Beautiful esincelisayo omkhaya Mustelidae sable. He is sibe nokuziqhenya ngobuzwe baso yeRussia. Kusukela esikhathini eside esidlule kuze kube namuhla emlonyeni wakhe kuphuma ukuze kujabule bonke abathandi ubuhle. Lesi ngesinye sezingxenye ezibalulekile embonini yoboya eRussia.
Ngaphambi Okthoba Revolution, isilwane wacishe yesulwe. Kodwa ngemva izazi zezinto eziphilayo Russian sewenze yonke imizamo hhayi nje kuphela ukulondoloza kodwa futhi ukwandisa, kanye Sable kuxazululwe phezu Insimu Urals kuzindawo iPacific. Izinkulungwane eziyikhulu zalesi silwane esibalulekile manje zihlala eSigaiga saseSiberia.
Ezikhathini zasendulo, ukuzingela for Sable wacabangela ezinemali kunazo zonke. Abantu ahamba, engena ehlathini, lesi silwane esincelisayo wahlaba ethengwe uboya bayo ezibalulekile e-European futhi mazwe aseMelika, lapho ethengisiwe obuhlungu kakhulu.
I-Sable yalinganiswa futhi yalingana nenani legolide. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezikholelwa Russian bakwazile ukwakha kuyo ngoba Sable. inkululeko abathanda isilwane esisetshenziswayo isikhathi eside ayikwazanga sizakhele basekuthunjweni, kodwa ekugcineni kwakunokwenzeka ososayensi.
Were zibiza kakhulu amandla futhi amandla phambi lezi zilwanyana yaqala ukuthela izithelo besekuthunjweni. Ngenxa yemizamo emide, konke okufanayo, izimpumputhe zaqala ukubonakala ekukhanyeni futhi zazingabonakali njengesihlalo sable esidala.
Izici nangoLwesithathu olwenzeka endaweni Sable
Uma ubheka isithombe Sable isilwane singenza iziphetho eziyiphutha lokuthi uyisidalwa esihle, esibuthakathaka futhi esingenakuzivikela. Ngezinga kuba isilwane cute futhi emnene. Eqinisweni, Sable sinamandla, okusheshayo futhi beshesha.
Ubude besilisa ikakhulu ukusuka ku-38 kuya ku-56 cm. Linomsila, ovame ukufika ku-9 kuya ku-171. Isisindo sesilwane esiphakeme sifinyelela ku-2 kg. Ubude nesisindo abesifazane mncane. Imilenze futhi kwabesilisa nabesifazane are banzi ngokwanele. Uboya bukhula ezintanjeni, okuyimpawu yabo evela kwezinye izilwane eziningi.
Ebusika, the Sable kuyinto Fluffy kakhulu futhi amahle kakhulu. Eduzane fly noboya isimo izinguquko kancane, lesi silwane iba noboya okuchachambile nge uketshezi. Umbala we-sable onsundu, kusuka ekukhanyeni kuye kumnyama.
Ezindaweni ukuvala iChibi iBaikal, Yakutia futhi eKamchatka avame uhlala Sable ngejazi elimnyama. Kuyinto uhlobo kakhulu ezibizayo. On entanyeni isilwane kukhona indawo usongene ophuzi, okuyinto ufana uthayi. Ehlobo, le thotho liyabonakala kalula.
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, Sable kuyo izindawo Ekude, eSiberia eYurophu nase-Asia. Korea, Mongolia, enyakatho-mpumalanga China ne enyakatho Japan - lawa izindawo lapho ungase futhi ukuthole isilwane esibalulekile.
Ama-Coniffort, amathayi we-taiga - indawo yokuhlala oyintandokazi kakhulu. Uhlala kule mvelo futhi ongacimekiyo ukudlula lokho. Raw, amahlathi coniferous amnyama, ezikhulayo kubo ngesihlahla sonwele saseYurophu emi, * nomthidari, umsedari - indawo oluthandayo Sable.
Izindawo lapho kunzima khona ukuthi umuntu wangaphandle akungene, ngenani elikhulu le-moss, amagatsha namatshe, ukuheha le ndoda ebukekayo. Mhlawumbe kulokhu ke kwabangela self-ukulondolozwa isazela, futhi efuna bazivikele zonke izitha zabo ezingaba khona.
Uhlamvu nasendleleni yabo yokuphila Sable
Izici eziyinhloko zentambo umuzwa wayo okhule kahle wokuhogela nokuzwa. Vision ubuye omuhle ngempela, kodwa hhayi athuthukile kanye ngephunga yokuzwa. Hunting isilwane okungahambisani ukulimaza, ngoba ukuzingela ikakhulukazi ebusuku.
Ukwahlulela incazelo SableIt uphinyiswa, umhlaseli abanesibindi futhi beshesha. Ingagijima amakhilomitha amaningi ngosuku, ngentokozo enkulu ukuthi iyathanda ukukhwela izihlahla, kepha noma kunjalo, ngokungafani nokubulawelwa ukholo njengayo, ikhetha ukuhamba emhlabathini ngaphezu kokuhamba ngezihlahla.
Sables akuzona abalandeli ushintsho indawo. Lokhu izilwane sedentary. Izimo eziphoqelekile kuphela eziphoqa ukuthi zenze lokhu, ngokwesibonelo, imililo noma ukuntuleka kokudla okuphelele.
Izilwane ukushicilela ezithakazelisayo futhi ezimweni ezahlukene, imisindo ehlukene. Ngokuvamile kuba mnene kwentaba, creaking ngesikhathi engozini, futhi ngesikhathi kokuzalela imisindo okusikhumbuza ikati mnene meowing.
Umsoco
Ehlathini, i-sable izwa njengenhlanzi emanzini. Akekho okufanele wozele. Kuyinto omnivorous futhi akusho bangafuni isilwane. Ukujabulela kakhulu ukudla amagundane, izinduku, izikebhe, imvukuzane kanye nama-chipmunks.
Ngezikhathi emadwaleni ayengawathola udle pika, kwesinye isikhathi kutholakale namaprotheni. Onogwaja kungaba uhlushwa Sable enkulu besilisa. Futhi, lezi zilwane zithanda izinyoni namaqanda.
Sichayeke ukuhlaselwa kwabo ngokuvamile grouse partridges kanye ondlunkulu abancane. Nakuba isifiso sikhona kancane kaningi. Ukuzwakala kwakhala kusiza i-sable ukuthi ithole kalula inyamazane yayo yokulala emgodini weqhwa futhi idle kuyo.
Kuleli qophelo, imali ebonakalayo kweqhwa ishq futhi ukubhakuzisa amaphiko emhlabeni grouse kodwa ukumelana ngokuphelele engenamsebenzi, amathuba okuthi abampofu inyoni sokusinda cishe encishisiwe zero.
