungamamitha ayi-7.01 nesisindo esifinyelela ku-2000 kg ehlala eBhitarkanika National Park e-Orissa, yize kungacaci ukuthi le mininingwane isekelwe kuphi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi izingwenya eziningi okungenani ezingama-6 m zihlala epaki efanayo namuhla.
- E-Ord River, ingwenya ye-ridge engamamitha ayi-7 ubude yabonwa futhi yakalwa ngezinsimbi ze-laser muva nje.
- Ngokuya kokulinganisa okwenziwa ngu-Adam Britton, omkhulu wezingwegwe ezikhona eminyuziyamu (iParis Museum), ezifika ku-76 cm, bezingezesilwane ubude obungamamitha ayi-6.84 ubude obamenyezelwe ekuqaleni ngamamitha ayi-7. Eqoqweni lemnyuziyamu, kunezinye izingwazi eziningi ze-skull-combed crocodile ezine-dorsal ubude obungaphezu kuka-65 cm, ezingaba zezingwenya ezingaphezulu kwamamitha ayi-6.
- US. Baker (1874) waveza ukuthi eSri Lanka ngawo-1800s, cishe izingamamitha ayi-6.7 izingwegwe ezazikhona. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kwe-Guinness Book of Record, isampula esikhulu kunazo zonke esaziwayo kusuka kulesi siqhingi sasiyisitoyi sivela ogwini olusempumalanga, sifinyelela kubude obungamamitha ayi-6.
- I-crocodile ecishe ibe amamitha ayi-6.7 isanda kubonwa ngabakwa-Australia Ranger emfuleni iBull River, eNyakatho Australia.
- Ubukhulu obukhulu bokubika kwengwenya ecijekile evela ePapua New Guinea, ebhekwa njengencwadi ethembekile yamaGuinness, ikhonjiswa ngo-6.32 m. Lesi silwane sabulawa ngoMeyi 1966 ogwini olusenyakatho nasempumalanga. Le ngwenya yayinokuphamba okungama-2.74 m.
- Enye ingwenya enkulu evela e-New Guinea yatholakala ishonile ngonyaka we-1983. Ngokusho kwesikhumba esigciniwe, ubungako besilwane esidabukisayo sabuqikelelwa kumamitha ayi-6.2, kanti igebhezi lale ngwenya lalinobude obungamasentimitha angama-72. Empilweni, le ngwenya kungenzeka ukuthi yayingaphezulu kwamamitha ayi-6.3, ngoba isikhumba esilinganisiwe sasomile.
- Ubude obude obuqinisekisiwe ngengwenya evela e-Australia kubikwa ukuthi bungamamitha ayi-6.2.Wabulawa eMfuleni iMary eNyakatho Nendawo ngo-1974.
- Uchwepheshe wezingwenya zase-Australia u-Graham Webb ulinganise ugebhezi lwengwenya ebunjiwe engu-66.6 cm eyengwenya esanda kudutshulwa enobude bomzimba ngaphandle kwenhloko enamasentimitha angama-548 ± 8. ubude bebonke besilwane babungama-6.15 m. Kulokhu, igebhezi lalicishe libe ngu-1 / 9,23 wobude obugcwele wengwenya.
- ILolongwe yingwenya enkulu eboshelwe ePhilippines ngo-2011 yashona ngo-2013. Ekuqaleni, ibilinganiswa ngokungalungile ngamamitha ayi-6.4 futhi isindwa ngo-1075 kg. Ukulinganisa okuningilizwe okwenziwa ngu-Adam Britton kwabonisa ukuthi uLonge wayengu-6.17 noma u-6.095 m ubude (kusetshenziswa izindlela ezimbili zokulinganisa), ubukhulu bekhanda babungama-45 cm, futhi ubude bube ngama-70 cm. Kwakuyingwenya enkulu kunayo yonke. ezake zabanjwa ziphila futhi zagcinwa lapho zithunjiwe.
Indlela yokuphila
Umehluko osobala kakhulu osendleleni yokuphila kwengwenya egwinyiwe evela kwezinye izingwenya ukuthambekela kokuphila emanzini kasawoti. Yize zonke izingwenya zangempela nama-gavials zinokuzivumelanisa okufanayo kokususa usawoti owedlulele, ngaphezu kwengwenya ethambile, izingwenya kuphela ezikhonjwe eNeotropics zihlala ziluvulile olwandle.