Akukona senqabe kusuka ukudla Sable nesitshalo. Uyakujabulela ukuhambisa izithelo ezahlukahlukene namantongomane zikaphayini. Ebusika, it is embozwe yiqhwa bawa ekwindla amajikijolo nangenjabulo ukuncela kubo. Okuphakelayo Sable i kuze kube nini nanini, kodwa iningi ukudla kwakhe kwenzeke ekuseni nakusihlwa.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Isikhathi sokukhwelana, inkathi yehlobo ifaneleka kakhulu. Ukulwa phambili futhi umusa eyodwa noma enye insikazi kuhle emehlweni njalo lezi zilwane.
Wanakekelwa cub insikazi izinsuku 245 kuya 295. Ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwezingane, futhi lokhu kwenzeka kakhulu ngo-Ephreli-Meyi, insikazi ilungiselela izimbobo esiqwini sesihlahla.
It uzihlomisa nge yesimanje eziyize, esehlanganise it namahlamvu, moss futhi utshani obomile. Ukukhulelwa iphela ukuzalwa izingane ezimbili noma ezintathu ezinhle. Kuyaqabukela into enkulu lapho kuzalwa eziyisikhombisa zazo.
Esikhathini isithombe Sable abasha
Amaduna ekuvikeleni abantwana babo nabesifazane sihlale nabo nangemva kokubeletha. Imisebenzi yabo ifaka phakathi ukuvikela izakhiwo ezitheni ezingaba khona, nokuthola ukudla, kwezingane nakonina.
Izingane fed ubisi lukamama cishe izinyanga ezimbili. Ukulungele bazale abantwana sables, safinyelela eminyakeni emibili. Emvelweni wazo ojwayelekile, lezi zilwane ziphila cishe iminyaka eyi-18.
Ekhaya, Sable It uhlala kuze kube iminyaka engu-22. Ihlelwe njengesilwane esifuywayo Akukona kwenzeke kaningi. Akuve scrupulous futhi umsebenzi ezibizayo. Kepha izinzuzo azizimbi.
Intengo Sable isilwane It zokhahlamba kusuka 80 kuya kwangu-90 zamaRandi isikhumba sesilwane esinoboya. Thenga isilwane esibonakalayo kungenzeka, ngokusemandleni egumbini lezingane, futhi umuntu yangasese. Uma ulandela le nkinga eduze, kuyoba elichumayo ezimisiwe, futhi okubaluleke kuletha engenayo eside, okuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kulezi zinsuku.
I-Sable: Incazelo
Sable ubizwa nangokuthi "inkosi fur zasendle" noma "igolide ezithambile" ngoba noboya ngempela enhle kakhulu. Kuze kube manje, ososayensi baye bakwazi ukwaba mayelana 17 zezintaka Sable, okuyinto ihluke nomunye njengoba ubukhulu nombala sejazi, kanye izinga layo. Uhlobo lweBurguzinsky lubhekwa njengolubaluleke kakhulu, ngenkathi luhlala eceleni kolwandle olusempumalanga lweLake Baikal.
Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi! Esikhathini nemibandela esingaweleki ehlathini uhlala kohlobo kunalokho ezingavamile - Sable elimhlophe, naye limelela ozala "Cunha".
uhlobo Burguzinsky libhekene khona elikhanyayo black umbala izinwele zabo, nakho has a soft futhi silky. Okubhalwe phansi okunombala okhanyayo kakhulu onenwele nezinwele ezimfushane kufanele kufake:
- zenyathi Sakhalin.
- Yenisei zenyathi.
- Sayan subspecies.
Yakutskye Sable ifa noboya ezingengaphansi ezibalulekile njengoba Kamchatskiy subsp.
Ukubukeka
Abadala babe esiphezulu ubude zomzimba, i-oda isigamu imitha, Isisindo amakhilogremu 0.7 kuya 1.8, futhi ubude umsila ngamasentimitha angu-20. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi abesilisa banesisindo esithize kunabesifazane.
Imibala main yalezi zilwane ngempela ahlukahlukene futhi amagama abo siqu, njengokuthi:
- "Inhloko" iyona emnyama ophethe cishe abamnyama.
- I- "Fur", ebonakala ngombala okhanyayo, omelela ama-sand-yellow shades noma amathoni aphuzi aphuzi.
Umzuzu othokozisayo! imibala Basic zincike kokubili kwi zenyathi isilwane kanye nemvelo.
Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi zikhona imibala Lesisemkhatsini, kuhlanganise "Vorotov", okuyinto has inhlanganisela enhle kakhulu nsundu, nge umugqa omnyama egijima kanye ngemuva ibhande. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane ezinjalo zinombala oseceleni olula, futhi ibala elikhanyayo libekwa endaweni yomphimbo. Lokhu nomzingeli wakhomba, nesigaxa ukuma nomlomo, izindlebe esingunxantathu futhi ngezidladla zanele encane. Umsila kuba esifushane, kodwa embozwe noboya soft futhi Fluffy. Ezikhathini ezibandayo, izinwele futhi zikhula ezinyaweni, zimboze amaphakethe, kanye nezihlakala. Sables molt kanye ngonyaka.
Ukuziphatha nendlela yokuphila
Lezi izilwane ezidla ezinye zijwayelekile cishe zonke ehlathini yeSiberia, zinjalo ngokwanele oqinile futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo nezilwane ngokwanele emincanyana, naphezu lingakanani encane. Lesi sidlamlilo sikhetha ukuphila impilo yasemhlabeni, sikhethe indawo yaso izindawo ezifika phezulu zemifula yezintaba ezinamachaphaza amaningi kanye nokubekwa kwamatshe. Ngokuvamile, lokhu isilwane kungabonakala izihlahla. Movement nomzingeli kwachazwa ngokuthi jumping kanye nobude Uhobhane isigamu isilinganiso imitha. Uboya kulezi zilwane ngokushesha iba manzi, ngakho-ke amasobho agwema izinqubo zamanzi.
Sobol kungenziwa kunqunywa uhlobo kwesokunxele iminonjana ukuthi izimpawu njengoba ibhangqwe osayizi ezisukela 5x7 ukuze 6x10 cm. Predator kahle likhwela iyiphi izihlahla, futhi ngomuzwa ojulile ukuzwa, ukuhogela. Ngokuqondene nombono, awuthuthukisiwe kakhulu, njengoba kunjalo nedatha yezwi, ekhumbuza kakhulu ikati meow. Lezi zilwane ukuhambisa kalula futhi ngokushesha kwi iqhwa ikhava yanoma yimuphi kwabantu. Okukhulu kunakho isilwane umsebenzi imibukiso ekuseni nakusihlwa amahora.
Iqiniso elihehayo! Lapho isidleke sable isemhlabathini, ebusika isilwane sigaya umhubhe omude ungqimba lweqhwa ukuze siqinisekise ukungena ngokukhululeka nokuphuma.
Kukho konke nomzingeli isebenzisa zokukhosela ehlukahlukene ukuthi ungaphansi imithi ewile, e isihlahla emigodini, okuyizinto ngenhla nje ezingeni phansi, kanye amatshe amakhulu. Indawo uphumule nakanjani azinze, ngakho phansi uphahlwe izithako ezomile, ezifana moss, amahlamvu, utshani obomisiwe, amapeni, njll Uma isimo sezulu sisibi, insimbi izama ukungashiyi indawo yayo yokukhosela, igcine izinga lokushisa likuyo emazingeni angama-15-23 degrees. Budebuduze isilwane isidleke uzihlomisa ngokwayo ukuze yangasese. Njalo ngemva kweminyaka embalwa Sable siqala ngifuna indawo entsha esidlekeni.
Ukuphila okungakanani
Ukuhlala endaweni yemvelo, lokhu nomzingeli uyakwazi baphila isilinganiso mayelana iminyaka 7 nesigamu. Leli gama lihlanganisa inkulumo kuncike ezicini eziningi ezimbi ezifana khona izifo eziningi ebulalayo, kanye nalabo abanukubeza izingane eziningi futhi azingele Sable. Ekuthunjweni, isikhathi sokuphila salo mnqangi sikhuphuka amahlandla ama-2.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Okutholakele okungase ulandele ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi silwane iyivela kancane. I Miocene uvele uhlobo lwe ukuba elingelakwaJuda futhi Sable. Ngaleso sikhathi, umdlwane wayehlala ezindaweni ezinkulu entshonalanga naseningizimu yeYurophu, eningizimu-Ntshonalanga naseCentral Asia, eNyakatho Melika.
NoBujamo, eduze yesimanje, lapho Pliocene. Izinsalela atholakala Late Pleistocene esifundeni esise-Ural, e-Altai, iBaikal Region, eKamchatka futhi Sakhalin. Izinto zokugcoba zigcinwa ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu kwe-Uple Pleistocene ezingaphansi kwamagquma e-Eastern Sayans nasogwini lomfula. Angara. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka ephakeme ngenxa ukwakheka biocoenoses entsha lahlukaniswa marten. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-sable ithole izici zobuntu obuyihlukanisa kwezinye izinhlobo zomndeni.
Ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo isilwane
Sable zingatholakala zase-Ural baya ePacific Ocean. Indawo yokuhlala yayo iyonke iMpumalanga Ekude neSiberia yaseRussia.
Sable lungatholwa kwamanye amazwe:
- Korea.
- IMongolia.
- North China.
- Japan (Hokkaido).
Ukudoba kakhulu kuholele ebangeni elinganiselwe. Area olwenzeka endaweni Sable kuyinto esingaphansi kwesigamu zensimuOn ngalo eye yasakazwa kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule.
Isilwane sihlala ku-coniffort taiga. kakhulu ayithandayo fir, umsedari, sonwele. Kulesi taiga, kuvame ukuba nomhlaba omningi ombozwe ngama-mosses, ogcwele imigodi yomoya, omanzi impela.
Sable luyakwazi ukuphila:
- Emahlathini lezihlahla esempumalanga laseSiberia Plateau.
- Phakathi kwama-kurums, uma ehlala esifundeni sezintaba esiseduze kwe-taiga.
Kurume - a placers enamadwala, igcwele sezihlahla.
I udla Sable?
I-Sable isilwane esifuyayo. Uthanda ukudla:
- namagundane,
- ama-chipmunks
- Kanti izinsumpa,
- shrews,
- izinyoni (ondlunkulu, amabhuloho, ugogo omnyama).
Izilwane ungadla amaprotheni. Adult abesilisa bathanda ukudla onogwaja.
Lesi sithombe sikhombisa ukuthi isable izingela kanjani inyamazane.
Kuye isikhathi sonyaka ukudla offal isilwane sibe isilwane esikhulu. Ehlobo, imvamisa ilinda ukudonsa izinhlanzi ezidlulayo, uma ihlala eduze nomfula omkhulu.
Feed yemifino lokhu silwane sikhetha:
- amantongomane pine,
- amajikijolo e-lingonberry nomlotha wezintaba,
- uju izinyosi zasendle - yisimangaliso.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, amantongomane, ukhetha ukuba self-babuthane, kodwa umane entshontsha amasheya wenza izimvukuzane, izingwejeje, chipmunks, futhi nutcrackers.
Izitha zemvelo zesable
Lokhu izilwane isilwane nezinyoni musa ukuzingela ukudla. Kodwa Ermine namakholomu Sable ezakha umncintiswano phakathi ukuzingela isikhathi. Nabo zisizakala ngezinyamazane namagundane. Ngesikhathi benomhlangano nezithunywa esinye salezi izitha Sable ngisho akwazi ukushiya yimpango yabo ukubulala isitha sakhe, lapho wamnaka ukudla.
Izilwane ezisengozini zibandakanya abantu abadala abalahlekelwe yi-agility nejubane lokuhamba, kanye nezilwane ezincane. Abakwazi ukuthola noma yisiphi isilwane esingukudla eziphangayo ukuthi olukhudlwana. Futhi Sable kungaba ukuhlasela oklebe kanye izikhova emoyeni. Emhlabeni, basongelwa ama-lynxes kanye namabhere. Kodwa isitha eyinhloko isilwane umuntu. Ubhubhisa lesi isilwane ngenxa noboya enhle futhi kuyabiza.
Ukuziphatha kwezilwane zasendle
isilwane esizingelwayo, kungathi noma ngasiphi isikhathi sosuku. Uthanda ezinwabuzelayo emhlabeni. Ukhuphuka kancane ezihlahleni, futhi ugxumela emanzini ngesipinashi. Emini, ikwazi ukugijima okweqa 3 km. Ubude endleleni luyanda kakhulu ebusika. Ekufuneni ukudla, kufanele aphile impilo emile. Summer siphela ke incipha, okungukuthi. Ukuze. Have ithuba bazithole wabulala elikhulu umdlalo.
Izitekhi lesilo eqhweni kuyabonakala lapha esithombeni.
I-Sable izabela isiza sendawo lapho sizingela khona isikhathi eside. Uma kuyoba nokudla okwanele, bese Yakha isilwane wena umgodi futhi ithrekhi stomped ekhaya ukuze ekuzingeleni ezindaweni. Eduzane nezilwane ezinkulu ezibulewe wakhela imisele yesikhashana, anciphise umbuthano wokuhamba kwakhe ukusuka kumqhumo kuya endaweni yokudla.
Ebusika, isilwane sasendle uyakwazi ukuhambisa ngaphansi eqhweni. Ayikwazi ukuza kucashile phakathi kwesonto, laying ukushuba isembozo iqhwa imigudu.
Isilwane singakwazi ukuhlela izidleke zazo emigodini nangaphansi kwezimpande zezihlahla ezinkulu, ngokubekwa kwamatshe.
Izindlela ukuzingela Sable
Lokhu abazingeli isilo kukhona izicupho ahlelwe, kodwa ungakwazi ukuzingela nge izinja, huskies. Izinja zimane nje ziqhubule isilo esihlahleni, lapho umzingeli emqubula khona. Kepha uma sesilwana ehlathini, uyithola azinakwenzeka. Khona-ke walala lugibe isilwane axoshwa ngosizo lokuloba.