Ingwenya enamanzi anosawoti izwakala imnandi emanzini angenamuntu, ngakho-ke ihlala itholakala ezindaweni ezigudle ugu, izigodi zemifula, izigodi zezifufula kanye namachibi, futhi njengoba wazi, iyakwazi ukuhamba ibanga elikhulu ukusuka ogwini iyofuna ukudla noma indawo entsha yokuhlala. Imvamisa, lezi ezihuquzelayo zixosha izimbangi zazo zokudla, oshaka benselo, emanzini asogwini, abangakwazi ukubhekana nesikhumba esikhulu, amandla nokuziphatha okunolaka kwezingwenya. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokudlekwa kwamafudu aluhlaza ase-Australia eduze neziqhingi zemvelo, akuvamile ukuba uhlangane nabasiki bezinhlwathi abahlala kude nolwandle futhi ngokuqinisekile bazowashiya la manzi lapho izingwenya ezigugile zifika eziqhingini. Esiqhingini saseRhine, ngakolunye uhlangothi, oshaka abaningi bamahlosi bayabuthana ukuze bondliwe ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, ngoba sisekude kakhulu nezwekazi ukwedlula iziqhingi zecrab, futhi kunzima kakhulu kuzo izingwenya ukufika kuzo.
Isikhathi esichithwa olwandle oluvulekile kunqunywa inani lamagobolondo noma i-algae emzimbeni wengwenya. Njengezinyoni ezifudukayo zisebenzisa ukuhamba kokushisa, izingwenya zolwandle zisebenzisa imisinga yolwandle ukuhamba amabanga amade. Kokunye ukuhlola, kwafakwa izingwenya ezingama-20 ngama-satellite transmitter, angama-8 kuwo ahamba olwandle oluvulekile, lapho umuntu wahamba ngomkhumbi ngamakhilomitha angama-590 ngezinsuku ezingama-25. Enye isampula, eyesilisa ende engu-4.84 m, ibhukude ngamakhilomitha angama-411 izinsuku ezingama-20. Ukushayela eceleni komfula kuvumela izingwenya ukuba zisindise amabutho, ukubuyiselwa kwakho obekungathatha isikhathi esiningi. Izingwenya zamanzi anosawoti zingaphazamisa nokuhamba kwazo, zigcinwe kuma-bays zivikelwe emifudlaneni eqinile, kuze kube yilapho zibamba okwamanje lapho ziwela khona.
Izingwenya zamanzi anosawoti ngezikhathi ezithile zihamba ziye phezulu naphansi ezinhlelweni zemifula. Njengomthetho, abantu abangenayo insimu yabo benza lokhu. Lolu hlobo alusetshenziswanga kahle ukuhamba emhlabeni futhi, njengomthetho, alutholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angaphezu kwama-250 ngaphezu kolwandle. Ngesikhathi sokubhukuda, imilenze yengwenya ecwengekile icindezelwa emaceleni futhi ukunyakaza kwenziwa ngenxa yokunyakaza komsila we-wavy. Ijubane elibukhali lokubhukuda kungu-3.2-4.8 km / h, kepha ukuphokophela ingwenya endala ekhulile okuvulekile kungafinyelela isivinini esingaphezu kuka-29 km / h. Emhlabeni, izingwenya ezigobhozile zihambahamba ngokukhamba, ngokungafani nezinye izingwenya, azivamile ukukhuphuka emilenzeni yazo ziphakamise isisu sazo emhlabathini. Imilenze yabo emifushane ayakhelwanga kahle ukuhamba isikhathi eside emhlabeni, futhi ngenxa yalokho izingwenya ezigobhoziwe zigwema amachibi amancanyana angcolile, angaba ugibe olubulalayo kubo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, amabanga amafushane ayakwazi ukufinyelela ngokushesha ngejubane elifika ku-10-11 km / h lapho egijima emhlabeni. Emanzini angajulile, lapho ingwenya ingahlanganisa khona imisila nokunyakaza kwemilenze, ijubane layo nobunyoninco buba umxhwele ngempela.
Isakhiwo senhlalo
Izingwenya ze-Combo aziyona eyenhlalo njengazo zonke ezinye izingwenya, futhi zithathwa njengezinobudlova kakhulu futhi nendawo yazo phakathi kwazo. Ukudalulwa kwabo ngokobulili kungumphumela womncintiswano owandayo wabesilisa kwabesifazane.
Abesifazane bavame ukuhlala endaweni encane kakhulu (enendawo engaphansi kwekhilomitha elilodwa) echibini elinamanzi ahlanzekile, balixhumanise nendawo yabo abayithandayo yokudla, bese bavikela indawo yabo ekuhlaselweni kwezinye izintokazi. Abesilisa banamathela endaweni enkulu kakhulu, okubandakanya insimu yabesifazane abaningana nedamu elikhulu lamanzi ahlanzekile alungele ukuzalaniswa. Bayivikela ngentshiseko kwamanye amadoda, kwesinye isikhathi balwa nabo kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi baphetha ngokulimala kanzima, ukunqunywa kwemilenze noma ukubulawa komunye wezimbangi zakhe. Ezingxabanweni zezwe, izingwenya zabesilisa ezihlanganisiwe zivame ukushaya amakhanda amakhulu, ngamandla lawo anele ukusika inyama yalowo ophikisana naye nokuphula amathambo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, baphatha izinsikazi ngokubekezelela kakhulu, ngesinye isikhathi baze babelane nazo izisulu zabo. Indawo kanye nokungabekezelelani kwezingwenya ezigobhoziwe komunye nomunye kukhuphuka nangokwengeziwe ngesikhathi sokuzala. Abesilisa abangakwazi ukuvikela insimu yabo baphoqeleka ukuba bacashe endaweni yezihlobo zabo eziphumelela kakhulu, lapho bagcina ngokushona besebenza, noma baphoqeleka ukuba baye olwandle, lapho begudla ugu bese begibela imilambo emifuleni beyofuna izindawo zamanzi zamahhala. Izilwane ezisencane ezingenayo indawo yazo zivame ukubekezelelana kakhulu. Izinga lokuhlaselwa kwezingwenya ezithunjiwe nalo lincishisiwe, kepha ukulwa okukhulu phakathi kwazo kusengaba khona.
Ngokusho kwesampula elifundwe ngabantu abangama-29, ngaphezu kwengama-80% wezingwenya ezigugile ezinobude bamamitha ama-3 noma ngaphezulu okutholakele ukutholakala kokulimala okukhona ezingxabanweni nezihlobo emizimbeni yazo. Kumasampula angaphansi kwamamitha amabili ubude, ama-pathologies anjalo ayengaziwa ngokuqabukela. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukulimala okuxhaswe yingwenya ezimpini ze-intraspecific kungaba nzima kakhulu, amasosha abo omzimba azosiza ekugwemeni ubuthi begazi futhi aphulukise ngokushesha cishe noma yimaphi amanxeba ngaphandle kokushiya iminonjana ebonakalayo kubo.
Kodwa-ke, enkathini ethile yesikhathi, ezinye izingwenya ezigobhozayo zingashiya izindawo zazo ziye ezindaweni zokuphaka izinkathi ezithile, ngokwesibonelo, ziye endaweni lapho kudotshwa khona izinhlanzi noma izidleke zamakhasa asolwandle. Lapho, bangakwazi ukubekezelelana eduze, noma izingxabano zokudla zingaze zikhishwe ngokuphelele. Inani elikhulu lezingwenya ezigobhoziwe nazo zingabuthwa eduze kwezidumbu ezinkulu, zehle phansi emfuleni. Esimweni esinjalo, abesilisa abavelele ngokuqinisekile bayolwa bodwa ukuze baphange futhi baxoshe izingwenya ezincane. ESri Lanka, kwakukhona izingwenya ezigobhozwe eceleni kwezingwenya ezibhukuda.
Umsoco
Njengezingwenya eziningi, izingwenya ezigobhoziwe azikhathaleli ekukhetheni ukudla futhi ngenxa yokuncipha kancane kwemithambo okwazi ukuyenza ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside. Ngenxa yobubanzi bawo obubanzi, ukwahluka okuqinile ngosayizi nokushintshwa kwe -gengenetic, uhla lwezilwane ezahlukahlukene lufakiwe ekudleni kweziglogwe ezilinganayo. Abantu abadala bangabazungu abaphakeme kakhulu emvelweni yabo yemvelo futhi baqedela amaketanga okudla amaningana ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ukudla kwamawundlu nentsha yezingwenya ezihlangene sekuyindaba yokucwaninga okunemininingwane eminingi kunokudla kwabantu abadala. Ukuziphatha okunolaka kwezingwenya ezinkulu, ukungafinyeleleki kwezindawo ezihlala kuzo kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kokusebenzisa ama-tranquilizer ekulimeni okusheshayo, kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukutadisha izilwane. Ukudla okusolwa ngabantu abadala kwakhelwa ikakhulu ebufakazini bokuzibonela obuthembekile nokubukwa kwesayensi ngemvelo, hhayi ocwaningweni olunemininingwane lokuqukethwe yizisu.