Ukuqiniswa Ukushiswa Namandla Okubuyisa
Isilwane Kulula ngokwanele zingezokuthanjiswa. okufana kakhulu ikati lapho okuqukethwe kwayo ekhaya. Ngokushesha ukujwayela abendlu. In ekuthunjweni, uma zingene imfuyo aphila iminyaka engaba ngu-18. Ukugcina ezincelisayo basuke yakhulela izinqolobane, kulandele sokuxazulula kubo ezindaweni ihlathi. Ukudoba izilwane kulezi zindawo akuvunyelwe isikhathi esithile.
Ukunquma indawo yokudedelwa kweseyili, ukuba khona kokudla, izindawo ezidlekayo, abadla izitha kanye nezimbangi zezilwane kudlala indima.
Ukuzala ikwazi ukudingiswa
Kunzima kakhulu ukufuya imihlambi ekudingisweni. Lona isilwane sisebenza kakhulu, futhi idinga insimu enkulu yempilo. Ikheji kufanele lifakwe i-deadbolt ethembekile, amafasitela kufanele aqiniswe ngemisebe yensimbi. Lesi silo sihle kakhulu futhi isigodlo sizovuleka ngaphandle kobunzima.
Ukuze udale izimo zokuphila ezintofontofo, ungafaka amathoyizi epulasitiki ekhejini, isilwane siyathanda ukudlala. Lapho kuzalaniswa imishini yezindiza ezindizayo, insikazi ngemuva kokukhombisa ikhombisa ulaka ngakowesilisa, izilwane zihlala ngokushesha.
Ividiyo: Iyathunyelwa
Esikhathini sokuqala komlando, indawo yokuhlala yasakazeka isuka eFinland yesimanje iya oLwandle iPacific. Phakathi kwe-Pleistocene kanye ne-Holocene, ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwamaqhwa nokubonakala kwamahlathi, isilo sashiya indawo emngceleni we-glacial zone sazinza ezindaweni ezinhle. Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-20- 40 eyedlule, kwatholakala inyamazane e-Urals, kepha ayizange ifinyelele ekuphakameni okuphezulu ngesikhathi se-postglacial (iminyaka eyi-8-11 edlule).
Amathambo esilwane atholakala e-Altai aneminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu. EZauralie naseSiberia, azikho izidumbu ezitholakele ezindala kuneminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-20, noma lokhu akusho ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo azitholakali esikhathini esingaphambili. Ekuthuthukisweni kokuvela kokuzalwa komndeni wokufelwa, ukwahluka bekusekelwe umehluko wokuzivumelanisa nendawo yokuhlala, ekunikezelweni ukudla nasendleleni yokuzingela.
Isilwane esisetshenziswayo. Izincazelo, izici, izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala yezinyoni
Izilwane ezimangalisayo ezivela emndenini we-marten zaba igolide elithambile leRussia. Ubuhle boboya besilwane baba yishwa lakhe. Kuzo zonke izindali zoboya, izikhumba zithengiswa ngaphansi kwesando kuze kube yinkulungwane yamaRandi. ngalokho sable - isilwane kuqoshwe ku Incwadi ebomvu.
Indawo enhle kakhulu iboniswa ezingalweni zamadolobha aseSiberia, nasezingalweni zezifunda zaseNovosibirsk, iTyumen naseSverdlovsk. |
Ihlala kuphi i-sable?
Photo: Sable eqhweni
Isilwane esino-furry sitholakala eRussia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Japan naseNyakatho Korea. Kuhlala amahlathi amakhulu aseSiberia nasenyakatho mpumalanga yeYurophu, anqamula izintaba zase-Ural ziye entshonalanga. Indawo yokusabalalisa isezintabeni zase-Altai nasezintabeni zase Sayan ezisentshonalanga. Umngcele oseningizimu ufinyelela kuma-55 ° ubude eNtshonalanga yeSiberia, ufike kuma-42 ° eMpumalanga yeSiberia.
Uhla lufika ezindaweni ezingaseningizimu impela yeNhlonhlo YaseKorea naseHokkaido, kutholakala isilwanyana esidla inyama eSakhalin. EMongolia, isatshalaliswa enyakatho-nentshonalanga yezwe, ezungeze iLake. IHubugul. ETransbaikalia, lapho isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu sezwekazi, indawo ebaluleke kakhulu yalesi silwane ihlala emahlathini. Empumalanga yeKazakhstan, kuhlala izansi zemifula ye-Uba neBukhtarma. E-China, kukhona enyakatho ezintabeni zase-Southern Altai, enyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe - esifundazweni sase-Heilongjiang, kanye nasentabeni yeNtaba i-Changbai. Indawo yokuhlala kwendlu yomakhelwane indawo yezigidi ezingama-5 m2.
Ummeleli womndeni wakwaKunih uthanda ukuhlala ezihlathini zomsedari, emithambekeni yezintaba, lapho kukhona khona uthango lomsedari. Kulapha ukuthi kukhona izinduku eziningi ezihehwa ngobuningi bokudla - amantongomane ephayini. Indoda ebushelelezi enhle ingahlala esifundeni esinezintaba nezisezindaweni eziphansi, lapho ithanda khona ukuqhuma komoya futhi iwele phansi. Lesi silwane siyaphila, kepha sivame kakhulu emahlathini amancane ahamba nephayini, lapho kucekelwa khona noma kushiswa, nasezindaweni ezinoxhaphozi. Esiqeshini saseKamchatka, kuhlala ezigungwini zamatshe ze-birch, emahlathini aqhakaza nasemahlathini omsedari. Ezintabeni uyakwazi ukukhuphukela ezingeni lamahlathi angaphansi komhlaba.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: Animal taiga sable
Isilwane sigugile kakhulu futhi siqinile, asikhathali, sinokuzwa okuhle kanye namakhono amahle okuzingela. Lokhu kumvumela ukuba athole inyamazane, ekhomba into ngokuhogela nokugqwala. Isilo siyasebenza nganoma isiphi isikhathi sasemini noma sobusuku, konke kuya ngesimo sezulu kanye nokutholakala kokudla. Kumafriji, akunakuphuma endaweni yokukhosela izinsuku eziningana.
I-Sable idla umhlaseli womhlaba, noma ingakhuphuka kalula esihlahleni, kepha ayikwazi ukugxuma isuka egatsheni iye kwelinye. Ihamba kahle ngaphansi kwesembozo seqhwa futhi ingaphunyuka ekuphishekeleni, kepha inamava ebusweni, futhi incamela ukuhlala lapho ilalele kunokuba iphishekele. Indoda enhle yasehlathini ihamba ngama-jumps amancane angama-40-70 cm, kepha uma isuka kude nokujaha, ingandisa ubude bayo ibe ngu-3-4 m.
Lesi silwane sinendawo ehlala njalo ukusuka ku-4 kuye ku-30 km2, futhi futhi sinamasimu wesikhashana wokuhlala nokuzingela. Ubukhulu besayithi nomsebenzi kuya ngeminyaka, ubulili, isimo sezulu kanye nesimo sezulu, ubungako babantu, ukutholakala kokudla. Ngokwesilinganiso, isebenza cishe amakhilomitha ayi-9 ngosuku.