Kugogelwa ingwenya eshaywayo, imvamisa kusihlwa. Izindlela zokuzingela ezisetshenziswa nguye ziyahlukahluka futhi zingahluka kulezo ezinye izingwenya. Ngokungafani, ngokwesibonelo, izingwenya noma izingwegwe zaseNayile, izingwenya ezigobhozile ngokuvamile azizingeli emhlabeni. Ngenkathi bezingela izinkawu ze-rhesus, babonwa ngenkathi bezama ukungqongqoza phansi izinkawu emanzini ngosizo lokugwazwa komsila. Izingwenya ziginya inyamazane encane ngokuphelele noma izingcezu ezinkulu eziningana.Ngendlela esezingeni eliphakeme ngayo izingwenya eziningi zangempela, izilwane ezinkulu zomhlaba, ingwenya egwedekile ilala emgodini wokuthambisa emanzini, futhi lapho inyamazana seliseduze, liyayihlasela, liyibambe bese ilihudonsela emanzini, lapho kunzima kakhulu ukuba isilwane simelane nayo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ifica inhlanzi enkulu emanzini, uma kungenzeka imhudula idlule ogwini. Isilwane esithengiwe sibulala ingwenya ngosizo lokucindezelwa kwemihlathi, ukugoqa okunamandla kwekhanda nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi “ukujikeleza okubulalayo” - ukujikeleza okunamandla ngokuzungeza i-axis, ukudambisa isisulu ngaphansi kwamanzi futhi kudwengula umzimba wawo ngezicucu ngokuhlanganisa imiphumela yokumelana namanzi, amandla nesisindo somzimba wengwenya. Amandla egwenya elihlanganisiwe likhulu kangangokuba lingachoboza ugebhezi lwenyathi ngemihlathi yalo noma luqhoboze igobolondo lefudu lolwandle. Lapho isisulu sesifile, ingwenya ikhipha izingcezu zobukhulu obufanele kuyo bese iyigwinya. Ukudla kungafihlwa ingwenya eyondliwe kahle ukuze isetshenziswe kamuva, yize lokhu kungaholela ekutheni isidumbu sidliwe yizinyamazane ezincane ezinjengefudu lwamanzi amhlophe noma ukuqapha izilozi.
Kwenziwe ngonyaka ka-2018, izifundo ze-isotopic zezicubu zomsipha wezingwenya ezivela eKakadu National Park zakhombisa ukuthi izingwenya zaziphakathi kwamamitha angama-0.85 no-4.2 ubude (ama-76% awo ayengamamitha ayi-2,5 ubude kanti ama-44% ayesondele kumamitha ayi-2,5). ngaphezu kwamamitha amathathu ubude) bondla ikakhulukazi izilwane zasemhlabeni, ikakhulukazi - kwethulwa izinqola zasendle kanye namakati, okungaqhamuka ku-53% kuya ku-84% wokudla ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene.
Ukudla kwezingwenya ezisencane
Izingwenya ezisanda kuzalwa zinqunyelwe ekudleni izilwane ezincane, ngokwesibonelo, izinhlanzi ezincane, amasele, izinambuzane nezinambuzane ezincane zasemanzini. Lapho izingwenya zifinyelela kubude bamamitha ayi-1-1,5, ama-invertebrates amancane ayeka ukudlala indima ebalulekile ekudleni kwawo, futhi ingxenye eyinhloko yokudla iba yizinhlanzi, ama-invertebrates amakhulu (ama-mollusks nama-crustaceans), izinyoni, izirhubuluzi kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane. Ucwaningo lwe-Isotopic lukhombisa ukuthi, ngobude obungaphansi kwamamitha ayi-2.2, izingwenya zidla ikakhulu ezinhlanzini nasezinhlanzini zasemhlabeni ezikwi-trophic low, ngenkathi kubude obungu-2.2-3.2 m (olingana nobukhulu babantu abadala izintokazi nezinsikazi), izingwenya zidla izinhlanzi ezidla ezinye. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngisho nezingwenya ezisencane ezinama-combed, ngokungafani nezingwenya zamanzi amadala asekhulile, zingadla izimbambo zomhlanga ezinobuthi ngaphandle kokusongela ubuthi. Phakathi kwama crustaceans, izingwenya zihlala zidla iminduze emikhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezihlala kuyo ama mangrove. Phakathi kwezinyoni, izinyoni zamanzi, njengamahansi angenasinyawo noma ama-heron, zivame ukuba inyamazane, futhi phakathi kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo - izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoka eziseduze namanzi noma izibankwa, izingwenya ezivame kakhulu ezincane nezimfudu ezincane. Kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nezinyoni ezindizayo noma amalulwane angabanjwa izingwenya ngemuva kwamanzi, kanye nezinyoni ezulazula emaphethelweni amanzi, kufaka nezinhlobo ezincane nezinhlobo ezihamba njengezithwali. Kwezilwane ezincelisayo, izingwenya ezincane zivame ukubamba izilwane ezinesisindo esingaba kg kg, ikakhulukazi izinduku. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nakuleminyaka bayakwazi ukubulala izilwane ezisondelene ngosayizi: e-Orissa, eNdiya, kwaqoshwa njengabasakhulayo bezingwenya ezinobude obuyi-1.36 kuye ku-1.79 m nobunzima obungu-8.7 kuya ku-15,8 kg izimbuzi ezifuywayo kuze kufike ku-92% wesisindo sazo. Futhi zingabamba ama-ungulates amancane, njengezinyamazane zase-Eshiya noma inyamazane yengulube, izinkawu ezahlukahlukene, njengezinkawu zama-cynomolgus, ama-nosach kanye nama-gibbons, ama-porcupines, ama-wallabies, ama-mongoose, ama-civet, izimpungushe, amakati, amabhere, ama-marten marten, ama-otter, amakati ama-angler nezinye izilwane ezincane noma eziphakathi nendawo. Izifundo ze-Isotopic zibonisa ukuthi izimayini zangaphandle zingadlala indima eholayo ekudleni kwezingwenya ezinobude obungama-80 cm kuphela.
Ukudla kwezingwenya ezindala
Izingwenya ezinkulu zabantu abadala nazo ngeke zizishaye indiva izilwane ezincane uma kunethuba elihle lokuzibamba. Kepha ngokujwayelekile, ashesha ngokwanele ukubamba inyamazane encane neyahamba nendlwana futhi ngenxa yalokho izilwane ezincane kunosayizi othile zivame ukunganakwa. Izingwenya ezinkulu zesilisa ezibunjiwe zincike kakhulu ebukhoneni bezilwane ezinkulu ku-ecosystem kunabantu abasha, yize ukudla kwezinsikazi kusahlukahluka kakhulu ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuncane. Ukudla kwezingwenya ezindala zesilisa okonakele, kuya ngendawo ethile, kufaka inyamazane (njengama-zambars), izingulube zasendle, amathayipu aseMalaki, ama-kangaroo, ama-orangutan, izingwe, amabhere, izinja (ama-dingoes), ama-pythons, amaqhude wokugada, izimfudu zamanzi ahlanzekile, izinyoni zase-Eshiya, izingane, izimbaza, ama-gaurs nezinye izilwane ezinkulu. Izimbuzi, amahhashi, izinkomo, ama-buffalos nezingulube kwalethwa ezindaweni eziningi (njenge-Australia), zomlando ezazihlala izingwenya, futhi ekugcineni zigijimela endle. Manje lo mthombo wokudla omusha unamandla kakhulu wokugcina izingwenya ezinkulu ezisakazekile kude nezilwane ezinkulu zasemanzini ezisogwini lolwandle. Kuyaziwa ukuthi eKakadu National Park, izingulube zasendle kanye nama-buffalos ziyisisekelo sokudla kwezingwenya zabantu abadala, futhi izingwenya zivame ukuzizingela ngenkathi yesomiso. Noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezilwane ezifuywayo - izinkukhu, izimbuzi, izingulube, izinja, amakati, amahhashi, amakamela nezinkomo kungadliwa izingwenya uma kungenzeka. E-Australia, izinkomo zakha ingxenye enkulu yokudla kwezingwenya ezigugile ezindlini eziningi - ezinye izingqimba ezinkulu zibika ukuthi izingwenya zidla amakhanda angaphezu kwezi-300 zezinkomo unyaka ngamunye, noma izinkomo ezi-1-2 ngosuku.
Ingwenya endala yendoda ebunjiweyo iyisidlakela esinamandla ngokwedlulele esikwazi ukunqoba isilwane esidlula isisindo sayo. Kwesinye isigameko esirekhodiwe, i-Suffolk stallion ethola umklomelo enesisindo sethani futhi ekwazi ukudonsa ngaphezulu kuka-2000 kg yabanjwa ogwini, yadonswa emanzini futhi yabulawa yingwenya enkulu yesilisa engaphansi komzuzu. Izinkunzi zabantu abadala nezinkunzi zezinja, ezingaba nesisindo esingaphezu kwethani, kanye nobhejane baseNdiya, ngokwemibandela zingabhekwa njengezilwane ezinkulu kakhulu zomhlaba ezingabulawa yingwenya yokudla. Olunye kuphela uhlobo lwanamuhla lwengwenya enkulu futhi eqinile ngokwanele ukuba likwazi ukuhlasela inyamazane enkulu kangaka yingwenya yeNayile. Kepha ngenxa yesikhumulo sendawo, ngokungafani nengwenya yeNayile, engahlasela inyamazane enkulu kanye nezihlobo, ingwenya egobhozayo ihlala izingela yodwa.
Ngokungafani nezinhlanzi, izinkalankala nezinye izilwane zasemanzini, izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu zivame ukutholakala kuphela ngasikhathi sinye emanzini, futhi ngenxa yalokho izingwenya zibheka ngamabomu izindawo zabantu abangaba izisulu (isibonelo, izindawo zokunisela izinyathi). ESumbawa, izingwenya ezigobhozile ziyaziwa ukubulala inani elikhulu lezinyamazane, ngesibindi sokuhamba ngomkhumbi phakathi kwesiqhingi esikhulu nesiqhingi esizungezile, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwabantu ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ukuthengwa Kwamandla Okuhlukile
Ngo-2011, kwatholakala umbiko ngokuhlaselwa okusobala kwengwenya eyakhiwe cishe ngengamamitha ayi-4,2 esikhungweni esikhulu sowesifazane waseBengal oneminyaka engama-5-6 eSundarban. Ngokomlando, ukusebenzisana phakathi kwalaba bantu abahlaseli abakhulu kungenzeka kakhulu - abahambi bamakhulu eminyaka edlule bakhuluma ngokulwa kwezingwenya namahlosi ngemiphumela ehlukile. Ezimweni zehlathi lomhlume elinezikhukhula, amahlosi asengozini enkulu yokuhlaselwa izingwenya ezigobhozile ngakho-ke azama ukuhlala kude nezindawo ezingaba yingozi. Kubonwe ukuthi amahlosi ajwayele ukugwema izindawo ezinamabala lapho izingwenya zibekwa khona elangeni phakathi nezinyanga zobusika.