Ukuhola indlela yokuphila yokuhlala phansi, ebonakalayo engavami ukushiya indawo yayo, akukho ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-30 kude nezindawo zokumaka. Abantu abadala bangathatha amabanga amade ukuya ku-150 km, okuthatha izinyanga ezimbalwa ukunqoba. Akayithandi i-lair yakhe, kodwa ufuna indawo efanelekayo yokuzalwa nokukhuliswa kwamawundlu, kanye nesikhathi sasebusika.
Indlu ifakwe ngotshani obomile, ngoboya, ngotshani, ngezimpaphe, iphephe:
- ngaphansi kwezimpande zezihlahla eziwile
- ezihlangeni
- ngokhuni,
- ekubekeni kwamatshe
- emigodini etholakala ngaphansi komhlaba.
Okwesikhashana, ukubalekela ukujaha, kuphephela emifantwini yamatshe, ekubekeni kwamatshe, emqheleni wesihlahla noma emiseleni engaphansi komhlaba. Ebusika, ama-buries ngaphansi kwengqimba ejulile yeqhwa. Isilwane sibonisa kabili ngonyaka: entwasahlobo, ekuqaleni ku-Mashi, futhi ukuphela kungoMeyi, ekwindla le nkathi iqala ngo-Agasti kuze kube nguNovemba.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
USable unesifiso ngokwemvelo, unesithembu. Isebenzisa amakha amakha asemuva kwesisu ukumaka indawo. Umjaho uqala ngoJulayi uphele ngo-Agasti. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sithatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-245-167. Kulesi sikhathi, izinyanga eziyisikhombisa ziwela esigabeni sokugcina, lapho imibungu ingakhuli. Lolu hlobo lokukhulelwa lunikezwa ngemvelo ukuze amawundlu avele ngesikhathi esivumelana kakhulu.
Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zizalwa zingaboni ngo-Ephreli, ngombala ongwevu onsundu. Kungaba nezingane ezimbili kuya kweziyisithupha udoti ngamunye. Ubude bomzimba bungama-11-12 cm, anesisindo esingu-25-30 g. Baqala ukuzwa ngosuku lwama-22, kuthi lapho sebebonwa, ngosuku lwama-38 babe nezikhuthazi. Ezinyangeni ezi-3-4, amazinyo ezinsana ashintsha abe ngunaphakade. Ngezinyanga eziyi-1.5-2. izingane ziqala ukushiya isidleke, cishe ngasikhathi sinyekile ziyekele ukudla ubisi lukamama futhi zinesisindo esingama-600 g, futhi ngoSepthemba zifinyelela usayizi wabantu abadala bese ziqala impilo yokuzimela. Ikhono lokuzala elikwazi ukuvela livela eminyakeni emibili.
Izilwane ngesikhathi sokulahlwa kwezitho zomzimba kanye nokuthandana zenza imisindo efanayo neyeowow, futhi nokububula komsuka. Lapho bejabule noma bengagculisekile, bayathuthumela, futhi ngokwesabisa, baxoxa kakhulu. Isikhathi sokuphila kwesilwane ngokwemvelo cishe siyiminyaka eyi-8, sisethunjiwe, ngokwesilinganiso, sifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-15-16, kepha kuye kwaba nemibiko eqoshiwe lapho abantu ngabanye baphila khona kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-18-20, kanti abesifazane baletha inzalo eminyakeni eyi-13-16. Isilwane sine-interspecific, ukuxhumana kwe-trophic (idla noma inyamazane) nezilwane ezincelisayo ezingama-36, izinyoni ezingama-220, izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingama-21.
Izitha zemvelo zemihlubulo
Photo: Animal Sable
Umzingeli wethu onobuhlakani uqobo uvame ukuba yisisulu sabazingeli abakhulu.
Lezi zinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili zezilwane ezincelisayo:
Kwezinyoni, izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili nazo zihlasela izilwane ezincane:
- ukhozi-olunomsila omhlophe
- ukhozi lwegolide
- igwababa
- goshawk,
- Sparrowhawk,
- isikhova
- i-hawk owl.
I-Sable ingafa hhayi kuphela kusuka emazinyweni ezidlova, kodwa futhi nasekuntuleni kokudla, lapho kunomncintiswano onamandla wokuncintisana. Uhola umzabalazo onjalo wezindawo zokuhlala nokuhlinzekwa kokudla ngezinhlobo ezingama-28 zezilwane ezincelisayo nezinhlobo ezingama-27 zezinyoni. Enye yezitha eziphambili ezacishe zacekela phansi lolu hlobo lwezilwane ngumuntu. Ngekhulu le-17, abakwaKamchadals bashintshana nabakwaCossacks, ababethuthukisa umhlaba emngceleni osempumalanga waseRussia: Izikhumba ezi-8 ezithandekayo zanikeza ummese owodwa, kwathi eziyi-18 zembazo, zingacabangi ukuthi lobu buhlakani babalulekile.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Photo: Cable Cub
I-Sable fur yayihlala ibhekwa kakhulu futhi isetshenziswa njengemali. Ukuqothulwa okukhulu kakhulu komhlaseli ophila noboya kuqale ngekhulu le-15- 16, lapho ubudlelwano bezentengiselwano zombuso waseRussia buqala ukwanda. Izakhamizi zakule ndawo ngaphambi kokuba uboya bube yimali, zazingelwa lesi silo. Uma wawela ezingibeni, khona-ke ama-mittens nezigqoko kwakuthunyelwa kusuka koboya bese kusetshenziswa njengomhlobiso.
Ekhulwini le-XVIII. engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia, ubuhle obabuvele bunyamalale ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwe-barbaric. Ngaphesheya kwe-Urals, eSiberia, izindawo zokuhlala zancipha, zahlukana zaba ngama-foci ahlukile. Umzingeli oyedwa ngaleso sikhathi phakathi nenkathi wayengathola izikhumba eziyi-100-150. Imigwaqo yokuzingela okuyingxenye eyenziwe kakade ngaleso sikhathi yayingasetshenziswa kahle futhi yayingalawulwa kangako. Ukuvinjelwa okuphelele ngo-1913-16. Iziphathimandla nazo azizange ziphumelele. Eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule, lesi silwane sasesicishe saqothulwa. Iningi labantu lahlala ezifundeni ezingandile, futhi nangaleso sikhathi ngenxa yokungafinyeleleki komhlaba. Ngo-1935, kwavulwa umthetho ovimbela ngokuphelele ukuzingela. Kuma-forties, izimayini ezinelayisensi zazivunyelwe.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ekwandiseni inani labantu ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezinokubhuka ezinjengalezi:
- I-Barguzinsky,
- I-Kronotsky,
- Kondo-Sosvinsky,
- I-Altai,
- I-Pechora-Ilychsky,
- Sikhote-Alin,
- Sayan.