Kwengwenya ezigugile, insangu inesici kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuziphatha zibusa zonke ezinye izinhlobo zezingwenya ezingakwazi ukuhlangana nazo endle, futhi, uma kunokwenzeka, zize zibambe futhi ngamabomu. E-Australia, izingwenya zase-Australia ezilinganiselwe zinezinyamazane ezigwinya izingwebe, futhi izenzo zokubikezela ngokumelana nezingwenya zabadala ezigugile ziye zabhalwa eSri Lanka. Ucwaningo olwenziwe eSri Lanka lwakhombisa ukuthi izingwenya ezibhukuda zigwema ukuhlangana nezingwenya ezigobhoziwe ngokugcwala izidumbu zamanzi ezitholakala kude nezinhlelo ezinkulu zemifula kanye nolwandle, ikakhulukazi amachibi amancane. Kodwa-ke, izingwenya zamasundu ziyakwazi ukuzimela ngokwazo, futhi ezimweni zesibalo esinciphile sezingwenya ezihlangene eSri Lanka, zitholakala zizwela nakamuva. Usongo lokuqagela okuqondile okwenziwe izingwenya ezigobekile futhi lungakhawulela nokuqalwa kabusha kwezingwenya ezingama-gavial, Philippines, New Guinean kanye neSiamese, kepha ngenxa yolwazi olwanele lokuziphatha kwalezi zilwane ezimeni zemvelo, kunobufakazi obuncane kakhulu. Kukholakala ukuthi ukuncintisana okuqondile ngezingwenya ezigobhoziwe kungaba yimbangela yokuqothulwa kwezingwenya ezinkulu zase-Australia ezivela kwi-mecocuchae subfamily, efana Pallimnarchus .
Kukholakala ukuthi izingwenya ezigobhoziwe zigcwalisa amaketanga amaningana okudla ngasikhathi sinye, zizingela izilwane zasemhlabeni namanzi amhlophe, kanye nezasolwandle. Kunobufakazi bokuthi izingwenya ezigobhoziwe azizingeli nje ngasogwini kuphela, kodwa nasolwandle oluvulekile - esiswini sazo kwatholakala izinsalela zezinhlanzi ze-pelagic ezihlala amakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka emhlabeni. Idatha ye-Isotopic ikhombisa ukuthi izingwenya ezinkulu zivama ukuxhaphaza inyamazane yasolwandle kunezincane. Emanzini asolwandle nawasogwini, izingwenya ezindala ezidla izindwani zidla inyama yezinhlanzi ezinkulu (ngokwesibonelo, amaqembu amancanyana a-Indian Ocean, i-barramundi kanye ne-catfish enkulu yasolwandle), izinyoka zasolwandle, izimfudu zolwandle (kufaka phakathi abamele izinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zesimanje: izimfudu ezinesikhumba nezimfudu zolwandle oluhlaza), izinyoni zasolwandle, ama-dugong, amahlengethwa, ama-stingrays (kufaka phakathi ama-pilonos amakhulu) kanye noshaka abahlukahlukene. Izenzo ezibhalwe kahle kakhulu zokubikezela kwezingwenya maqondana nezimfudu zasolwandle namawundlu azo, ezivame ukubanjwa ngesikhathi sokuzalela olwandle, kanye namasaha aseYurophu kanye noshaka benkomo, abavame ukubhukuda emanzini asogwini noma babhukude nasemifuleni. ENyakatho Australia, ngisho nezindaba zokuqagela kwezingwenya ezihlotshiswe oshaka abamhlophe abadala, zaqoshwa, futhi abadobi bendawo bathi bakubonile kaningi ngaphambili. Izingwenya ezisencane zidla ngokungafiki emanzini anosawoti, kepha zingadla imifantu, i-shrimp nezinhlanzi ezincane.
Njengamanye izingwenya, izingwenya ezigobhoziwe azideleli ukugcwala, yize zigwema inyama ebolile. Eduze nogu lweKimberley, izingwenya ezigobhoziwe zivame ukudla izidumbu zemikhomo ye-humpback.
Ukuhlaselwa kwabantu
Izingwenya zamanzi anosawoti zivame ukubheka abantu njengezisulu ezingaba khona futhi ngenxa yalokho ziye zaba nedumela njengezimbali zesizathu. Ngenxa yamandla ayo, usayizi omangalisayo nesivinini, ukusinda ngemuva kokuhlaselwa okuqondile okwenziwe yingwenya ethambile iba yinto engathandeki kakhulu. Ngenkathi i-United States yathuthukisa inqubomgomo yokuhlangana ndawonye nama-alligators, okuwukuphela kwendlela ephumelelayo yokuvikela kwizingwenya ezihlanganisiwe ukukhipha ubukhona babo eduze kwabantu, ngoba izingwenya zalolu hlobo zinolaka olukhulu kakhulu futhi cishe azesabi abantu, noma ngabe zishushiswa izinkathi zokuzingela okungalawulwa.
Ukuhlasela okuningi kwezingwenya ezigobhoziwe kubantu kumachibi amasha nasawoti kuyabhalwa njalo ngonyaka, noma kuhlaselwa umhlaba kwenzeka, kepha akuvamile kakhulu futhi kuvame ngenxa yamaphutha abantu. Imininingwane yokuhlasela enembile ikhawulelwe emibikweni evela ezifundeni ezithuthukile zase-Australia, lapho kubulawa khona umuntu oyedwa noma ababili kuphela izingwenya unyaka nonyaka. Kusukela ngo-1971 kuya ku-2013, isibalo sabantu ababulawa yingwenya e-Australia singu-106. Isibalo esinjengalesi "esisezingeni eliphansi" lokushona kwabantu siyimizamo yemizamo yezikhulu zokulondolozwa kwemvelo yasendle ebambe iqhaza ekubambeni "izingwenya eziyinkinga" (abantu abaseduze kwezindawo zokuhlala abantu), ifunda imithetho yokuziphatha uma isongelwa ngokuhlasela kwezingwenya futhi ibeka nezimpawu eziyisixwayiso. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi imizamo yokuhambisa izingwenya ezingaba yingozi kude nezindawo okuhlala kuzo abantu ayiphumelelanga, njengoba izingwenya zikwazi ukuthola indlela ebuyela esifundeni sazo sangaphambilini. Endaweni yaseDarwin kusuka ngo-2007 kuya ku-2009, ama-67-78% "ezingwenya ezinkingeni" akhonjwe njengabesilisa. Amacala amaningi okuhlaselwa kwezingulube zabantu ezifundeni ezingaphandle kwe-Australia awabikwa, njengoba kwenzeka emazweni athuthukile noma ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Isibalo sokulimala kwabantu aborigine base-Australia naso asaziwa. Kodwa-ke, izinsolo ezivelayo zokuthi izingwenya zibopha izinkulungwane zokuphila kwabantu minyaka yonke kungenzeka ukuthi zihaba futhi kungenzeka ukuthi zazike zisatshalaliswe yizinkampani zesikhumba, izinhlangano zokuzingela neminye imithombo ezingazuza ngombono ongemuhle wezingwenya. Izingwenya zaseNayile zithathwa njengezibhekele inani elikhulu kakhulu lezimpilo zabantu kunezingwenya ezigobhozile. Lokhu kungenxa yesibalo esikhulu sabantu e-Afrika abathembela ezigodini ezisogwini kunasemazweni amaningi ase-Asia, futhi, nase-Australia. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ezinye izingwenya ezihlangene zingaphenduka insangu. Ingwenya eyaziwa kakhulu nge-cannibal edume kakhulu ibizwa ngeBujan Senan.
Ingozi yezingwenya ezigobhozile ihlala ikhona yokuthi ihlasela kakhulu ngasosebeni lolwandle noma emanzini acwebile, lapho ukuqaphela kwabantu kuncishiswa khona bese kuthi "isisulu" sifunde ngokuba nengozi sekwedlule isikhathi. Ngisho nengwenya eyondleke kahle ingahlasela umuntu, ibone usongo endaweni yayo, ingcindezelo noma lapho kukhona isishukumiso sangaphandle, njengomsindo wenjini egijimayo. Futhi yize ukuhlaselwa okunje kungavame ukubulala kakhulu njengoba kwenziwa ngezinhloso zokudla (ingwenya ekuqaleni izovele izame 'ukwethusa' lowo owonile), abantu bavame ukuba nezinkinga ezinkulu, kwesinye isikhathi ezingahambisani nokulimala kwempilo. "Isisulu" esabulawa yingwenya ngenhloso yokuvikela insimu sizodliwa yiyo ngemuva kwesikhashana futhi singafihlwa lapho sigcinwa khona. Kodwa-ke, ukuphathwa ngokuthula kwezwe lezingwenya mancane amathuba ezindaweni ezihanjelwa njalo ngabantu.