Izinyathelo zokuphepha ezivunyelwe ukubuyisela kancane amanani kulezi zindawo, ukusuka lapho izilwane zaqala ukuhlala ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane. Ukuphinda futhi kudlale indima enhle, lesi silwane sakhishwa saya ezindaweni lapho sasihlala satholakala, kepha saqothulwa ngokuphelele. Njengamanje, ukuzingela okusebenzayo kuvulekile. Isimo samazwe omhlaba - sisho izinhlobo zokukhathazeka okungatheni.
Ngomhlaka 2013, emiphakathini yemvelo eRussia Federation bekukhona izilwane eziyi-1346300, yize ngonyaka we-2009 bekukhona nezilwane eziyi-1481900. Ukwehla okungatheni bekubangelwa ukuthi ukubalwa kwezinombolo kuze kube ngu-2010 kwenziwa ngezikhathi zangaphambi kokuvunwa, kucatshangelwa ukukhula konyaka, futhi eminyakeni elandelayo, kulabo abasemva kokuvunwa. Ukunyuka konyaka kwezilwane ekwindla kungama-40-60%, ngaleso sikhathi cishe isigamu siqukethe izingane zonyaka. Kepha ukusinda kwabo akuyona phezulu kakhulu, ngenxa yokungabi nalwazi, abaningi babo abasindanga ebusika.
Kuyathunyelwa - ukuziqhenya kweRussia, kuyadingeka ukuthi unakekele indawo yokuhlala ngendlela yayo yangempela. Futhi akumelwe sivumele ukwanda okungadingeki kokudotshwa kwalesi silwane esinomusa. Kulezo zifunda lapho inani lazo lilincane, kuyadingeka ukwenqabela ukuzingela kwalo, ukulawula ukukhishwa kwamalayisense, futhi kunikezwe abadobi abathile iziza.
Incazelo
Ubude bomzimba we-sable bufika ku-56 cm, umsila ungafika ku-20 cm.
Umbala wezikhumba uhluka, futhi ukuhlukahluka kwawo kunamagama akhethekile. “Inhloko” imnyama kakhulu (cishe imnyama). "Fur" - umbala ulula kakhulu, unesihlabathi ophuzi noma ufiphele. Imibala ephakathi: "ikhola" - nsundu enemucu omnyama emuva, izinhlangothi ezilula nendawo enkulu yomphimbo okhanyayo.
Vota
Ngesinye isikhathi unikeza izwi. Njengama-martens, ayakhula ngenkathi ethukile futhi ecasulwa, futhi amemeze ngenkathi evikela isitha. Ngenkathi yobumnandi, uyaqhuma futhi wenza imisindo ephansi, ekhumbuza ukuduma. Imidlalo yokumatanisa ihambisana nokuchelela, ukuphindaphinda imisindo ngokushesha kanye nokugabha nje.
Ukubhebhetheka
Njengamanje, isable is itholakala kuyo yonke i-taiga yaseRussia kusuka e-Urals kuya ogwini lwePacific kuya enyakatho kuze kube semkhawulweni wezimila zehlathi. Ukhetha i-taiga emnyama eshintshashintshiwe emnyama, ikakhulukazi ukuthanda i-kedrachi. Kutholakala futhi eJapan, esiqhingini saseHokkaido. E-Urals esempumalanga, kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala i-hybrid of sable enama-marten, ebizwa ngokuthi i-kidus.
Kuze kube ngekhulu le-17, isablet yatholakala futhi eFinland, futhi kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-19, eKarelia, amazwe aseBaltic naseNtshonalanga Poland.
Umnotho
Sekukonke, insiza ine-subspecies engu-17 ehlukile ngosayizi nombala wemibala. Nazi ezinye zazo:
- Martes zibellina zibellina - ITobolsk sable
- Martes zibellina princeps - I-Barguzinsky sable. Lokhu okubhaliselwe kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba inombala omnyama noboya obuthukile futhi obuthukile.
- Martes zibellina sahalinensis - Sakhalin sable
- Martes zibellina yenisejensis - Yenisei isable
- Martes zibellina sajanensis - Sayan sable
- Martes zibellina jakutensis - Yakut sable
- Martes zibellina kamtshadalica - IKchatka isable
- Martes zibellina tomensis - Kuznetsk sable
- Martes zibellina averini - Sayan sable
- Martes zibellina vitimensis - I-Vitimsky sable
- Martes zibellina arsenjevi - Ussuri uyasebenza
- Martes zibellina obscura - Chikoysky sable
- Martes zibellina brachyura - Kuril sable, isengozini
Ukudotshwa kwamaRussia nokuhweba esifundeni saseMangazeysk (XVII century)
Ngekhulu le-16, eNtshonalanga yeSiberia, amaRussia asungula indawo yokuhlala yaseMangazeya, lapho uboya obukhiqizwa abazingeli babushelelezela khona. I-Sable ibaluleke kakhulu kwezohwebo lwangaphandle olubaluleke kakhulu eMoscow. Ama-fur furs "avela kuMuscovy", ngenxa yekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nesidingo esikhulu eNtshonalanga Yurophu, akha isisekelo sesabelomali seMicrosoft Grand Duchy, futhi emuva kwesikhathi izwe laseRussia laliyindawo ephakathi nendawo. UMangazeya kuphela uhlinzeka ngezikhumba ezingafika ku-85,000 zezikhumba ezisezingeni eliphakeme ngonyaka ezivela eSiberia yaseNtshonalanga. Ukudoba kwenziwa ngaphandle komthethonqubo futhi ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-70 kwaholela ekunciphiseni kokusebenza kwengqondo esifundeni.
Ihlelwe ngekhulu lama-20
Isibalo sabantu abasekwindla ngo-1973 sasingaba ngamakhulu amabili ezinkulungwane, futhi ngokwesilinganiso sika-1961- 296. Ngama-30s wekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, isimo sable cishe sasiqothulwe ngokuphelele endaweni yaseKrasnoyarsk futhi sahlala lapha sibalutshwana ezindaweni ezimbalwa eziqhelelene. Kamuva, ngenxa yezinyathelo zokuvikela, inani labuyiselwa ezingeni lasekuqaleni, elalikhona ngekhulu le-XVII. Ngo-1961-1963, inani lamasabatha esifundeni lafika phezulu. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngenxa yokudotshwa ngokweqile ezindaweni eziningi, amasheya aqinile aqala ukwehla, futhi kwavela isimo esasisongela intuthuko ephephile yomnotho wokuzingela, ongalungiswa kuze kube manje. Isilinganiso esilinganiselwayo sesibalo sezaphulelo samukelwa: abaningi - ngaphezu kwezingama-25 imishado nge-100 km², phakathi - 12-25, bambalwa - ngaphansi kuka-12, kuyaqabukela - bebodwa. Kwesinye isikhathi i-gradation ivele ngaphandle - okuningi - ngaphezulu kwe-50, kepha ngobuningi obunjalo, obusebenzayo, njengomthetho, buhlala ezindaweni ezithile kuphela, hhayi izindawo ezinkulu.
Indawo yamanje kanye nesimo semithombo yezinsiza ezisebenzisekayo esifundeni imi ngolu hlobo olulandelayo (Numerov, 1958, 1973, Lineytsev and Melnikov, 1971, njll.):
Ukuhlala kuhlala ezintabeni ze-Sayan ne-Kuznetsk Alatau ngobuningi bendawo. Ngokwesilinganiso, kunenqwaba yemikhonto yonke indawo, futhi “miningi kakhulu” ezindaweni ezibalulekile emahlathini emisedari. Ubuningi babantu emahlathini aphayini ezinotshani nezimbaza kufinyelela ku-150 futhi ngisho nama-200 ngekhilomitha ayi-100. Lezi izinkomba eziphezulu zezwe. Ngemuva kuka-1964, amanani nokukhiqizwa lapha aqala ukuncipha ngenxa yokubamba ngokweqile. Isivuno esikhulu sezikhumba sonyaka ka-1960 kuya ku-7070. babalelwa ku-18,000, kwathi ngonyaka we-1973-1974. lehle laze lafika ezinkulungwaneni eziyi-5.1. Engxenyeni yesihlanu yensimu, indawo engagadli iphuma ngokuphelele, futhi ngokujwayelekile esifundeni inani liyisigamu somhlaba.
Isifunda esinezindawo ezinabantu abaningi sifaka izifunda ezinkulu neziyamahlathi kanye nomfula iChulym. Lapha, emahlathini ahlanganisiwe, eziqhingini ze-taiga, kanye nasezindaweni ezingama-taiga, kwesinye isikhathi izinto ezithandekayo zazingajwayelekile. Ngokuvamile, ekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-60s isibalo sawo lapha sasiyizinkulungwane ezingama-20-25, kanti isivuno esikhulu sezikhumba safinyelela kumawaka ayi-8.5. Ngenxa yokudotshwa okulinganiselwe yibutho elikhulu labazingeli be-amateur ezindaweni eziningi, isiza saxoshwa ngokuphelele. Inani layo eliphelele alidluli kumawaka ayisithupha, kanye nokulungiswa kwezikhumba ngonyaka we-1973-1974. ifinyelela izingcezu eziyinkulungwane kuphela.
E-taiga eseningizimu, ehlanganisa isifunda sase-Angara futhi cishe sonke isifunda saseYenisei, kukhona "inqwaba" yemibukiso emazweni amnyama ama-coniffort, futhi ngamanani we-coniferous akhanyayo "avareji". Lapha, ukuqala ngonyaka we-1968, ukwehla okuqinile kokuvunwa nakho kuyaqala, bese kuncipha isibalo sezilwane ngenxa yokudoba ngokweqile. Ezifundeni ezine ze-Angarsk, ukuvuna kusuka ezinkulungwaneni eziyishumi kuya kweziyi-10,5 kuye kwehla kwaba izinkulungwane ezingama-4,5. Ku-taiga ophakathi nendawo, kunezindlela eziningi zokugcina imigwaqo ezindaweni ezithile kuphela ezinendawo emnyama enesifunda (isifunda saseBaykitsky, iYenisei taiga esifundeni saseTurukhansky). Emazweni asele inani liyi "average", futhi ezindaweni ezinkulu "lincane".
E-taiga ejwayelekile yasenyakatho, amanani maningi "aphakathi" futhi "amancane". E-taiga ephakathi nenyakatho kuphela e-Evenkia akukho ukweqisa (ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba ngo-80%), futhi ivolumu lokukhiqiza lisondela ngosayizi wokukhuphuka, okungukuthi, ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile. ETurukhansk Territory, ukukhiqizwa nakho kusondele kokujwayelekile, kepha ukudoba ngokweqile sekubonwa ezindaweni eziseduze kweYenisei neBakhta. AmaBillets anciphile, kepha hhayi ngokuqine njengaseningizimu: naseSekkia - kusuka kuzikhumba ezingama-26 kuye kwangama-22. E-taiga esenyakatho ngokwedlulele, isable ayitholakali kuyo yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwezinye izisekelo zamachibi, kepha indawo yezindawo ezinhle ze-taiga emigodini ayithandeki. Imishayo eyodwa ihlala nasehlathini-tundra: kwiYenisei kuya ePotapov naseNikolsky, empumalanga kuya eKotuykan emfuleni. Kotui no r. UFomich, inkokhiso kaParrot.
Ngenxa yalokho, engxenyeni eseningizimu yesifunda emazweni ahamba phambili isimo sokulima okusebenzayo asiphumeleli ngokuphelele. Inani labantu elithandekayo lehla ngokushesha. Ama-Billets awele kakhulu ngenxa yokuvuza okukhulu kwezikhumba eziya "emakethe emnyama", nangenxa yokuqothulwa kwemikhonto. Inqubo yenkinga iyavela. “Isikhafu” esibulalayo sitholakala esimweni esifanele: lapho izikhumba ziya ohlangothini, isimo esimbi ngokwengeziwe sokugcwaliseka kwemisebenzi ehlelekile emapulazini iba lapho, futhi lapho umfutho wokudoba uya ukhula ngokwengeziwe.
Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze singalindela ukuncishiswa kwezinsizakalo ezifundeni ezisenyakatho kanye nokwehla okujwayelekile kwebhizinisi elifanele. Izinyathelo eziphuthumayo kumele zithathwe ukunciphisa umkhawulo, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuvikela ukuvuvukala kwezikhumba, okungukuthi, ukuqeda ukuzingela.
Ngaphambi kokuwa kweqhwa elijulile, amashekeli azingelwa nge-husky. Kamuva bashintshela ezindizeni, ikakhulukazi izicupho, izimbotshana ezithile. Izikhukhula zivame ukuzingela inyamazane ngokugibela amahhashi. I-Obmet isetshenziswa kakhulu. Isivuno esijwayelekileko sesikhathi sokudoba emazweni amahle yizinsuku ezingama-40-50. Abanye abazingeli bathola imicibisholo engu-70-80 ngisho ne-100-140.
Ngenxa yoboya obuhle, obuqinile futhi obudingekayo, obusebenzayo ubizwa ngokuthi yinkosi yoboya basendle - "igolide elithambile". Lapho imbobo emnyama imnyama, ibaluleke kakhulu isikhumba sayo. I-Barguzinsky sable, ehlala emahlathini eBaikal, imnyama kakhulu kunaleyo etholakala eSiberia ngakho-ke yaziswa kakhulu endalini yamazwe aphesheya kwezilwandle. Umcwaningi omkhulu kunabo bonke ngohlobo lwe-Barguzinsky sable usosayensi waseRussia u-E. M. Chernikin.
Izinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuzingela zalesi sifunda ziyisisekelo senhlala-kahle yomnotho wokuzingela wokuhweba we-taiga zone. I-Krasnoyarsk Territory ilinganiselwa kuma-33% omkhiqizo ongajwayelekile waseRussia futhi isendaweni yokuqala kulokhu. I-Sable ayitholakali eRussia kuphela, kodwa futhi nasemazweni angomakhelwane: North Korea, Mongolia kanye neChina. Ngemuva kokuthi iRussia ngonyaka we-1997 ilahle ukubuswa yizwe ekubuseni uboya, ukukhiqiza nokuvuna, ingxenye enkulu yadlula ezandleni zangasese.
Isimo samanje embonini esebenzayo.
I-Sable ikhiqizwa ngokuya ngomkhawulo wokukhiqiza, okuvunyelwene ngawo noMnyango Wezemvelo WaseRussia.
Ukuqhathaniswa kokuthengiswa kwevolumu yezikhumba ezikhethiwe endalini yoboya bezingane zaseSt. Kusukela ngonyaka ka-2000, inani lezikhumba ezithengisiwe lidlule kakhulu inani lamasheke avunyelwe ekuzingeleni. Lo mehluko uyanda unyaka nonyaka, futhi ngonyaka we-2013 inani elithe xaxa lokuthengisa ngaphezulu komkhawulo lalingamaphesenti angama-193. Umehluko phakathi kokuthengiswa nokukhiqizwa okusemthethweni kwakukhulu kakhulu futhi ngonyaka we-2013 waba ngamaphesenti angama-323. Ngemuva kwaleli nani eliphakeme, ngenxa yezinguquko ezimeni zezimakethe ze-furs, kwehle ukubonwa kwamanani omabili esikhumba namanani okuthengisa. Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka we-2017, inani lokuthengisa elingokwenyama lenyuka futhi, okungenzeka ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuqala kwendali ye-Baikal yamazwe omhlaba e-Irkutsk. Ngo-2017, ukuthengiswa kweqe umkhawulo wokukhiqizwa izikhathi ezingama-1.5, futhi nevolumu lokukhiqiza elimisiwe - ngezikhathi ezingama-2.15.
Inani labantu, umkhawulo osunguliwe, ukukhiqizwa okumenyezelwe nenani lezimali ezikhishwe ngokuqondile ngemuva kwesilinganiso sempahla yokuthengisa yezikhumba ezidayisiwe endalini yase-St. Petersburg fur auction (2011-2017)
unyaka | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
Ubuningi (abantu abayinkulungwane) | 1163,8 | 1224,5 | 1299,31 | 1346,3 | 1286,64 | 1309,7 | 1449,95 |
Umkhawulo wokukhiqiza (abantu) | 330984 | 356337 | 350041 | 489249 | 368315 | 377062 | 405136 |
Bika ngokukhiqiza (abantu) | 173800 | 208750 | 219967 | 237591 | 250028 | 266919 | 288043 |
Kuthengisiwe
| 519127 | 444123 | 453464 | 579413+39286* |
* Kuthengiswa endalini yeBaikal fur, eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-2017 e-Irkutsk
Ukuhlangana komkhawulo wokukhiqiza, ukukhiqizwa okusemthethweni nokuthengisa okuvunyelwe kwesikhumba esikhethekile endalini yamanye amazwe
Eminyakeni engu-3-4 edlule, amafemu aseRussia aseqala ukudlala indima ekhulayo endalini. Ngakho-ke inkatho ephezulu yoboya obusebenzayo eBaikal MPA yatholwa ngumenzi waseRussia wemikhiqizo yoboya.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe i-VNIIOZ ngabo. prof. B.M. I-Zhitkova, ukushintshwa kwangaphakathi kwezikhumba ezinesikhumba cishe kungama-25% wokuthumela ngaphandle. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kulinganiswe inani eliphansi lokuphamba kwangempela okusebenzayo, idatha ekuthengisweni kwayo endalini kufanele iphindaphindwe ngo-1.25. Ngakho-ke, ukukhishwa, ngokwesibonelo, ngonyaka we-2017 kudlule inani labantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-770, futhi kucatshangelwa ukulethwa okuqondile kwezinqwaba zoboya eChina, kanye nokuthengiswa kwendali encane kodwa ebizayo ethengiswayo eCopenhagen naseVancouver endalini, singakhuluma ngokuzethemba okwanele mayelana nokukhiqizwa imibhikisho engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-800, okungaphezu kwama-55% wabantu abaqoshwa. Lesi simo siphindwa ngokushintshashintsha okuthile iminyaka eminingi kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2000. Lokhu-ke kufakazela ukulinganisa okungaxutshiwe kwabantu abaningi baseSoviet Union.
Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziya kwamandla okuthengisa kusikisela ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwendali, okuhambelana nokuthengisa endalini okwenziwe cishe ngamakhulu ayizinkulungwane ezingama-700, ngokunokwenzeka sekudlule umkhawulo womthelela wokudoba ongabakhona abantu bakhona. Lesi siphetho sidonswa ngokuqhathanisa ukuguquguquka kwamanani nentengo yokuthengisa yamasabatha endalini.
Ukunakwa kufanele kukhokhwe esikhathini esiqala ngonyaka we-2010. Ukunyuka kwamanani kudale ukuqina kwemboni yezokudoba kanye nokwenyuka kokuhlinzekwa kanye nokuthengiswa kwezentengiso endalini. Kukhona ukuxhumana okuhle kwalezi zinkomba ezimbili. Inani eliphakeme lafinyelelwa ngonyaka we-2013, lapho intengo yesikhumba esezingeni eliphakathi yayingama- $ 267, kanti nezikhumba eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-720 zithengiswa endalini (ama-675 ayizinkulungwane ayethengisiwe). Ngo-2014, abazingeli baya ekudobeni belindele amanani aphakeme ama-furs, okwenze kwaba nenzuzo ukuthuthukisa amasayithi akude angenakuvinjwa, ukuqasha abasizi, njll. Engxenyeni yokuqala yesizini, lapho sekuvunwa inqwaba yoboya, lokhu obekulindelwe kwagcwaliseka futhi abathengi bathenga lobovu ngamanani aphezulu, bagxile emananini aphezulu entengo kaDisemba 2013 nendali kaJanuwari 2014. Kepha noma ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-520 abakwazanga ukubekwa endalini .skins. Lokhu kungakhombisa ukuncipha kokulondolozwa kwezimali kanye nokwehla kwesilinganiso sabantu. Iminyaka emibili elandelayo yamanani aphansi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukwehla kwenani lokudoba kubantu, kwavumela ukuthi ilulame, kwathi ngonyaka we-2017 618.6 izikhumba ezinkulukazi ezithengiswayo zathengiswa endalini ezimbili zaseRussia, ngisho nangasemuva kwamanani aphansi. Uma eminyakeni elandelayo inani lentengo likhuphuka noma lihlala likhona, kepha ngokumelene nalesi sisekelo umthamo wokuthengisa uyancipha, lokhu kuzosenza sisho ngokuqiniseka okwengeziwe ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwesable, okuhambelana nokuthengisa kwabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-550-600 kuzindali, umkhawulo umthwalo wokudoba ongabekezelelwa yiningi labantu.