Ukuhlaselwa okungabulali kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezingwenya ezingaphansi kwamamitha amathathu ubude. Ukuhlaselwa okubulalayo kuvame ukubangelwa yingwenya ephuma kumamitha amane noma ngaphezulu ngobude. Bonke ababhaliswe e-Australia bahlaselwa yizingwenya ezinobude bamamitha ayi-4,5 noma ngaphezulu. Ingwenya enkulu, uma ifiswa, iyakwazi ukuluma umuntu omdala kubili. Ukufa kuvame ukwenzeka ngenxa yokuguquguquka, ukukhishwa kwezitho ezibalulekile kanye nokulimala komgogodla, kaningi — profil ukopha, ukushaqeka kobuhlungu noma ukulandela kusuka ngenkathi kuminza emanzini. Ukululama kwabantu abasinde ekuhlaselweni kweengwenya kuvame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi ngezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane asemgodini womlomo weziphuzo.
NgoFebhuwari 19, 1945, izingwenya ezigwazwe zabulala amasosha aseJapan acishe abe yinkulungwane esiqhingini saseRamri, eGuinness Book of Record leli cala lithathwa njengelokuhlasela okukhulu kwezilwane zasendle kubantu, yize eminye imininingwane yaleli cala isaphikiswa:
"Cishe inkulungwane yamasosha aseJapan azama ukubuyisa ukuhlaselwa yiBritish Royal Navy, ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayishumi, ogwini lolwandle, lapho kuhlala khona izinkulungwane zezingwenya. Amasosha angamashumi amabili kamuva athunjwa ephila, kodwa amaningi adliwa yingwenya. Isikhundla samasosha abuyela emuva sikhuliswe yisibalo esikhulu sofezela kanye nomiyane bezindawo ezishisayo nabo abahlasele, ”kusho incwadi yeGuinness. Isazi semvelo uBruce Wright, obambe iqhaza empini esehlangothini lweqembu lamaNgisi, uthe iningi lamasosha ombutho waseJapan adla izingwenya: “Lobu busuku bebubusuku obubi kakhulu kunabo bonke abashayisibhakela abake babhekana nabo. Ukukhala kweJapan okuchithwe yigazi kwahlakazeka emfucumfucwini omnyama omnyama, kwaqubuka imilomo ezindlebeni ezinkulu, nemisindo emangazayo yezingwenya eziqhakazayo yakha i-cacophony yesihogo. Umbono onjalo, ngicabanga, bambalwa abakwazi ukubona emhlabeni. Kusekuseni, izidleke zindiza zaya kohlanza okwakushiywe izingwenya ... kumasosha ayi-1 000 aseJapan angena ezingxenyeni zikaRamri, atholakala cishe angama-20 nje. ” .
Isimo sabantu
Ingwenya enamanzi anosawoti inenani eliphakeme lokuhweba (lesikhumba esilinganisiwe), okuyinto yokudoba nokuzalanisa emapulazini angwenya. Izingwenya nazo ziyabulawa ngenxa yokulangazelela kwazo ukuhlasela abantu. Ukuthuthuka kwabantu bendawo yokuhlala kwengwenya ehlangene nokuzingela okungalawulwa kusukela ngo-1945 kuya ku-1970 kulinciphise kakhulu inani lezinhlobo kulo lonke uhla. Ngokusobala iqothulwe ngokuphelele eThailand, eningizimu yeVietnam inani labantu lilinganiselwe ezilwaneni eziyi-100. ENdiya naseMyanmar, kunezinhlelo zokugcina ubuningi bezinhlobo, kufaka phakathi ukuqoqwa kwamaqanda nokutshala izingwenya ezisencane emapulazini. Ngemuva kokuvinjelwa kokuzingela izingwenya, yize amaphesenti ezinsana ezisinda ekufikeni kokufikisa, inani labantu selikhule ngokushesha. Umholi emkhakheni wezokulondolozwa kwezingwenya yi-Australia, lapho inani elikhulu kakhulu lalezi zilwane lihlala endaweni yezifunda zase-Western Australia, Queensland neNyakatho yeTerritory - cishe abantu abangama-100,000-200,000.
Ingwenya eshisiwe ifakwe ku-Red Book ngesigaba ubungozi obuphansi.
Izingwenya zamanzi anosawoti zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni zokugcina izilwane noma emasimini akhethekile. Kodwa-ke, muva nje sekuqinisekiswe kaninginingi ukuthi lapho kukhulunywa khona izingwenya, ukuthambeka ekuziphatheni kanye nokukhubazeka ngokomzimba okufana nokubambezeleka kokukhula okungathandeki, kuvame ukutholakala. Isikhathi sokuphila kwezingwenya ezigobhoziwe esisekudingisweni asidluli iminyaka engama-57, ngenkathi kusendle, ngokusho kweminye imibiko, singaba isikhathi esiphindwe kabili.